American Foreign Policy 14

Chapter 9 HistoryRead the following statements and decide whether they are true(T) or false(F).(T)1.America was named after Amerigo Vespucci,who arrived on the new continent after Columbus.(F)2.The Second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia,and the Continental Army and Navy were established under the command of Thomas Jefferson.(T)3.The American Civil War not only put an end to slavery,but also made America a single,indivisible nation.(F)4.Most American people approved of the Vietnam War.(T)5.In 1990,American troops and the troops from allied nations took joint military action in order to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.(F)6.According to the American government,Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden were responsible for the terrorist event on September 11,2001. (T)7.The Bush administration regarded Iraq a nation among the “axis of the evil”.(F)8.On March 20,2003,American and United Nations’ troops,supported by several other countries,began an invasion of Iraq.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. The first successful English colony in North America was foundedat(Jamestown)in(Virginia).2. The Seven Year’s War occurred between(the French and the British).3. “No taxation without representation”was the rallying slogan of(thepeople of the 13 colonies).4. In May 1775,(the Second Continental Congress)was held in Philadelphiaand began to assume the functions of a provisional government.5. Abraham Lincoln issued the(Emancipation Proclamation)to grantfreedom to all slaves.6. The policy of the United States was(neutrality)at the beginning of thetwo World Wars.7. President(Roosevelt)introduced the New Deal to deal with theproblems of the Great Depression.8. The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans,and itcontinued throughout the terms of Presidents(Eisenhower,Kennedyand Johnson).Give brief answers to the following questions.Why did America change its policy and enter World War Ⅱ?The America’s sit-on-the-fence policy changed in 1940.The American government feared that the Axis countries were winning the war,which might threaten America’s security and interests.The Japanese air raid on Pearl Harbor became the direct cause for America’s entrance into World WarⅡ.What were Nixon’s well-known contributions during his presidency?Nixon made three well-known contributions during his presidency:1)ending the U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War;2)reestablishing U.S. relations with China;3)negotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviet Union.State your understanding of the following questions.What was the cause of the American Civil War?The Southern planters of America needed a large number of black African salves to mange their plantations and they regarded the slaves as their property.In the North,with the development of industry,there was a growing demand for free labor.What’s more,the Northerners demanded a law to protect tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads.But the Southerners were against it and advocated free trade so as to purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries.The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the American Civil War.What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War Ⅱ?During the two World Wars,America remained neutral in the early stage.However,Americans continued their profitable trade with the warring countries.Therefore,they not only retained their military forces,but also accumulated great wealth.When America entered the wars,it was almost at the end of the wars.By sharing the fruit of victory with other allies,America greatly strengthened its power and became a powerful country by the endof World War Ⅱ.Chapter 10 GovernmentRead the following statements and decide whether they are true(T) or false(F).(F)1.The Bill of Rights was written into the Constitution in 1787.(T)2.The form of the American government is based on three main principles:federalism,the separation of powers and respect for theConstitution and the rule of law.(F)3.The U.S. Congress consists of two houses:the House of Commons and the House of Lords.(T)4.The judicial branch of the U.S. Federal government consists of a series of courts:the Supreme Court,the courts of appeals and the district courts. (F)5.The Democratic Party is conservative in terms of its ideology.(T)6.The American presidential campaigns adhere to the“winner-takes-all”pratice.(F)7.The American foreign policy throughout World War Ⅱ was neutrality. (T)8.The American foreign policy during the Cold War period was containment and intervention.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. The U.S. Constitution came into effect in(1789).2. The Constitution of the United States(tries to give each branch enoughpower to balance the others).3. The Bill of Rights(guarantees citizens of the United States specificindividual rights and freedom).4. The terms for a Senator and Representative are(six)and(two)yearsrespectively.5. All the following can make legislative proposals EXCEPT(the Secretary ofState).6. The following are all powers of the President EXCEPT(making laws).7. The Supreme Court is composed of(nine)justices.8. The President is directly voted into office by(electors elected by thevoters).Chapter12 Education,Media and HolidaysRead the following statements and decide whether they are true(T) or false(F).(T)cation is governed by state and local governments instead of the national government in America.(T)2.All American children are offered 12 years of compulsory public education.(F)3.After 12 years of schooling,American students receive a bachelor’s degree upon graduation.