2004年中国人民大学英美文学考研试题

2004年中国人民大学文学综合考试考研试题
文艺学部分
一、名词解释（每题5分，共15分）
1．文学的形象性
2．文学的民族性
3．《神圣家族》
二、简答题（15分）
谈谈文学从其他艺术中的吸纳与借鉴
三、论述题（30分，文艺学专业考生必答，其他专业考生不用答）
试论文学传播的历史演进及其阶段性特征
古代文学部分
1．简述陶渊明田园诗的艺术成就。

（15分）
2．以具体作品为例，分析柳宗元山水诗与众不同的特色。

（15分）
3．比较分析《诗经.周南.关雎》、柳永《雨霖铃》（寒蝉凄切）两篇作品之异同。

（30分，古代文学专业考生必答此题，其他专业考生不答此题。

）
中国现当代文学部分
一、解释题（每题5分，共15分）
1．《北京人》
2．政治抒情诗
3．寻根文学
二、简答题（15分）
简述五四文学革命的过程和意义
三、论述题（30分，报考中国现当代文学专业的考生必答此题，其他专业考生不答此题）试比较分析沈从文和赵树理小说中的乡村叙事
比较文学与世界文学部分
一、简答题（每题15分，共30分）
1．简述索福克勒斯《安提戈涅》中的矛盾冲突。

2．简述表现主义文学的特点。

二、论述题（30分，比较文学与世界文学专业考生必答此题，其他专业考生不用答）
试论《李尔王》的特色以及你作为中国读者对它的接受。

中国人民大学2004年硕士生入学考试试题招生专业：政治经济学、网络经济学考试科目：政治经济学和西方经济学政治经济学部分一、说明马克思的货币流通规律理论与西方传统货币数量论的异同。

（15分）二、说明劳动生产率的变化对不同部门产品比价关系的影响。

（15分）三、说明资本主义经济中平均利润率下降趋势及阻碍这种下降的因素。

（20分）四、试述深化国有资产管理体制改革的方向及其理论依据。

（25分）西方经济学部分一、名词解释（每个名词5分，共20分）1．低档物品2．古典二分法3．奥肯定律4．边际产品价值二、问答题（35分）1．简述生产要素最优组合条件与利润最大化条件的关系。

（10分）2．如何从价格-消费曲线推导出消费者的需求曲线？（10分）3．在货币政策效果问题上，凯恩斯主义、货币主义和新古典宏观经济学的观点有什么不同？为什么不同？（15分）三、计算题（每小题10分，共20分）1．已知消费者对某种商品的需求函数为Q=100－2p，写出相应的总收益函数和边际收益函数。

在什么价格水平上，需求价格弹性系数为1？2．已知W国的宏观经济可以用下列一组方程式来描述：消费函数：C=120+0.8y (1)投资函数：I=50-200r (2)收入恒等式：Y=C+I (3)货币需求函数：L=（0.5Y-500r）P (4)其中，C为消费，Y为国民收入，I为投资，r为利率，P为价格总水平，L为货币需求。

（1）如果在2003年，W国的价格总水平为2，货币供应量为500。

试写出W国的IS 曲线和LM曲线方程。

（2）写出W国的总需求函数。

（3）W国的宏观经济均衡时国民收入和利率分别是多少？参考答案：中国人民大学2004年硕士生入学考试试题招生专业：政治经济学、网络经济学考试科目：政治经济学和西方经济学政治经济学部分一、说明马克思的货币流通规律理论与西方传统货币数量论的异同。

（15分）答：马克思货币流通规律理论是以完全的金币流通为假设条件，他认为，商品价格取决于商品的价值和黄金的价值，而价值取决于生产过程，所以商品是带有价格进入流通的，商品价格有多大，就需要有多少金币来实现它，商品和货币交换后，商品退出流通，黄金却留在流通之中可以使另外的商品得以出售，从而实现一定数量的金，流通几次，就可使相应倍数价格的商品出售，因此有：执行流通手段职能的货币量=商品价格总额/同名货币的流通次数。

育明教育——中国考研专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育，创立于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、清华大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学、复旦大学等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研专业课辅导机构。

全国统一咨询热线：400-6998-626【育明教育·5大优势】信息·最权威：北大、人大、中财老师创办经验·最丰富：五年专注考研专业课辅导培训考点·最精准：连续五年考点命中率高达85%以上规划·最可行：协助学员制定个性化全程复习指导规划咨询·最专业：北大、清华、北外师资全天候进行答疑解惑中国人民大学2005年硕士生入学考试试题招生专业：英语语言文学考试科目：基础英语英文写作英汉互译考试时间：1月23日上午考题编号：336基础英语I. Sentence Completion (20 points)Directions: Write in the blank the letter of the item which best completes each sentence.1. The ties that bind us together in common activity are so _____ that they can disappear at anymoment.a. tentativeb. tenuousc. restrictived. consistente. tenacious2. I did not anticipate reading such a ____ discussion of the international situation in the morningnewspaper, normally, such a treatment could be found only in scholarly magazines.a. eruditeb. arrogantc. ingeniousd. overte. analytical3. We need more men of culture and enlightenment; we have too many ____ among us.a. boorsb. studentsc. philistinesd. pragmatistse. philosophers4. The Trojan War proved to the Greeks that cunning and ____ were often more effective than military might.a. treacheryb. artificec. strengthd. wisdome. beauty5. His remarks were filled with ___ which sounded lofty but presented nothing new to the audience.a. aphorismsb. platitudesc. bombastd. adagese. symbols6. Achilles had his ____, Hitler had his elite Corps.a. myrmidonsb. antagonistsc. arachnidsd. myriadse. anchorites7. In order to photograph _____ animals, elaborate flashlight equipment is necessary.a. predatoryb. wildc. nocturnald. livee. rare8. He was deluded by the ____ who claimed he could cure all diseases with his miracle machine.a. salesmanb. inventorc. charlatand. doctore. practitioner9. The attorney protested that the testimony being offered was not ____ to the case and askedthat it be stricken from the record as irrelevant.a. favorableb. coherentc. harmfuld. beneficiale. germane10. Automation threatens mankind with an increased number of ____ hours．a. meagerb. uselessc. actived. complexe. idle11. I was so bored with the verbose and redundant style of that writer that I welcomed thechange to the ____ style of this author．a. prolixb. consistentc. tersed. logisticale. tacit12. Such doltish behavior was not expected from so ____ an individual．a. exasperatingb. astutec. cowardlyd. enigmatice. democratic13. Disturbed by the ____ nature of the plays being presented，the Puritans closed the theaters in1642．a. mediocreb. fantasticc. moribundd. salaciouse. witty14. John left his position with the company，because he felt that advancement was based on____ rather than ability．a. chanceb. seniorityc. nepotismd. superciliousnesse. maturation15. He became quite overbearing and domineering once he had become accustomed to the ____shown to soldiers by the native; he enjoyed his new sense of power．a. abilityb. domesticityc. deference。

