Unit 17 Laughter
话题：
Talk about humor and telling jokes and anecdote
功能：
Tell jokes and reacting
重点单词：
laughter n. 笑，笑声cackle n. & vi. 咯咯声，咯咯笑giggle vi. 咯咯地笑ironic adj. 讽刺的smack vi. 用掌击，拍打willpower n. 毅力，意志力proverbial adj. 谚语的，格言的withdraw vt. 取回，提取delay vt. 耽搁，延迟
passenger n. 乘客，旅客board vt. 上（车、船等）agent n. 代理人
witty adj. 富于机智的，诙谐的master n. 主人；大师devote vt. 献身于，专心致志于
footstep n. 脚步cross-talk n. 相声heaven n. 天空；天堂minor adj. 主要的
glory n. 荣誉，光荣compose vt. 组成，写作broadcast n.& vi., vt. 广播，播送
part-time adj. 兼职的scratch n. 划痕，抓伤comic adj. 滑稽的，好笑的cling vi. 粘紧，附着，紧贴clutch vi. 抓住，攫取emerge vi. 显现，浮现，暴露
faint vi.& n. 晕，昏倒grasp vt. & n. 抓住，掌握，领会redden vt. （使）变红
slide vi. （使）滑动，（使）滑行tremble n. & vi. 战栗，颤抖pale adj. 苍白的
exclaim vt., vi. 惊叫，呼喊delight n. 快乐，高兴，喜悦assistance n. 协助，援助
slippery adj. 滑的，光滑的violently adv. 猛烈地，激烈地depressed adj. 沮丧的
uncommon adj. 不凡的，罕有的unaware adj. 不知道的，没觉察到的ghastly adj. 苍白的，死人般的，可怕的gasp vi & n. （因害怕或惊讶突然急促地）喘息，喘气affectionately adv. 挚爱地，亲切地innocently adv. 无罪地，纯洁地
considerable adj. 相当的spectator n. 观众，旁观者beneath adv. & prep. 在……之下
crack vt. 说（笑话），（使）破裂，（使）爆裂n. 裂缝，劈啪声anecdote n. 轶事，奇闻drug vi. 吸毒
tide n. 潮，潮汐，潮流advance vt., vi. 前进，增进bow n. 弓arrow n. 箭
loose adj. 宽松的loosen vt. 解开，放松string n. 线，细绳stick vt. 插入，刺入，戳人starve vt. & vi. 使饿死，饿死yawn vi. & n. 打哈欠mount vt. & vi. 爬山，攀登psychiatrist n. 精神病医师，精神病学家healing n. 康复，复原associate vt. 使发生联系，使联合major adj. 主要
的experimentation n. 实验（法）physiologic adj. 生理学的opposition n. 反对，相反eliminate vt. 排除，消除wagon n. 四轮马车，货车scheduled adj. 预定的alongside adv. 在…旁边instant adj. 立即的，即时的alertness n. 警戒，机敏alert adj. 提防的，警惕的Napoleon 拿破仑
surgery n. 外科，手术室cough n. & vi. 咳嗽crisis n. 危机，难关circus n. 马戏团，杂技团，杂技场
重点短语：
burst out laughing 突然大笑起来fall about laughing 忍不住大笑pull one?s leg 愚弄某人make fun of 取笑，嘲笑keep to 坚持go in for 参加，追求，从事
dress up 盛装，打扮，伪装make out 看清，识别，理解get on 取得成功crack up 使捧腹大笑turn sb. off 对（某人）感到厌烦go off sb 失去兴趣，不再喜欢clear up 消除；放晴lead a ......life 过着......的生活human being 人类be stuck in 卡住不能动
重点语法：
1.the Past Perfect Continuous
2.the Continuous and Simple Tenses
一．重点词汇精讲：
1. withdraw （withdrew，withdrawn）vt. 取回，提取；撤回
She withdrew all her savings and left her family.
她把全部存款取了出来，就离家出走了。
I insist that you should withdraw your offensive remarks immediately.
我要求你必须立即收回那些过头的话。
The general refused to withdraw his troops.
那个将军拒绝撤回他的部队。
【搭配与句型】
withdraw sb./sth. from sth.从......撤回某人或某物
withdraw from sb./ sth. 脱离某人或某物
withdraw to/into 撤退到......
He withdrew $1,000 from his account.
他从帐户上提取了1，000美金。
He had to withdraw halfway from the competition owing to his injury. 由于受伤，他不得不中途退出比赛。
The crowd withdrew to a safer place.
人群撤退到更加安全的地方。
He is unsociable and often withdraws into himself.
他不好社交，经常离群索居。
【词汇辨析】
withdrawal n.收回；取回；撤回
withdrawn adj. 不交际的，离群索居的
draw back 撤回；取消（尤因无把握或不安）
【活学活用】
(1). More and more young people threaten to ____ from the company if the board refuses to improve their working conditions.
A. draw up
B. draw back
C. withdraw
D. draw out
【剖析】本题意为：如果董事会拒绝改善工作条件的话，越来越多的年轻人威胁要退出公司。draw up 表示“停车”；draw back 表示“取消，退回来”；draw out 表示“（指白天时间）渐长；鼓励；拖延”。
【答案】C
(2). He talked to us for half an hour and then ____ .
A. moved out
B. drew out
C. left out
D. withdrew
【剖析】本题意为：他和我们谈了一个小时的话就走了。move out表示“搬出去”；leave out 表示“省略，去掉”； withdraw 表示“离开或脱离某人或某地”。【答案】D
2. delay vt.,vi. & n. 耽搁，延迟；延误
She delayed for two hours and missed the train.
她耽搁了两个小时，把火车误了。
We must delay our journey until the weather improves.
我们必须把旅行推迟，等天气好转再说。
Why have they delayed opening the school?
他们为什么延期开学？
There was a delay of two hours before the plane took off.
飞机起飞推迟了两个小时。
We must set out without any delay.
我们必须立即出发。
【搭配与句型】
delay doing 推迟做某事
delay......until/to 推迟到......
without delay 毫不耽搁
Our school meant to delay the sports meeting to/until next week..
学校原本打算把运动会推迟到下周。
Don?t delay handing in your report or you might be blamed.
不要耽搁了交报告，否则你可能要挨批的。
【词汇辨析】
put off sth./doing sth. 推迟、延缓（做）某事
【活学活用】
（1）.Tom and many other students were late for school for the school bus was ____ by the traffic jams.
A. stopped
B. slowed
C. prevented
D. delayed
【剖析】本题意为：汤姆和许多其他学生上学迟到了，是因为校车被堵了好几次。stop和prevent表明“来不了”，slow只是“慢下来”，与交通堵塞联系不大。【答案】D
（2）. Don’t ____ when I am trying to concentrate.
A. put me off
B. delay me
C. put off me
D. keep me out
【剖析】本题意为：我正要集中注意力，别打扰我。put sb. off 打扰某人，使某人注意力不集中。put sth. off 关掉；推迟
【答案】A
3. board vt. 上（船、火车、飞机、公共汽车等）；提供膳宿；用木板覆盖n. 木板；布告牌；理事会，委员会
I boarded the train at 8:30. 我是8：30上的火车。
Flight BA193 for Paris is now boarding.
乘飞往巴黎的BA193班机的旅客现在可以登机。
She usually boards students during the college term.
她经常在学期中给学生提供膳宿。
He boarded at my house until he found a flat.
他找到公寓之前，在我家寄膳。
All the windows were boarded up.
所有窗子都用木板封起来了。
【搭配与句型】
on board 在船上、飞机上
be/get/go/come on board 上（车、船、飞机、公共汽车）
take sth. on board 承担（责任等）；承认（问题）
As soon as I am on board, I feel sick.