(T)4.When selecting a college or university,students have a great concern for its size,location and academic quality.(T)ually,an undergraduate student has to earn at least 120 credits to receive a degree.(F)6.Outstanding graduates of Yale university include President Wilson and more than 80 Senators.(F)7.It is The New York Times that first uncovered the Watergate Scandal in 1972.(F)8.Thanksgiving Day falls on the fourth Tuesday in November.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. Formal education in the United States consistsof(elementary),secondary and higher education.2. Of the following subjects,(politics and business education)are NOToffered to elementary school students.3. Higher education in the United States began with the foundingof(Harvard College).4. Of the following,(research institutions)are NOT among the categories ofAmerican higher education.5. To get a bachelor’s degree,all undergraduate students are required todo the following EXCEPT(working for communities).6. (The New York Times)is sold especially to the upper or upper-middleclass and has a reputation for its serious attitude and great bulk.7. Of the following,(the Public Broadcasting Service(PBS))is NOT amongthe major radio and TV networks in America.8. The National Day of the United States falls on(July 4th)each year.Give brief answers to the following questions.How does an American university choose its applicants?American universities choose applicants on the basis of a)their high school records; b) recommendations from their high school teachers; c) the impression they make during interviews at the university ; d) their scores on the SAT.What functions do American higher education institutions perform? Higher education institutions in the United States have three functions:teaching,research and public service,with each college or university having its own emphasis with regard to its functions.What similarities do the four famous universities share?The four universities all have a long history , they all have an excellent faculty , a large number of students and have made extensive academic achievements. Some of their graduates are very successful or influential in some areas such as politics, arts ,business,etc.State your understanding of the following questions.How does an American university choose its applicants?The first ideal of the American educational system is that as many people as possible should receive as much education as possible.The second ideal is producing a society that is totally literate and of local control.The third ideal is that scholars and students should work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known.What functions do American higher education institutions perform?American schools routinely teach the experiences and values of many ethnic cultures.Current textbooks incorporate a variety of ethnic individuals who have achieved success.Struggles for equality are vividly depicted,and past racism is bluntly acknowledge.Cultural pluralism is now generally recognized as the organizing principle of education.Schools at all levels offer students opportunities to learn about different cultures.。

美国文化知识竞赛参考资料（1）Part ⅠDecide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F)：1.Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492. ______.2.By the early 1760s, the 13 English colonies in North America were readyto separate themselves form Europe. ______.3.George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln were regarded as the founding fathers of the United States of America. ______4.When the War of Independence was over, the United States was one unified nation as it is today. ______.5.The agreement that set this plan of cooperation among different states afterthe War of American Independence was called the Constitution of the Uni ted States. ______.6.The US Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government. ______.7.The main duty of the Congress is to make laws, including those which levy taxes that pay for the work of the federal government. ______.8.Under a Constitutional Amendment passed in 1951, a president can be elected to only one term. ______.9.The president has the authority to appoint federal judges, and all such court appointments are subject to confirmation by the House of Representatives.______.10.The 10 very short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of individuals by the government are c alled the Bill of Rights. ______.11.The idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse was first provided in the Federalist Papers. ___ ___.12.Today, the United States has two major political parties. One is the Democratic Party, formed before 1800. The other is the Republican Party, formed in the 1850s, by people in the states of the North and West. ______. 13.Americans have to join a political party in order to vote or to be a candidate for public office. ______.14.Alexander Hamilton was the third president of the United States. ______.15.The first factory in the United States was a cotton textile mill. ______.16.Many people objected to the idea of the corporation because it is less personal than sole proprietorship and partnership. ______.17.The United States’ economy suffered severely from the two World Wars inthe 20th century. ______.18.Many people believe that the economic freedom of capitalism is crucial toAmerica’s economic success. ______.19.When people buy stocks, they become part owner of the company. ______.20.The stockholders make profits even when the company loses money. ______.21.One reason for America’s affluence is that a lot of people have inheritedwealth from their parents. ______.22.Strong domestic demand is one factor contributing to America’s affluence.