Spiral of silence
The spiral of silence is a political science and mass communication theory propounded by the German political scientist Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann. The theory asserts that a person is less likely to voice an opinion on a topic if one feels that one is in the minority for fear of reprisal or isolation from the majority.
knowledge gap
The knowledge-gap hypothesis theory suggests that each new medium increases the gap between the information rich and information poor, because of differences in access to the medium, and control over its use, among other factors.
It was first proposed by Phillip J. Tichenor and his colleagues. The concept of a digital divide is linked to this hypothesis, although its development was independent. Agenda-setting theory
The agenda-setting theory is the theory that the mass-news media have a large influence on audiences by their choice of what stories to consider newsworthy and how much prominence and space to give them. Agenda-setting theory’s central axiom is salience transfer, or the ability of the mass media to transfer importance of items on their mass agendas to the public agendas.
Two-step flow of communication
The two-step flow model was propounded by Paul Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz. Unlike the hypodermic needle model which considers mass media effects to be direct, the two-step flow model stresses human agency.
According to Lazarsfeld and Katz, mass media information is channeled to the "masses" through opinion leadership. The people with most access to media, and having a more literate understanding of media content, explain and diffuse the content to others.
Two-step flow model laid the foundation for diffusion of innovations.
Opinion leadership
Opinion leadership is a concept that arose out of the theory of two-step flow of communication propounded by Paul Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz. This theory is one of several models that try to explain the diffusion of innovations, ideas, or commercial products.
The opinion leader is the agent who is an active media user and who interprets the meaning of media messages or content for lower-end media users. Typically the opinion leader is held in high esteem by those that accept his or her opinions. Opinion leadership tends to be subject specific, that is, a person that is an opinion leader in one field may be a follower in another field.
Gatekeeping (communication)
In human communication, in particular, in journalism, gatekeeping is the process
through which ideas and information are filtered for publication. The internal decision making process of relaying or withholding information from the media to the masses. The theory was first instituted by social psychologist Kurt Lewin in 1947 and is still one of the most important theories studied by students of mass communication and journalism. Gatekeeping occurs at all levels of the media structure - from a reporter deciding which sources are chosen to include in a story to editors deciding which stories are printed, or even covered.
Cultivation theory
Cultivation theory is a social theory designed in the 1960s and '70s to examine the role of television on Americans.
It regards audiences as passive, presenting ideas to society as a mass with meaning open to little or no interpretation. The ideas presented to a passive audience are often accepted, therefore influencing large groups into conforming behind ideas, meaning that the media exerts a significant influence over audiences. This audience is seen as very vulnerable and easily manipulated.
Sociology is a branch of the social sciences that uses systematic methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human social structure and activity, sometimes with the goal of applying such knowledge to the pursuit of social welfare. Its subject matter ranges from the micro level of face-to-face interaction to the macro level of societies at large.
问题： 1、你是那个学校毕业的？学的什么专业？为什么选择考这个学校？ 2、研究生教育和本科教育有什么不同？ 3、我是哪里人，父母是做什么的，家乡有什么风景名胜 4、自己的兴趣是什么，有什么爱好，以及我选择这所学校、这个专业的原因是什么 5、为什么报考本专业，读研后在相关领域的短期、长期规划是什么 6、英口问题的类型也很多，类似于“introduce yourself”、“what causes have you learned in your college”、“what have inpressed you most” 1.Why did you choose Nanjing university？(你为什么选择报考南京大学？) 2.Why did you choose MBA？(你为什么选择报考MBA专业？) 3.What would you like to be doing five years after graduation？(毕业5年后，你希望从事什么样的工作？) 4.What has been your greatest accomplishment？(你曾取得的最大成就是什么？) 5.Describe your greatest strengths and weaknesses. (请描述一下你最大的优点和缺点？) 6.What have you learned from the jobs you have held？(你从以往所从事的工作中学到了哪些东西？) 二、口试内容与结构 一般分为两部分，有两名教师参加口试工作，一名教师主持口试，随时与考生交谈并评分；另一名教师专事评分，不参与交谈。两名口试教师所给的分数各占口试成绩的50%。 第一部分：考查学生理解并回答有关日常生活、家庭、工作、学习等问题的能力(3分钟)。 第二部分：考查学生连续表达的能力。考生从所给你的问题中选择一个话题，就此话题表达自己的看法(3分钟)。口试用材料(部分，仅供参考) part A interlocutor(问话者)： ------good morning. my name is ……,and this is my colleague…..he is just going to listening to us .are your name is…..? ------first of all, we’d like to know sth. about you, so i’m going to ask some questions about yourself。 (从以下各项问题中选择几个适当的问题提问考生) ------hometown where are you from? how long have you lived there? how do you like it? why? do you live near here? where about? what do you think are the good points about living in this city? ------family could you tell us sth. about you family? what does your family usually do for the weekend? what do you think about living together with your parents? ------leisure do you have any hobbies? how did you become interested in the hobbies? ------study/work why do you choose to study at our institute? why do you want to go to graduate school instead of finding a job? what are your favorite subjects? what kind of job did you do?