我一上船就感到恶心。
There were over 200 passengers on board the plane.
飞机上有200多位乘客。
I left the railway station after she went on board the train.
她上了火车后，我就离开了车站。
【词汇辨析】
broad adj. 宽阔的
aboard adv. 在船（飞机、火车）上；上船（飞机、火车）
abroad adv. 在国外，到国外
【活学活用】
(1) As soon as we ____, our ship left the port. Which is wrong?
A. went aboard
B. went on board
C. got on the ship
D. went abroad
【剖析】go abroad意为“到国外去”。其余均可表示上船。
【答案】D
（2）After all the passengers went ____, the ship left.
A. on the ship board
B. on board the ship
C. aboard the ship
D. abroad the ship
【剖析】on board是复合介词，后面直接加交通工具。aboard是副词，后面不能接宾语。on the ship board表示“在船的甲板上”。
【答案】B
（3）All the passengers ____ were killed in the air-crash.
A. board
B. abroad
C. on board
D. on the board
【剖析】本题意为：机上所有乘客都死于空难。on the board表示“在布告上；在木板上”。
【答案】C
4.devote vt. 为某人（某事）付出（时间、精力等）；献身于，专心致志于
He devoted all his life to teaching English.
他终身从教英语。
How much time do you usually devote to your research work every day? 你每天花多少时间在你的研究工作上？
He devoted all he had to his business.
他把所有家产都投入生意上去了。
【搭配与句型】
devote oneself to 献身于，专心致志于
be devoted to 献身于，专心致志于
He devoted himself to helping those disabled.
他致力于帮助那些残疾人。
He is devoted to doing his research work.
他专心致志地做他的研究工作。
She is devoted to her children.
他深爱她的孩子们。
【词汇辨析】
devoted 热爱的；忠实的；
devotedly 热爱地；忠诚地
devotion to sb./sth. 深爱，挚爱；献身；忠心；虔诚
【活学活用】
（1）Although the working mother is very busy, she still ____ a lot of time to children.
A. devotes
B. spends
C. offers
D. provides
【剖析】本题意为：虽然那位母亲忙于工作，但仍然花很多时间照顾孩子。根据选项的搭配可知：spend time in doing sth./ on sth.; offer sth. to sb.; provide sth. for sb.
【答案】A
（2）Don’t say anything bad to Harry, anyhow, he is a ____ friend to us.
A. devoting
B. devoted
C. friendly
D. fit
【剖析】本题意为：不要说哈里的坏话，不管怎么说，他还是一位忠实的朋友。
C、D项从语义上不符合题意。devoted表示“忠诚的”。
【答案】B
（3） The time he ____ his studies, generally，is more than 10 hours a day.
A. gets down to
B. devotes to
C. sticks to
D. spends in
【剖析】本题意为：一般来说，他花在学习上的时间每天超过10小时。
get down to表示“开始做某事”；stick to表示“坚持”；spends some time on sth.
【答案】B
5. cling （clung，clung）vi. 粘紧；附着；紧贴
They clung together as they said good bye.
他们在道别时，紧紧地拥抱在一起。
The smell of smoke clung to my clothes for a long time.
我衣服上附着的烟味好久不散。
Don?t cling to the roadside when you are driving.
不要紧贴路边开车。
【搭配与句型】
cling (on) to sb./sth. 紧抓着或紧抱着某人或某物
cling (on) to sth. 舍不得放弃某物；坚持一种信仰或理论
cling to sb. 太接近某人；依恋某人
Survivors clung to a large wood.
生还者们紧紧抓着一块大木头。
She clung to the hope that he was still alive.
她始终抱着一个希望，就是他还活着。
Small children cling to their mother.
小孩子都缠着母亲。
【词汇辨析】
stick to 坚持；不放弃
keep to 坚持
clinging 贴身的；感情上依附他人的
clingy 缠人的；依附人的
cling film 保鲜纸，保鲜膜
【活学活用】
（1）The dress that ____ the body presents her pretty slim figure.
A. clings to
B. clings closely
C. sticks to
D. keep to
【剖析】本题意为：贴身的连衣裙展现出她妙曼身姿。cling 后必须接to，closely表示“密切地；亲密地”，与语境不符；stick to表示“坚持某原则，不放弃某事”, keep to与stick to属同义词。
【答案】A
（2）He ____ his research work though he met with a lot of unexpected problems. Which of the following can’t be filled in here?
A. clung to
B. stuck to
C. kept to
D. devoted to
【剖析】本题意为：虽然遇到许多意想不到的问题，他还是坚持自己的研究工作。
A、B、C项均可表示“坚持”，devote oneself to/be devoted to 表示“致力于”不符题意。
【答案】D
6. advance vi.& vt. 前进；增进；进步；提出
Our troops have advanced two miles.
我们的军队已经前进了两英里。
Such conduct is unlikely to advance your interests.
这种行为对你可不大有利。
Her English has advanced a lot since she began to spend more time on it.
自从她在英语上多花点时间以来，她的英语有了长足进步。
Scientists have advanced a new theory to explain the phenomenon.
科学家已提出一个新的理论来解释这一现象。
【搭配与句型】
advance on/ towards sb./sth. 向......前进
advance sth. to sb. 预付；借钱
in advance 预先，事先
We advanced towards /on the enemy shouting angrily.
我们怒吼着向敌人涌来。
He asked his employer to advance a month?s salary.
他请求雇主先预支一个月的薪水。
It?s impossible to know in advance what will happen.
预知未来发生的事是不可能的。
【词汇辨析】
advance n. 前进；进步；预付
advanced 先进的；高级的
【活学活用】
（1）All the people had been warned of the storm ____ so that no great damages were caused .
A. in advance
B. in effect
C. in fact
D. above all
【剖析】本题意为：所有人事先都得到了预警，所以没有造成很大的损失。in effect表示“事实上”，与in fact同意； above all表示“首先”，表示在众多中突出出来。
【答案】A
（2）The customer ____ the store $800 for the goods.
A. borrowed
B. lent
C. loaned
D. advanced
【剖析】本题意为：那位顾客预付给那家商店800美金来购买那些商品。borrow sth. from sb.表示“从......借来某物”；lend sb. sth.表示“借某人东西”；loan sb. sth.表示“贷款给某人”。
【答案】D
7.stick （stuck，stuck）vt.刺入；戳人；粘住；卡住
The boy stuck his pork into the potatoes.
那个孩子用餐叉插土豆。
I found a nail sticking in the tyre.
我发现轮胎上扎着一颗钉子。
He stuck a stamp on the envelope after he sealed it.
把信封封上以后，他贴了一张邮票在信封上。
He got stuck in the lift and had to call for help.
他卡在电梯里了，不得不大喊救命。
【搭配与句型】
stick (sth.) in/into sth. 把......插入......
stick sth. on sth. 把......贴在......上
stick to sth. 不放弃或不改变某事物；坚持
stick out 伸出
be stuck in 卡住不能动
A needle stuck in my finger.
针扎进我手指里了。
He stuck a label on the bottle.
他在瓶子上贴了张标签。
The girl stuck out her tongue at her brother.
那个女孩向她哥哥伸了伸舌头。
She sticks to speaking English every day.
Her boots got stuck in the mud.
她的靴子陷在烂泥里，拔不出来。
【词汇辨析】
sticky adj. 粘乎乎的，
stick to 坚持或坚守某种业已的观点、理想、真理或协议等；坚持做某事（某行为通常已开始）
insist on 坚持某种看法、意见；坚持做某事（还未发生的行为或要求）persist in 坚持做某事（常暗示固执，不听劝告之意）
hold on 坚持下去（强调不顾困难，继续坚持下去，为不及物动词短语）
She sticks to the principle in this matter.