______.23.Many American leaders have extolled the virtues of farmers. ______.24.Critics of the affirmative action programs are of the opinion that this results in reverse discrimination. ______.25.The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, or GI Bill of Rights, gave veterans priority in finding better jobs. ______.26.American university students have always liked to get degrees that are aimed at preparing them specifically for certain professions. ______.27.One of the things that decides whether all applicant can be accepted by acollege is his／her scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests. ______.rger universities are always better, and more desirable universities are always more expensive. ______.29.It takes at least fours years to get a bachelor’s degree from an institutionof higher learning in the US. ______.30.Segregating blacks into separate schools was unconstitutional after the decision of the Supreme Court in 1954. ______.31.Harvard College was originally founded to train government officials. ______.32.American foreign policy has been swinging between isolationism and interventionism since World War II. ______.33.The Clinton Administration made international peace, economic prosperity and promotion of democracy --the three pillars of American foreign policy.______.34.The founding of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)in 1949 andthe Warsaw Pact in 1955 split the world into two military blocs. And the Cold War began. ______.35.The United States had its first test of the hydrogen bomb in 1953 after the Soviet Union had its such test in 1952. ______.36.Sputniks are man-made satellites made by the Soviet Union. ______.37.When Ronald Reagan became president in 1982, he wanted to beat the Soviet Union in the space technology race and so he initiated the Star Wars project. ______.38.In 1948 President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine, which is generally regarded as the formal declaration of the implementation of the US c ontainment foreign policy. ______.39.After the Korean War, the United States made necessary adjustments and adopted a strategy of contraction. ______.40.At the end of the Second World War, a concrete wall, separating East andWest Berlin, was built which became the symbol of the Cold War. _____ _.41.Super Bowl will decide the champion baseball team of the year in the United States. ______.42.Spectators of American professional sports competitions are interested in eating and entertainment as much as in the game itself. ______.43.Viewers go to stadiums to watch the matches because they can have a clearer view of what is happening. ______.44. A football team scores 3 points for a touchdown. ______.45.The most exciting moment in baseball game is a homerun. ______.46.John Steinbeck’s stories were set in the New England area of the United States. ______.47.Stanford University is located in the state of Massachusetts. ______.48.Yellowstone National Park is the oldest national park in the United States.______.49.The Grand Canyon National Park was established by President “Teddy” Roosevelt. ______.50.In South Dakota, is the unusual artistic project at Mt. Rushmore, where enormous portraits of four US Presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jeffers on, Abraham Lincoln, and F. D. Roosevelt, are sculpted on the mountain.______.。

1.What are the main functions of the British Parliament?They are law-making, authorizing taxation and public expenditures, and examining the actions of the government.2. What was the outcome of the English Civil War?King Charles I was defeated and executed. Then a Commonwealth was declared by Oliver Cromwell and he became the Lord Protector.3. What are the three main Christian festivals in the U.K.? They are Christmas, Easter, and Whit Sunday.4. What was the most important document produced between China and the United States when President Nixon visited China in 1972?It was the Shanghai Communiqué.5. What is the most central function of the U.S. Congress? It is the pass of the law.6. What are the two major parties that dominate American politics at the federal, state and local levels?They are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party7. What are the two official languages used in Ireland?They are Irish (or the Gaelic) and English8. Who are the native people living in Australia?They are the Aboriginals1. When did the recorded history of Britain begin?British recorded history began with the Roman invasion around 55 BC.2. What was the military significance of the destruction of the Spanish Armada for Britain?It showed England's superiority as a naval power.3. How many Members of Parliament does the House of Commons in the U.K. consist of?It consists of 651 Members of Parliament.4. Please write any three of the 13 colonies the British established along the east coast of North America between 1607 and 1733?Virginia, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georgia.5. What are the three branches in the U.S. federal government?They are the legislative, the executive and the judicial branches.6. What does IBM stand for? It stands for International Business Machines.7. On which side did Canada fight during WWⅡ?Canada fought as an ally of Britain (1939-1945).8. What kinds of vegetation are suitable for the hot dry climate in Australia?Small plants such as grasses and shrubs rather than forests are suitable for the hot dry climate in Australia.9. What is partly the reason for New Zealand to have changeable weather and to be often windy?Because New Zealand is an island in southern latitudes, it has changeable weather and it is often windy.10. What was the result of growing Irish nationalism in the early decades of the 20th century?Irish