从生态女性主义的角度来分析苔丝
专业：英语学号：学生姓名：指导老师：
摘要
托马斯.哈代的小说《德伯家的苔丝》是英国以及世界文学史上的经典之作。本文主要通过女性生态主义的角度来理解和分析这篇小说。生态女性主义者认为，自然与女性是人类生存和发展的本源，二者均与男性相对立，而且都是资本主义工业化经济扩张过程中的受害者。在小说中，苔丝作为哈代塑造的一位女性，身处在英国工业大肆向农村扩张的时期，同时被男性所欺凌和压迫。同时，她身边的自然环境和生产方式的改变也体现着以男性为中心的社会对于自然界的扩张和侵犯。因此，本文将通过生态女性主义的角度来分析《德伯家的苔丝》。通过生态女性主义的视角分析哈代的自然观、妇女观在作品中的体现和其作品中反映的苔丝与自然的亲密关系以及在男权社会中女权主义的崛起，能给读者以一个新的角度来重新理解这部作品，与此同时，能够对生态女性主义及其发展有很好的了解。
关键词：生态女性主义；自然；工业化；男权社会
Analysis of T ess of the D’urbervilles in the Light of Ecofeminism
Abstract
Thomas Hardy‘s novel Tess of the D‘urbervilles is a great classic work in England as well as in the world. This thesis will analysis Tess of the D‘urbervilles in the light of ecofeminism. Ecofeminists argues that nature and feminist are the origin of human being‘s existence and development ,the two are incompatible to men .Moreover, are the victims in the process of capitalistic industrialization and expansive male intrusion. In the novel ,Tess is a heroine created by Hardy, who was set to live in the times of industrialization approach to rural area., and bullied and oppressed by masculine. Besides ,the nature surrounding her and the modify of production style also can reflect the expansion as well as the invasion endowed by male centered world .Therefore ,this thesis will read Tess of the D‘urbervilles by angel of ecofeminism. Through Analysis of Hardy‘s view of nature and women in the light of ecofeminism as well as Tess‘s close relationship with nature and the emergency of feminism among male chauvinism, which will give reader a new angel to understand the novel. Meanwhile ,we can have a good understanding of ecofeminism .
Key Words: Tess of the D‘urbervilles; Ecofeminism; Women; Nature; Indusrtilization
CONTENTS
摘要.............................................................................................................................. I Abstract......................................................................................................................... I Chapter 1 Introduction (2)
1．1 The writing background (2)
1．2 The main content of Tess of the D‘ubervilles (3)
1．3 Literature review (4)
1. 4What is new in my study
Chapter 2 Ecofeminism and Its Development (5)
2. 1 Definiation of specialized terms (5)
2. 2 The Development of Ecofeminism (6)
2. 3 Differences of social psychology ............................................. 错误！未定义书签。Chapter 3 An Ecofeminism Reading of Tess of the D’urbervilles (7)
3. 1 Tess and nature (7)
3. 2 Tess and industrialization (8)
3. 3 Tess and male (10)
Chapter 4 Conclusion (11)
References (12)
Acknowledgements (14)
Chapter 1 Introduction
Literature is not only an art but also a mirror of real life. When studying a literature work, scholars actually study history .Nowadays an increasing number of scholars have began to study the history of a country‘s economic, political, culture and environment forms from the perspective of literature because through different kinds of literary works , we can see all sorts of feelings such as joy, anger ,sorrow .The feature of literature isvarious, one of which is tragedy. In the tragedy , it is inevitable that the heroes or heroines should suffer a setback or disadvantage ,made themselves in dishonor ,experience hardness. With a bad ending, tragedy often contains a certain philosophy of life.
―Tess of the D’urbervilles ―is one of the Hardy‘s tragedies, a masterpiece which brought him into a number of literary critics notice. It reflected the writer‘s real society system and morals. So studying this novel can help us to know about the system and concept of that time. There are many different approaches from various ways to analysis the novel.. This essay mainly study the Tess in the light of ecofeminism, which concerns both feminism and ecology principle.
First of all , it will review other people‘s understanding of the novel Tess of the D’urbervilles.Then it will demonstrates the origination and development as well as the trend it goes. The chapter three will get to the point ,that is apply the theory ecofeminism to the detail .All the analyses of Tess of the D’urbervilles are hoped to enable us to see the relationship between women and nature as well as man.
Ecofeminism has been admitted to an important theory of literature, though the term ecofeminism has only been in use for a relatively short time. Therefore, analysising Tess of the D’urbervilles. with ecofeminism approach is comparatively young.
1.1 The writing background
Thomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the V ictoria ages，which was an age of great change and many difficulties. Victorian novels were full of sensibilities and were tended to be idealized portraits of difficult lives in which hard work, perseverance, love and luck win out in the end; virtue would be rewarded and sinners are suitably punished. They tended to be of an improving nature with a central moral lesson at heart. While this formula was the basis for much
of earlier Victorian fiction, the situation became more complex as the century progressed. It was also an age of realism rather than of romanticism. Realism tries to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are .V ictorian literature ,in general, truthfully represented the reality and spirit of this age which was the great age of the English novel—realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long article. Hardy, who also shown the truth of this age with a high place in Western literature which came from the turbulence of life and deterministic of human being .His tragedies in the history of Western literature were not an accident for the tragedy consciousness. The tragedy consciousness in Hardy‘s novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society .And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say ,the heroes or heroines would lead to the tragic road of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not .Tragedy mostly was their final arrangement.
Thomas Hardy‘s novels are deeply influenced by Greek tragedies and Shakspearean tragedies .And he was deeply influenced by Schopenhauer‘s tragedy consciousness. Schopenhauer was a famous philosopher who believed that life was a tragedy and life was filled with desire .Schopenhauer divided tragedy into three types :the tragedy caused by those who committed heinous crimes, the tragedy led by the irony of fate and the tragedy caused by misunderstanding and distrust between persons in everyday life. He believed that the last tragedy was most terrible one which we can see in Hardy‘s works .Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s.In the late 1890s,he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition period from laisser –faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this period could not be changed .But Hardy‘s works exactly clashed with it ,which reflected the tremendous changes of society because of the invasion of industrial capital to the village .He had exposed the mask of British society which can reflect in the novel Tess of the D’ubervilles.
1.2 The Main Content of Tess of the D’urbervilles
Tess of the D’ubervilles came into a conflict with Victorian morality. In this novel, Hardy reaches the height of his achievement as a novelist. Like most other novels, rural life is a prominent issue in the story .And the issue of fate versus freedom of action is another important aspect of this novel. It tells that a village girl called Tess who was very beautiful ,pure, plain ,honest ,but went through a miserable life .She was born in a poor family with much concern
to her family .Her father who drank too much and came to understand that the Durbeyfield family could very well be the descendents of a royal family. So her parents sent her to the D‘urberville mansion to work and marry a wealthy man .It‘s there that she was raped by the Alec, the son of the D‘urbervilles and pregnant. She fell in love with Angel Clare before long .Clare loved her very much and longed to marry her but she delayed to answer this offer of marriage just because she did not know how to tell the truth of being raped .Despite this ,finally ,this kindhearted and sincere girl decided to tell him this bad thing .However, when Tess told him the truth that she was raped by Alec .Angle could not forget her for having another man‘s child .Therefore ,Angel abandoned Tess. Alec returned into her life as a ―preacher‖. At first ,Tess didn‘t accept him for the past evils .After her father‘s death unexpectedly, Tess had the burden of the family welfare on her shoulders, soon were evicted from their cottage. She deeply believed that Angel would never come back as Alec said. Tess knew her family would live better by accepting Alec‘s wealth and property But to her surprised ,Angel returned from brazil, repenting his harshness, but only to find that Tess living with Alec. Tess killed Alec in desperation. At last she was arrested and hanged.