她在这件事上坚持原则。
He insisted on buying a new car.
他坚持要买一部车。
He persisted in doing the job in spite of the difficulties.
他不顾困难坚持作那项工作。
Hold on and everything will be all right.
坚持下来，一切都会好起来的。
【活学活用】
（1）Once a decision has been made, all of us should ____ it.
A． direct to B. stick to C. refer to D. insist on
【剖析】本题意为：一旦决定下来，我们所有人就应该坚持到底。direct to表示“指向”；refer to表示“提及；所指的是”；insist on表示“坚持做某事（还未发生的行为或要求）”。
【答案】B
（2）He had a great idea that one should ____ whatever one had begun.
A. insist on
B. stick to
C. stick out
D. stick with
【剖析】insist on后接表示将要发生的动作或行为的名词或动名词；stick out “把......伸出去”； stick with “和......粘在一起”。
【答案】B
（3）It was foolish of him to ____ his notes during that important test,and as a result, he got punished.
A. stick to
B. refer to
C. keep to
D. point to
【剖析】本题意为：他在考试时偷看笔记，结果受到了惩罚。stick to表示“坚守；坚持”；refer to表示“参考；提及”； keep to表示“遵守，坚持作某事”；point to表示“指向”。
【答案】B
8.associate vt.使发生联系；使联合
He associated her with a famous film star.
他把她和一位著名影星联想到一块了。
Whisky is always associated with Scotland.
人们通常把威士忌与苏格兰联系起来。
【搭配与句型】
associate sb. / sth. with sb./sth.把某人或某事与某人或某事联想起来associate with sb. 与某人交往或常打交道
associate oneself with sth. 声称或表示自己赞成某事
You wouldn’t associate this writer with the other--- their writing styles are quite different.
通常不会把这位作家与那一位相提并论 ---他们两人的风格迥然不同。
I don’t like you associating with such people.
我不喜欢你和这些人混在一起。
I have never associated with political extremism.
我从来不赞成政治上的极端主义。
【词汇辨析】
association n. 联合；联盟；交往；协会；学会
relate ...to/with... 把......与......联系起来
join ... to ... 把......与......连接起来
connect ... to/with ... 把......与......连接起来
link ... to/with ... 把......与......联系起来
attach sth. to sth. 把......与系在一起
The report relates high wages to/with labor shortages.
该报告把高工资与劳动力短缺联系在一起了。
【活学活用】
（1）You must be to blame for the loss ____ your carelessness.
A. associating with
B. associated with
C. associating
D. associated
【剖析】本题意为：就凭你粗心造成的损失，你就该受到责备。associate with 表示“与某人交往”；be associated with表示“与......有关”。
【答案】B
（2）Don?t ____ these idle young men all day!
A. associate with
B. be associated with
C. relate to
D. join to
【剖析】本题意为：不要整天和这些闲汉们在一起！be associated with表示“与......有关”；relate to表示“理解”；join ... to表示“把......与......连接起来”。
【答案】A
（3）There the irrigation canal ____ the reservoir which is important to the village.
A. connects with
B. links up to
C. joins to
D. attends to 【剖析】connect with强调“车辆、道路相连”；link up to表示“水域相连”；join to表示“直接相连两个以上的东西”； attend to表示“护理；照顾”。【答案】C
二．重点习语精讲
1.fall about laughing 突然大笑起来(无法控制)
We all fell about (laughing/with laughter)when he imitated the voice of the boss.
他模仿老板声音时，我们全笑得前仰后合，无法自制。
【词组辨析】
burst out laughing突然大笑起来（强调突然性）
fall on/upon sb./sth. 突然降临；猛烈攻击
fall over 摔倒
fall down 失败，不起作用；降低
fall behind 落后
fall apart 破裂，破碎
【活学活用】
（1）Joe Jones, the eldest of the eight children, had to ____ out of school at the age of 16 to help her father on the farm.
A. leave
B. drop
C. fall
D. go
【剖析】drop out of school表示“辍学”。
【答案】B
（2）In some western countries, demand for graduates from MBA courses has ____.
A. turned down
B. turned over
C. fallen down
D. fallen over 【剖析】fall down表示“不起作用；下降”，又如：You’ve been falling down on the job recently; is there anything troubling you? 你最近工作一直不好，有什么烦恼你的事吗？fall over摔倒；turn down 拒绝；把声音开小一点；turn over 仔细考虑；把......移交。本题意为：在一些西方国家，MBA毕业生的需求量已经下降。
【答案】C
（3）Mr. Green ____ the ladder when he tried to repaired the light on the wall.
A. fell down
B. fell off
C. fell out
D. fell away
【剖析】fall off = fall down from; fall away表示“遗弃；离开”；fall out 表示“发生；与人争吵”。
【答案】B
2. pull one’s leg 取笑；嘲弄某人
Don’t pull my leg, you mean guy!
别嘲弄我，你这卑鄙的家伙！
He is always pulling others’ legs once he feels happy.
他一旦高兴起来，就喜欢捉弄别人。
【词组辨析】
pull sb. down (指疾病)使人虚弱
pull around/through 恢复知觉或康复
pull up 停车
pull down 拆毁，拆除
【活学活用】
（1）The driver ____ at the traffic lights.
A. pulled down
B. pulled up
C. pulled through
D. pulled over 【剖析】本题意为：司机在红绿灯前把车停了下来。pull over （使车、船等）闪到一边。
【答案】B
（2）She was so ill that it seemed unlikely that she would ____.
A. pull around
B. pull up
C. pull over
D. pull down
【剖析】本题意为：她病得很厉害，看来不大可能康复了。从题干中可看出，只有pull around与ill有关。
【答案】A
3.make fun of 取笑，嘲笑
It’s cruel to make fun of those disabled.
取笑残疾人未免不近人情。
The kids at school always make fun of Tom’s funny dressing.
学校的孩子们总是取笑汤姆滑稽的衣着。
【词组辨析】
pull one’s leg 开某人玩笑；愚弄某人
have a joke with sb. 与某人一起以某事取笑
make a joke of/about sb./sth. 拿某人或某事开玩笑
play a joke/trick on sb. 戏弄某人
【活学活用】
（1）He likes to ____ his classmates, which makes them unhappy.
A. make up for
B. make fun of
C. make a fun of
D. make fun for 【剖析】该题从定语从句的意思“使别人不高兴”来看，选项应取“嘲笑”含义的短语。Make up for表示“弥补”。
【答案】B
（2）He is someone I have an occasional chat and ____.
A. joke on
B. fun of
C. trick on
D. joke with
【剖析】本题意为：我偶尔跟他闲聊，一起说笑话。要注意定语从句中have an occasional chat与选项的并列关系。have a joke with sb.表示“和某人一起说笑”。
【答案】D
（3）The trick he played together with his fellows ____ the disabled man, in my opinion, went far beyond.
A. of
B. about
C. with
D. on
【剖析】本题意为：在我看来，他和伙伴们对那个残疾人的捉弄太过火了。play a trick on sb. 捉弄某人。
【答案】D
4. keep to 不偏离；遵守；信守
Keep to the point, or you may waste our time.
别扯远了，否则你就耽误了我们的时间。
Things will only work out if we all keep to the plan.
只有大家执行计划，事情才能成功。
You should keep to the agreement, or no one would deal with you any more. 你应该信守合约，否则没有人愿意和你打交道。
I’d be grateful if you kept this information to yourself.