nationalism became stronger and even more violent in the early decades of the 20th century and climaxed in the Eastern Uprising of 1916 in which an Irish Republic was proclaimed.1. What is the official name of Great Britain? The official name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. What does “Oxbridge” refer to in Grea t Britain? It refers to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge.3. What are the responsibilities of British government education departments?They formulate education policies and are also responsible for the supply and training of teachers.4. What does SAT stand for? It stands for Scholastic Aptitude Test, a test taken in the U. S. to measure students’ abilities before their entry into college.5. What are the two most important acts passed in the 1960s that helped to improve the political equality of the black people? The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.6. What is known a s the “winner-take-all” system?The presidential candidate with the highest number of votes in each state wins all the electoral votes of that state.7. What does ACT stand for in Australian political division? It stands for Australian Capital Territory8. Why does New Zealand remain green all the year round? New Zealand native trees are evergreens, so the country remains green all the year round.9. What are the three main groups of settlers living north of 55 degree north latitude in Canada? There are fur trappers, fishers and miners.10. What is the most significant feature of Irish landscape, which covers all the mountains and large areas of lowlands?Bogs remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape.1. What does the British Parliament consist of?It consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons．2. Why is King Alfred known as "the father of the British navy"?Because he founded a strong fleet which first beat the Danes at sea and then protected the coasts and encouraged trade3. Which party did Margaret Thatcher represent in the 1970"s?She represented the Conservative Party4. How was the 1920s in the United States described by many historians?It was described as a period of material success and spiritual frustration and purposelessness．5. What does the term "indentured servants" refer to in American history? It refers to the people who had to work for a fixed term for the masters to repay the cross-Atlantic fare and debts6. What was the most important act passed in 1964 to prohibit discrimination based on color, race, or national origin in places of public accommodation?The Civil Rights Act of l9647. How many provinces and territories is Canada made up of?It is made up of ten provinces and two territories．8. What is Australia also known as in the West?It is also known as the Land Down Under9. What does IRA stand for?IRA stands for Irish Republican Army10. Why is New Zealand considered to be the first country to get the new day?Because it lies just west of the International Date Line and it has one time zone．41. How long was Britain under the Roman occupation?Britain was under the Roman occupation for nearly 400 years.42. What is the main function of the House of Lords in Britain?The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of it’s the process of lawmaking.43. What was the peculiar feature of the feudal system of England?The peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners, whether the tenants-in-chief or subtenants, took the oath of allegiance for the land they held, not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.44. Which sport is regarded as typically English?Cricket is regarded as the typically English of sports45. What are the principal functions of American higher education?The principal functions of American higher education are teaching, research and public service47. Why Americans are always on the move?Americans moves to a new home every year seeking new job opportunities, a better climate or some other goals.48. How will you characterize American foreign policy in the early 1930s?In the early 1930s, the American foreign policy was isolationist.49. What are the main characteristics of Canadian climate?Generally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavorable. Much of Canada has long and cold winters with deep snow.50. Geographically, Australia can be divided into three major regions. What are they?They are the Great western Plateau, the Eastern Highlands and the Central Eastern Lowlands51. On which day does Easter fall? It falls on the first Sunday after the first full moon that coincides with,or comes after,the spring equinox(春分).53. What kinds of courses require five-year study in British universities?The courses that require five-year study in British universities are medical and veterinary(兽医) courses.54. What was King Edward (1042-1066) known as?He was known as Edward"the Confessor"(忏悔者).56. What was the key problem that affected the progress in U.S.