[近几年都考大综合.重点看10年以后的.]2010年文学综合真题一、填空（1*15）1、“昔我往矣，杨柳依依；今我来兮，雨雪霏霏”出自2、十四行诗的首创者是意大利诗人3、中世纪英国民族史诗代表4、“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”的作者5、香菱柳湘莲是哪部作品中的人物6、美国20世纪现实主义作家德莱赛的代表作7、《一地鸡毛》的作者是8、曹禺的成名作9、“美文”是谁提出的10、杜丽娘出自11、《莺莺传》的作者12、与创作社齐名的文学社团13、果戈理的代表作14、50年代政治抒情诗人除了贺敬之，还有15、高乃依的代表作二、名词解释(7*5)1、古文运动2、意境3、模仿说4、革命样板戏5、浪漫主义三、简答(15*2)1、十七年农村题材小说特点2、谈谈对20世纪现代主义文学的认识四、论述(三选二，30*2)1、结合作品，论述李清照词的艺术特色2、文学创作与时代精神3、茅盾作品对现代长篇小说体式的贡献2010年语言学基础试题一、解释加点字（1*20）都是书上的，简单的且经典的二、简答1、七大方言区及其特点(15’)2、给出几个词，指出构词类型（12个，15’）冰凉马匹狂热开关火红司令轻视3、指出几个词的词性(1)我推了他一把。

(2)他白了我一眼。

(3)我把衣服洗白了。

三、分析1、语言和文字的关系2、音和义的关系3、随着城市化的进程，双语现象越来越普遍，指出其对汉语的发展。

四、古文翻译，《许行》（书上有）2011年文学基础真题一、填空题，共15个，2分—个．1、冯至40年代的代表诗集是。

2、莱辛的文艺理论著作是。

3、古典主义的代表作品《安德洛玛克》的作者是。

4、“以意逆志”的文学理论提出者是。

5、20世纪美国黑色幽默文学的代表海勒的代表作品是。

6、“清水出芙蓉，天然去雕饰”的作者是。

7、周立波的《》和赵树理的《》和柳青的《创业史》是五六十年代表现”农业合作化运动”的三部重要长篇小说。

8、1920年7月由郁达夫、张资平等创建的文学社是。

2004年中国人民大学外国文学(含鞣轿穆?外国文学一名词解释1、垮掉的一代2、未来主义3、德国浪漫派4、启蒙文学二、简答：1、概述欧洲中世纪文学2、说明<毛猿>的艺术特征三、论述(二选一)1、<局外人>的思想意义2、<套中人>的思想艺术特色西方文论一、名词解释1、陌生化2、“崇高”的无形式3、迷狂4、解释的循环5、能指与所指二、简答斯塔尔夫人划分“南方文学”和“北方文学”的文化依据。

三、试述西方文论史上的“形式批评”。

2004年中国人民大学综合考试(中国古代、现当代文学)古代文学一、简答1、试论<诗经>的艺术特征2、唐宋八旗大家与古文运动二、名词解释(未全)1、建安风骨2、唐传奇3、江西诗派4、公安三袁5、元白诗派6、“三言”“二拍”现当代一、填空(作者)<缀网劳珠><为奴的母亲><铸剑><海滨故园><终身大事>(未全)二、名词解释象征派、山药蛋派、巴金三、试评论鲁迅与林语堂关于人性论的论战四、谈谈你对寻根文学的看法吉大世界文学与比较文学试题名词解释：古今之争四七社狂飚突进运动易卜生社会问题剧简答：古希腊文学与罗马文学比较辛格的叙事理论论述：结合舍伍德。

安德森的<小镇畸人>谈他的创作特色托尔斯泰的对人类心灵探索的意义！北师大2002年试题（外国文学罚?br>一，名词解释1往事书2谣曲3拜伦式英雄4古典主义5解冻文学6魔幻现实主义7流浪汉小说8新喜剧二问答题（共28分，每题14分）1，印度古典文学中有没有悲剧？为什么？有人说中国古典文学中没有悲剧，你对这个问题怎么看？2，在欧洲文学中，现代主义与后现代主义有什么区别与联系？三论述题（共40分，每题20分）1，浪漫主义为何会成为一种世界性的文艺思潮？2，请举出英，法，俄，美，日，印等国古典文学中的爱情悲剧主人公，并从社会学，历史学，美学的角度分析人物的民族特征中国现当代文学（现当代文学，比较文学专业）简答题（共40分，每题10分）1，简述为艺术而艺术口号的提出及其实质2，简述《边城》的艺术特色3，刘白羽散文的艺术成就4，舒婷诗歌的艺术特色论述题（共60分，每题30分。