考研英语口语复试完整版范文 1.自我介绍(self-introduce) Good morning. I am glad to be here for this interview. First let me introduce myself. My name is ***, 24. I come from ******,the capital of *******Province. I graduated from the ****** department of *****University in July ,2001.In the past two years I have been prepareing for the postgraduate examination while I have been teaching *****in NO.****middle School and I was a head-teacher of a class in junior grade two.Now all my hard work has got a result since I have a chance to be interview by you. I am open-minded ,quick in thought and very fond of history.In my spare time,I have broad interests like many other youngers.I like reading books, especially those about ****.Frequently I exchange with other people by making comments in the forum on line.In addition ,during my college years,I was once a Net-bar technician.So, I have a comparative good command of network application.I am able to operate the computer well.I am skillful in searching for information in Internet.I am a football fan for years.Italian team is my favorite.Anyway,I feel great pity for our country’s team. I always believe that one will easily lag behind unless he keeps on learning .Of course, if I am given a chance to study ****** in this famous University,I will stare no effort to master a good command of advance ******. 考研原因 (reasons for my choice) There are several reasons. I have been deeply impressed by the academic atmosphere when I came here last summer. In my opinion, as one of the most famous ******in our country, it provide people with enough room to get further enrichment . This is the first reason. The second one is I am long for doing research in ******throughout my life. Its a pleasure to be with my favorite ******for lifetime. I suppose this is the most important factor in my decision. Thirdly, I learnt a lot from my *****job during the past two years. However, I think further study is still urgent for me to realize self-value. Life is precious. It is necessary to seize any chance for self-development, especially in this competitive modern world. In a word, I am looking forward to making a solid foundation for future profession after two years study here. 3.研究生期间你的计划 (plans in the postgraduate study) First, I hope I can form systematic view of *****. As for ******, my express wish is to get a complete comprehension of the formation and development as well as **************. If possible, I will go on with my study for doctorate degree. In a word, I am looking forward to making a solid foundation for future profession after two years study here. (简单了一些,望高手补充) 4 .介绍你的家乡(about hometown) I am from , a famous city with a long history over 2,200 years. It is called “Rong Cheng ” because there were lots of banians even 900 years ago. The city lies in the eastern part of the province. It is the center of politics, economy and culture. Many celebrities were born here, for instance, Yanfu, Xie Bingxin, Lin Zexu and so on . . You know, there is a saying that “The greatness of a man lends a glory to a place”. I think the city really deserves it. The top three artware are Shoushan Stone, cattle-horn combs and bodiless lacquerware. In addition, it is famous for the hot springs. Theyare known for