-China relations from 1972 to 1979?It was the Taiwan problem.57. What are the most memorable words Lincoln said in a short speech on the occasion of dedicating(奉献) the national cemetery at Gettysburg(葛底斯堡国家公墓) in 1863?He said that "government of the people,by the people,for the people,shall not perish(消亡) from the earth."58. What is the American tradition of laissez faire(什么是美国传统的自由放任政策)?The government should merely preserve order(仅仅维持秩序) and protect property,leaving the control over the economy to the business people.59. What explains the absence of large forests in Australia?The hot dry conditions that are found over most of the continent are suitable for small plants such as grasses and shrubs灌木rather than forests.60. Who is the head of the Australian government?The Queen of England.51. How many political divisions are there in Britain? What are they? England, Scotland, and Wales and Northern Ireland52. What questions did Elizabeth I treat as personal and private?Elizabeth treated 5 questions as personal and private. These were her religion ,her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance. 53. What were the two events in the world which most alarmed the British ruling classes in the closing decades of the 18th century?American war of independence, and the French revolution.54. Which are the five biggest cities in terms of population in the United States?The biggest city is New York, followed by Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, and Philadelphia.55. What are the three branches of the American government?The legislative, the executive and the judicial57. When was the name of the country officially changed to Ireland?In 1937, under a new constitution, the Governor-General was replaced by an elected president and the name of the country was officially changed to Ireland.58. Who are easy to immigrate to Canada now?American59. In terms of land area and population, which is the biggest state and which is the smallest state in Australia?West Australia is the largest state in Australia.Tasmania is the smallest of the Australian states60. What are the two active volcanoes in New Zealand?Ruapehu Ngauruhoewhat was Queen Marry known as? She was known as the “Bloody May” and also remembered as the monarch who lost the last British possession on the continent --- French port of Calais.what did Britain become after the Industrial Revolition? Britain became the “Workshop of the world.”what’s the House of Lords make up? It is made of the Lord s Spiritual and Lords Temporal.what is the most important established Church inBritain?It is the Church of England.what are the characteristics of Ireland’s climate?It can be described as “mild, moist and changeable.”what is mean by “Vietnamization”of the war?It meant that South Vietnamese troops would be war-built up to replace American fighting force.who is the only writer in colonial period still read today?He was Benjamin Franklin.what did the real American Literature begin?It began after the American War of Independence.what is “urban sprawl”?It refers to a city that has grown over a large area of land.where is the vocanic activity in New zealand? The Volcano activity can be found on the central plateau in North Island.who were the Loll ards?They were poor priests and itinerant preachers who were John Wyclif’s followers in the 14th century.which war was relatively smooth,witj no bllodshed,nor any execution of the King in Britain?It is the Glorious Revolution.what is a constitutional monarchy?It is a government system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but does not rule.what is the chief language of instruction in ireland?It is English.which are some of the biggest cities in the U.S?They are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago San Francisco and Philadelphia.who were the Puritans?The Puritans were the members of a Protestant group in England who were wealthy,well-educated and wanted to purify the Church of England.who drafted The Declaration of Independence in the U.S?He was Thomas Jefferson.which three branches is the U.S government divided into?They are the legislative, the executive and judicial.what is adult education also called now?It is also called “continuing education” programs or “lifelong education” programs.what was the consequence of the Seven Year’s War between the British and the French?After the Seven Years’ War, the French were forced to give up every inch of land in North America.what is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots,Welsh,and Wales?The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons while the Scots, Welsh and Wales are Celts.what is the significance of the Norman Comquest?The Norman Conquest ended the English history of being invaded.what is the term “parliament”originally mean?The term “parliament” originally meant a meeting for parley or discussion.what is the ethnic composition of Ireland?In Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic, with a mixture of Norse, French, Norman and English.when was the Declaration of Independence adopted?The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July, 4, 1776.what does the Supreme Court consist of?The Supreme Court at present consists of a Chief Justice and eight Associate Justice.what were the two focuses of the Amreican educational reform in the mid-1980s?.The first was raising the standards of teaching and learning; the second was the restructuring of the schools.when did Canada become a member of the Commonwealth of Nations?Since the Statute of Westminster in 1931, Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.what is the capital of Australia?Canburry is the capital of Australia.which country is the first country to give women the vote?New Zealand is the first country to give women the vote What is Heptarchy? By the end of the 6th century, England was divided into seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria and they have been given the name of Heptachy.How did the Wars of Roses get its name? Its name was coined by Sir Walter Scott: the House of Lancaster was symbolized by the red roses and the House of York, by the white.When did Ireland established diplomastic with CHINA? Ireland established diplomatic relations with China on June 22, 1979.How will you characterize American foreign policy in the early 1930s? American foreign policy in the early 1930s can be characterized as isolationist.What does ‘Vienamization”of the war mean? Vietnamization of the war means building up South Vietnamese troops to replace