1.3 Literature Review
As for Tess of the D’urbervilles, different approaches are available after it published.
Gose,Jr,ElliottB, in 1963 for the first time adopt a Darwinism to analysis Tess of the D’urberville in his book Psychic Evolution : Darwinism and Initiation in Tess of the D’urbervilles, He holds that the blood imagery in Tess is mainly due to the ritual initiation. Gose also argues that Tess struggles for psychic evolution , but is forced to revert into retrogressive primitive behavior. According to anthropology, primitive ritual to some extent is that man attempts to control nature.
In1966, critic Kettle argues that macrocosmic social and economic forces are the determiners of plot in this novel. Changes brought about by modernization ---the decline of ―haling‖ with the rise of new methods of goods distribution and the movement of the population from rural to urban areas ---bring hardship upon the Durbeyfields and lead Tess to Alec D‘urberville.
As one of early reviewers of Tess of the D’urbervilles ,Johnson ,Lionel ,British writer and critic ,he complains that Hardy does not make clear who is to blame (nature, god, or society).Johnson objects to Hardy‘s tendencies to deny the power of conscience in man ,to underemphasize the weight of human history and civilization and to place man upon the level of other animal s‘. In his opinion, Tess is equal to an animal with a ―darkling conscience‖, whose
unhappiness is the result of a ―vague sense of social misdemeanor, rather from rationality.
In 1999,Ellen Rooney studied Tess of the D’urbervilles with a feminist perspective which addresses a few key conflicts in the story. Essentially, Rooney holds that Hardy described Tess as a speaking subject to risk the possibility that she may appear as the subject of desire. According to Rooney, a figure with no potential as a desiring subject can only reinforce the notion of ―Tess the seductress‖Y et, in various versions, Tess is presented as a seductress .Hardy presented readers mixed messages, show we see her as a willing seductress, or as a victim who must suffer because of her body‘s effects on others? Rooney argues that Hardy never comes to a conclusion on this matter, but enables Tess to give over her body , utterly silenced and purified, not by Hardy’s failure to see that she might speak ,but by his unflicting description of the inexorable forces that produce her as the seductive object of the discourses of man[1]
1.4 What is new in my study
This paper will adapt a ecofeminissm approach to analysis the Tess of the D‘urbervilles. Nature is a inevitable symbolic background in Hardy‘s novels and female is his constantly important writing inspiration ,thus the women are intimately relate to nature in his works. In his novels, the rhythm of nature is often in accordance with the heroine‘s fate and mood. So is the Tess of the D‘urbervilles .Ecofeminism as a new theory holds the oppression of women and the degradation of nature as theoretically ,symbolically and historically connected.
Hence, this thesis will put focus on the relationship between women and nature as well as Chapt er 2 Ecofeminism and It’s Development
2.1 Definition of Specialized Terms
2.1.1 Definition of Ecofeminism
Ecofeminism is a new theory first appeared in Le Feminisme ou la Mort by Francoise d‘Eaubonne. The core of the theory is that women and nature exists harmoniously while incompatible contradiction between them and men and that women and nature both fall victims to capitalism, industrialization as well as male intrusion Ecofeminism is based on the ecological principles of the whole, harmonious, diversified ,interdependent, existence. It mainly contains four points as follows. Firstly ,the oppression of women connects closely with the oppression of nature. Secondly, to learn the essence of these bonds is necessary for a better understanding of women
and nature ?s oppression. Thirdly, the theory of feminism and angel of view which are the necessity of practice. Last, solution of ecology problems must contain the view point of feminism.
2.1.2 Definition of Patriarchal
In Western Civilization, patriarchal (ruled by the father):means male –centered and controlled ,and is organized and conducted in such a way as to subordinate women to men in all cultrual domains: familial, religious, political, economic, social ,legal, and artistic.[1] In other words, it‘s a form of social organization in which the male is the family head and title is traced through the male line. It‘s first used by anthologists to describe any society where an elder male had authoritative power over all others, including younger and minor males. Among various kinds of definitions of patriarchy given by feminists, Walby‘s is one of the most influential definitions. He describes patriarchy as a system of interrelated social structures exploit women According to Sexual Politics, Kate Millett pointed that the patriarchy granted the father nearly total ownership over wives and children, including the powers of physical abuse and often even those of murder and sale . In other words, in the traditional society, the female is always under the control of the male who is considered to be absolutely supreme in his household.
In the Hebrew Bible and Greek ,the female tends to be difined as a rib of man‘s. Thus, women are supposed to lack of the identifying male organ, of male powers ,and of male character traits that be presumed. In the patriarchal view, masculine is widely identified as active, dominating, adventurous, rational, creative; while the feminine, by systematic opposition to such traits, has come to be identified as passive, acquiescent timid, emotional, and conventional.
In the novel, Tess‘s father is one of representatives of male parents of the patriarchal society, who dominate the whole family. Thus sent Tess to D'Urberville mansion and marry a wealthy man. Alec and Angel are also endowed with the male chauvinism, which made them hurt Tess pysically and mentally.
2.2 Development of Ecofeminism
2.2.1 The Origin of Ecofeminism
Ecofeminism is originated from Le Feminisme la Mort by Francoise.D‘Eaubonne.
In early 1962,American ecology philosopher Rachel Carson for the first time in her book Silent Spring criticized the destruction of environment .She is one of the earliest feminists who concerned environment problems.
In 1974,Franciose d‘Eauboone for the first time used the term ecofeminisim in her works Le
Feminisme la Mort ,she argued that the immediate cause of present –day woes and future treats is the patriachal system, founded upon the appropriation of procreation and fertility, the mental and cultural structures of which have persisted across all successive social and economic domains. 2.2.2 Development of Ecofeminism
Another ecofeminist Karen ?s book A Western Perspective on What it is and why is it Matters is a well-organized explication of the idelogy that perpetuates the domination of women and nature .It would make an excellent introductory textbook for a class on environmental philosophy, feminist studies, or ecofeminism.
In 1995,Martha McMahon argued that the ecofeminist images of the individual and of equitable or ethical relationships between selves and others is not based on a requirement of homogeneity. instead it is based an appreciation of empirically given diversity and the system inequalities of care ,class and gender.
As for the trend ecofeminism goes, it is difficult to predict. But as far as I concerned, ecofeminism will be constantly renewed and perfect.
Chapter 3 An Ecofeminism Reading of T ess of the U’Dberbilles 3.1 Tess and Nature
Like most other Hardy‘s novels, rural life is a prominent issue in the story and the nature and human always merge into one organic whole, Tess of the D’urbervilles is of no exception. In the novel, the rhythm of nature is in accordance with the development of the plot.
Tess is related to nature closely, her psychological changes are reflected in the nature world. The landscape and the title character take parallel routes. Tess seems to be one with nature and paths of her life blending with her surroundings. Tess is the incarnation of nature. Tess‘s identification with nature in all its guises gives a new dimension to her affinity with the land and with animals. In the novel, Flintcomb-Ash is the scene of a clion for most of the remainder of the book, and its physical appearance is symbolic of the decline that is taking place in Tess‘life. Talbothays was lush, moist, and fertile, and its inhabitants were friendly ; Flintcomb-Ashis ,as its name suggests, is flinty in its hardness, dry as ashes, stcrile, and its people are unfriendly .Tess spends the bountiful summer at the dairy ,the barrien winter at the turnip farm. Talbothays is on a bare plateau .The dairy teems with life, Flintcomb-Ashis is a ―starve –acre place‖.
