当前位置:文档之家› 《基本不等式的证明》错误解题分析

《基本不等式的证明》错误解题分析

《基本不等式的证明》错误解题分析
《基本不等式的证明》错误解题分析

5.3《基本不等式的证明》错误解题分析

一、知识导学

1、比较法:比较法是证明不等式的最基本、最重要的方法之一,它是两个实数大小顺序和运算性质的直接应用,比较法可分为差值比较法(简称为求差法)和商值比较法(简称为求商法)。

(1)差值比较法的理论依据是不等式的基本性质:“a-b≥0?a≥b;a-b≤0?a≤b”。其一般步骤为:①作差:考察不等式左右两边构成的差式,将其看作一个整体;②变形:把不等式两边的差进行变形,或变形为一个常数,或变形为若干个因式的积,或变形为一个或几个平方的和等等,其中变形是求差法的关键,配方和因式分解是经常使用的变形手段;③判断:根据已知条件与上述变形结果,判断不等式两边差的正负号,最后肯定所求证不等式成立的结论。应用范围:当被证的不等式两端是多项式、分式或对数式时一般使用差值比较法。

(2)商值比较法的理论依据是:“若a,b∈R+,a/b≥1?a≥b;a/b≤1?a≤b”。其一般步骤为:①作商:将左右两端作商;②变形:化简商式到最简形式;③判断商与1的大小关系,就是判定商大于1或小于1。应用范围:当被证的不等式两端含有幂、指数式时,一般使用商值比较法。

2、综合法:利用已知事实(已知条件、重要不等式或已证明的不等式)作为基础,借助不等式的性质和有关定理,经过逐步的逻辑推理,最后推出所要证明的不等式,其特点和思路是“由因导果”,从“已知”看“需知”,逐步推出“结论”。即从已知A逐步推演不等式成立的必要条件从而得出结论B。

3、分析法:是指从需证的不等式出发,分析这个不等式成立的充分条件,进而转化为判定那个条件是否具备,其特点和思路是“执果索因”,即从“未知”看“需知”,逐步靠拢“已知”。用分析法证明书写的模式是:为了证明命题B成立,只需证明命题B1为真,从而有…,这只需证明B2为真,从而又有…,……这只需证明A为真,而已知A为真,故B必为真。这种证题模式告诉我们,分析法证题是步步寻求上一步成立的充分条件。

4、反证法:有些不等式的证明,从正面证不好说清楚,可以从正难则反的角度考虑,即要证明不等式A>B,先假设A≤B,由题设及其它性质,推出矛盾,从而肯定A>B。凡涉及到的证明不等式为否定命题、惟一性命题或含有“至多”、“至少”、“不存在”、“不可能”等词语时,可以考虑用反证法。

5、换元法:换元法是对一些结构比较复杂,变量较多,变量之间的关系不甚明了的不等式可引入一个或多个变量进行代换,以便简化原有的结构或实现某种转化与变通,给证明带来新的启迪和方法。主要有两种换元形式。(1)三角代换法:多用于条件不等式的证明,当所给条件较复杂,一个变量不易用另一个变量表示,这时可考虑三角代换,将两个变量都有同一个参数表示。此法如果运用恰当,可沟通三角与代数的联系,将复杂的代数问题转化为三角问题; (2)增量换元法:在对称式(任意交换两个字母,代数式不变)和给定字母顺序(如a>b>c等)的不等式,考虑用增量法进行换元,其目的是通过换元达到减元,使问题化难为易,化繁为简。如a+b=1,可以用a=1-t,b=t或a=1/2+t,b=1/2-t进行换元。

二、疑难知识导析

1、在用商值比较法证明不等式时,要注意分母的正、负号,以确定不等号的方向。

2、分析法与综合法是对立统一的两个方面,前者执果索因,利于思考,因为它方向明确,思路自然,易于掌握;后者是由因导果,宜于表述,因为它条理清晰,形式简洁,适合人们的思维习惯。但是,用分析法探求证明不等式,只是一种重要的探求方式,而不是一种好的书写形式,因为它叙述较繁,如果把“只需证明”等字眼不写,就成了错误。而用综合法书写的形式,它掩盖了分析、探索的过程。因而证明不等式时,分析法、综合法常常是不能分离的。如果使用综合法证明不等式,难以入手时常用分析法探索证题的途径,之后用综合法形式写出它的证明过程,以适应人们习惯的思维规律。还有的不等式证明难度较大,需一边分析,一边综合,实现两头往中间靠以达到证题的目的。这充分表明分析与综合之间互为前提、互相渗透、互相转化的辩证统一关系。分析的终点是综合的起点,综合的终点又成为进一步分析的起点。