暨南大学2011生态系（水生，生态，环科） 笔试：5条大题，每题20分 1. 举一个生态系统的例子，论述其结构和功能以及意义。 2. 我国在资源和环境方面遇到的挑战并提出解决的方法建议。 3. 用生态学的角度论述我国在生产上使用“人均GDP能耗”代替“GDP产值”的意义。 4. 英翻中，大概200字吧，很简单，关于水体污染及富营养化，基本没有专业词汇。 5. 用三百字描述自己本科毕业论文的方案和思路，及初步结果。 面试： 13号上午开始面试，基本上老师问的是同一类问题，时间大约10~20分钟，如果你回答得流利及清晰老师会让你早一点结束。大概有八九个老师，一个做笔录的老师。先说说排在我前面的同学出来的反馈，有一个被用英语问到了广州空气质量的看法，英语的题目还包括使用3个单词描述一个场景，英语自我介绍，英语介绍自己的母校，中文问题最多是问到本科论文的方案和立项的意义，还有本科课程有哪些。 我进去后先是被问到本科课程有哪些，做中文自我介绍，毕业论文的思路和立意，英语是关于自己之前参加的活动，不知道老师在哪了解了我本科的东西，之前完全没有发过简历给老师，其实老师在面试前都已经对考生做过调查的，手头上有关于你以前的一些资料，所以如果被问到一些你的陈年旧事也不要惊讶，总的来说老师很和蔼，听同学说面试的最高分和最低分不会相差五分。千万不要过分表现自己，一定要谦虚，不会就说不会，其实老师不喜欢书呆子，可以适当表现一下自己在其他方面的爱好。 总的来说就是这样，最后说说现在大家都很着急的录取结果，其实当天晚上结果就出来了，最好第二天下午打去问问，这时文件都整理好了，打去研招办问问老师会很和蔼的私下告诉你。 最后祝大家都考上自己心仪的专业！！！！！
提出问题——在面试快结束的时候，一般老师都会问，你有没有什么要问的(Do you have any questions to ask)。一般不适合说“I don’t have any question。”可以问考官一两个你关心的问题。 ARE U READY ……GO!!!!!! 问考官几个问题： 1、Could you give some advice about how to make self better and how to balance the daily life and the study 2、Could you recommend[,rek?'mend] some books for I can adapt to the study more easily 1英语面试准备的材料—自我介绍 morning ,dear professors, I feel so glad to meet all of you here （个人简要信息）I am yanjinbin,21 years old,I am graduating from MIE this june,my major is biotechnology,Now all my hard work has got a result since I have a chance to be interview by you. （表明自己的兴趣）I am obsessed with the life and the science ,so I want to continue to explore it in the biology fields,and broaden my horizons[h?'raiz?n]， % Morever,some famous people graduating from here,such as the founder，he is a man of great charm, xxxxx，he is one of the chinese academy of science, Both of them are the people who characterize the spirit of zhejiang unversity ---seek the truth, and that’s why I choose to pursue advanced studies in…..,…….. Well,the ………..is my favourite field,because it can make a big difference in our daily life,though we can not 性格适合搞研究(性格能力说明你适合搞研究) 独立I am an independent man,when I argue with others ,I will adhere to the truth under any condition 善于分析Morever,I am good at analysis,I will become better every times I failed to finish the experiment,I will find the error and make an adjustment in times 善于交际和团队工作My interactive personal skills and teamwork spirits will be appropriate for the future study, ） 在实验上的，My training in the experiment about ……..can polished my abilities, 毅力Most of important,my /………..and carefulness qualify me for advanced study and the scientific research Not only I like do researches,but also do some sports, In my lesuire time, (喜欢运动)I like to do some sports,for building my body and relaxing myself ,such as riding biycle, play badminton, watch movies and listen some light music, . seek the balance between the research and the life 追星 My admirable celebrity is the NBA player,Dwyane Wade,who is one of the Miami Heat team, He helped the Miami Heat win the first NBA Final champion in 2006, &
考研复试英语口语经典问题汇总(一) 考研英语面试中，在自我介绍完结束后，老师就会开始问你问题。在回答过程中要结合自己的经历和见解来准备答案，让自己回答的问题和整个的自我介绍融为一个整体。 在每一年的面试中都会有很多相同的问题，这些问题看起来很平常，却有很多陷阱，一不小心就会被考官抓主“小辫子”了。回答这些常见的看起来很平常的问题，是很有艺术的。考研教育网编辑将历年中常见的问题进行搜集、整理，供考生参考！ 一、传统面试问题（Sample Traditional Interview Questions） 1、What can you tell me about yourself？（关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么？） In high school I was involved in competitive sports and I always tried to improve in each sport I participated in. As a college student, I worked in a clothing store part-time and found that I could sell things easily. The sale was important,but for me,it was even more important to make sure that the customer was satisfied. It was not long before customers came back to the store and specifically asked for me to help them. I'm very competitive and it means a lot to me to be the best. 