Tess‘s affinity with nature to some extent reveals itself in her knowledge of nature .At the
same time ,nature is not merely a setting for Tess, it is her work, her life. Even as a young girl ,Tess is good at hay making , harvesting, milking and butter making.
In the description, Hardy says that “ a field woman is a portion of the field; she has someone lost her own margin ,imbibed the essence of her surroundings, and assimilated herself to it.”[2] From the words, we can see through women‘s emotional nature, they tend to be give themselves more unreservedly to their surroundings than men do.
Throughout the whole novel ,she is described as at home with the land and animal.―physically and mentally suited‖for her work .Her life journey is in accordance with the rhythm of nature, improving with the spring, decling with the autumn. For another feature is that she is incompatible with the civilized society.
She had no fear of shadows, her sole idea seemed to be avoid mankind.....or rather that cold accretion called the world which, so terrible in the mass, is so formidable even pitiable in its units.[3]
Tess does not try to get work in town and thus be free from dependence on seasonal farm work. The answers that she fears towns and town life and manners because she had no experience in anything but a rural environment and also because all her hardships have been educated and have had all the ―advantages‖of modern civilization. The close relationship between Tess and nature shows Tess being associated and identified with nature .
According to the ecofeminists, one identification of women with non-human nature lies in the early human social patterns in which is a acknowledgement as a child bearer. In the primitive social patterns, the main resposibility is producer and maintenance. Women did most of the work involved with child care ,food production and preparation, make of closing, baskets and other artifacts for daily using. Therefore ,in patriachal dualism, women are assumed to be closer to nature than men .
3.2Tess and Industrialization
Ecofeminism primarily opposed development ,since it criticized development as a measurement male casted. .In their opinion ,development is a passive accepment of Western colonialism advancement pattern. Development theory assumed that models can been applied to the whole world .Thus development is a continuation of declonization, which based on oppression or ostoucism and exploitation of other cultures. Development also can cause the devastation of
nature,women and the culture in a bad state.
The novel is set at the time of V ictorian Age when industrialization began to encroach upon the countryside rapidly. With the further development of capitalism , With the further development of capitalism ,many social changes took place in the rural area of southern England; the peasants lost their land and became workers of factories. Many of whom were impoverished, struggling all year to make an living for existence. Besides, the newly rising bourgeois ideas came to clash with the old customs, traditional conventions and moral concepts , religious beliefs that still remained in countryside. In this transitional period, many of farmers were under ecnomic pressure .The protagonist Tess is set in this time .From her , it reflects the impoverished condition and tragic fate of the peasants that time .Her father‘s inability and a large family cause the family always in a leant time. Tess, as the elder child of the family , naturally should some responsibilities. The old horse‘s death made her guilty and find a job in Alec D‘urbervilles. It‘s her family that makes she is raped by Alec as well as later hardship .For the same reason ,she returns to Alec for which cause her death. Therefore , the bankruptcy of agriculture and the destruction of the peasants are the very root of the tragedy and her family.
We also can see the objection of industrialization from the novel.
When Tess and Izz arrive at the risk ,they see the “red tyrant” they have “come to serve “–the threshing machine which, whilst it was going ,”kept up a despotic demand upon the endurance of their musels and nerves”[4]
A little way from the machine stood the enginge which supplied the power for the thresher and next to it stood the engineman .He travels with his engine and thresher from farm to farm and has absolutely no concern with interest in the farms he works on ;he cares about noting but his machines.[5]
In the novel , Hardy indicates what seems to him the basically inhuman nature of the modern machine age .The thresher is a ―despot‖, a ―tyrant‖ the engine is called the ―primum mobile ―(First cause ,God)of this little world‖. The engine-man is described as having the ―appearence of a creature from Tophet‖, that is ,from Hell. Hardy‘s ideas on machinery and morden life can to some extent can reflect Tess‘s incompatible to industrialization.
3.3 Tess and Male
In patriarchal dulism the male is identified with the mind, culture, spirit and God ;the female with the body nature ,matter ,and earth. Just as the mind is rational and the body irrational, so it‘s between man and woman ;male rationality is set over against female irrationality Thus men are wise and superior to women ,and the women must be subordinate to him and serve him.
This novel is setting at the V ictorian Age ,so a man could live a dissipating life as he had once done while a woman could not . In the male centered society ,man can dominate woman and woman had to suffer the unfairness of man –made law, the law by which man and woman were not eaqually treated in terms of morality. At that age ,the male demand for purify in woman and the use the double standard in sexual matters were the essential features. These unfair rules deteremined by the Christianity and characterized by patriachy.
Throught the whole novel ,Tess is related to two men :Alec and Angel, one is Stan ,the prince of darkness and another is Angel ,neither of whom could be better than the other .It seems that that she now jumps out of the frying pan and then into another one .It‘s them that caused Tess‘s destruction. Alec is represented hypocritical religion while Angel represented Christian morality and bourgeois. It‘s the two beliefs that made Tess hurt physically and mentally.
Alec as the first man in Tess‘s life who hurt Tess by possess her body by the advantage of class and gender. He reveals his feelings of superiority initially on the ride in the Chase. When Tess wipes her cheek after Alec‘s kiss, he exclaims:
Mighty sensitive for a farm girl ![6]
From what he said ,we can conclude that he assumes cultural right because of class and gender advantage to have Tess‘s body. Actually, Tess is of the true, ―instinctive‖nobility, while Alec is ―mighty insensitive‖. Because he is ill—mannered than Tess .And Later, when he proposed to Tess, he not show any love feeling rather said :
I was your master once! I will be your master again.[7]
Compared with Alec ,Angel is kinder and more rational than him. But his Christian morality hurt Tess in heart deeply. When Tess told Angel that she was the decendant of nobility ,Angel said
I thought you were the new daughter of nature, but unprepared you were the aristocrats in decline .[8]
These words revealed that his true intentions, since he thought Tess is a purified girl ,who completely conformity with his standards for a spouse as well as the moral of V ictorian Age. Although he was rebellious in some aspects, he still use the moral standards to judge Tess.
After they married ,Tess‘s confess again show Angel‘s beliefs.
He tells her of the time when ,be set by religious doubts and despair, he had gong to London and spent two days in “dissipation with a stranger” After it was over ,he realized the error of his ways ,and knew he would never do anything like it again. He feels ,however that Tess ought to know of it ,and he is glad he has confessed .He ask she: “Do you forgive me ?”She pressed his hand tightly for an answer .Now, of course, Tess feels that her confession has been made easier ,and says that she in turn has something to tell as well .Angel can not believe it is serious.[9] Angel finally abandons her for her ― impurity ‖.Therefore ,Tess is a victim of injustices .Tess
is bound to confront a tragic fate in the unfair capitalist society.
Chapter 4 Conclusion
Tess of the D’urbervilles is Hardy‘s the greatest work .Hardy put great energy to describe the capitalism industrialization expansion casted depredation on peaceful countryside life. Although the novel mainly tell Tess‘s tragedy fate Actually, it reflects all the peasants‘ miserable destiny.
This thesis takes a view from ecofeminism ,challenged the former theories. It argues that the master sheet clearly show that feminists‘intimacy with nature and masculine‘s opposition to nature. Tess, as a representative of female, is completely at ease in the nature area .While men were running counter to the nature ,they just give themselves to expand and invade .Meanwhile, nature is not the mere victims ,so were women .Human being discover the law s of nature merely for reconstructing nature. The aim of men‘s control by means of applying code of ethics is also for insult and possession by themselves.