这事你若能保密，则不胜感激。
【词组辨析】
keep out 不使......进入；挡住
keep off 远离；避开
keep up 持续不停；维持
keep sb. up 不让某人睡觉
keep up with 跟上；与......同步
keep sth. in mind 记在心里
【活学活用】
（1）Education must make the young ____ cigarettes, drugs, drinks, etc.
A. keep out
B. keep to
C. keep off
D. keep up
【剖析】本题意为：教育须使年轻人远离烟、毒品、酒等。
【答案】C
（2）She is old and weak and has to ____ the house.
A. keep out of
B. keep in
C. keep to
D. keep off
【剖析】本题意为：她年老体弱，足不出户。Keep out of不让进入；keep in 后接表示状态的词。keep to在此处表示“不离开”。
【答案】C
（3）We were ____ for half an hour in the traffic so we arrived late.
A. kept up
B. held up
C. cut up
D. rounded up
【剖析】本题意为：我们在路上被堵了半个小时，所以到达迟了。
hold sb. up 阻滞某人；阻拦；cut up切碎；round up聚拢；围拢
【答案】B
（4）Bad habits are easily ____ while good ones are hard to develop.
A. kept up
B. caught up
C. drawn up
D. picked up
【剖析】本题意为：坏习惯很容易形成，而培养好习惯则很难。catch up （with）“追上；赶上”；draw up“靠近，临近”；pick up“捡起，刚形成”。
【答案】D
（5）I’m putting on weight. The doctor has warned me to ____ sugar.
A. keep up
B. keep to
C. keep off
D. keep away
【剖析】本题意为：我在发福了，医生警告我不要吃糖（要远离糖）。keep away from = keep off。
【答案】C
（6）---Your job ____ open for your return.
---Thanks.
A. will be kept
B. will keep
C. had kept
D. had been kept 【剖析】根据句意，可判断出说话者要给对方保留工作位置是将来的事情，keep 与job之间是被动关系，显示是说话者有意留给对方，而主动语态则表达不了这层含义。
【答案】A
5.go in for 参加；追求；从事；喜欢
Which events is he going in for at the Olympics?
他参加奥运会的哪些项目？
Children are always encouraged to go in for noble causes.
孩子们常常被鼓励去追求高尚的事业。
Have you ever thought of going in for teaching in the future?
你考虑过将来从事教书吗？
She goes in for a lot of sport in her spare time.
闲暇时间里，她喜欢运动。
【词组辨析】
中学英语中含go的常用短语：
go against 违背
go ahead 开始（做某事）；进展；同意
go around 传播
go into 调查；了解
go with 与......一起；与......相配套
go without 没有......也得勉强应付；将就
go off sb. 失去兴趣；不再喜欢
go off with sb. 离开爱人另结新欢
go on with 继续
go over 复习
go through 浏览；检查；经历；消耗；完成
If you go against nature, you shall certainly be punished in time.
要是违背了自然界，肯定迟早会受到惩罚的。
The project is going ahead.
项目正在进行中。
---May I use your ruler, please?
---Certainly, go ahead.
---可不可以用一下你的尺子？
---当然可以，自己拿吧。
The secret went around quickly in the schoolyard.
秘密很快在校园里传播开来。
She had no time to go into the matter just then.
正好那时他没有时间调查这件事。
Your tie doesn’t go well with your suit.
你的领带与你西服不配套。
We had almost run out of money, so we had to go without too much food. 钱几乎用光，所以我们不能吃太多食物。
Jane seems to be going off Peter.
简似乎对彼得日趋冷淡。
He went off with his best friend’s wife.
他与挚友之妻私奔了。
After a short break, she went on with her speech.
稍事休息后，她接着演讲。
You should go over what you have learned before the exams.
考前你应该复习一下所学内容。
I’ve gone through all my pockets, but I can’t find my keys.
我把所有口袋都翻个遍，就是找不到钥匙。
I always start the day by going through my mail.
我每天总是一早就查阅我的邮件。
【活学活用】
（1）I don’t ____ rockn’roll. It’s too much noise for my taste. A. go after B. go into C. go in for D. go through
【剖析】根据后一句：它太吵，不合我的胃口，可判断出，前一句应表示“喜欢”的短语。go after表示“追求；追逐”。
【答案】C
(2)---Didn’t you have a good time at the party?
---Of course I did. As a matter of fact, I had such fun that time seemed to ____ so quickly.
A. go by
B. go away
C. go out
D. go over
【剖析】根据问话和答语部分可看出，答话者感觉时间过得太快。只有go by 含“经过，走过”之意。
【答案】A
（3）There is no beer left and the pubs are shut, so you have to ____.
A. go out
B. go off
C. go without
D. go through
【剖析】本题意为：没有剩余的啤酒了，酒店也关门了。所以你只好将就一下了。go out 外出；go off 爆炸；中断。
【答案】C
（4）---How is the experiment getting on?
---That is the way it ____.
A. looks
B. goes
C. becomes
D. gets
【剖析】本题意为：---实验进展如何？---在按部就班进行。go表示“按某种方式发展”。
【答案】B
（5）---Do you think that house price will keep ____ in the years to come? ---Sorry, I have no idea.
A. lifting up
B. going up
C. bringing up
D. growing up
【剖析】房价只有上涨或下跌，lift up表示“举起；太高”，是及物动词；bring up表示“哺育；抚养”；grow up表示“成长；长大”。
【答案】B
6.dress up 盛装；打扮；伪装
Don’t bother to dress up ---come as you are.
用不着穿将就衣服---就穿平常的衣服把。
Children love dressing up.
孩子们喜欢化妆打扮。
The parents dressed all the children up as rabbits or tigers.
父母亲把孩子们化妆成兔子或老虎。
The facts are quite clear; it’s no use trying to dress them up.
事实很清楚，粉饰是没有用的。
They were dressed up in Victorian clothes.
他们化妆成维多利亚时代的人。
【词组辨析】
be dressed in + clothes/color 穿着......(强调状态)
be in + clothes/color 穿着......(强调状态)
have on + clothes 穿着......(强调状态，没有进行时态)
wear+ clothes/衣服以外的饰品穿着......(强调状态，进行时态和一般时态所表达的意思一样)
put on + clothes 穿上......(强调动作)
take off + clothes脱掉......(强调动作)
pull off + clothes匆忙脱掉......(强调动作)
He is dressing himself in a funny coat.
他正穿上一件很滑稽的外套。
He is dressed in a funny coat today.
今天他穿着一件滑稽的外套。
The king had nothing on while he was marching on in the street.
国王在街上走时，一根纱都没穿。
He wore/was wearing his usual suit for that grand ceremony.
他穿着平常穿的西服参加了那场盛大的开幕式。
He jumped into the river to rescue the boy before he could pull off his clothes.
他来不及匆忙脱掉衣服就跳下河去救那个孩子。
【活学活用】
（1）The boy ____ blue is a new comer to our class.
A. wearing on
B. having on
C. putting on
D. dressed in
【剖析】本题意为：穿着蓝色衣服的那个男孩是我们班新来的。只有be dressed in可接颜色的词。
【答案】D
（2）The shop assistant there was not friendly to me because of ____.
A. I was badly dressed
B. the clothes I was having on
C. what I was wearing
D. what I dressed
【剖析】because of后接名词，代词或what引导的从句作宾语，因此排除A项；have on没有进行时态，排除B项；dress的宾语是人而不是物。
【答案】C
（3）She ____ not well, and yet the clothes that she ____ fit her very well.
A. has on; puts on
B. puts on; has on
C. wears; dresses
D. dresses; wears
【剖析】have on, put on, wear必须后接宾语。
【答案】D
(4) He went into each house ____ as Father Christmas on Christmas Eve.