分析：这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。这是一个必问的问题。考官并不希望你大谈你的个人历史。是在寻找有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力的线索。 答案译文：在高中我参加各种竞争性体育活动，并一直努力提高各项运动的成绩。大学期间，我曾在一家服装店打工，我发现我能轻而易举地将东西推销出去。销售固然重要，但对我来说，更重要的是要确信顾客能够满意。不久便有顾客返回那家服装店点名让我为他们服务。我很有竞争意识，力求完美对我很重要。 2.What would you like to be doing five years after graduation？（在毕业以后5年内你想做些什么？） I hope to do my best I can be at my job and because many in this line of work are promoted to area manager,I am planning on that also. 分析：你要清楚你实际上能胜任什么。 答案译文：我希望能在我的职位上尽力做好工作，由于在同一领域工作的许多人都被提为区域负责人，所以我亦有此打算。 3. What is your greatest strength？（你最突出的优点是什么？） I feel that my strongest asset is my ability to stick to things to get them done. I feel a real sense of accomplishment when I finish a job and it turns out just as I'd planned. I've set some high goals for myself. For example,I want to graduate with highest distinction.
自动化专业英语常用词汇 acceleration transducer 加速度传感器 accumulated error 累积误差 AC-DC-AC frequency converter交-直-交变频器 AC (alternating current) electric drive 交流电子传动 active attitude stabilization 主动姿态稳定 adjoint operator 伴随算子 admissible error 容许误差 amplifying element 放大环节 analog-digital conversion 模数转换 operational amplifiers运算放大器 aperiodic decomposition 非周期分解 approximate reasoning 近似推理 a priori estimate 先验估计 articulated robot 关节型机器人 asymptotic stability 渐进稳定性 attained pose drift 实际位姿漂移 attitude acquisition 姿态捕获 AOCS (attitude and orbit control system) 姿态轨道控制系统attitude angular velocity 姿态角速度 attitude disturbance 姿态扰动 automatic manual station 自动-手动操作器 automaton 自动机 base coordinate system 基座坐标系 bellows pressure gauge 波纹管压力表 gauge测量仪器
在考研复试的面试环节中, “你为什么要考研”, “为什么选择本校” , “为什么选择本专业”通常是考官们非常感兴趣的话题。尤其对于跨校跨专业的考生来说,一定要充分准备这些问题。那么对于这些问题的回答来说，该注意什么，导师们不原意听到的原因有哪些，愿意听到的原因又有哪些，具体该如何作答，针对这些问题，为大家一一解答。 问题一：你为什么要考研?(why do you choose to further your study instead of going to work after graduation?) 关键点： 1) 导师们不愿听到的： ①不好就业; ②为了考公务员; ③为了有机会有户口; ④父母的意愿 2) 导师们希望听到的： ①对知识的追求; ②职业目标的需要 参考模板： Firstly, I have a profound love in my major, _______, which is very practical and useful. Through four ye ars’ study in university I find the knowledge I have mastered is not enough to solve some specific problems though I have
good academic records in all the subjects. So I decide to further my education and take the postgraduate entrance examination. Secondly, I want to take （专业相关职业）as my life long career so further study in this field is still necessary. In my opinion, I can broaden my horizon and enrich the knowledge in this field through the postgraduate education. It is an indispensable step for my self-development in the future as well. Last but not least, I have a long-lasting love of the atmosphere of campus. It is full of passion and youthful spirit. All the things can inspire me to form some fantastic thoughts and excellent ideas. This kind of atmosphere is very helpful for study. For all the reasons mentioned above, I choose to take part in this entrance exam. I would be very grateful if I could be given the opportunity to study in your university. Thank you. 问题二：你为什么选择本校?(why do you choose to further your study in our university?) 关键点： 1) 导师们不愿听到的: ①母校不好; ②本校好考; ③父母的意愿 2) 导师们能够接受的:
part A interlocutor(问话者)： ------good morning. my name is ……,and this is my colleague…..he is just going to listening to us .are your name is…..? ------first of all, we’d like to know sth. about you, so i’m going to ask some questions about yourself. (从以下各项问题中选择几个适当的问题提问考生) ------hometown where are you from? how long have you lived there? how do you like it? why? do you live near here? where about? what do you think are the good points about living in this city? ------family could you tell us sth. about you family? what does your family usually do for the weekend? what do you think about living together with your parents? ------leisure do you have any hobbies? how did you become interested in the hobbies? ------study/work why do you choose to study at our institute? why do you want to go to graduate school instead of finding a job? what are your favorite subjects? what kind of job did you do? have you ever worked during the vacation? why do you want to go back to study instead of going on with your work? what qualifications are needed in order to do your job well? what did you enjoy most about your campus life? ------future plans what do you expect to achieve during your study if you are enrolled into this institute? do you think english is important for your future plans? in what aspects is it important? part b interlocutor(问话者)： ------now i’d like you to talk about sth. for about 3 minutes. here is a list of topics(将一组话题或问题递给学生)，pls read the topics and choose one from the list you like to talk about. you’ll have 5 minutes to prepare for your talk.(5 分钟后)could you tell me what you want to talk about? all right, you’ll have 3 minutes to give your talk. would you begin?(the interloculor may intervene only when necessary)
考研英语复试自我介绍注意事项： 1.考研英语复试自我介绍需要注意哪些？ 基本上每个院校每个专业的口试中都会涉及这一方面。考官其实是要借此了解你的口头表达能力以及你的报名表之外的一些信息。自我介绍时间以2-3分钟为宜。思路要清楚，要突出重点，口语尽量流利(不要太流利了，有背诵之嫌)。 1) 考官要求你作自我介绍时，不要用…let me introduce myself briefly / please allow me to introduce myself to you等，重复、啰嗦。开头可以只用一句话引入：Dear professors, I feel so glad to meet all of you here.然后就可以进入主题，介绍姓名、年龄等等。 2) 自我介绍的主体内容。 ①姓名。介绍自己姓名时，发音一定要准。②年龄。年龄可以跟在姓名后带过(I am ***, ** years old)。 ③原来的院校、专业。注意：一定要把原来学校的英文名称、专业的英文名称弄清楚(尤其是跨校、 跨专业的学生)。 ④性格、能力。可以着重强调你的个性对你报考的专业有何积极的作用。如果报考的是学术性的 专业，可以说自己细心(carefully，detail-oriented)、条理分明(logical)、踏实(steady)等;如果是研究性、应用性更强一点的专业，可以说自己负责(responsible)、可靠(dependable)、有效率(efficient)等。 其他的一些表示性格、能力的词有：active, aggressive(有进取心的), adaptable, amicable(友好的), analytical(善于分析的), cooperative, creative, disciplined, dutiful, energetic, faithful, gentle, independent(有主见的), innovative, motivated, modest, objective, precise, punctual, precise(一丝不苟的), temperate等等。 ⑤爱好。All work and no play make Jack a dull boy. 除了强调你的学习的重视，同时也要避免给考 官一种“书呆子”的感觉。一般可以从体育、音乐、电影等方面来说，同时要简单说明这些爱好对你的积极意义(build my body, relax myself, open my mind…);注意避免提到那些可能引起考官反感的爱好，如：playing computer games，watching TV等。 ⑥你对报考的专业有兴趣(be interested in/be fascinated with/be obsessed with…)，可适当举出一些例 子，如经常看相关的书籍、论文、文章、新闻等。在职考生可以强调知识教育对工作的影响：In my work, I find it nece ssary to broaden my horizons in communication. That?s why I long for entering your prestigious university. 3) 结束时可以用说：That?s all about me. / Well, that?s who I am. Thanks for your attention. 2.考研英语复试注意事项——家庭、家乡、学校篇。 考官其实是要通过你的家庭、家乡或学校来了解你的成长的环境。 1) 家庭。