Ecofeminism believe that there is close relationship between the domination over women and the exploitation of nature. As both forms of domination and all others that conform to this pattern are bound by the same conceptual logic of hierarchal value dulisms, each must be addressed in
order to address the others.
References
Acknowledgements
The accomplishment of my dissertation owes greatly to all the professors who have taught me in the four years at Nanchang University.
I would like to take this chance to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Zhu Y arong for her patience and guidance for this thesis .She has provided me with instructive guidance and constructive suggestions.
I am also grateful to many of my good friends and classmates for their comments and support.
It has been a great experience to study at Nanchang University. I enjoy the beautiful campus and love the nice people there.
.外文资料原文
Analysis of Tess of the D’urbervilles
Thomas Hardy's Tess Of The D'Urbervilles is a novel in which his protagonist and other characters are confronted by an almost endless array of moral and socially acceptable choices. Thomas Hardy makes the reader to take a critical look at the character's situation, the character's
thought process and the impact of the character's decision making in the society in which they live. Thomas Hardy presents his reader with three major characters. They are the protagonist Tess Durbeyfield, Angel Clare (Tess's longtime love and husband) and Alec D'Urberville (Tess's seducer and husband). It is these three major characters whom Hardy chooses to place in the most precarious moral and social dilemmas. It is through these characters and their dilemmas that Thomas Hardy displays the social issues found in Tess of the D'Urbervilles. Hardy's protagonist seems to have been born in a dilemma. Tess was the oldest of a very large family and she had the responsibility of caring for her younger siblings. Young Tess had many concerns to cope with in her life. Her father who drank too much came to understand that the Durbeyfield family could very well be the descendants of a royal family known as D'Urberville. Motivated by greed of becoming part of a higher class, with no thought for Tess, her mother and father made the conscious choice to send Tess to the D'Urberville mansion to acquire work and marry a wealthy man.
While employed at the D'Urberville mansion, Tess was confronted with her first major social dilemma whose name is Alec D'Urberville. The young Alec is portrayed as a spoiled, almost evil person; a high class snob. From the first time he laid eyes on Tess, he begins to seduce her. Hardy's use of Alec D'Urberville and his relationship to Tess, sets the standard for the cruelty of society in this novel. We (the reader) come to know that Alec D'Urberville is the cause of Tess's social problems. That is, he has no conscience, no morals and above all feels no remorse for his actions and it reflects upon Tess. His seduction of her results in her pregnancy and she chooses to leave the D'Urberville mansion. Hardy tells the reader that the moral sin which Tess has experienced is taboo in her society and she becomes the object of ridicule and rejection. Although she is a "fallen woman", she maintains her high moral standards as well as her beauty and innocence.
In analyzing the above mentioned scenario, can the reader hold Tess completely blameless. Was she not a conscious participant in her own seduction? The answer is certainly yes, however, Hardy does a wonderful job of exonerating her and her social sins. Hardy (if not Angel Clare), is convinced, not only of her purity but also of her capacity for ascendancy. Although her society chastised such behavior, Hardy bestows upon his protagonist the ability to overcome the moral and social stigma and thus Tess maintains her dignity and sense of self.
Through what could be labeled "divine intervention," her baby dies. The priest would not give it a proper Christian burial because of the social rules regulating religion. The baby had not been properly baptised at birth. The priest says that if it were up to him, he would, but he must follow the social laws surrounding him. The years pass and we find our lovely, innocent protagonist once again canvassing the countryside in search of serenity and work. She is hired as a milkmaid on a large dairy farm and it is here that Hardy places his protagonist as well as her future husband in their most troublesome and disturbing moral and social dilemma.
While working on the dairy farm, Tess happens to meet Angel Clare, the man she will eventually marry. Angel and Tess fall in love and make plans for their marriage. As their courtship continues, Tess knows in her heart that she must tell Angel about her past. However, she fails to do so for fear of losing him. She feels that the moral sin that she has experienced will most certainly drive Angel away from her. One can argue that there is no evil in this deception, only a young girl's fear of losing her the man she loves and her future husband. The question here is that of society's acceptance of this union. Would Angel accept her even though she is not accepted in society?
The novel now takes a very interesting turn. Concerning Tess's relationship with Alec and the moral and social sins commited, Angel feels that the sins are not only sins against man, but also God. The reader would most certainly state that Angels reaction to his dilemma placed much pain and hardship on his wife. Hardy is exposing the hypocrisy of his time by pointing out that a man could divorce his wife for committing adultery; however, a women could not divorce her husband for it. Here the reader can see what is wrong in nineteenth century society's norms and values compared to those of today.
Alec D'Urberville returns into her life, this time not as a spoiled young man, but as a "preacher." He explained to Tess that he had received a calling from God and was compelled to preach the gospel to the sinners around him. He pretends to realize what he had done wrong and now wants Tess to forgive him and return to him. Tess confesses to him about their child and also about her marriage to Angel. Alec, who has already been perceived as the social evil, literally haunts her until she agrees to marry him. Her seduction by Alec is slow and methodical, much like his seduction of her early in the novel. He used his profound art of psychological manipulation to
persuade Tess that Angel has left her forever. He further enhanced the seduction by telling her that even if her husband returned, she should never look upon him as a husband.
The reader, no matter how naive, now knows that Angel will return and attempt to find his beloved wife Tess. Angel searches diligently for Tess and finds her at her home with her husband Alec. Tess reacts to Angel in a manner of anger and resentment. However, Tess knows in her heart of hearts that she is still in love with Angel and decides to confess her love for him to her husband Alec.
Alec does not take the news very well and proceeds to cast insults toward Tess. Tess, in a fit of emotional passion kills Alec with a knife and flees the area with Angel. For the first time in this novel, Hardy has our protagonist committing a deliberate act of social evil. She has taken a human life. Even now after Tess has committed murder the reader asks, but was the murder not committed for the sake of love? Could it not be justified? The reader remembers the innocence of Tess Durbeyfield. The reader understands the sacrifices she made for her beloved Angel. The reader knows what an evil man Alec D'Urberville was, but society does not care.
Would not love, innocence and purity justify the taking of a human life? Thomas Hardy has exposed Tess D'Urberville to many evils of society and of mankind. He has placed upon her every conceivable moral and social dilemma that mankind could experience. Through all of her trials she has remained a saint, a pillar of virtue, spirit and self-reliance. Tess is not evil, those around her were evil. By placing their moral and social evils upon her, her demise was the murder of a human being.
The novel reaches it's climax when Tess and Angel reach the area known as Stonehenge, a heathen temple known for its immense healing powers. How ironic that Hardy would have his heroin and heroines complete their life's social journey at such a mystical temple. For Tess, the site is a destination, a sanctuary, and the ancient court seems to pass judgement and absolve her, for she awakens completely at peace. Tess is apprehended by the local townspeople and subsequently executed for her act of murder.
Hardy, through moral and social manipulation places Tess in situations that we all have experienced. Can we as human beings confess to maintaining the high standards of dignity, purity and innocence that Tess D'Urberville held? Would we have not sought revenge on Alec, Angel or even our parents for the wrong they had done to us? Tess is not at fault in her story. The fault lies
in the constant moral and social demands placed upon her by Hardy's peripheral characters and their roles in society.