A. dressing up
B. dressed up
C. to dress up
D. dress up
【剖析】本题意为：在平安夜，他化妆成圣诞老人进到每一家。dress oneself up as ......表示“装扮成......”。
【答案】B
（5）We often see her ____ in white like a nurse.
A. having on
B. wearing
C. dressed
D. putting on
【剖析】A、B、D项后应接表示衣服类名词。
【答案】C
7. make out 活下来；辨认；理解
How did he make out while his wife was away?
妻子不在家时，他是怎么生活下来的？
How are you making out with Mary?
你和玛丽关系怎样？
I could make out a figure in the darkness.
我隐约看见黑暗中有个人影。
Can you make out what the sign says?
你看得见牌子上写的是什么吗？
What a strange person she is! I can’t make her out at all.
她这人真怪！我根本无法了解他。
【词组辨析】
make up 化妆；编造；占比率；弥补；构成
make sense 有道理；有意义
make sense of 理解
make for 有助于
make it 成功
make the most of 充分利用
She spent an hour making up before the party.
他在聚会前化了一个小时的妆。
What he said at the party made no sense at all.
他在聚会上的一番话没有一点意义。
I can’t make sense of what the teacher said in class.
我理解不透老师在课上讲的东西。
Constant arguing doesn’t make for a happy marriage.
经常争吵不利于维系和美的婚姻。
He’s never really made it as an actor.
他当演员从未有所成就。
We must make the most of the fine weather.
我们得充分利用这大好天气。
【活学活用】
(1) He was absent for weeks, so he had a lot of homework to ____.
A. make out
B. make up
C. make of
D. make over
【剖析】从原因判断，他应该有许多作业要补上来，只有make up可以表示“弥补”的意思。
【答案】B
(2) It may take quite a long time before an actor is properly ____ for
a part.
A. made out
B. made from
C. made up
D. made of
【剖析】从演员和角色的关系看，演员是要化妆的，只有make up含有此意。【答案】C
（3）He accidentally ____ he had quarreled with his wife and that he hadn’t been home for a couple of weeks.
A. let out
B. took care
C. made sure
D. made out
【剖析】根据句意，此题应理解为“他无意中透露出......”,故答案选A。take care后面不接从句；make sure与accidentally是自相矛盾的。
【答案】A
（4）I don’t believe what she told us about meeting Elton John. I think she is ____ it up.
A. making
B. taking
C. pretending
D. weaving
【剖析】根据前面的don’t believe可判断出后一句应表示她在撒谎。make up 可表示“编造”。
【答案】A
（5）You must ____ what they are planning to do next.
A. make for
B. make it
C. make out
D. make up
【剖析】本题意为：你得弄清楚他们下一步怎么做。make out表示“弄清楚；理解”。
【答案】C
8．get on 取得成功，出人头地；进展；应付；与某人和睦相处
She is ambitious and eager to get on in the world.
她雄心勃勃，一心要在世上出人头地。
How did you get on/along in your driving test?
你的驾驶考试进展如何？
We can get on/along perfectly well without her.
我们没有她也能干的很好。
Our new manager is easy to get on with.
我们的新经理非常随和。
【词组辨析】
get across 使人理解；
get about/around/round 传播；流传
get away 逃离；摆脱
get down to (doing) sth.开始做某事；认真处理某事
get through 完成；通过；（to sb.）与某人通话
get over 战胜；恢复常态
The speaker is not good at getting his ideas across to his audience. 演讲者不善于向观众表达自己的思想。
The news of his promotion soon got around.
他被提拔的消息很快就传播开来。
I won’t get away from my office before 7.
七点之前我离不开办公室。
The accountant got away with a lot of money.
那个会计携了大量的钱款逃了。
It’s time I got down to （doing） my own business.
我该认真做点自己的正事了。
Let’s start at once; there is a lot to get through today.
我们马上开始吧；今天要完成的事可多呢。
He got all his students through the entrance examinations.
在他帮助下，所有学生都通过了考试。
Could you help me to get through to your headmaster?
你能帮我接通校长的电话吗？
She can’t get over her shyness.
她克服不了羞怯感。
She never got over the failure of the examination.
考试失败后，她一蹶不振。
【活学活用】
(1) It was a serious illness, and she might not ____ it.
A. get over
B. get on well with
C. get across
D. get around 【剖析】从serious可看出，病得不轻，所以后面应该表示“挺不过来”。
【答案】A
（2）The competition is drawing up. Let’s ____ preparing for it.
A. get out
B. get back for
C. get down to
D. get over
【剖析】本题意为：竞赛越来越近了，我们要开始认真准备了。get down to“开始做某事；认真处理某事”。
【答案】C
（3）Hardly could he ____ this amount of work in such a short time. A. get through B. get off C. get into D. get down
【剖析】本题意为：他几乎不可能在如此短的时间内完成这些工作。get through 可以表示“完成”的意思。
【答案】A
（4）I don’t think that your speech ____ to the crowd, for they appeared quite puzzled.
A. got back
B. got away
C. got through
D. got across
【剖析】本题意为：我认为这群人没有听懂你的演讲，因为他们表现得很困惑。get sth. through to sb. 使某事被别人理解；sth. get across to sb. 某事被某人理解或接受。
【答案】D
(5) ---Why are you so worried?
---I just don’t know how I can get it ____ to you how important this is.
A. across
B. up
C. down
D. around
(6) The earthquake has destroyed most houses in the village. How are they going to ____ the winter.
A. get on
B. get across
C. get over
D. get through
（7）It’s ten years since the scientist ____ on his life’s work of discovering the valuable chemical.
A. made for
B. set out
C. took off
D. turned up
9. turn sb. off 使某人感到厌烦；
His long boring talk really turned me off.
他那番让人厌烦的长篇大论真让我倒胃口。
The same frequent advertisements always turn audience off.
相同的广告频繁地播出总是使人反感。
【词组辨析】
中学英语含有turn的常用短语：
turn down 拒绝；把（电器等）声音开小一点
turn up 出现；把（电器等）声音开大一点
turn on 打开（电器等）
turn off 关闭（电器等）
turn in 上交
turn out 结果是，最后情况是
turn over 移交；翻转
turn to 转向；求助于
He was poor but proud and turned down every offer of help.
他很穷但很自傲，拒绝接受每一份帮助。
The missing boy turned up after 10 days.
那个迷失的孩子10天后才出现。
The teachers have to turn in reports at the end of the school year. 老师们要在学年底把报告书交上来。
The old man turned out (to be) a thief.
那位老人竟然是贼。
The thief was turned over to the police station in the end.
那个小偷最后被移交给了公安局。
He is too self-confident to turn to others for help.
他非常自信，从来不向别人求助。
【活学活用】
（1）What he does always ____ the others around him.
A. turns on
B. turns off
C. turns out
D. turns up
【剖析】本题意为：他所作所为总是让他周围的人反感。turn sb. on使人感兴趣；turn sb. out培养出某人。
【答案】B
（2）---So how is your new roommate?
---She really ____. She is always making loud noises at midnight and when I remind her, she always makes rude remarks.
A. turns me over
B. turns me down
C. turns me off
D. turns me out
【剖析】根据答语部分对新室友的评价，可看出选项部分应表示“反感或厌恶”。【答案】C
（3）I knew I shouldn’t accept anything from him, but I found it difficult to ____ his offer.
A. ask about
B. turn down
C. turn to
D. ask for
【剖析】根据语境，答语部分应选择表示“拒绝”的短语。
【答案】B
（4）We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn’t quite ____ as planned.