3、分析法证明过程中的每一步不一定“步步可逆”,也没有必要要求“步步可逆”,因为这时仅需寻找充分条件,而不是充要条件。如果非要“步步可逆”,则限制了分析法解决问题的范围,使得分析法只能使用于证明等价命题了。用分析法证明问题时,一定要恰当地用好“要证”、“只需证”、“即证”、“也即证”等词语。

4、反证法证明不等式时,必须要将命题结论的反面的各种情形一一加以导出矛盾。

5、在三角换元中,由于已知条件的限制作用,可能对引入的角有一定的限制,应引起高度重视,否则可能会出现错误的结果。这是换元法的重点,也是难点,且要注意整体思想的应用。

三、经典例题导讲

[例1]已知a>b(ab 0≠),比较

a 1与b

1的大小。 【错解】Θ a>b(ab 0≠),∴a 1

a b b a -=-11Θ,又Θ a>b(ab 0≠), (1)当a 、b 同号时,即a>b>0或b0,b -a<0,

0<-ab a b ,∴a 10,b<0,a 1>0,b 1<0∴a 1>b

1。 [例2] 当a 、b 为两个不相等的正实数时,下列各式中最小的是( )

A 、2b a +

B 、ab

C 、2

2

2b a + D 、11

1)2(---+b a 【错解】所以选B 。

【错因】是由于在2b a +、ab 、2

2

2b a +中很容易确定ab 最小,所以易误选B 。而事实上三者中最小者,并不一定是四者中最小者,要得到正确的结论,就需要全面比较,不可遗漏11

1)2

(---+b a 与前三者的大小比较。 【正解】由均值不等式≥+2b a ab 及a 2+b 2≥2ab,可知选项A 、B 、C 中,ab 最小,而11

1)2(---+b a =b

a a

b +2,由当a ≠b 时,a+b>2ab ,两端同乘以ab ,可得(a+b )·ab >2ab,∴b

a a

b +2<ab ,因此选D 。 [例3]已知:a>0 , b>0 , a+b=1,求(a+ 1a )2+(b+ 1b )2的最小值。

【错解】(a+a 1)2+(b+b 1)2=a 2+b 2+21a +21b

+4≥2ab+ab 2+4≥4ab ab 1?+4=8, ∴(a+a 1)2+(b+b

1)2的最小值是8。 【错因】上面的解答中,两次用到了基本不等式a 2+b 2≥2ab ,第一次等号成立的条件是a=b=

21,第二次等号成立的条件是ab=ab

1,显然,这两个条件是不能同时成立的。因此,8不是最

小值。

【正解】原式= a 2+b 2+21a +21b +4=( a 2+b 2)+(21a +21b

)+4=[(a+b)2-2ab]+[(a 1+b 1)2-ab 2]+4= (1-2ab)(1+221b

a )+4, 由a

b ≤(2b a +)2=41 得:1-2ab ≥1-21=21, 且221b a ≥16,1+221b

a ≥17, ∴原式≥21×17+4=225 (当且仅当a=b=2

1时,等号成立), ∴(a + a 1)2 + (b + b 1)2的最小值是252 。 [例4] 已知0 < x < 1, 0 < a < 1,试比较|)1(log | |)1(log |x x a a +-和的大小。

解法一:[][])1(log )1(log )1(log )1(log |)1(log | |)1(log |22x x x x x x a a a a a a +---+-=+--

x

x x a

a +--=11log )1(log 2 ∵0 < 1 -x 2 < 1, 1110<+-+--x x x a a ∴|)1(log | |)1(log |x x a a +>-

解法二:2111111log 11log )1(log )1(log )1(log )1(log x x x x x x x x x x x a a -+=-=--=-=+-++++ )1(log 121x x --=+

∵0 < 1 -x 2

< 1, 1 + x > 1, ∴0)1(log 21>--+x x ∴1)1(log 121>--+x x ∴|)1(log | |)1(log |x x a a +>-

解法三:

∵0 < x < 1, ∴0 < 1 -x < 1, 1 < 1 + x < 2,

∴0)1(log ,0)1(log <+>-x x a a

∴左 - 右 = )1(log )1(log )1(log 2x x x a a a -=++-

∵0 < 1 -x 2

< 1, 且0 < a < 1∴0)1(log 2>-x a ∴|)1(log | |)1(log |x x a a +>-

[例5]已知x 2 = a 2 + b 2,y 2 = c 2 + d 2

,且所有字母均为正,求证:xy ≥ac + bd 证法一(分析法)∵a , b , c , d , x , y 都是正数

∴要证:xy ≥ac + bd

只需证:(xy )2≥(ac + bd )2

即:(a 2 + b 2)(c 2 + d 2)≥a 2c 2 + b 2d 2 + 2abcd

展开得:a 2c 2 + b 2d 2 + a 2d 2 + b 2c 2≥a 2c 2 + b 2d 2 + 2abcd

即:a 2d 2 + b 2c 2≥2abcd 由基本不等式,显然成立

∴xy ≥ac + bd

证法二(综合法)xy =22222222222

2d b d a c b c a d c b a +++=++ ≥bd ac bd ac d b abcd c a +=+=

++22222)(2

证法三(三角代换法)