外文资料译文
分析德伯家的苔丝
在托马斯.哈代的小说《德伯家的苔丝》中，主人公和其他人物都几乎面临到一系列不计其数的的道德及社会方面的认可的选择。托马斯.哈代让读者从批判的角度来看人物所处的情境，人物的思维过程及人物在当时他们生活的时代里所做决定的影响。
托马斯.哈代向读者呈现了三个主要角色。他们分别是主人公苔丝.德伯，安吉尔.克莱尔（苔丝为时甚久的爱人及丈夫）和亚历克.斯托克.德伯（苔丝的诱奸者和丈夫）。哈代选择这三个人物发生在一个最不稳定的道德及社会窘境中。通过这三个角色以及他们左右为难的困境，托马斯.哈代展示了在德伯家的苔丝中发现的社会问题。
哈代小说中的主人公似乎出生在一个矛盾中。苔丝是一个大家庭里的长女，有责任和义务去照顾年幼的弟弟和妹妹。年轻的苔丝在生命中有太多对家人的牵挂。她爸爸酒醉后从牧师那了解到德伯家族实际上是古老显赫的贵族德伯氏的后裔。因为贪欲所激发想成为贵族的一支，她父母都不替苔丝着想，有意决定让苔丝到德伯家的庄园去干活然后嫁个有钱人。
当亚历克在到德伯家的庄园干活时，她面临到她第一次的重大抉择，他的名字是亚历克.斯托克.德伯。那个年轻的亚历克被描述成一个坏人，甚至道德败坏的上层势利小人。从第一次见到苔丝，就把目光盯在了苔丝身上，开始诱骗她。
哈代利用亚历克.斯托克.德伯与他和苔丝的关系，设置了小说中当时社会的残酷。读者接下来将知道亚历克是造成苔丝社会问题的原因。那就是说他没有良心，没有道德，最重要的是他没有为他的行为以及对苔丝的影响所忏悔。他对她的诱奸使得她怀孕了所以她选择离开德伯家的庄园。哈代告诉读者苔丝所经历的道德过失是她那个时代社会的禁忌。于是她成为被嘲笑和不能接纳的对象。尽管她是一个“沉沦”的女人，她仍然保持着她高标准的道德以及她的美丽和纯洁。
在分析以上情节时，读者会认为苔丝完全是无可责怪的吗。在诱奸中她不是一个有意识的参与者吗？答案是肯定的。哈代在为苔丝开脱罪责时写得非常不错。哈代确信不仅是苔丝的纯洁而且是她能力的优势。尽管她当时的社会反对这种行为，哈代授予他的主人公
一种克服社会耻辱的能力，因此苔丝保持着她的尊严和自我。
通过被称作上帝的干扰，她的孩子死了。由于社会制约着宗教礼仪，牧师不愿意给它进行正式的洗礼。那个孩子出生时没有进行正式的洗礼。牧师说如果他有权决定给孩子进行洗礼，他会很乐意这么做，但他必须遵循当时社会的法律。
岁月如梭，几年过后，我们发现我们可爱的，纯洁的主人公再次寻思着在着乡下找份原离闹市的活。她在一个大牛奶场做挤奶工作。正是在这里，哈代把主人公以及将来的丈夫置于一个最令人烦恼，不安的道德和社会困境之中。
在牛奶场工作期间，苔丝碰巧遇到安吉尔.克莱尔，那个终于结婚的人。安吉尔和苔丝开始相恋并且计划着结婚。尽管安吉尔坚持向苔丝去求爱，苔丝在内心里知道她必须告诉安吉尔她的过去。然而，由于害怕失去安吉尔，她没有告诉他。但是她感觉到内心经受着道德上的谴责，这迟早会让安吉尔离开她。这只是一个善意的谎言。因为这个年轻的女子害怕失去她心爱的人，也就是她未来的丈夫。这里，问题是社会是否会接受他们的结合。即使社会不接受苔丝安吉尔是否会接受她。
小说开始了一个有趣的转折。关于苔丝和亚历克的关系以及道德和社会方面所犯的罪，安吉尔认为这些罪孽不仅是有悖于人类的，而且是有悖于上帝的。大多数读者当然认为安吉尔在矛盾中的反应会给他妻子带来很大的痛苦和使她感到非常艰难。通过描述一个男人可以因为妻子通奸而与之离异，然而，女人却不能因为同样的原因与丈夫离婚。哈代以此揭露了他所处的那个年代的虚伪。在这里，读者可以看到和现在相比，在19世纪，社会制度和观念上存在着什么问题。
亚历克又回到苔丝的生活里。这次不是以一个坏人出现的，而是一个伪善的牧师。他向苔丝解释听到了上帝的召唤必须向周围有罪恶的人们传播福音。他装作意识到了过去的错误，想让苔丝原谅他，回到他身边。苔丝把关于他们的孩子及她和安吉尔的婚事告诉了亚历克。他已经觉察到在苔丝的心中他始终是罪恶的，实际上却经常出没在苔丝身边直到她答应嫁给他。她被亚历克诱奸是那么有条不紊，在很大程度上和小说早期的诱奸一样。他用诡异的心理艺术操纵来劝说苔丝安吉尔永远离开了她。他进一步加强诱奸的企图，告诉苔丝即使她丈夫回来了，她也不应该接受他。
读者，不管多幼稚，现在都知道安吉尔将会回来并试图找到他深爱的妻子，苔丝。安吉尔辛苦地寻找着苔丝却在她家发现她和亚历克在一起。苔丝愤怒的，怨恨的对安吉尔的出现做出了反应。然而，从内心来说，苔丝知道她仍然爱着安吉尔并且决定向丈夫亚历克
坦白她对安吉尔的爱。
毕业论文英美文学开题报告 导语：小说中自然有着独特的作用，它使人精神放松，包容所有人，它似乎是一个有血有肉的灵魂，以下小编为大家介绍毕业论文英美文学开题报告文章，欢迎大家阅读参考! 毕业论文英美文学开题报告1 (一)课题研究来源 在考研过程中遇到类型相关的题目，本人很感兴趣，于是确定选择该题。 (二)课题研究的目的 本文通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义，来叙述《呼啸山庄》中文明与自然的冲突。 (三)课题研究的意义 艾米莉·勃朗特是英国维多利亚时期着名小说家和作家，是着名的勃朗特姐妹之一，也是三姐妹中最具天赋的一个。她一生只写了一部小说《呼啸山庄》，但是这部伟大的作品却使她扬名于世。通过《呼啸山庄》，艾米莉·勃朗特以维多利亚时代为背景，通过写两个截然不同的家族，三代人之间的爱恨情仇，充分表现了维多利亚时期文明和自然之间的冲突以及怎样反映了艾米莉·勃朗特对自然的偏爱。小说中自然和文明冲突不断，艾米莉·勃朗特在小说中多次运用对比和象征来表现此冲突，例如，呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的冲突，凯瑟琳两种不同的爱情观的冲突。这种冲突正是基于艾米
莉·勃朗特对自然异于常人的热爱和当时现代文明盛行的背景。英国文学史上着名的三姐妹从小生活在荒原上，自然在她们心中是神圣之物，这点很像新英格兰超验主义的观点。并且英国浪漫主义时期沃兹沃斯和柯律利治等着名诗人影响，自然，情感和哥特式元素在艾米莉·勃朗特的作品中都发挥着举足轻重的作用。而且，艾米莉·勃朗特生活在物欲横流的维多利亚时代，当时的人们以自然之情为基础的生活受到现代文明的激烈冲击。作为维多利亚时代批判现实主义的代表人物，艾米莉·勃朗特看到了现代文明带来的种种罪恶，内心更加执着于对自然的喜爱。因此，要想真正读懂这部伟大的着作，就必须要了解小说中艾米莉·勃朗特对自然和文明的观点。只有了解艾米莉·勃朗特对自然和文明的态度，才能真正明白在这爱恨情仇下有着更深刻的寓意-人类生活应该顺应自然和本性。通过《呼啸山庄》中自然和文明的从图矛盾，由此来叙述《呼啸山庄》中回归自然的观点。 (一)国内研究现状 1.陈茂林从艾米莉·勃朗特所受的自然的影响来分析，他的《回归自然返璞归真--的生态批评》认为《呼啸山庄》是一部自然颂歌。小说中自然有着独特的作用，它使人精神放松，包容所有人，它似乎是一个有血有肉的灵魂，分享着人的痛苦和换了。作品表达了作者对自然的深深热爱，同时也反映了自然和文明的冲突和矛盾。叶利荣则在其《追寻
德伯家的苔丝英文简介 As is known to all, Tess of the D'Urbervilles is the most famous novel of Thomas Hardy. Focusing on the tragic experience of its heroine Tess, the plot of story begins. Tess comes from a farmer’s family, the Durbeyfields. She has lived a poor bu t peaceful life. However, God, “The President of the Immoral” begins to play a cruel joke on this innocent girl. One day her father, John Durbeyfied learns that they are descended from the D’Urbervilles, an ancient family once renowned in England. Tess’s p arents are in an ecstasy of delight over the news. Her mother urges Tess to claim kinship with the remaining D’Urbervilles, so that Tess could marry a gentleman. Unwillingly, the girl comes in contact with the Stoke, D’Urbervilles. There she meets Alec D’U rbervilles, who shows off the estate and always seduces her. Having received a job of tending to chickens, Tess stays in the D’Urbervilles. Her tragic life has just begun. Before long the rich and guileful Alec manages to seduce the girl and make her pregnant. Being humiliated and resolute, Tess returns home. Despite the rumors all around, she gives birth to a child, who is called Sorrow but dies soon because of grave illness. For several weeks, Tess is overwhelmed by grief and sorrow. Nevertheless, without financial support, Tess has to leave home and goes to work as a dairymaid at a distant farm, where she meets Angel Claire. They have met each other before, and Tess has made a favorable impression on Angel. After Angel persistent pursuit of Tess, the two fall in love and become engaged. Then comes the wedding night, too honest to keep any secret, Tess admits about Alec D’Urbervilles and the child. She begs for forgiveness, but Angel leaves her in disgust. Tess again returns home alone, only find that her family remains impoverished and she even has no place to stay. In the meantime, Alec D’Urbervilles, the evil person appears again. He takes advantage of the Durbeyfields’ poverty and continues to tempt Tess. He promises to support her family, only as a means to make Tess dependent. At the end of hope, the girl jumps into the trap of the shameless man. However, the tragedy has not finished yet. Angel Claire, who is remorseful for his mercilessness, comes back, but to find the cruel reality. And his arrival makes Tess even more desperate. After Angel leaves, she stabs Alec in the heart and kills him. Then she follows Angel and escape with him. They manage to hide for a while in a wood before they come to Stonehenge, where she is arrested. She is hanged later. The turn of events and the moment of catharsis prove that the novel is a classic Aristotelian tragedy