A. turn over
B. turn out
C. turn on
D. turn up
【剖析】本题意为：我们想在天黑前回家，但结果并不像我们预计的那样。选项部分应表示“最后结果是”。
【答案】B
10. clear up （天气）转晴；痊愈；清理；清除疑虑，澄清
I hope it clears up this afternoon.
我希望今天下午天气转晴。
Has your wound cleared up yet?
你的伤口痊愈了吗？
You must clear up all the things on your desk before you can leave your study.
你得把桌子上所有东西清理好才能离开书房。
There are some points we should clear up before we make the final decision. 有几点应该澄清我们才能下最终决定。
【词组辨析】
clear away (烟、雾等)消散；移走
clear off 走开；付清
It was a fine day after the fog cleared away.
大雾散去后是个大晴天。
She cleared away the dishes from the table.
他把桌子上的盘子收走了。
How can we clear away these doubts?
我们怎样才能消除这些疑虑？
He cleared off as soon as he saw the police coming.
他一见警察来了，就溜之大吉。
He cleared off all his debts after ten years’ hard work.
十年的艰辛之后，他还清了所有的债务。
【活学活用】
(1) It will ____ soon after a storm in summer.
A. clear away
B. clear off
C. clear up
D. clear out
【剖析】本题意为：夏天暴风雨之后很快就会放晴。clear out表示“清理......的内部以留出空间”。
【答案】C
（2）The children all ____ the moment they noticed their teacher coming towards them.
A. A. cleared away
B. cleared off
C. cleared up
D. cleared out 【剖析】本题意为：孩子们一发现老师向他们走来，全都跑开了。只有clear off 有“走开”的含义。
11. （a） lack of 缺乏；短缺
The project had to be abandoned for lack of funds.
工程因资金匮乏只得放弃。
A lack of care and money can reduce a boy to a beggar.
缺乏关心和钱可以使一个孩子沦为乞丐。
【词组辨析】
lack sth. 缺乏；不足
lack for sth. 需要；缺乏
be lacking in 不足
第二单元句子成分（Members of Sentences) 英语句子由词或词组构成。每一个词或词组在句中具有各自的功能。我们把词或词组在句中的功能称为“句子成分”。共有六种成分： （1）主语（2）谓语（3）宾语（4）表语（5）定语（6）状语 其含义简述如下： 1、主语（Subject）: 主语是句子中需要加以说明和描述的对象，如： ●The plane has just taken off. 飞机刚起飞。 主语 ●Pride goes before a fall. 骄必败。 主语 ●May I ask you a question? 我可以问个问题吗？ 主语 主语一般有名词或代词来充当。 2、谓语（Predicate）: 谓语表示主语的动作，如： ●I played basketball yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午我打了篮球。 谓语 ●Everyone enjoy s the challenge of quizzes. 人人都喜欢猜谜语。 谓语 谓语一般由动词来充当。 3、宾语（object）: 宾语是表示动作的对象或承受者，如： ●Peter bought a new dictionary. 彼德买了一本新词典。 宾语 ●I shall answer your question after class. 我课后再回答你的问题。 宾语 宾语通常由名词或代词来充当。 4、表语（Complement） 表语用来说明主语的身份、性质、状态和特征，如： ●He is a poet. 他是一位诗人。
表语 ●The soup is delicious. 这汤味道真好。 表语 ●My luggage is in the car. 我的行李在车里。 表语 表语一般有名词或形容词来充当。 5、定语(attributive) 定语用来修饰名词或代词，如： ●The family are fond of classical music. 这家人喜欢古典音乐。 定语 ● A happy person makes a better parent. 性格开朗的人更能成为一名好的家长。 定语 定语主要由形容词来充当。 6、状语(adverbial) 状语用来说明事件发生的地点、时间、条件、原因、结果、目的、让步、程度、比较和方式等。例如： （1）动词： ●He speaks French fluently. 她法语说得很流利。 状语 ●The match was put off because of rain. 比赛因天雨而推迟。 状语 （2）形容词：I’m very happy to see you all. 我很高兴见到大家。 状语 (3 ) 副词：The traffic is moving pretty slowly 交通很堵。 状语 （4）整个句子：Luckily, he wasn’t injured. 幸运得很，她没有受伤。 状语 状语主要由副词或短语来充当。 练习 2.1 指出下列句子中的划线部分做什么句子成分： 1.Experience is the best teacher. 2.I encourage you all work hard, help each other and build a better future. 3.Finally, I’d like to summarize the main points. 4.Was the bridge built last year? 5.Did you buy a gift for your father on Father’s Day ? 6. A company isn’t just a name and a building. 7.Probably, we’ll drop in on professor Jackson. 8.He called a moment ago.
简明英语语法表 词性 词性定义例句 名词指人，地点或事物 Noun This young driver turned her new car quickly into a busy street. Bang! She hit a huge 名词 yellow bus and came to a stop. 形容词描述名词所指得人或物 Adjective The young driver turned her new car quickly into a busy street. Bang! She hit a huge 形容词 yellow bus and came to a stop. 动词表示一种状态或一个动作 Verb The young driver turned her new car quickly into a busy street. Bang! She hit a huge 动词 yellow bus and came to a stop. 副词修饰动词，形容词和其他副词 Adverb The young driver turned her new car 副词 quickly into a busy street. Bang! She hit a huge yellow bus and came to a stop. 连词连接句子的两个部分 ConjunctThe young driver turned her new car ion 或短语 quickly into a busy street. Bang! She 连词 hit a huge yellow bus and came to a stop.
第十九章名词性从句 本章重点、难点：对名词性关系从句和名词性疑问从句的理解，名词性从句作宾语的 各种情况。 19.1 概述 名词性从句是指一个分句在句子中相当于名词充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。这种分句通常由从属连词that、whether（if）引导，也可由连接代词what, whatever, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whose等引导，还可以由连接副词where, when, how, why等引导。 19.2 主语从句 主语从句是指一个分句充当句子的主语，它可以由that, what, whatever, who, whoever, when, where, how, why, whether等引导。 19.2.1 由that引导的主语从句 主语从句是陈述事实的时候，从句用that引导。that在从句中没有作任何成分，只起连接作用。在大多数情况下，为了保持句子平衡，从句用形式主语it代替，把that从句放到句子后面，尤其句子是主系表结构的时候。如： It is impossible that he should come over himself. It’s strange that he should have left without saying“goodbye”. It’s a pity that he has missed the lecture. It occurred to me that he had left for Hong Kong. It was said that he was translating the book into Chinese. 主语从句的引导词that一般不能省略，但从句放到后面的时候间或也省略that。如：It’s good you gave me such help. It’s natural he should pass the exam. 在少数情况下，为了强调从句，或为了保持句中的平衡，可以不用形式主语it代替，而是直接把that从句放到主语的位置上，这时，不能省略that。如： That he hasn’t finished the task is a fact. That we need advanced equipment is obvious. That she became a teacher may have been due to her mother’s influence. That he is feeling better is the best news that we’re expecting. That he didn’t attend the meeting made the manager angry. 用it作形式主语的that从句有以下四种不同的搭配： 1. it be + 形容词+ that-从句，如： It is strange (surprising, possible, necessary, natural, obvious, true, important, good, unlikely, fortunate, quite clear, etc.) that... 2.it be + -ed分词+ that-从句，如： It is said (believed, thought, arranged, decided, expected, known, reported, etc.) that... 3.it be + 名词+ that-从句，如： It is a surprise (a pity, a shame, a fact, a wonder, a good thing, an honor, common knowledge, good news, etc.) that... 4. it be + 不及物动词+ that-从句，如： It appears (happens, seems, came about, turned out, occurred to me, etc.) that...