∵x 2 = a 2 + b 2,∴不妨设a = x sin α, b = x cos α y 2 = c 2 + d 2 c = y sin β, d = y cos β

∴ac + bd = xy sin αsin β + xy cos αcos β = xy cos(α-β)≤xy

[例6] 已知x > 0,求证:2

51

11≥+++x x x x 证:构造函数)0(1)(>+

=x x x x f 则21≥+x x ,设2≤α<β 由αβ-αββ-α=???

? ??β-α+β-α=β+β-α+α=β-α)1)((11)()1(1)()(f f 显然 ∵2≤α<β∴α-β > 0, αβ- 1 > 0, αβ > 0∴上式 > 0 ∴f (x )在),2[+∞上单调递增,∴左边25)2(=

≥f

2020新编高考英语短文改错常见错误类型汇总

高考英语短文改错 常见错误类型 高考英语改错题是考生感到棘手的题型之一。笔者对近几年的高考英语改错题作了细致的分析并加以归类后,发现错误类型主要集中在以下方面。(例题保留原题号) 1. 动词时态 每年都有时态错误的小题,而且改动基本集中在一般过去时与一般现在时之间。时态的更改要以上下文的主体时态为依据。 (1)(2003全国卷)She liked it very much and reads it to the class. All said the story was... 84. read (and连接并列谓语) (2)(2004江苏卷)At once I apologize and controlled myself... 83. apologized (and连接并列谓语) (3)(2004全国卷)Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class,... 82. talk (根据sometimes可判断此句为一般现在时) (4)(2005全国卷Ⅱ)I will write again and send you the photos we take together. 85. took (把照片寄给你,应该是已经拍好的,用过去时) (5)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)There are advantage for students to work while studying at school. One of them was that they can earn money. 77. is (从上下文判断,应该是现在时,谓语用is) (6)(2005江苏卷)We named him Jack and keep him for about three years. 76. kept (and连接并列谓语) 2. 名词单复数 单复数互改是高考英语改错题的基本题型之一,改动的依据有:一是根据名词前的修饰限定成份;二是根据上下文的逻辑关系。 (1)(2003全国卷)Their word were a great encouragement to me. 85. words (是把word改为words 还是把were改为was,根据名词前的修饰限定词their来决定。) (2)(2004江苏)that was a dinner we had waited for several month. 85. months (several修饰复数名词) (3)(2004全国卷Ⅰ)a few minute on the Internet. 77. minutes (a few修饰复数名词) (4)(2005全国卷Ⅱ)But one and a half year later. 79. years (one and a half意思为一年半,故判断此处year应为复数形式) (5)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)There are advantage for students to work... 76. advantages (从there are 判断应该用名词复数) 3. 句子结构 句子结构方面的错误范围庞大,解答高考英语改错题主要可以从以下几方面来思考:1)句子结构是否完整,成份是否冗缺;2)单词的词性与其在句中的功能是否相符;3)主谓一致;4)复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词或引导词的运用是否得当等。 (1)(2004 全国卷)I won’t be able to meet you at the airport although I have classes in the afternoon. 78. because/as (复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词运用不当) (2)(2004 全国卷Ⅱ)I don’t know that they don’t like to talk with me. 81. why (复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词运用不当) (3)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)For the most part, students working to earn money for their own use. 78. work (缺谓语动词) (4)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)Earning their own money allow them to spend on anything if they like. 79. allows (主语是动名词短语Earning their own money,谓语应该用单数) (5)(2005江苏卷)But the most wonderful thing about Jack were his musical ability. 84. was