中国人民大学2002年研究生入学考试试题招生专业：英语语言文学考试科目：英美文学英美文化考试时间：1月28日上午考试编号：532一、英美文学（55%）Ⅰ. Explain briefly the following terms; mention an author or a literary work that may be associated with each of the terms defined. (12%)1. “Trilogy of Desire”2. allegory3. transcendentalism4. terza rima5. ballad6. free verseⅡ. Place the following works in their proper century; indicate whether each is a poem, a play, a novel, etc, and give the full name of the author. (20%)1. The Vicar of Wakefield2. Nature3. The Sound and the Fury4. Measure for Measure5. The Canterbury Tales6. The Forsyte Sagea7. Innocents Abroad8. North of Boston9. The Rainbow10. The Wild Honey SuckleⅢ. Identify the following quotations by giving the title of each work and the full name of its author, and explain the implications of the underlined parts. (12%)1. Sunset and evening star,And one clear call for me!And may there be no moaning of the bar,When I put out to sea,But such a tide as moving seems asleep,Too full for sound and foam,When that which drew from out the boundless deepTurns again home.Twilight and evening bell,And after that the dark!And may there be no sadness of farewell,When I embark;For though from out our boume of Time and PlaceThe flood may bear me far,I hope to see my Pilot face to faceWhen I have crossed the bar.2. The heart that feels not now is dead; the blood of his children will curse his cowardice, who shrinks back at a time when a little might have saved the whole, and made them happy. I love the man that can smile in trouble, that can gather strength from distress, and grow brave by reflection. ’Tis the business of little minds to shrink; but he whose heart is firm, and whose conscience approves his conduct, will pursue his principles unto death. My own line seasoning is to myself as straight and clear as a ray of light. Not all the treasures of the world, so far as I believe, could have induced me to support an offensive war, for I think it murder; but if a thief breaks into my house, burns and destroys my property, and kills or threatens to kill me, or those that are in it, and to “bind me in all cases whatsoever” to his absolute will, am I to suffer it? What signifies it to me, whether he who does it is a king or a common man; my countryman or not my countryman; whether it be done by an individual villain, or an army of them? If we reason to the root of things we shall find no difference; neither can any just cause be assigned why we should punish in the one case and pardon in the other. Let them call me rebel, and welcome, I feel no concern from it; but I should suffer the misery of devils, were I to make a whore of my soul by swearing allegiance to one whose character is that of a sottish, stupid, stubborn, worthless, brutish man. I conceive likewise a horrid idea in receiving mercy from a being, who at the last day shall be shrieking to the rocks and mountains to cover him, and fleeing with terror from the orphan, the widow, and the slain of America.3. Lady Sneer. The paragraphs, you say, Mr. Snake, were all inserted?Snake. They were, madam; and I copied them myself in a feigned hand, there can be no suspicion whence they came.Lady Sneer. Did you circulate the report of Lady Britle’s intrigue with Captain Boastall?Snake. That’s in as fine a train as your ladyship could wish. In the common course of things, I think it must reach Mrs. Clackitt’s ears within four-and-twenty hours; and then, you know, the business is as good as done.Lady Sneer. Why, truly, Mrs. Clackitt has a very pretty talent, and a great deal of industry.Snake. True, madam, and has been tolerably successful in her day. To my knowledge, she has been the cause of six matches being broken off, and three sons being disinherited; of four forced elopements, and as many close confinements; nine separate maintenances, and two divorces. Nay, I have more than once traced her causing a , in the Town and Country te e t a te e t ∧∧--`Magazine when the parties, perhaps, had never seen each other’s face before m the course of their lives.4. Beside an irrigation ditch a preacher labored and the people cried. And the preacher paced like a tiger, whipping the people with his voice, and they groveled and whined on the ground. He calculated them, gauged them, played on them, and when they were all squirming on the ground he stooped down and of his great strength he picked each one up in his arms and shouted, Take ’em, Christ! And threw each one in the water. And when they were all in, waist deep in the water, and looking with frightened eyes at the master, he knelt down on the bank and he prayed for them and he prayed that all men and women might grovel and whine on the ground. Men andwomen, dripping, clothes sticking, tight, watched; then gurgling and sloshing in their shoes they waked back to the camp, to the tents, and they talked softly in wonder:We been saved, they said. We’re washed white as snow. We won’t never sin again.And the children, frightened and wet, whispered together:We been saved. We won’t sin no more.Wisht I knowed what all the sins was, so I could do ‘em.The emigrant people looked humbly for pleasure on the roads.Ⅵ. Read the following passages and answer the related questions. (11%)1. Canto I1Oh, thou! In Hellas deemed of heavenly birth,Muse! Formed or fabled at the minstrel’s will!Since shamed full oft by later lyres on earth,Mine dares not call thee from thy vaunted rill;Yes! Signed o’er Delphi’s long-deserted shrine,Where, save that feeble fountain, all is still;Nor mote my shell awake the weary NineTo grace so plain a tale-this lowly lay of mine.2Whilome in Albion’s isle there dwelt a youth,Who ne in virtue’s ways did take delight;But spent his days in riot most uncouth,And vexed with mirth the drowsy ear of Night.Ah, me! In sooth he was a shameless wight,Sore given to revel and ungodly glee;Few earthly things found favor in his sightSave concubines and carnal companie,And flaunting wassailers of high and low degree.(1) Discuss Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, from which the above lines are quoted. Is the poem a mere travelogue? What are the unique features that you perceive in it?(2) What are some of its qualities that, upon its publication in 1812, made Byron at one stroke the best known and most talked about English poet?2. “Now what’s your point of view?” she asked of her aunt. “When you criticize everything here you should have a point of view. Yours doesn’t seem to be American--you thought everything over there so disagreeable. When I have mine; it’s thoroughly American!”“My dear young lady,” said Mrs. Touchett, “there are as many points of view in the world as there are people of sense to take them. You may say that doesn’t make them very numerous. American? Never in the world; that’s shockingly narrow. My point of view, thank God, is personal!”Isabel thought this a better answer than she admitted; it was a tolerable description of her own manner of judging, but it would not have sounded well for her to say so. On the lips of aperson less advanced in life and less enlightened by experience than Mrs. Touchett such a declaration would savor of immodesty, even of arrogance. She risked it nevertheless in talking with Ralph, with whom she talked a great deal and with whom her conversation was of a sort that gave a large licence to extravagance. Her cousin used, as the phrase is, to chaff her; he very soon established her a reputation for treating everything as a joke, and he was not a man to neglect the privileges such a reputation conferred She accused him of an odious want of seriousness, of laughing at all things, beginning with himself. Such slender faculty of reverence as he possessed centred wholly upon his father's son, this gentleman’s weak lungs, his useless life, his fantastic mother, his friends (Lord Warburton in especial), his adopted, and his native country, his charming newfound cousin. “I keep a band of music in my ante-room,” he said once to her. “It has orders to play without stopping; it renders me two excellent services. It keeps the sounds of the world from reaching the private apartments, and it makes the world thistle that dancing’s going on within.” It was dance-music indeed that you usually heard when you came within ear-shot of Ralph’s band; the liveliest waltzes seemed to float upon the air. Isabel often found herself irritated by this perpetual fiddling; she would have liked to pass through the ante-shot as her cousin called it, and enter the private apartments, it mattered little that he had assured her they were a very dismal place; she would have been glad to undertake to sweep them and set them in order. It was but half-hospitality to let her remain outside; to punish him for which Isabel administered innumerable taps with the ferule of her straight young wit. It must be said that her wit was exercised to a large extent in