1。An Ａｎaｌｙsis ｏf Hａrｄy’s ComｐarisonｓiｎTeｓs ｏf ｔhe d’Urbｅｒｖｉlles 浅析哈代在《德伯家的苔丝》中对比手法的运用 2. TｈｅＵse of Hemingway's Iceｂeｒg Ｔｈｅory in TheＯld Maｎand ｔｈe Sea 海明威“冰山原理"在《老人与海》中的运用 3。ＡnＡnａlｙｓis of Aｌeｃ’ｓＰeｒｓonalｉｔｉes iｎＴeｓs of the ｄ’Urbervｉllｅs 解读《德伯家的苔丝》中阿雷克的性格 4。AｎＩｎterpretation of the FemａlｅChａracter Estｅlｌa in Great Expecｔａtions 《远大前程》中女性形象艾丝黛拉解读 ５. An Interpｒｅtatｉon of tｈｅＦｅmalｅChaｒaｃtｅr MisｓHaｖishａmｉn Great Expecｔaｔiｏns 《远大前程》中女性形象郝维辛小姐解读 6.The Uｓe of Stream ｏf Ｃｏnscｉousness in Mrｓ。Ｄａllowaｙ 浅析《达洛维夫人》中的意识流运用 7。Ｆataliｓm iｎTess oｆthe ｄ’Uｒbervilles by TｈｏmaｓＨａrdy 哈代的宿命论在《德伯家的苔丝》中的体现 8。An Analyｓis of Thoｍａs Ｈarｄy’s Aｔｔitｕdｅs tｏｗａrds the Ｈerｏine in Tess o ｆthｅd'Urbｅrｖiｌｌes 哈代对《德伯家的苔丝》中女主人公的态度解读 ９. AｎＩntｅrprｅｔaｔｉon on thｅTｈemes of ｔhｅPoｅｍｓWritten bｙＥmｉly Dickｅnｓon 艾米莉·狄金森诗歌主题解读 10．A CoｍparativｅStuｄｙbetween the Hｅroiｎes'Persoｎａlities in Jaｎe Eyre and Wuthering Heｉghts 《简·爱》与《呼啸山庄》女主人公性格对比研究 １1。An Anａlysiｓon the Ｃauses of Ｔｅss's Ｔｒaｇｅdy 苔丝悲剧人生的成因分析 １2.AｎＩｎteｒpretatiｏｎof ｔhe １８ｔh—century Ｅｎglish Fｅmale’ｓChｏice of HusbａndｓfroｍJane Austen's Novels 从简·奥斯丁作品解读十八世纪英国女性择偶观 14。ＡCoｍpａｒaｔｉve StｕdｙoｆTｈree ChineｓｅＶersｉｏｎs of “ＯｆＳtud ｉｅｓ” 《论学习》三种汉译本比较研究 15．Translａtion ＳtｒategieｓanｄＴechniques of Lｏng SｅntｅnceｓiｎTEＭ8 英语专业八级中长句的翻译策略与技巧 1６. ＡＳurvｅy ｏn the Ｓtatus oｆＥnglish and AｍｅrｉｃanＬiterary Clａssiｃs’ Reａｄｉngｏf Enｇlｉｓh Mａjors 英语专业学生阅读英美文学名著状况调查 17。A Survｅy on the Current Tｅａcｈiｎg Situatioｎof Ｅnglish aｎd Ameｒｉcａn Literaturｅs ｉn Ｕniversｉtiｅs of Chｉｎa 关于我国高校英美文学教学现状的调查报告
【英语专业】毕业论文参考文献汇总 【文学类】 柳鸣九编选新小说派研究北京中国社会科学出版社，1986 徐葆耕西方文学心灵历史北京清华大学出版社，1990 殷企平小说艺术管窥天津：百花文艺出版社，1995 戴维洛奇小说的艺术北京：作家出版社，1998 高奋西方现代主义文学源与流宁波：宁波出版社，2000 侯维瑞现代英国小说史上海：上海外语教育出版社，1986 胡经之，王岳川主编文艺学美学法论北京：北京出版社，1994 黄晋凯主编荒诞派戏剧北京：中国人民大学出版社，1996 霍夫曼佛洛伊德主义与文学思想王宁译北京：三联书店，1987 拉曼塞尔顿编文学批评理论刘象愚，陈永国等译北京：北京大学出版社，2000 霍纳韦勒克近代文学批评史（第4卷）上海：上海译文出版社，1997 李维屏英美现代主义文学概观上海：上海外语教育出版社，1998 吕同六主编20世纪世界小说理论经典北京：华夏出版社，1995 罗伯特斯皮勒美国文学的周期——历史评论专集王长荣译上海：上海外语出版社，1990 罗德霍顿美国文学思想背景房炜等译北京人民出版社，1991 梅佛里德曼意识流，文学手法研究上海：华东师范大学出版社，1992 米兰昆德拉小说的艺术孟湄译北京：三联书店，1995 史志康主编美国文学背景概观上海：上海：上海外语出版社，1998 【语言学】 奥马利第二语言习得的学习策略上海：上海外语出版社，2001 陈保亚20 世纪中国语言学方法论济南：山东教育出版社，1999
丁言仁英语语言学纲要上海：上海外语出版社，2001 费尔迪南德索绪尔普通语言学教程长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001 冯翠华英语修辞大全北京：商务印书馆，1996 桂诗春，宁春言主编语言学方法论北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998 桂诗春应用语言学长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998 何兆熊新编语用学概要上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000 何自然语用学与英语学习上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997 侯维瑞英语语体上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988 胡壮麟语言学教程（修订版）北京：北京大学出版社，2001 黄国文语篇与语言的功能北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002 黄国文语篇分析概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988 李延富主编英语语言学基本读本济南：山东大学出版社，1999 李运兴语篇翻译引论北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000 刘润清西方语言学流派北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999 刘润清等现代语言学名著选读（上下册）北京：测绘出版社，1988 刘润清等语言学入门北京：人民教育出版社，1990 陆国强现代英语词汇学（新版）上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999 戚雨村现代语言学的特点和发展趋势上海外语教育出版社，1997 秦秀白文体学概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1990 孙志外国语言研究论文索引（1995—1999）上海外语教育出版社，2001 索绪尔普通语言教程北京：商务印书馆，1999
英语英国文学论文开题报告 篇一：英语专业英美文学开题报告 (修改版) 安徽科技学院本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书 篇二：XX年外语系论文开题报告开题报告,英美文学韩山师范学院 毕业论文（设计）开题报告 学生姓名：彭雪金学号： XX141622 院（系）：专业英语（师范） __ 题目：（中文）爱默生超验主义对19世纪美国人生观的影响-- 以《论自助》为例 th指导教师：吴湘毅讲师 XX年 2月 10 日 开题报告填写要求 1．开题报告是开展课题研究的依据和撰写论文的基础，也是毕业论文（设计）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。此报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业论文（设计）工作前期完成，经指导教师签署意见及系审查合格后方可进行毕业论文（设计）的撰写； 2．开题报告必须按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式（可从教务处主页“相关下载”页面上下载）打印，不得打印在其它纸上后剪贴。完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见；
3．有关年月日等日期的填写，一律用阿拉伯数字书写，如“XX年4月26日”或“XX-04-26”； 4．毕业论文参考文献的格式标准应参照《韩山师范学院本科生毕业论文撰写标准》（针对韩教字[XX]71号文件作部分修正）。 篇三：英语论文开题报告 本科毕业设计（论文）开题报告 题目"Pride and Prejudice" Darcy's character analysis 学院名称外国语学院 专业班级英语XX 学生姓名 学号 指导教师 填表时间： XX年 3 月 4 日 填表说明 1.开题报告作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答(原文来自：https://www.doczj.com/doc/a214921747.html, 小草范文网:英语英国文学论文开题报告)辩资格审查的依据材料之一。 2.此报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业设计（论文）工作前期完成，经指导教师签署意见、相关系主任审查后生效。