(完整word版)高考英语短文改错常见错误类型分析

高考英语短文改错常见错误类型分析 一、记叙文(文章主体时态是一般过去时, 而议论文通常以一般现在时为主) 1. 比较级使用错误 more 跟形容词或副词构成比较级,如more patient and less aggressive(更耐心而少些放肆);than用在形容词或副词比较级之后,如…older than me(……比我更大)。 2. each of 和every one of 用在复数名词或代词之前,然而动词仍用单数。 Each of the houses is slightly different. 每所房子东圃稍有区别。(复数名词:houses) I bought a dozen of eggs and every one of them was bad.(代词复数:them) 我买了一打鸡蛋,每个鸡蛋都是坏的。 3.固定搭配使用错误 did wrong→ went wrong出错;出故障,出毛病;出问题 on particular→in particular尤其;特别cut off(切断;杜绝)→cut down(减少) neither …or→neither…nor for a result→ as a result 结果 share for→share with 和…….分享 4. 代词使用错误(根据上下文的意思来判断,特别注意人称代词前后指代不一致的情况)人称代词宾格(me, us, you, him, her, them)通常放在动词或介词后面作宾语,形容词性物主代词(my, our, your, his, her, their)通常放在名词之前作定语,而名词性物主代词(mine, ours, yours, his ,hers, theirs)通常单独使用 单数复数 it(它)→them(它们), me→us(我们) myself(我自己)→me(我)me→mine(我的……) They→We we→they here(这儿)→there(那儿)your→you 5. 注意名词前面缺少限定词的情况。 ∧parents→ my parents ∧opinion(观点;看法)→ my opinion ∧car→a car such∧great hotel→such a great hotel 6. 引导词或连接词使用错误: which→what though→ because Whenever(无论什么时候)→ Wherever(无论在哪里), anywhere→anyhow(不管怎样), unless(除非,如果……不……)→until(直到……) 7. 时态使用错误 (1) 把一般现在时改为一般过去时tear →tore(撕开、扯下或撕碎) (2) 把一般过去时改为一般现在时seemed→seems(好像;似乎) (3) and表示“并列关系”时,前后动词的时态要保持一致。 walked out of a room a nd leave→left 8. 介词使用错误: “No more toys to you.”→“No more toys for you.” 9. 介词多余: on today(把on删掉)to home(把to删掉)to anywhere(把to删掉)10. 情态动词使用错误(根据上下文意思来判断)must→could, will→would(间接引语)11. 注意ago 与before的区别,“ago”通常和一般过去时态连用,“before”通常和完成时连用。Two years before→ ago,I have been to Paris twice before. 我以前去过巴黎两次。 12. 副词使用错误(1) 副词放在句首,用来修饰整个句子。Unfortunate, ....... →Unfortunately(2) 副词修饰动词,位于动词之后。I pulled out the toy slow→slowly (3) 副词修饰动词,位于动词之前。get good prepared for examinations→ well and see you if you are in seriously trouble→ serious(严重的)

(完整)高中英语短文改错常见改错类型总结,推荐文档

英语改错 纵观近几年高考题中的短文改错,不难看出,其错误形式基本上为:错词占6行左右;正确占一行;多词和缺词一般占3行左右。错误类型主要涉及动词、名词、形容词、副词、冠词、代词、介词、连词、主谓一致、固定结构等语法知识。其中,动词时态、语态、非谓语动词等是考查重点。 1. 谓语动词的错误是历年考试的重点和热点,常见动词错误类型有①一般现在时与一般过去时错用;② and 前后动词时态不一致; ③主谓不一致; ④缺少动词,特别是be动词; ⑤第三人称单数形式错用; ⑥主动语态和被动语态错用。 They did not want me to do any work at home; they wantme to devote all my time to my studies.(did 改为do,错误类型属于①) As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visitingtemples and told stories. (visiting 改为 visited, 错误类型属于②) There will an important game next month. (will后加be, 错误类型属于④) One evening she told me that something happened whenher parents was out. ( was 改为were,错误类型属于③) 2. 名词的常见错误:单复数名词错用,可数名词与不可数名词错用。 I’ll get good marks in all my subject.(subject 改为subjects) Their word were a greatencouragement to me.(word 改为words) Without enough knowledges, you can never teach well.(knowledges改为knowledge) 3. 连词错误:连词包括关系代词、副词,并列连词and/ or/but等。关于连词,一般考查从句关系 who/whom/whose/what/which/how/why/when/where/if/whether等。 I have a good friend who’s name is Liu Mei. (错用了who的所有格形式,改为whose) I teach them, play with them, but watch them growingup. (此处应该是并列的关系而非转折,but改为 and) Clever as she is, but she works very hard.(as意为“尽管”,不能再跟but连用,所以去掉but) 4. 冠词错误:误用a和an(根据单词的第一个音素来判定);误用a/an 和the(固定搭配,或泛指、特指;多冠词或少冠词) We may be one family and live under a same roof. (a 改为the,the same 是固定搭配) As everyone knows, it’s famous mountain with all kindsof pants. (mountain是可数名词需用冠词,所以其前加 a ) I hope you have pleasant journey.(journey是可数名词,故have后加a) 5. 形容词和副词错误:系动词后用形容词(be/am/is/are/was/were/become/go/感官性动词 smell /feel);词性的误用(形容词修饰名词;副词修饰动词、形容词)。 I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together. (time是名词所以要用形容词wonderful修饰) My pronunciation was terribly.(was后用形容词,terribly改为terrible.) 6. 代词错误:代词的主格和宾格(I / me; he/him; she/ her; we/ us they/ them )错误;反身代词(myself/yourself/himself/herself/themselves/ourselves)使用错误;代词的单数和复数使用错误;代词指代错误;多代词或少代词。 Soon I began to enjoy talking to myself on paper as Iwas learning to express me in simple English. (me 改为 myself ) One day I wrote a little story and showed to myteacher. (to前加it) If any one of us had any difficulty in our life andstudy, the other would help him out. (other 后加s) What’s more, you have to be friends with your pupilsand take good care of him. (him改为them) 7. 非谓语动词的常见错误:不定式、动名词作主语、宾语时;and 连接的不定式或动名词前后不一致(尤其距离较远时);介词后用动名词形式作宾语;某些动词后要求接动名词或不定式。 Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper. (enjoy 后需接动名词,talk改为talking) But his parents think go to college is more importantthan playing sports. (go作主语,应改为 going ) Children may not develop the habit of read and theability to enjoy themselves. (介词后用动名词形式作宾语,read改为reading) I particularly enjoyed driving through the countrysidewith you and saw the changing colors of the leaves on the trees. (and 连接的不定式或动名词前后不一致,故saw改为seeing)