self-defence, for her cousin mused himself with calling her “Columbia” and accusing her of a patriotism so heated that it scorched. He drew a caricature of her in which she was represented as a very pretty young woman dressed, on the lines of the prevailing fashion, in the folds of the national banner. Isabel's chief dread in life at this period of her development was that she should appear narrow-minded; what she feared next afterwards was that she should really be so. But she nevertheless made no scruple of abounding in her cousin's sense and pretending to for the charms of her native land. She would be as American as it pleased him to regard her, and ff he chose to laugh at her she would give him plenty of occupation. She defended England against his mother, but when Ralph sang its praises on purpose, as she said, to work her up, she found herself able to differ from him on a variety of points. In fact, the quality, of this small ripe country seemed as sweet to her as the taste of an October pear: and her satisfaction was at the root of the good spirits which enabled her to take her cousin's chaff and return it in kind. If her good humour flagged at moments it was not because she thought herself ill-used, but because she suddenly felt sorry fro Ralph. It seemed to her he was talking as a blind and had little heart in what he said.(1) The above passage is quoted from Henry James’s novel The Portrait of a Lady. Identify and explore in the novel some of the reasons why James was attacked and ridiculed during his lifetime.(2) How do you view; itch attacks and James influence on English二、英语文化（45%）Ⅰ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one proper word (10%):1. The Odyssey deals with the return of (1) after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage mad how finally he was reunited with Iris faithful (2) Penelope.2. Plato was by far the most important of Socrates' associates and is a perfect example of the pupil who becomes greater than his master. The __(3)__ he founded in 386 BC was a center of philosophical investigation and many of his ideas were later absorbed in __(4)__ thought.3. The year 27 BC divided the history of Roman into two periods: before then, Rome had been a republic; in that year, Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of__(5)__.4. The religions of both the Greeks and the Romans were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified--Greek Zeus with Roman__(6)__, Greek __(7)_ with Roman Venus, and so on--and their myths to be fused.5. Hebrews or Israelites had a direct influence on the civilization of the West. They conceived a religion based on belief in a single Mt-powerful __(8)__who ruled over all peoples and the entire universe. This religion of the Jews, known as __(9)__, became the basis of two later religions also of great importance: Christianity and Islam.6. Jesus taught the faithful to abandon sin and worldly concerns; to follow him and his way; to follow the moral code described in the __(10) on the __(11)__, which preached love, charity; and humility; and to believe in him and his divine mission.7. During the Middle Ages, the great rivals, besides the Church, of the British king’s authority were the powerful local chiefs, called barons, and at one stage they make King John signa document known as the __(12)__ __(13)__ by which he promised to recognize their rights.8. In the British system of government, the leader of the party with the largest number of the largest number of members returned to the House of__(14)__ during the ( 15)___ __(16)__ becomes the Prime Minister.9. In the United States, a case subject to federal jurisdiction is heard first before a federal district judge, and then appeal may be made to the __( 17)___ Court of Appeals, and finally to the __( 18)__ Court.10. In the most devastating __(19)___ onslaught ever waged against the United States on September 11, 2001, hijackers crashed two airliners into the World Trade Center, toppling its twin l l0-story towers. The deadly calamity was witnessed on televisions across the world as another plane slammed into the __(20)__, and a fourth crashed outside Pittsburgh.Ⅱ. Explain briefly the following terms (10%):　1. Herodotus　2. the Sophists3. Parthenon4. Marcus Tullius Cicero5. the Vulgate6. Angry Young Men7. IRA8. Progressivism9. Civil Rights Movements10 American studiesⅢ. State the main idea of each of the following quotations and then make a brief comment on each of them (10%):1. But putting parables aside, I am unable to understand how any one with a knowledge ofmankind can imagine that the growth of science can threaten the development of art in any of its forms, if l understand the matter at all, science and an are the obverse and reverse of Nature’s medal, the one expressing the eternal order of things, in terms of feeling, the other in terms of thought. When men no longer love nor hate; when suffering causes no pity, and the tale of great deeds ceases to thrill, when the lily of the field shall seem no longer more beautifully arrayed than Solomon in all his glory, and the awe has vanished from the snow-capped peak and deep ravine, then indeed science may have the world to itself, but it will not be because the monster has devoured art, but because one side of human nature is dead, and because men have lost the half of their ancient and present attributes.By Thomas Henry Huxley (British biologist)2. It is well that young men should begin at the beginning and occupy the most subordinate positions. Many of the leading businessmen of Pittsburgh had a serious responsibility thrust upon them. They were introduced to the broom, and spent the first hours of their business lives sweeping out the office. I notice we have janitors and janitresses now in offices, and our young men unfortunately miss that salutary branch of a business education. But if by chance the professional sweeper is absent any morning, the boy who has the genius of the future partner in him will not hesitate to try his hand at the broom. The other day a fond fashionable mother in Michigan asked a young man whether he had ever seen a young lady sweep m a room so grandly as her Priscilla He said no, he never had, and the mother was gratified beyond measure, but then said he, after a pause, “What I should like to see her do is sweep out a room.” It does not hurt the newest comer to sweep out the office if necessary. I was one of those sweepers myself.Bu Andrew Carnegie (American industrialist)3. Besides contributing to our stock of happiness, to our harmless laughter and amusement, to our scorn for falsehood and pretension, to our righteous hatred of hypocrisy, to our education in the perception of truth, our love of honest honesty, our knowledge of life, and shrewd guidance through the world, have not our humorous writers, our gay and kind week-day preachers, done much in support of that holy cause which has assembled you in this place, and which you are all abetting, --the cause of love and charity, the cause of the poor, the weak, and the unhappy; the sweet mission of love and tenderness, and peace and good will toward men? That same theme which is urged upon you by the eloquence and example of good men to whom you are delighted listeners on Sabbath days is taught in this way and according to his power by the humorous writer, the commentator on every-day life and manners.By William Makepeace Thackeray (English novelist and humorist)4. Let me make clear that what I am talking about is balance. I believe that the public interest is made up of many interests. There are many people in this great country, and you must serve all of us. You will get no argument from me if you say that, given a choice between a Western and a symphony, more people will watch the Western. I like Westerns and private eyes too--but a steady diet for the whole country is obviously not in the public interest. We all know that people would more often prefer to be entertained than stimulated or informed. But your obligations are not satisfied if you look only to popularity as a test of what to broadcast. You are not only m show business; you are free to communicate ideas as well as relaxation. You must provide a ruder rangeof choices, more diversity, more alternatives. It is not enough to cater to the nation’s whims—you must --you must also serve the nation’s needs.By Newton Minow (American statesman)Ⅳ.Answer the following questions in short essay form (15%):1. Why is America 'known as a nation of immigrants? What are the dominant majority group and the major ethnic groups that make up today's American society? And then make a comment on the relationship between them.2. Make a comment on the English reserve in terms of British national character.3. What is the American pioneering spirit? What role has this sprat played in the shaping of American culture?。