American fighting force.What are the two serious weakness of the Article of Confederation? There was no national executives orlaw-enforcing branch; neither was there a national court system.Why did Hawthorne attack transcendentalism? Because he considered that “transcendentalism” glorified absolute individualism with no regard for social impact.What was the result of the conflict between the English and Frenche for the valuable fisheries and for trade in 1713? In 1713, Newfoudland, Hudson Bay and Nova Scotia were lost to England.What is the built environment? The built environment refers to those parts of the environment built by people or changed by people.What is another of New Zealand National Day? New Zealand national Day is also called Waitangi Day.what were the names of two great walls built by the Romans?There were the Hadrian’s wall and the Antonine Wall. what was the direct result of the Glorious Revolution?The result was that a constitutional monarchy was last founded in England.what are the established churches in Britain?There are two estabilshed churches of Britain:the Church of England in England,and the Church of Scotland inScotland.who drafted the Declaration of Independence in the U.S.Thomas Jefferson drafted the declaration of the Independence.what is the aim of the New Deal measures?the aim of the New Deal measure was to save American democracy and all the capitalist system.who made a declaration of the U.S containment policy towards the S oviet Union on March 12.1949?Harry Truman made an open declaration of the U.S containment policy towards the Soviet Union on March 12,1949 According to the Constitution,what judicial powder does the President have?he has the power to give reprieves and pardons in federal criminal cases.What does the outback refer to in Australia?it refers to the interior and the centre of the western plateau and its northern plains.what did the first Aborigine of Australia come from and settle on?it is believed that first Aborigines came from Asia and settles on the Northern coast.what is the most potential serious natural disaster in New Zealand?in New Zealand,earthquakes and volcanoes arethe most serious potential natural disasters.what is the main spirit of the Great Charther?the main spirit was to limit the poewers of King. 12why King George IIIwas nicknamed “Farmer George”?George IIIwas so enthusiastic about farming changes at Windsor that he got the nickname Farmer George.wha t are the two provinces of the Church of England?Canterbury and York are the two province’s of the Church of England.what are two official languages in Ireland?the two official languages in Ireland and Irish and England.what is full name of WASPs?the full name of the WASPs is White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.what is tariff protection?Tariff Protection means to get higher import taxes to protcet domestic production.what is the outstanding characteristic of American education?Diversity is considered to be an outstandingcharacterstic of American education.by what Upper Canada and Lower Canada were created?by an Act of 1791 Upper Canada and Lower Canada were created.why is Australia’s New South Wales called the premier state?because it was the first colony estabished by Britain in1778.what called the land disputes between the Maoris and the setters in New Zealand?the land disputes were mainlycaused by the rapid acquisition of Mari land by the the government and pressure by settlersfor direct purchase.How long was Britian under the Roman occupation? For nearly 400 years Britian under the Roman occupation.when did the Queen Victoria become Empress of India?in 1877 Queen Victoria became Empress of India.What is a “copyright” library in Britain?it is a library which is entitled to receive a free copy every book published inthe United Kingdom.Who was the first king to bring all Ireland under English control?Henry VIII was the first king to bring all Irelandunder English controlwhat was Red Scare?Red Scare referred to the large-scale arrests of suspected Communists and radicals betweenNovwhy is education very important to Amreicans?.because it contributes to developing the national strength andpersonal success.what is The waste Land by T.S Eliot considered?the Waste Land is considered the manifesto of the “Lost Generation”.where are the Rocky Mountains and the Coast Mountains located in?they are located in the British Colimbiawhy has Australia always been a continent with few people? Because most of the continent is hot and dry.where is the highest peak in New Zealand?the highest peak ,Mt cook,is in the center of the mountain range ,which iscalled the Southern Alps.how did the Celts invade Britain? the Celts invade Britain in three waves:the Gaels ,the Brythons and the Belgae.what were the two ecents that most alarmed the British ruling classes in the closing decades of the 18thcentury?they were the American War of Independence and the French Revolution.what is the main function of the House of Lords? its the main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of law making.how many public holidays are in Great Britain?there are nine public holidays in Great Britain,such as New Year’sDay ,Bank Holiday,Boxing Day,etcwhat was the turning point of the Civil War?the Getttsbury Victory was the turning point the Civil War.when did the normal U.S – China diplomatic relation establish?in January 1979.what are the two special powders of the Senate?one is to confirm presidential appointments and the other is toratify treaties by a two –thirds vote.what is considered to be the fist real American writing?Franklin’s uncompleted Autobi ographyhow is Australia divided geographically?the Great Western Plateau,the Eastern