高中英语短文改错常见错误类型有哪些

高中英语短文改错常见错误类型有哪些 短文改错是一道拉开分数距离的题,许多同学因为这道题丢了许多分。下面小编就给大家介绍一些高中英语短文改错常见错误类型有哪些,供 大家参考。 ? ?高中英语短文改错常见错误类型1. 谓语动词的错误 是历年考试的重点和热点,常见动词错误类型有①一般现在时与一般过去时错用;②and前后动 词时态不一致;③主谓不一致;④缺少动词,特别是be动词;⑤第三人称单数形式错用;⑥主动语态和被动语态错用。Theydid not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote allmy time to my studies.(did改为do,错误类型属于①) As weclimbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and toldstories. (visiting 改为visited, 错误类型属于②) Therewill an important game next month. (will后加be,错误类型属于④) Oneevening she told me that something happened when her parents wasout. ( was 改为were,错误类型属于③) ?高中英语短文改错常见错误类型2. 名词的常见错误 单复数名词错用,可数名词与不可数名词错用。I’ll get good marks in all mysubject.(subject改为subjects) Theirword were a great encouragement to me.(word改为words) Withoutenough knowledges, you can never teach well.(knowledges改为knowledge) ?高中英语短文改错常见错误类型3. 连词错误 连词包括关系代词、副词,并列连词and/ or/but等。关于连词,一般考查从句关系who/whom/whose/what/which/how/why/when/where/if/whether等。I havea good friend who’s name is Liu Mei. (错用了who的所有格形式,改为whose)

高考英语短文改错常见错误类型

短文改错常见错误类型: 1.动词的错误是历年考试的重点和热点,常见动词错误类型有 ①一般现在时与一般过去时错用 ② and前后动词时态不一致 ③主谓不一致 ④缺少动词,特别是be动词 ⑤第三人称单数形式错用; ⑥主动语态和被动语态错用。 如2014新课标全国卷I Since then—for all these year—we had been allowing tomatoes to self seed where they please. 答案:had改为have 本句的时间状语是all these years,通常和现在完成进行时连用。所以使用have been doing的形式。 如2014新课标全国卷II My dream school starts at 8:30 am and ends at 3:30 pm. There are three lesson in the morning and two in the afternoon. We didn’t need to do so many homework. 答案:didn’t改为don’t 本文叙述“我”的梦想学校的情况。根据文章第一句My dream school starts at 8:30 am可知本文基本时态是一般现在时。 如2014新课标全国卷II We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sat by the lake listening music. 答案:sat改为sit 本句中的or表示选择关系,也是一个并列连词,所以与前面的lie同样都使用动词原形。 如2014四川卷 Today, I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off. 答案: go改为goes。本句的主语a fire alarm为单数,谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式goes。

高分攻略:高中英语短文改错十大错误类型及三大解题技巧

高分攻略:高中英语短文改错十大错误类型及三大解题技巧 “短文改错”题是各类考试中的一个重要题型。尽管该题难度不大,但仍有一些同学在做此类题目时不得要领,因而得分甚少。本文结合高考试题(出处被略去),对“短文改错”题中的常见错误加以分析,从中找出命题者设置错误的规律并介绍一些解题技巧。 一“短文改错”题中的常见错误类型 (一) 名词方面的错误 名词方面的错误多指名词单复数形式的误用,可数名词与不可数名词的错误,名词所有格中“’s”的误置等。例如: 1. He had no ideas that the kitchen was not for guests. 2. In summer, the sea under the blue skies is even more beautiful. 3. ... you’ve been settled down in Boston and are getting used to the local ways of life. 4. ... but she marked strictly on student’s actual performance ... (二) 动词方面的错误 动词错误在短文改错中所占比重最大,它所涉及的错误包括动词的时态、语态错误;易混动词的用法错误;动词的第三人称单数错误;动词的非谓语形式,以及动词的句型搭配错误等。在改错题中,动词方面的考查比例较大。例如: 1. The air keeps the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon ... 2. I just want to thank you for helping me becoming a different person.