中国人民大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语真题请用铅笔将此部分试题的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效！II. V ocabulary (10 points)PartA (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked iL B, C arm 1). Choose the:one thatbest completes thesentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar acrossthe square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1.Example:She prefers foreign wine to that produced__A. previouslyB. vLrtuallyC. primarilyD. domesticallyThe sentence should read,; "She prefers foreign wine to that produce domesticany." Therefore, you should choose D.Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [D]1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__patriotism.A. obsoleteB. aggressiveC. harmoniousD. amiableZ One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts.A. dilemmasB. countenancesC. concessionsD. junctions3. People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.A. striveB. ascertainC. justifyD. adhere4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlifefor intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have setup on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.A. conservationB. maintenanceC. storageD. reserve5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking15 points .last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.A. soaredB. mutatedC. plummetedD. fluctuated6. Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world.A. geniusB. viresC. diseaseD. bacteria7. The emphasis:on examinations is iby far the. worst form of competition in schools.A. negligentB. edibleC. fabulousD. disproportionate8. The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his grandparents lived.A. reconciledB. consolidatedC. deterioratedD. attributed9. During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance to practice his Chinese.A. passed onB. passed upC. passed byD. passed out10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ____ can be distributed.A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analoginPart B (5 points)Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, andD. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underiined part.Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the squarebracket on ANSWER SHEET I.Example:The secretary is Very competent; she can finish all these letters within one.. ;.,ca, ODebour.A. carefulB. industriousC. cleverD. capableIn this sentence, "competent" is closest -;n m e:zting to "capable". Therefor eyou should choose D.Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [DD]11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.A. depictB. advocate D; criticize D. analyze12,. They achieved more than they had eyer dreamed, lending a magic tO theirfamily story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.A.confirmB. achieveC.match D exaggerate13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump. for those toxic____ industrial wastes.A. imminentB. recyclableC. smellyD. poisonousi4. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns wou ldnor be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N.sanction.A. alliesB. delegatesC. votersD. juries15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our :children's college a ndour own retirement security is ,chilling.A. frighteningB. promisingC. freezingD. revealing16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the Br itishCrown.A. secret planB. bold attackC. clever designD. joint effort17. Evidence, reference, and foomotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulo usresearcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different beorefical and political positions.A. trustworthyB. intelligentC. diligentD. meticulous18. Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, them are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.A. intriguingB. exasperating:C. demonstrativeD. unprovoked19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked upfaces for .nocturnal raids in the forest.A. illegalB. night-time C, brutal D. abusive20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avid fondness for the limelight,A. mercurial B, gallant C. ardent D. frugalIII. Cloze (10 points)Directions : Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across thesquare bracket on Answer Sheet I.Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea,___ 21 ___ into a hobby and Iately has ____22 ____ into a full- time pas sion. Thetwo developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates___ 23 _ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started theirguide in April 1994 as a way to keep 24 of their personal interest on the Intemet. Before long they ___25 ___ that their home,brewed lists were becoming to olong and ____ 26____ Gradually they began to spend more andmore time onYahoo.During 1994, they ____ 27____ yahoo into a customized database designe dto____28_____ the needs of the thousands of users____29____ began to us e theservice through the closely ___ 30____ Intemet community. They developed customized software to help them___ 31 ___ locate, identify and edit mater ial___32___ on the Intemet. The name Yahoo is ____ 33____ to stand for "Y etAnother Hierarchical Officious Oracle". but Filo and Yang insist they select edthe ___34 ___ because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo? itself f irst___ 35 ___ on Yang's workstation, "akebono", while the search engine w as___ 36 ___ on Filo's computer, "Konishiki".In early 1995 Marc Andreessen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files___ 37___ to larger computers ___38____ at Netscape. As a result Stanford 'scomputer network returned to ___ 39___ , and both parties benefiasc. Toda y,Yahoo___ 40 ___ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.1. A. became B. grew C. mm D. intend2. A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned3. A. in B. on C. about D. fer4. A. touch ?. contact C. n-ack D. record5. A. founded E. found C. argued D. reported6. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D invaluable7. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted8. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate9. A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly10. A. relative B. interactive C.bound D. contacted11. A. fluently B. efficiently C.exactly D. actually12. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D.13. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposedI4. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand15. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched16. A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked17. A. over B, away C. inside D. beneath18. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. bidden19. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal20. A. attains B.detains C. maintains D. containsIV. Reading Comprehension (20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decideon the best one of the choic esmarked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break babies.One application of the thrcshoM method involves the time young childrenspend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so thelength of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activi tiesare scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the sta rt ofthe school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result. To apply Gutiarie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limitactivities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could gredually increase the time students spend working on a single activity. The threshold methoci also can be applied to teaching printing abd handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements awkward and they lack free motor coordination. The distances between line s ona page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paperwith narrow lines is initially introduced, students' letters would spill over th eborders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letter swithin the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller borders to help t hemrefine their skills.The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, We them a large stack of paper, a ndtell them to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made sev eralairplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cu e fornot building airplanes.Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, theteacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the cla ss hasbegun.The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk an dmisbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask the students'to find interesting books and re adthem while in the center. Assuming that the studentS find the books enjoyable,the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading b ooksrather than for talking with other students.In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was ve ryboring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each less on,such as experiments, videotapes, and debates, in an attempt to involvs stude ntsand raise their interest in the course.41. The purpose of this passage is to___A. informB. persuadeC. debateD. narrate42. Guthrie identified three methods for__A. educating studentsB. altering bad habitsC. avoiding undesired actionD. forming good hobbies43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method?A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food than the child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and gradually increase session length but not to where students become frustrated or bored.C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fan by his parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys. 44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their ha ndsbusy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time. watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snac 'king. What method is used in this example?A. The threshold method.B. The fatigue method.C. The incompatible response method.D. The punishment method.45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage thatA. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes exhaustedB. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a response incompatible with the undesired response so they can not be performed simultaneouslyC. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformde into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomesa cue for not performing itD. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child make response incompatible with unwanted responsePassage 2The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive. Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too man ycompanies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing wralts .Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrole Nova to the Puerto Rican market. "Nova" is Latin fornew (star)" and means "star" in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it cansound like "no va", meaning "it doesn't go". Few people wanted to buy a carwith that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales picked up" dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. 3ne American food company's friendly "Jolly Green Giant" (for advertising ,egetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as "Intimidating Green Ogre".When translated into German Pepsi's popular slogan, "Come Alive with Pepsi" came out implying "Come Alive from the Grave". No wonder custo mersin Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful international marketing doesn't stop with goodranslafions--,-other aspects of culture must be researched and understood ff aarketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fai l tocapture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new pentare ihto the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The mail reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals i nmany South American countries.Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitiveto cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a techniqu ecalled "back translation" to reduce the possibility of blunders.The process uses one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to captur ethe, overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplicatio nof the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be shot and simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.46. The best title of this passage might be __ .A. Culture Is Very Important ia AdvertishagB. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between NationsC. Overcome Cultural Shock in Different CountriesD. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles47. What does the word "blunder" mean in this passage?A. hesitationB. mistakeC. stutterD. default48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist f romParagraph 3 to Paragraph 6?A. Cultural shocksB. Faulty translationsC. Avoid cultural oversightsD. Prevent blunders49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word "ca " mos tprobably mean____A. an animal used in perfume for its smellB. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funeralsC. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funeralsD. an nrnament used in prefume and at funerals50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to___A.fire the translators who don't know the target language.e the technique called "literal translation" to reduce the possibility of blundersC. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokesD. explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries Passage 3It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year i npay, stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxes in the highest income bracket went down. Milliona iresare now commonplace.Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers. It is not th eboss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the m anwith many enemies wi!! be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about . His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of .his company and the industry .so he goes home nig htlywith a full briefcase. At the very top - and on the way up - executives ar eexceedingly dedicated.The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cul turedindividual or an intellectual. Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits. His readin gmay largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fie lds.Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.These days, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to "keep the old heart in shape" and for the same reason goes easy on butter and al cohol,and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out ofthe running. But his doctor's admonition to "take it easy" falls on deaf eye s. Helikes to work. He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels. Corporate head-hunting, carried on by "executive search fares," is a growing industry. America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic andaggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other's managerial ranks.51. We can infer from the second paragraph that___A. promotion depends on amiabilityB. chief executives do not work hard enough at the top levelC. it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of hi ssubordinatesD. a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and th eindustry52. The term "aerobic exercise" (fa'st line in second last paragraph) is a ki nd Of____A. hallucination exerciseB. physical exerciseC. meditation exerciseD. entertainment53. From the last paragraph we can gather that ____A. there are too many aggressive executivesB. individual talent is not essential for a companyC. the job of an "executive search rum" is corporate head-huntingD. it is not common for companies to undermine each other's managerialranks54. For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a pl where________A. they can conduct their businessB. they can indulge themselvesC. they can cultivate their mindD. they can exercise as well as socialize55. What is NOT tree according to the article?A. Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.B. Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.C. All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.D. Executives are careful of what they eat.Passage 4In November 1970 Yukio Mishima, together withsome of his fanatical followers from the ultranationalistic Shield Society WhiCh. he had four, do d in1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern Defense Forces armed with swords and daggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech. Mish imaaddressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional govemment imposed by the United States that had, in his wor ds,"turned Japan spineless." Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to thegeneral's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes, proceeded tokill himself in strict accordance with the tradifonal samurai ritual of seppuk u.After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into his left abdomen, one of his aidessevered his head with a sword. The aide likewise 'killed himself and was 5eheaded; the others surrendered.In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive re,me of General Tojo that was to stage thoattack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. That earlier revolt is the one referred to in "Patriotism," one of Mishima's most powerful stories. Here life and fiction become joined. The act of seppuku was for Mishima a fulfdlment, "the ulti matedream of my life." Bom of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero'sdeath in accordance with the ancient samurai code; but his weak body kept himfrom service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building (hebecame expert at karate and kendo) and, most important, through the discip linewriting. In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays, man yessays, and more than eighty stories: he also produced, directed, and acted inmovies, and even sang on stage. His first book of stories, A Forest in Flo wer,appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask (1948), dealing with th emeditations of a young man of homosexual leanings in a repressive society, thatbrought him fame.Mishima has been called "Japan's Hemingway," while others have compared him to "aesthetic" writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.56. The article implies thatA. Mishima refused to join the army when he was youngB. Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writerC. Mishima is a person who'is hard m defineD. Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer57. The aim of the rebel led by Mishima wasA. Fo capture the commanding genera!B. to urge the government to declare a war against AmericaC. to incite the soldiers to rebel against the Constitutional govemmentD. to force the Emperor to give up the throne58. In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima____A. was web received by the soldiersB, was laughed at by the soldiersC. impressed the commanding generalD, left a deep impression tO the soldiers59. What IS true according to article?A. The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.B. The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attemnptC. Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.D. one of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.60. Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ___A, written "Patriotism", one of his most powerful storiesB. written eighty short storiesC. published "A Forest in Flower"D. published "Confession of a Mask"Ö÷¹ÛÐⲿ•ÖÇëÑøֱʻòÒ²Öé±Ê½«´Ë²¿•ÖÊÒÐâµÄ´ð°¸×öÒÚ´ðÐâÖ½þÉÏ£•ñÒòÎÞЧ£¡V. Translation (20 points)Fart A. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger ofloss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in th eeconomy. Buying a commodity or stock in the belief that prices will rise s peedsmarket equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the pri cechange lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply action could not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surpl us insome commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to someextent before the SurpluS actually occurs. When speculators foresee a short ageand bid up the price, they are also helphng to conserve the present supply. Asthe price goes up,less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to ecor, om2ze. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages usersto buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.Part B. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following into EngIish on your ANSWER SHEET. VI. Writing (20 points)Directions Write an essay in no less than 250 words with file title "My Understanding of GlobaIization". Your essay should be written on the Answer Sheet.。