?语言论丛? 主动形式表被动含义的探讨 唐国平 李 斐 (攀枝花学院外语系,攀枝花617000) 摘 要 本文采用了演泽法,检验了韩礼德的语态系统中主动形式表被动这一语法现象,并扩 大到词素、词汇层面,对语态系统中主动形式表被动含义进行了相关探讨 关键词 主动形式;被动含义;中动句;对象格主语;假不及物动词 对学习者来说,‘S +be +P.P ’的被动结构形成是再熟悉不过的了,但用主动形式表被动含义却是个难点。 因其在教科书中出现的频率之高,也不失为一重点。例如:在《实用英语综合教程》 (吴银庚等1995)第二册同一页就可找到2个例句: (1)Onc day a y oung female began to wash her sweet potato to get rid of the sand This practice s oon spread throughout the group.(v olume 2126para4) (2)Or even if they could learn ,they could not teach one another in the way people do.This too has proven to be untrue.(v olume 2126para4) 那么,怎样去识别主动形式表被动含义呢?其主语与动词之间有什么样的逻辑或语义关系呢?本文试图从词素、词、和句子三个层面对其进行探讨。 一、概述 韩礼德将英语的语态系统描绘如下: 语态(v oice )- 中动态(middle :a clause with no feature of agency ) 有效态(effective :a clause with agency )-主动态(active )被动态(passive ) 韩礼德认为,若将及物性分析中物质/心理/关系/行为/言语五大过程中的动作者(actor )/感受者(senser )/载体(carrier )/行为者(behaver )/言语者(sayer )置于主位且与主语重合,就表主动意义;若把该五大过程中和目标(g oal )/现象(phenomenon )/属性(attribute/value )/行为(behaviour )/受话者(receiver/verbiage )主位化且与主语重合,就有被动含义。如: (1)主动:(Eggins 1996:258)Married w omen are the real victims T oken Pr :intensive Value subject 被动:The real victims are married w omen Value Pr :intensive T oken subject 第20卷第3期V ol 1201N o 13 攀枝花学院学报Journal of Panzhihua University 2003年6月Jun 12003
第九章被动语态 本章难点、重点：含双宾语、复合宾语或短语动词的句子的被动式。 9.1 被动语态的概念与构成形式 语态（voice）是一种表示主语与谓语之间的主动或被动关系的动词形式，英语中分主动语态（active voice）和被动语态（passive voice）两种。前者表示主语是动作的执行者；后者表示主语是动作的接受者。英语动词的主动语态无语法标记，被动语态则有语法标记，一般是由助动词be的某一形式+及物动词的过去分词构成。试比较下列两组主被动句：Chicago Bulls beat Los Angles Lakers again. Los Angles Lakers was beaten again by Chicago Bulls. Millions of people play basketball in China. Basketball is played by Millions of people in China. 根据不同的时态，被动语态动词词组可以有相应的形式，其时态特征由助动词be体现出来。 1. 一般现在时，如： All the wild animals in this area are protected. Such matters are often discussed at our weekly meeting. 2. 一般过去时，如： The football match was played last Saturday. The bridge was built in 1950s. 3. 一般将来时，如： Y ou’ll be greeted at the airport. These questions won’t be answered at the press conference. 4. 过去将来时，如： In the letter he told us that his books would be published soon. 5. 现在完成时，如： So far the museum has been visited by millions of people. Y our proposal has been considered. 6. 过去完成时，如： It is reported that by the end of last year, most of the snakes in that area had been killed. When I saw him, he was busy repairing the type that had been taken down from the car. 7. 将来完成时，如： Don’t worry. By the time you need it again, the machine will have been repaired. 8. 现在进行时，如： The case is being investigated. The machine is being checked by some engineers. 9. 过去进行时，如： When you called, your proposal was being discussed. 10.“get+过去分词”结构，如： Hundreds of people got killed each day in the civil war. The boy got hurt in the leg. 11．“情态动词+be+过去分词”，如： The brake should be checked again.
简明英语语法表 词性
句子结构 主语+动词 一个句子可以由一个主语（名词或代词）和一个谓语（动词）构成。 主语动词 Fernando arrived. Alex left. 主语+动词+直接宾语 一个句子可以由一个主语，一个动词和一个直接宾语构成。一个直接宾语回答“什么”的问题。（He had what? He had a letter. Julio wanted what? Julio wanted ice cream.）一些动词像have常常跟一个直接宾语. 主语动词直接宾语 Veronique threw the ball. Evan liked Susan. He had a suitcase. 主语+动词+间接宾语 句子也可以有间接宾语。间接宾语回答“给谁”的问题。（He wrote to whom? He wrote to Junko. Junko gave the letter to whom? Junko gave Aoko the letter.） 如果间接宾语出现在直接宾语之后，你一定要用“to”。如果间接宾语出现在动词之后，但在直接宾语之前，你不必加“to”。 简单句，并列句和复合句 简单句
简单句只有一个从句。（从句是由一个主语和一个动词组成的。）但是简单句可以有一 个以上的主语，动词，直接宾语和间接宾语。 这些被称作复和宾语，复合动词和复合宾语。 并列句 并列句是由并列连词连接的两个或多个从句。一些常见的并列连词由and, but,so 和or. 复合句 复杂句是由从属连 词连接的两个或多个从句。一些常见的从属连词有：when, because 和 that 。 名词和冠词 普通名词和专有名词 普通名词是用来特指任何人，地点和事 物。
《英语语法》教学大 纲
《英语语法》教学大纲 执笔人：王燕 一、课程性质、地位和作用： 英语语法是英语教育专业的一门基础课，属A类（理论）课，为专业必修课程。 课程的地位和作用：该课程作为英语教育专业的主干课程之一，让学生通过系统地学习英语语法知识，并将其和大量的语言素材结合达到能举一反三，触类旁通的效果，从而提高综合运用英语的能力，为英语水平的整体提高打下坚实的基础。 二、课程教学对象、目的和要求： 本课程的教学对象是三年制“英语教育”专业的学生。入学时，学生已有一定的语音、语法知识，领会式掌握了约1600单词，并在听、说、读、写几方面受过初步的训练。学生通过对比较系统和完整的英语语法知识的学习，对教材中所讲授的英语语法的基本结构与规律有一个明确完整的概念；能较熟练地运用这些语法的基本规则分析解释各种语法现象，从而学会运用语法规则指导语言实践，提高实际运用英语的能力。 在课程教学中要求坚持贯彻“以学生为中心”的自主学习模式，充分发挥学生的主观能动性，调动学生积极地参与到教师的教学辅导、并投身于自学过程中。在教学过程中处理好语言（语法）知识和语言运用之间的关系，前者是后者的基础；组织各项基本技能活动，使学生更好地开展语言实践活动，培养运用英语进行交际的能力。
本课程侧重于英语语法各个知识板块系统全面的讲解，重视理论与实际运用的结合。充分体现精讲多练的原则，采用教师讲解理论，学生练习习题和师生共同分析理解的巩固模式。 三、课程的相关课程及其关系： 学习本课程前的相关课程包括：英语精读、英语泛读、英语听力、英语口语。通过学习这些课程，学生可以掌握一定的语法知识，积累一定的词汇，并能运用一定的语法知识进行听说读写译等实践。 学好本课程，也为以后相关课程的学习奠定基础，促进学生学习专业的其他课程。这些后续相关课程包括：英语翻译基础、英语写作基础、英语泛读等。 四、课程内容及学时分配: 本课程教学总时数为64学时，全部为理论课时。 第一章语法概论 教学时数：4学时。 教学重点：词类；句子。 教学难点：各类句子的结构。 教学内容：1.语法的内容 2.词类 3.句子 4.单词、短语和从句。 第二章名词 教学时数：4学时 教学重点：了解名词由单数变复数的规则和一些特殊的变法。 教学难点：特殊的名词单复数变形。 教学内容：1.名词的种类 2.名词所有格 3.名次的性
浅谈so与such的用法 看句子：He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles min English for an American newspaper. In fact , his English in one of these articles was so good that English wrote him a letter and praised him for it. So与such是英语中两个常用词。这两个词的用法很多，且易混淆，初学英语者往往搞不清楚，因而使用是经常出错。文本就它的一些用法作一粗浅讨论。讨论主要以分析实例进行。 首先，我们应该弄清so是副词，修饰形容词和副词，在句中充当状语。Such为形容词修饰名词，在句中作定语，请看下面几个句子。 ①The fish is so long. ②Don’t drive so fast, it’s dangerous. ③Fred is so good a man. ④It was such interesting meeting. ⑤There were such a lot of people. 以上句子中，①、②句比较简单，so为副词，分别修饰形容词long和副词fast。③句中的so修饰good，可用形容词such改为： Fred is such a good man。 这句话和原句的意义不变，但用so要用so＋adj+a/an+n.的结构来表达。用such需用such+a/an+adj+n.的结构来表达。④句中仍可按③的形式表达,但也可写成: The meeting was so interesting. 其句意不变.⑤句中的such也可换为so,但更据习惯搭配,应将a lot of 变为many为宜,如其后所修析的名词为不可数名词,还需将a lot of改为much。如： With such a lot of time,they should have finished their homework 用so则为： With so much time, they so have finished their homework. 因此遇到这种情况，我们可将such+a lot of+n.结构变为so+many/much+n.结构