短文改错常见错误类型

短文改错常见错误类型 一谓语动词的错误 1.一般现在时与一般过去时错用 2.and 前后动词时态不一致 3.主谓不一致 4.缺少动词,特别是be 动词 5.第三人称单数形式错用 6.主动语态和被动语态错用 二名词的常见错误 1.单复数名词错用 2.注意区分名词是可数还是不可数 3.或根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数来判断 三连词错误 考点:连词包括关系代词、副词,并列连词and\or\ but等(一般考查从句关系who\whom\whose\ what\ which\ how\why\ when\ where\ if \whether) 四冠词错误 1.误用a 和an (根据单词的音素来判定)。 2.误用a 和the (固定搭配,各自单独使用的地方)。 3.多余的冠词或者少冠词。 五、形容词和副词错误 1.系动词后用形容词。(be, am , is , are ,were, become. Go )感官动词:smell, feel 2.词性的误用:形容词修饰名词副词修饰实义动词、形容词和副词。 六、代词错误 1.代词的主格和宾格:i me he him she her we us they them 2.反身代词:myself yourself himself herself themselves ourselves 3.代词的单数和复数 4.多余的代词和少代词 七、非谓语动词的常见错误 1。不定式,动名词做主语,宾语。 2。And 连接的不定式或动名词前后一致(尤其距离较远时) 3。介词后用动名词、V-ing形式作宾语。 4。某些动词后要求接动名词或者不定式。 八、介词错误 1。词组中的介词误用 2。介词意思理解偏差 3。介词的多用或少用 九、习惯用法要记住 主要考查习惯搭配方面的基础知识。这也是历年高考的常考点。其错误表现形式主要有三种:多词、少词和搭配错误 十、逻辑错误须关注 1。与句子的上下文不一致,甚至相矛盾,属于逻辑性错误 2。如称谓上的张冠李戴,人名、地名、时间、方位等方面错误,常是这类错误的考察对象。短文改错做题技巧

高中短文改错常见类型经典

一、错误类型 多词:冠词、介词、动词不定式符号to等。 漏词:冠词、介词、动词不定式符号to、系动词、物主代词等。 错词: (一)语法错误 1.主谓不一致; 2.时态不一致; 3.指代不一致; 4.平行不一致; 5.名词的单复数; 6.词的固定搭配和惯用法(如:get used to doing sth.) 7.词性的误用(形/副); 8.冠词的误用;9.语态、非谓语动词;10.形容词、副词的比较级和最高级混用。 (二)逻辑错误 1.上下行文逻辑错误(and/but/or/so); 2.主从复合句中连词或引导词的误用; 3.句意混乱(up/down ;here/there)。 二、常见错误设置模式 1.①在so…that…结构中,so 和that不同行,把that放在下一行,so 的位置上写成了very; ② too…to…结构中, too写成了very; ③There is no need to do sth.中There 用成了It; ④It is/has been…years since…中since用成了when; ⑤was/were doing…when…结构中,when用成了while。 2. the same…中the 用成了a或漏掉定冠词the(same永远和the 在一起.如the same as 与…一样/相同; all the same仍然,还是; the same to you); for a long time(长时间)漏掉a; most of the…漏掉the; for the first time(第一次)漏掉the; make progress中间加了a。 3. repeat之后加了again;return之后加了back; enter之后加了into/to。 4. because/ since和so连用; although /though和but连用; reason和because连用(The reason why…is that…;Another reason is that…)。 5.元音字母开头但发辅音的词前用了an,如 university, European, useful thing, usual thing。 6.辅音字母开头但发元音的词前用了a,如:honest, hour, honor。 7.现在分词与过去分词的误用。 三、常见的误用词 1. little很少(修饰不可数名词)/few很少数(修饰可数名词); 2. less更少(修饰不可数名词)/fewer更少数(修饰可数名词); 3. many许多(修饰可数名词)/much许多(修饰不可数名词); 4. beside在…旁边 /besides除此之外还…, 而且; 5. here这儿 /there那儿;