中国人民大学英语专业历年真题2014年815 英美文学试题A版本(由14 年试题可看到往年试题的影子。

)Ⅰ.Blankfilling.（20*1）1.TheimportanteventsintheearlypartofEnglishhistoryareRomanConquest,_____ConquestandNormanConquestinsequence,whichexertgreatinfluenceonthed evelopmentofEnglandandEnglishlanguages.(英语专业考研考点精梳与精炼第一章第一句)2.F．ScottFitzgerald’sfirstnovelis_____.3.Pionners’heroine/hero_____depictthefullyoftheAmerican……4．Hemingway’snovel_____setinSpanishCivilWar……5._____istheforemostnovelistduringtheGreatDepression.6.Beowulfisthe……7.GeoffreyChaucer’sTheCanterburyTaleswrittenin……8.ThomasMore’s_____waswritteninLatin.9.SamuelLanghorneClemenswasthepennameof_____.Ⅱ.Terms1.Sonnet2.WessexNovel3.HistoricalNovel4.PsychologicalrealismⅢ.简答1.Whydoesdramabecomeflourishingin theElizabethanPeriod？2.WhydoesIsabelleArcherdoesnotaccepttheloveofherAmericansuitorCor saandrejoinwithherhusbandandchildren?3.WhydidPrufrockhesitateallthetimewhileproposingtoaladyintheupper society?4.What’sthethemeofJohnMilton’sParadiseLost?Ⅳ.问答1.DescribeandcommentonShakespeare’sfourperiodsofdramacareer.（吴伟仁英国文学选读为三段，但罗经国新编英国文学选读上是fourperiods。