Tess of the D’Urbervilles（德伯家的苔丝） By Thomas Hardy 1891 Main character: 苔丝Tess 亚历克Alec，其父原名Simon Stokes，后冠以贵族姓氏D’Urbervilles 安吉尔·克莱尔Angel Clare Tess of the D'Urbervilles is the most famous novel of Thomas Hardy (托马斯·哈代). Tess comes from a farmer’s family. She has lived a poor but peaceful life. One day her parents learn that they are descended from(来源于) the D’Urbervilles, an ancient family once renowned in England. They urges Tess to claim kinship with(攀亲戚) the D’Urbervilles, so that Tess could marry a gentleman. Unwillingly, the girl comes to their house to seek help. There she meets Alec D’Urbervilles who manages to seduce (引诱) the girl and make her pregnant(怀孕的). Being humiliated(羞辱), Tess returns home. Nevertheless(但是), without financial support, Tess has to leave home and goes to work at a farm, where she meets Angel Claire. They fall in love and become engaged. Then comes the wedding night, too honest to keep any secret, Tess tells her husband the truth. She begs for forgiveness (原谅), but Angel chooses to leave for Brazil. Several years later, Tess and her family remains poor and she even has no place to stay. At that time, Alec D’Urbervilles appears again. He takes advantage of the poverty of Tess and promises to support her family. Tess has to live with her foe(仇人). However, Angel Claire regrets(后悔) and comes back. Tess thinks Alec is the person who makes her lose Angel Claire again. She kills Alec angrily. In the end, She is hanged(处以绞刑).
五、英语文学类毕业论文选题 121. The Independent Spirit of Hester Brynne in The Scarlet Letter 《红字》中海丝特。白兰的独立精神探析 122. On the Meanings of Images in Moby Dic 论《白鲸》中的象征意义 123. Democratic Idea in Leaves of Grass 论《草叶集》中的民主思想 124. The Analysis on different Concept of Value in Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》中不同价值观的分析 125. Mark Twain’s Humor & Satire in Adventures of Huckberry Finn 马克。吐温的幽默与讽刺在《哈克贝利。费恩》中的充分体现 126. 从接受美学看莎士比亚《第十二夜》中的喜剧元素 Comic Elements in << The Twelfth Night>> from the Perspective of Receptive Aesthetics 127. 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中的奶妈和《西厢记》中的红娘人物形象比较 The Comparison of Nanny in Romio and Juliet and Hongniang in Romance of the Western Chamber 128. 试论自卑情结对夏绿蒂勃朗特创作的影响 The Influence of Inferiority Complex on the works of Charlotte Bronte 129. 从依恋理论看《呼啸山庄》主人公希力克列夫悲剧性格的形成 The Forming of H eathcliff”s Tragic Personality in Wuthering Heights from the Perspective of Attachment Theory 130. 灵与肉的对立――从《无名的裘德》中的苏和阿拉贝拉人物分析看哈代的悲观主义 The contrast between the Spirit and the Flesh--- Hardy’s Tragic Thought analyzed through Sue and Alabella in Jude the Obscure 131. On the Realistic Style of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales 论乔叟《坎特伯雷故事集》的现实主义风格 132. On Shakespeare’s Religious Ideas 论莎士比亚的宗教思想 133. On the Essence and Specialty of Shakespeare’s Tragedy 论莎士比亚悲剧的本质与独特性 134. On the Linguistic Features of Burns’ Poetr 论彭斯诗歌的语言特色 135. On the Fatalistic Ideas in Hardy’s Works 论哈代作品中的宿命论观点 136. Fitzgerald, Spokesman of the “Roaring 20’s”----- A Study of His (e.g. The Great Gatsby) 菲茨杰拉德：美国二十世纪二十年代的代言人 ------ 再读《了不起的盖茨比》 137. Ernest Hemingway, Spokesman of the “Lost Generation”. 海明威：迷惘的一代的代言人
论《雾都孤儿》的幽默艺术 Tom Jones, a Dissipated but Kindhearted Man 放荡而又善良的汤姆琼斯 The Free Will and Rebellious Spirit in Paradise Lost 《失乐园》中的自由意志和反叛精神 On the Development of Shylock’s Character 论夏洛克的性格发展 Morality and Criticism in Tom Jones 评《汤姆?琼斯》中的道德观与批评观 On Imogen，the New Feminine Image in Cymbeline 论《辛白林》中伊慕琴的新女性形象 Burns’View on Love and Friendship 论彭斯的爱情友谊观 The Reflection of Art and Life in Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode on a Nightingale 《希腊古瓮颂》与《夜莺颂》中艺术与生活的对照 The Womanism in "The Color Purple" On the Differences between Chinese and Westerners in Non-language Communication 谈中国人和英美人非语言交际的差异 On the Contribution of the American Blacks during American Civil War 美国黑人在美国历史上的贡献 On American Black English 浅谈美国黑人英语 On the Differences of the Marriage Concept between Chinese and American 浅谈中美婚姻观念的差异 A Contrastive Analysis of Table Manners and Culture between China and Western Countries On the Ideological Content in Bacon’s Essays 论培根散文的思想性 Women's Movement in 1960s in American 美国六十年代的妇女运动 Analysis the negative effects of violent television and movie on children 浅析影视暴力对青少年儿童的负面影响 The Influence of Chinese Cultural Circumstances on English Learning 汉语环境对英语学习的影响 A Comprehension of Male Centrad Literature through A Doll’s House 黑色的坚毅——小说《飘》主人公的性格分析Black Determination——An Analysis of the Personalities of the Main Character in Gone with the Wind 从浪漫走向世俗的新型女性——《理智与情感》中玛丽安的性格分析 人性的扭曲信任的危机--重读《奥》剧杂感Random Thoughts on Othello
英语专业毕业论文常见几种参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设\计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子 教学学报，2003(6)：107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计（论文）教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67. 2．专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 【举例】 [4] 刘国钧，王连成.图书馆史研究[Ｍ].北京：高等教育出版社，1979：15-18，31. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 3．报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）. 【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3). [7] French, W. Between Silences: A V oice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33). 4．论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17. [9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313. [10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78. 5．学位论文 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7. 6．研究报告 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究 院, 1997：9-10. 7．电子文献 【格式】[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名.电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识].或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期. 【举例】 [13] 王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL]. http: //https://www.doczj.com/doc/a214921747.html,/pub/wml.txt/980810–2.html, 1998–08–16/1998–10–04.