短文改错题的十大考查类型和分类训练【高考必备】

短文改错题的十大考查类型和分类训练【高考必备】 01动词错误 动词在考试中占有很大比重。常见的错误类型有: ①时态错用; ②主谓不一致; ③句中有多个动词时,缺少非谓语动词; ④缺少谓语动词,尤其是缺少系动词be; ⑤主动、被动语态错用; ⑥某些词后要求接动名词或不定式; ⑦介词后没用动词-ing。 真题示例 1. All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football. 2019 全国卷Ⅰ 2. They would say to me that playing card games would help my brain. Still I unwilling to play the games with them sometimes. 2018 全国卷Ⅱ 练习

每句中只有一处错误。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 1. She wants you call her back as soon as you are home. 2. My parents allow me to choose between staying at home and take a trip. 3. When I was a child, my family live in Beijing. 4. I’m looking forward to visit the art gallery next week. 5. She will tell you her journey when she get a chance to. 6. Neither he nor I is any the wiser as to the real cause of the accident. 7. This will be a good opportunity exchange experience. 8. I have a new roommate name Louis. 9. What suprised us most there were the beauty of the scenes. 10. The goods she has bought for herself was mostly from the hotel. 11. The English evening has put off till Saturday. 12. There was all sorts of unacceptable behaviour, some of which were so serious that they could have ended up in court. 答案 真题示例 1. say →saying 2. unwilling前加was

改错常见错误类型

高考英语短文改错专题 一、短文改错常见错误类型 1. 谓语动词的错误是历年考试的重点和热点常见动词错误类型有 ①一般现在时与一般过去时错用;② and 前后动词时态不一致; ③主谓不一致; ④缺少动词,特别是be动词; ⑤第三人称单数形式错用; ⑥主动语态和被动语态错用。 1)They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to my studies.(did 改为do属于①)2)As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories. (visiting 改为visited错误类型属于②) 3 There will an important game next month.(will后加be错误类型属于④) 4)One evening she told me that something happened when her parents was out.( ③主谓不一致) 2. 名词的常见错误 单复数名词错用;注意区分名词是可数还是不可数;或根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数来判断。 ①I’ll get good marks in all my subject.(subject 改为subjects) ② Their word were a great encouragement to me.(word 改为words) ③ Without enough knowledges, you can never teach well.(knowledges改为knowledge) 3. 连词错误 连词包括关系代词、副词,并列连词and/ or/but等 (一般考查从句关系who/ whom/whose/what/which/how/why/when/where/if/whether ) ① I have a good friend who’s name is Liu Mei. (错用了who的所有格形式改为whose) ② I teach them, play with them, but watch them growing up.(此处应该是并列的关系而非转折,but改为and) ③ Clever as she is, but she works very hard. ④ When I was a child, rain was a mystery. In one class, I learned it rained. 4. 冠词错误 误用a和an(根据单词的因素来判定);误用a 和the(固定搭配,各自单独使用的地方) 多余的冠词或则少冠词。 ① We may be one family and live under a same roof. (a 改为the the same 是固定搭配) ②As everyone knows, it’s famous mountain with all kinds of pants.(mountain是可数名词需用冠词,所以加 a ) ③ My teacher advised me to keep my dairy. ④ I hope you have pleasant journey.

短文改错15种常考错误类型

改错题要求考生根据对文章的理解,运用语篇、语法和词汇知识,辨认文章中出现的语言错误并加以改正,每个错误的改正仅限于一个单词,一般有以下三种更改形式:1. 改正(correction):将文中错词用斜线“/”划去,然后在其后面对应的下划线上填入正确的词,表示替换该错词。 2. 删除(delete):将文中错词用斜线“/”划去,在其后面对应的下划线上也划一斜线“/”,表示该错词应被删除。 3. 增添(add):在短文中需要添加新词的两个词之间加“∧”号,表示有遗漏,然后在下划线上填入被遗漏的词。【例】Television is rapidly becoming the literature of our periods.time Many of the arguments having used for the study of literature as a school subject are valid for ∧study of television. the 总体而言,改错题的错误类型涵盖词汇用法、语法知识和篇章理解三大方面。具体来说,主要包括以下几种错误: 一、上下文语义矛盾 所谓的“上下文语义矛盾”是指文章前后所表达的意思不一致,甚至正好相反,即根据上下文的内容,应该是表达肯定或积极意义的地方,却误用了表达否定或消极意义的词;或是与此相反,应该是表达否定或消极意义,却误用了表达肯定或积极意义的词。 要识别这类错误,考生必须从宏观上把握全文,注意上下文语义上的衔接与连贯,而不能孤立地看待每个单词或句子。 【例1】(05-12-S3) Initial impressions are vital and a badly presented CV could mean acceptance, regardless of what’s in it. S3. ___________ 【解析】前面提到initial impressions(第一印象)非常重要,那么badly presented(外表很差的)简历不管内容如何,肯定是会被拒绝,而不会被接受,原文中acceptance导致了上下文语义矛盾,应将其改为rejection。 二、缺漏和赘述 一般来说,缺漏或赘述所涉及到的词大都为介词、冠词、代词或连词。赘述可能还涉及到双主语现象或把相近或相同意义的词语叠加在一起的现象。 要识别这类错误,考生应注意以下几点: 1.熟悉常用介词、冠词、代词和连词的用法。 2.注意修饰成份中是否有两个意思相同或相近的词,确认其中一个是否多余。 3.如果句子已有主语,就不能在同一谓语前加上另外的代词或名词,否则便是双主语现象。 【例1】(05-12-S1) We’ve see it all: CVs printed on pink paper, CVs that are 10 pages long and CVs with silly mistakes in first paragraph. S1. __________ 【解析】first在这里作为序数词,修饰paragraph,表示第一段,而序数前应加定冠词the,故应在in和first之间加上the。 【例2】(05-12-S8) If you are sending your CV electronically, check the formatting by sending it to yourself first. Keep up the format simple. S8. __________ 【解析】分析上文可知,keep在此处的含义应该是“保持”,是及物动词,后面后面可