简明英语语法 2012.5.5 句子是表达思想、传递信息的基本单位，就像家庭是社会的基本单位一样。家庭对社会有多么重要，句子对学习语言就多么重要。英语语言的所有要点和基本功能都体现在句子中。在句子里，单词才会有确切的意义；通过句子，人们才总结出无数的语法规则；在句子里，英语才展现出连续和起伏的韵律；通过句子，口语才形成一个个完整的表意单元；在句子里，英语的语言思维和语言习惯才能得到体现。掌握英语就要学好句子。 怎样学好句子? 怎样解读翻译复杂的句子? 英语句子千变万化，归根结底都离不开五个英语动词句型。掌握好这些句型，就为灵活运用语言打下基础。句子的关键在谓语动词, 因此学习掌握这五个基本句型及其谓语动词的变化是我们学习英语语法的出发点, 也是《大学英语考试》课的重点, 是学习英语语言的核心。 1．主语+ 系动词+ 表语： “How are you?” “I am fine.” Every man is the master of his own fortune. Learning is your enterprise of a lifetime. Necessity is the mother of invention To know the disease is half the cure. The price remains constant The dish smells good. The medicine tastes awful. When she saw this, she turned red. He has fallen ill. This law holds good. Overpopulation could become a serious worldwide threat. A vegetarian diet proves physically beneficial. Tom’s dream has come true. Rose looks happy The weather is getting hot. The proposal seems quite convincing and constructive. 2. 主语+ 不及物动词： This machine works well. The sun is rising. The economic crisis broke out first in the United States. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. The price peaked in March. Notions about euthanasia differ widely Did you sleep well? The baby is coming on well. How did the accident come about? The bomb blew up. The engine broke down. 3. 主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语： I taught Chinese in London last year.
（1）表语从句 1．定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2．构成：关联词+简单句 3．引导表语从句的关联词的种类： (1) 从属连词that。如： The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如： He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如： All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday. 这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。 能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如： It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 (3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词where, when, how, why。 如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 解释： 1．连词because可引导表语从句。如： I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2．在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如： My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。（2）主语从句 1．定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2．构成：关联词+简单句 3．引导主语从句的关联词有三类： (1) 从属连词that。如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 (2) 从属连词whether。如： Whether he…ll come here isn…t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词where, when, how, why。如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。 解释： 1．主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有： A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如： It…s a pity that we can…t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。 It…s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。 C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged,
非限定性定语从句： 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物 三、定语从句结构错误 1. 缺关系词 2. 从句中缺成分 摘自《简明英语语法》
在英文中，有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别：限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如： Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located . 为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。 Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. 洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。 They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before. 他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点"，"隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。例如：
so与such的区别 答：两者都可以表示“这样”，“如此”的意思。 (1)so是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词。例如: I am so glad to hear from my friend. 收到我朋友的信我真高兴。 He writes so well. 他写得这么好。 (2)such是形容词，用来修饰名词(名词前面可以带形容词，也可以不带)。如果修饰单数可数名词，其后需加不定冠词a或an.例如: He told us such a funny story. 他给我们讲了一个这么有趣的故事。 You are interested in such things. 你对这种事感兴趣。 注意： 当单数可数名词前面有形容词修饰时，也可以用so,但要改变冠词的位置。例如: He told us so funny a story. 巧记so和such的用法： 名前such,形，副so，多多少少也用so. little属特殊，“小”用such,“少”用so. 说明：1.当名词前有many, much, few和little等词修饰时，要用so而不用such.如: I have had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over. 我摔了很多跤，以致全身青一块紫一块的。 There is so little time that we can't finish work on time. 只有这么少的时间，我们无法按时完成工作。 2.当little作“小的”讲，修饰名词时，其前面仍须用such,而不用so.如: They are such little children that they can't do anything. 这些孩子太小了，无法做任何事情。 So与such是英语中两个常用词.这两个词的用法很多,且易混淆,初学英语者往往搞不清楚,因而使用是经常出错.文本就它的一些用法作一粗浅讨论.讨论主要以分析实例进行. 首先,我们应该弄清so是副词,修饰形容词和副词,在句中充当状语.Such为形容词修饰名词,在句中作定语,请看下面几个句子. ① The fish is so long. ② Don't drive so fast, it's dangerous. ③ Fred is so good a man. ④ It was such interesting meeting. ⑤ There were such a lot of people. 以上句子中,①,②句比较简单,so为副词,分别修饰形容词long和副词fast.③句中的so修饰good,可用形容词such改为: Fred is such a good man. 这句话和原句的意义不变,但用so要用so+adj+a/an+n.的结构来表达.用such需用 such+a/an+adj+n.的结构来表达.④句中仍可按③的形式表达,但也可写成: The meeting was so interesting.
定语从句讲解 一、详细的定语从句讲解 定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。 （一）限定性定语从句 1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间 〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 （二）非限定性定语从句：
简明英语语法 第一单元词性（Parts of Speech） 英语中的词是构成句子的基本单位，根据其意义或在句中的作用，分为10种类型： （1）名词（2）代词（3）动词（4）形容词（5）副词 （6）数词（7）冠词（8）介词（9）连词（10）感叹词 其含义简述如下： 1. 名词n. (noun): 表示人、物的名称的词类，如： Tom 汤姆, table 桌子, river 河流, happiness 幸福, China中国 2. 代词pron. (pronoun): 代替名词的词类，如： I我, you你, this 这个, those那些, who谁, what 什么, some一些 3. 动词v. (verb): 表示动作的词类，如： walk 走, speak说, jump跳, feel 感到, prove 证实 4．形容词adj. (adjective): 用来修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征, 如： big —a big table 大桌子，small —a small river 小河， old —an old man 老人，clever —a clever boy 聪敏的男孩 5. 副词adv. (adverb): 用来修饰动词、形容词、副词的此类，如： quickly快—She walked quickly away.（修饰动词walk）她迅速走开了。 extremely 极度地—The meeting is extremely important.(修饰形容词important) 这次会议极其重要。 6．数词num. (numeral): 是表示数量和序数的词。分为基数词和序数词，如：