编号：_____ 英语毕业论文参考范文 学校：_________ 教师：_________ ____年___月___日 （此文内容仅供参考，可自行修改） 第1 页共8 页
英语毕业论文参考范文 内容摘要: 英美文学是我国高校英语专业高年级的一门重要必修课,是学生学习和研究英语语言文化的必要途径。同时它又是一门比较特殊的课程:既不是单纯的历史课,也非纯粹的文学欣赏课,它需要授课教师个人的智慧和学生的积极参与。本文以英美文学的教育价值分析为基础,结合目前英美文学教学中的问题,对英美文学课程的教学方法进行了建设性的探讨。 关键词: 英美文学;教育价值;模式;方法 一、英美文学的教育价值 英美文学是一面镜子,它反映着英语民族的历史与文化,英美文学也是一束光芒,照亮着人们追求真、善、美的路途。英美文学课作为高校英语专业高年级学生的专业必修课,其意义和作用在于通过阅读和分析英美文学作品,深化学生在基础阶段所学的知识,提高学生语言的运用能力,增强对西方文学及文化的了解,培养学生的文学鉴赏力和审美的敏感性,以及敏锐感受生活、认知生活的能力,进而从整体上促进其人文素质的提高。具体来说,开设本教程的目的是直接提高学生的英语语言水平,使学生掌握英语文学和文化知识以及培养学生的人文素养和健全人格。首先,文学是语言的精髓,文学欣赏会直接有助于英语水平的提高。在经过基础的语言教学之后,文学作品的阅读和欣赏无疑是学习外语的一个系统有效途径和必要阶段。文学阅读能使语言学习有质的飞跃。 随着时代的前进,现代社会的多元化发展。弘扬人的主体性成为时代发展的主旋律。因此,在课堂教学过程中,让学生成为教学的主体是现 第 2 页共 8 页
Summary： In the Victorian period, a rural clergyman in England tells Durbeyfield, a simple farmer, that he is descended from the illustrious d'Urberville family, now extinct; or maybe not. Durbeyfield sends his daughter Tess to check on a family named d'Urberville living in a manor house less than a day's carriage ride away. Alec d'Urberville is delighted to meet his beautiful cousin, and he seduces her with strawberries and roses. But Alec is no relation to Tess; he has gotten his illustrious name and coat of arms by purchasing them. Alec falls in love with Tess, seduces/rapes her, and she leaves, pregnant; back at home, the baby dies. Some time later, Tess begins work as a milkmaid, and there she meets her true love Angel Clare. Angel believes her completely innocent. They fall in love, but Angel does not learn of her previous relationship with Alec until their wedding night, and rejects her. Deserted by her husband, Tess meets Alec again, and poverty forces her to resume their relationship. Angel returns from travelling abroad, remorseful at his treatment of Tess, but finds her with Alec. Tess murders Alec in order to run away with Angel. They spend one night of happiness together, before she is arrested.
关于论文结构和格式规范的有关问题，请认真阅读“外国语学院英语本科毕业论文撰写要求”，同时可查阅“MLA格式学位论文写作规范（供查询用）”。（建议：以本范文作为模板，把自己论文的相应部分复制后，以“选择性粘贴”—“无格式文本”的方式，粘贴到范文的相应位置，以保持与范文格式完全一致。）论文单面打印1份，左侧装订（两个钉子）。（这些说明打印时删除） 文学方向的请务必参考此范文（语言学教学、文化类也可参考）。 山东财经大学 本科毕业论文(设计) 范文2 题目：论《诺桑觉寺》的反哥特观念 学院外国语学院 专业英语 班级英语0801（注意原山经、原山财班级名称不同） 学号67 姓名李晓慧 指导教师王俊华 山东财经大学教务处制 二Ｏ一二年五月
山东财经大学学士学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 学位论文作者签名： 年月日 山东财经大学关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解山东财经大学有关保留、使用学士学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留、送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅，学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印或其他复制手段保存论文。日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 指导教师签名：论文作者签名： 年月日年月日
On Anti-Gothicism in Northanger Abbey by Li Xiaohui Under the Supervision of Wang Junhua Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts School of Foreign Studies Shandong University of Finance and Economics May 2012
参考文献 一、翻译理论与实践相关书目 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京：商务印书馆，2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京：外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》（修订本）. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京：世界知识出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海：上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林：吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京：北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京：对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津：天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜承南等，《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆：重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1894-1948）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1949-1983）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津：南开大学出版社. 2006. 方梦之、马秉义（编选）. 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京：旅游教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京：东方出版社, 1993.
英语专业本科毕业论文参考文献规范格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如：Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者. 篇名[J]. 刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1]陈二春、袁志明. 文化移情能力与跨文化意识研究[J]. 四川外语学院学报，2008(3)：138-139. [2]夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999 (3): 62–67. 2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 【举例】 [4]胡文仲. 跨文化交际学概论[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999：42. [5]Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）. 【举例】 [6]李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3). [7] French, W. Between Silences: A V oice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33). 4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [8]伍蠡甫. 西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17. [9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313. [10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.).Teacher Learning in Language Teaching[C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78. 5.学位论文