需要注意的是，考官并不是为了做人口调查而提出这个问题的，所以应该避免流水账似地 介绍家庭成员;要尽量说明家人(尤其是父母)对你造成哪些方面(性格、职业规划、做事风格等)良好的影响。可以参考以下句式结构：Just like my father, I am especially interested in history. / Though my father is an ordinary worker, his responsible attitude towards work has a great influence on me. 2) 家乡。正所谓“一方水土养育一方人”，考官实际上是想从你对家乡的介绍中找出有关你性格、志向 的线索。可以从历史、历史人物、著名景点、独特风俗或特产等方面来简单介绍，注意要表达热爱家乡的情感。 3) 学校。如果是本校考生的话，在自我介绍中就可以点到(拉近跟考官的关系)。如果是外校，考官通 常会问：Why did you choose our university? 那么我们就可以说说它与报考院校之间的异同，然后说明为什么你选择这个学校(I do love the atmosphere in your university. It is full of youthful spirits.);要注意的是：一定要说明你对在原来的院校接受教育心存感激之情appreciation(从好的方面说一说)，着重强调希望能被录取，表达自己坚定的决心、展望一下未来。
研究生复试英语口语 考试 （背诵版） 第一篇： professors： It is my great pleasure to be here. My name is **** , graduated from ****Department of **** University.During my four-year study in the university as an under-graduate student, I have built up a solid foundation of professional knowledge, as well as a rich experience of social activities. I am a determined person, always willing to achieve higher goals. Whats more, I am good at analysis, with a strong sense of cooperation. All of these led me to the success of passing the first round of the entrance examination to the Masters degree. Personally, I am very humorous and easy-going, enjoying a good relationship among my classmates. In my spare time, I like to read books regarding how to be myself and how to deal with problems. Music and movies are my favorite entertainments. As for my sport interest, I could not deny my greatest interest is football. Playing this game brings me a lot of glory, happiness and passion. All in all, Wuhan University, with a highly qualified faculty and strong academic environment is the university I have long admired. I believe that I am a very qualified applicant for admission into your Master of IT program and can contribute to the enrichment or diversity of your university. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION！ 教授：我非常高兴到这里来。我的名字是****，毕业于**** **** University.During我的四年中，作为一个主管研究生大学的研究部，我已经建立了一个专业扎实的基础知识，如以及对社会活动的丰富经验。我是一个有决心的人，总是愿意为实现更高的目标。W hats 更多，我善于分析，具有强烈的合作意识。所有这些都使我在通过了高考第一轮成功的硕士学位。就个人而言，我很幽默，随和，享受着我的同学之间的良好关系。在我的业余时间，我喜欢阅读的书籍就如何做我自己，以及如何处理问题。音乐和电影是我最喜爱的娱乐活动。至于我的运动的兴趣，我不能否认我最大的兴趣就是足球。玩这个游戏给我带来了荣耀，快乐和激情很多。总之，武汉大学，高素质的师资队伍和良好的学术环境，是我早就仰慕的大学。我相信，我是一个很合格的入学申请到硕士的IT方案，并能有助于浓缩或贵校的多样性。感谢您的关注！ 第二篇： Good morning. I am very glad to be here for this interview. 2.姓名，英文名，毕业院校，毕业专业，毕业学院 First let me introduce myself. My name is LiShuai, and my English name is Jacky Lee. I've finished my undergraduate education in Xidian University, Majoring in Electronic Science and Technology in the college of Technical Physics. 3.性格，爱好，实践经验 I am open-minded, willing and have broad interests like basketball, reading and especially in engineering such as software programming, website design, hardware design. For example, during the past four years, I have accomplished two websites: one is the website of our school, and the other is the website of the doctor forum of china 2007. Furthermore, I am interested in C plus plus programming language and have written some application programs. In July in the last year,I finished my graduate project with flying colors,which was a software application about Image Process . In addition, I have also finished some projects about embedded system by using MCU when I was a junior. 4.为什么想读研,将来愿意从事的方向,读研时的打算