高考英语短文改错常见错误类型汇总

常见错误类型 高考英语改错题是考生感到棘手的题型之一。笔者对近几年的高考英语改错题作了细致的分析并加以归类后,发现错误类型主要集中在以下方面。(例题保留原题号) 1. 动词时态 每年都有时态错误的小题,而且改动基本集中在一般过去时与一般现在时之间。时态的更改要以上下文的主体时态为依据。 (1)(2003全国卷)She liked it very much and reads it to the class. All said the story was... 84. read (and连接并列谓语) (2)(2004江苏卷)At once I apologize and controlled myself... 83. apologized (and连接并列谓语) (3)(2004全国卷)Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class,... 82. talk (根据sometimes可判断此句为一般现在时) (4)(2005全国卷Ⅱ)I will write again and send you the photos we take together. 85. took (把照片寄给你,应该是已经拍好的,用过去时) (5)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)There are advantage for students to work while studying at school. One of them was that they can earn money. 77. is (从上下文判断,应该是现在时,谓语用is) (6)(2005江苏卷)We named him Jack and keep him for about three years. 76. kept (and连接并列谓语) 2. 名词单复数 单复数互改是高考英语改错题的基本题型之一,改动的依据有:一是根据名词前的修饰限定成份;二是根据上下文的逻辑关系。 (1)(2003全国卷)Their word were a great encouragement to me. 85. words (是把word改为words 还是把were改为was,根据名词前的修饰限定词their来决定。) (2)(2004江苏)that was a dinner we had waited for several month. 85. months (several修饰复数名词) (3)(2004全国卷Ⅰ)a few minute on the Internet. 77. minutes (a few修饰复数名词) (4)(2005全国卷Ⅱ)But one and a half year later. 79. years (one and a half意思为一年半,故判断此处year应为复数形式) (5)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)There are advantage for students to work... 76. advantages (从there are 判断应该用名词复数) 3. 句子结构 句子结构方面的错误范围庞大,解答高考英语改错题主要可以从以下几方面来思考:1)句子结构是否完整,成份是否冗缺;2)单词的词性与其在句中的功能是否相符;3)主谓一致;4)复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词或引导词的运用是否得当等。 (1)(2004 全国卷)I won’t be able to meet you at the airport although I have classes in the afternoon. 78. because/as (复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词运用不当) (2)(2004 全国卷Ⅱ)I don’t know that they don’t like to talk with me. 81. why (复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词运用不当) (3)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)For the most part, students working to earn money for their own use. 78. work (缺谓语动词) (4)(2005全国卷Ⅰ)Earning their own money allow them to spend on anything if they like. 79. allows (主语是动名词短语Earning their own money,谓语应该用单数)

短文改错专项训练:连词类错误

短文改错专项训练:连词类错误 1. It didn’t matter that I would win the match or not. 2. That he is looking for is a dictionary. 3. Many people can quickly get help from a doctor since they are ill. 4. If you can pass the test is up to you. 5. If we will hold the party in the open air depends on the weather. 6. I live in Beijing, where has a long history. 7. We still don’t know if or not they have arrived at Shanghai by plane. 8. It is the tallest tower which can be seen far away. 9. The person about who we just talked is my maths teacher. 10. Yesterday we were having our dinner while the telephone rang. 11. But, there are still some countries where people have not enough to feed on. 12. It is said, he has left for Germany. 13. I doubt that he is a spy. 14. I don’t doubt whether you have told the truth.

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档