中国人民大学2004年英语专业考研基础英语试题I．Vocabulary and Written Expressions. (10 Points)Directions; Write in the blank the letter of the item which best completes each sentence.1. Tough-talking ward councilor Tony Jones warned yesterday that the drive to clean up the Oxford Road area is being ＿＿by the criminal justice system itself.A. hamperedB. prohibitedC. restrictedD. reserved2. It is a source of continuing frustration that sometimes, after huge amounts of resources have gone into securing successful ＿＿, career criminals often seem to be free after little more than a third or half of their sentences.A. convictionsB. decisionsC. vanquisherD. agreements3. The police and others are doing their best to clamp down on crime and disorder the intrusion of burglary, the source of drug dealers ruining lives, the threat of intimidation, violence and petty ＿＿.A. violationB. vandalismC. vanquisherD. variance4. At a meeting attended by more than 600 lecturers and support staff last week, workers passed a vote of no＿＿in senior management.A. consensusB. objectionC. confidenceD. continuation5. At the height of her fame during the Second World War, she was one of the world\'s most influential women. But in later years, a gaunt relic of her former＿＿, she was a forlorn propagandist for her husband\'s ostracized and diminished regime.A. reputationB. celerityC. backgroundD. celebrity6. That he was able to ＿＿his responsibilities with such competence and apparent ease was partly due to his experience in the Royal Navy.A. dischargeB. chargeC. obtainD. answer7. The Galbraiths were a gregarious and ＿＿＿family, probably descended from the Ancient British royal house of Strathelyde.A. proliferateB. promotiveC. prolificD. propagable8. In 1945 he worked for Hambro\'s Bank, touring the Middle East to report on ＿＿diamond trading.A. elicitB. illiberalC. illuminantD. illicit9. Despite his professional ＿＿and his strength of character, he had a warm sensitivity for the feelings of others, partly stemming from his memories of hardship at Dartmouth.A. imminenceB. immanenceC. emanationD. eminence10. Opposite the Italian journalists, Vladimir Putin, ________dressed and statesmanlike, answereda question about one of the country\'s notorious billionaires.A. immaculatelyB. immeasurablyC. justifiablyD. unkemptlyII. Error Correction (20 Points)Directions: In this passage there are altogether 10 mistakes. Try to detect the mistakes and write out your corrected answers in the numbered brackets.It used to be supposed that changes in the moral climate took decades to occur. Ideas filters down from whichever opinion makers were possessed of social influence; ( 1 ) or they were imposed by those charged of social control who had the confidence or the capacity to determine public attitudes. ( 2 ) The introduction of mass education initially made little change here, since the content of the education, and the surviving social deference of the recipients, secured a continuing measure of stability.Moral ideas and moral practice are not, anyway, in a precise correlation: statistics of illegitimate births from preceding centuries, as moral declamation was universally adverse, indicate a gap between prescribed teaching and human practice. ( 3 ) But moral change was slow and ordered; it took a very long time for that was conventionally acceptable to change witness the stigma attached to divorce only 50 years ago. ( 4 )Now that has all changed. The reason is to be sought not so little in the collapse of institutional religion or in the moral incoherence of the western liberal intelligentsia whose ideals have no discernible philosophical basis so much as the means now available for the dissemination of ideas of all sorts. ( 5 ) It is due to the power of television. Ideas and moral precept are abstract, the nightly presentation, in dramas and "analysis" of public events by selected experts, is not. ( 6 )Both on the screen and in the classroom a version of unstructured Humanism would seem to prevail: moral virtue determined by whatever current educated opinion deems conducive to modern canons of politically correct ideas. ( 7 ) Soaps are extremely effective means of conveying moral propaganda, modern morality plays which link day-to-day developments in particular lives-lives which are, like in the entertainments of the past, to be followed or avoided, according the assigned roles in the tension of good and evil. ( 8 )The great difference from the past is that there is now so much entertainment which it is immediately available, and that it falls upon people with no other source of moral exhortation. ( 9 ) The heroes are the tolerant, commonsense moralists who ostensibly respect all viewpoints and decry "old-fashioned" moralists with their outmoded restrictions. The demons are those practitioners of whatever, for the moment, attract public obliquity-paedophiles, drug users, racists or whatever. ( 10 )III. Cloze Test (20 Points)Directions: Fill in each of the blanks in the following passages with one suitable word.Passage 1It is on a Saturday afternoon on the Great Wall of China or on a Sunday morning in Beijing\'s Forbidden City that you see the most striking effect of the communist regime\'s "one-child" policy. Here, among the 1 of local tourists surging from one viewpoint to the next, you notice little knots of adults standing in admiring, attentive semi-circles 2 a single child. Typically, there will be six of them the parents and both sets of grandparents and the complacent 3 of their attention will look every inch the "little emperor" he (or she) is proclaimed to be.But such indulgence 4 problems for Shen Yurong, principal of Guangmin, a showpiece kindergarten in central Beijing. "The one-child policy leads to individualism," she explains. "Because the children have no brothers or sisters, we have to teach them how to 5 and co-operate with others. They have to learn from the start to bond into a community, 6 theybecome aggressive or shy."For a lesson in community bonding, you just have to watch Guangmin\'s 360 pupils, 7 two to six, performing their twice-daily exercise routine. Divided into classes, each 8 by three adults, the entire school assembles in the playground to the broadcast blare of jolly music. Then, still with almost military precision, they march on the spot, do stretching exercises and run through a repertoire of kung fu movements. Finally, each class plays a few supervised games—9 balls into baskets, running relay races and then it is back to the classroom, where they slid down quietly to carry out their allotted 10Passage 2English literature has extracted and emphasized one very splendid thing; you never hear of it in patriotic speeches or in books about race or nationality, but it is the great contribution of the English temperament 1 the best life of the world. So far as it can be defined, it may be called the humane use of caricature. It consists in calling a man ugly as a compliment. If we wish to appreciate 2 we must remember the part 3 by satire and epigram in the largest part of human literature. Almost everywhere laughter has been used as a lash; if we were told about a man\'s wig or wooden leg, it was 4 by an enemy. Men reminded a man maliciously of his bodily weakness, especially if it was 5 with his worldly power.6 , for instance, the case of two of the greatest riders and conquerors among the children of men. Julius Caesar was bald, and he could not7 it all with his laurels. It\' was always morally as well as physically his unprotected spot. His enemies could say: "You have __8__Gaul, but you are bald. You have faced Pompey in arms and Cicero in argument, but 9 all that you are bald. "And he felt it himself, I think, for he was a vain man; the head of Caesar was like the 10 of Achilles.IV. Reading Comprehension (20 Points)Directions: Give a brief answer to each of the questions listed at the end of the following passage.My own sex, I hope, will excuse me, if I treat them like rational creatures, instead of flattering their fascinating graces, and viewing them as if they were in a state of perpetual childhood, unable to stand alone. I earnestly wish to point out in what true dignity and human happiness consists —I wish to persuade women to endeavor to acquire strength, both of mind and body, and to convince them that the soft phrases, susceptibility of heart, delicacy of sentiment, and refinement of taste, are almost synonymous with epithets of weakness, and that those beings who are only the objects of pity and that kind of love, which has been termed its sister, will soon become objects of contempt.Dismissing, then, those pretty feminine phrases, which the men condescendingly use to soften our slavish dependence, and despising that weak elegancy of mind, exquisite sensibility and sweet docility of manners, suppose to be the sexual characteristics of the weaker vessel, I wish to show that elegance is inferior to virtue, that the first object of laudable ambition is to obtain a character as a human being, regardless of the distinction of sex, and that secondary views should be brought to this simple touchstone.This is a rough sketch of my plan, and should I express my conviction with the energetic emotions that I feel whenever I think of the subject, the dictates of experience and reflection will be felt bysome of my readers. Animated by this important object, I shall disdain to cull my phrases or polish my style; I aim at being useful, and sincerity will render me unaffected; for, wishing rather to persuade by the force of my arguments than dazzle by the elegance of my language, I shall not waste my time in rounding periods, nor in fabricating the turgid bombast of artificial feelings, which, coming from the head, never reach the heart. I shall be employed about things, not word! And, anxious to render my sex more respectable members of society, I shall try to avoid that flowery diction which has slided from essays into novels, and from novels into familiar letters and conversation.These pretty superlatives, dropping glibly from the tongue, vitiate the taste, and create a kind of sickly delicacy that turns away from simple unadorned truth; and a deluge of false sentiments and overstretched feelings, stifling the natural emotions of the heart, render the domestic pleasures insipid, that ought to sweeten the exercise of those severe duties, which educate a rational and immortal being for a nobler field of action.The education of women has, of late, been more attended to than formerly, yet they are still reckoned a frivolous sex, and ridiculed or pitied by the writers who endeavor by satire or instruction to improve them. It is acknowledged that they spend many of the first years of their lives in acquiring a smattering of accomplishments: meanwhile strength of body and mind are sacrificed to libertine notions of beauty, to the desire of establishing themselves—the only way women can rise in the world—by marriage. And this desire making mere animals of them, when they marry they act as such children may be expected to act—they dress, they paint, and nickname God’s creatures. Surely these weak beings are only fit for a seraglio!—Can they be expected to govern a family with judgment, or take care of the poor babes whom they bring into the world?If then it can be fairly deduced from the present conduct of the sex, from the prevalent fondness for pleasure which takes place of ambition and those nobler passions that open and enlarge the soul: that the instruction which women have received has only tended, with the constitution of civil society, to render them insignificant objects of desire—mere propagators of fools! —If it can be proved that in aiming to accomplish them, without cultivating their understandings, they are taken out of their sphere of duties, and made ridiculous and useless when their short-lived bloom of beauty is over. I presume that rational men will excuse me for endeavoring to persuade them to become more masculine and respectable.Indeed the word masculine is only a bugbear: there is little reason to fear that women will acquire too much courage or fortitude, for their apparent inferiority with respect to bodily strength, must render them, in some degree, dependent on men in the various relations of life; but why should it be increased by prejudices that give a sex to virtue, and confound simple truths with sensual reveries?Women are, in fact, so much degraded by mistaken notions of female excellence, that I do not mean to add a paradox when I assert, that this artificial weakness produces a propensity to tyrannize, and gives birth to cunning, the natural opponent of strength, which leads them to play off those contemptible infantile airs that undermine esteem ever whilst they excite desire. Let men become more chaste and modest, and if women do not grow wiser in the same ratio, it will be clear that they have weaker understandings. It seems scarcely necessary to say, that I now speak of the sex in general. Many individuals have more sense than their male relatives; and, as nothing preponderates where there is a constant struggle for an equilibrium, without it has naturally more gravity, some women govern their husbands without degrading themselves, because intellect willalways govern.Questions:1. Why does the author urge women to reject their conventional image of weakness?2. How does the author relate diction and style to the cause of women\'s rights?3. With what details does the author convey her view on marriage?4. According to the author, how does the education on of women both reflect and foster the concept of their frivolity and weakness?英文写作Writing (20 Points)You are required to write ,in English, an article of a minimum of 500 words with the following topic:The Importance of Intercultural Communication in Today’s World.英汉互译1. Translate the following passage into English (30%)愚蠢的男人和愚蠢的女人结婚是一种幸福智慧的男人和聪明的女人在一起是一种格调。