Highlands and the Central Eastern Lowlands.61. Open University:The Open University is a non-residential university. It is so named because it is open to all to becomestudents. The University was founded in 1969 and began its first courses in 1970. The University offers degree and othercourses for adult students of all ages in Britain and the other member countries of the European Union. It uses a combination of specially produced printed texts, correspondence tuition, television and radio broadcasts and audio/video cassettes.62. The Speaker (of the House of Commons in Britain): The Speaker is a member who is acceptable to all shades of opinion inthe House. In carrying out his or her duties the Speaker is required to be impartial; he or she cannot debate or, as a general rule, vote on a measure, and it is his or her duty to see that all points of views have a fair hearing.63.Muckrakers:Muckrakers refer to a group of reform-minded journalists at the turn of the 20th century, who madeinvestigations and exposed various dark sides of the seemingly prosperous society.64.The stock market crash of 1929: On October 24, 1929, the New York stock market crashed. It was called Black Thursdaybecause it was the beginning of a long economic depression. The Great Depression had far-reaching consequences. It swept through the globe quickly. The rate of unemployment increased rapidly. A great deal of companies and businesses closed and went into bankruptcy. American economy didn't recover until the New Deal was put forward.61.Bank holidays are also called official public holidays. The term "Bank Holiday" goes back to the Bank Holidays Act of 1871,which owes its name to the fact that banks are closed on the days specified.62. A constitutional monarchy is a country in which the head of the state is a king or a queen. In practice, the Sovereignreigns but does not rule.63. The people in the British colonies opposed the unfair treatment by the British government. They declared, "No taxationwithout representation", that is, without their representatives taking part in decision-making, they had no obligation to pay taxes to Britain.64. The U.S. Constitution sets up a federal system of government which has two layers of rule. There is central or federalgovernment for the nation which alone has the power to answer questions that affect the nation as a whole. There are also state and local governments. Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitution61.The Industrial Revolution: It refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economicorganization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize in Europe. 62. The Commonwealth:It is a free association of 50 independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Membernations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation. At present there are 50 members within the Commonwealth (1991).63.Checks and balances:The American government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and thejudicial. Each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. Thi s is called “checks and balances”.64. Electoral College:The electors of all 50 states and the District of Columbia-a total of 538 persons---comprise what isknown as the Electoral College. To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes. 61．Comprehensive schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide—ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district．62．The name of Whigs originated with the Glorious Revolution．It was known by the nickname．It was a derogatory name for cattle drivers．Loosely speaking, the Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists．63．The Puritans were wealthy, well—educated gentlemen．They wanted to purify the Church of England．Dissatisfied with the political corruption in England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritan leaders saw the New World as the refuge provided by God for those He meant to save．64．(War Power Act)It was an act that limited the President’s power in sending troops abroad and required the President to consult Congress before any such decision．51. Stonehenge: Stonehenge was in Wiltshire, constructed before 2000BC. Exactly why it was built is unknown but it musthave had religious and political significance.52.The metropolitan police: The police service for the United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under theHome Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland secretaries. London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of the Home secretary. At the end of 1993 police strength in the United Kingdom was about 28.000 belonged to the Metropolitan Police Force.53.Foreclosure: Foreclosure is the taking away of properties of the debtor as a result of failure to pay interest.54. Chicano:Chicano is Mexican-Americans, the three major Hispanic groups, historically have had the greatest 61.the Chartist Movement A proletarian movement or campaign in the 19th century in England. It was to call for political changes. The People’s Charter was put forward during the movement. But it ended in a failure.Constitutional MonarchyThe United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy: the head of State is a king or a queen.In practice, the Sovereign reigns, but does not rule: the United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign, by His or Her Majesty’s Government---a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into offices, and who are responsible to Parliament.the Bill of Rights of America1.the Bill of Rights—the term used for the first 10 amendments to the Constitution.2. It guarantees: freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and petition, freedom from unreasonable searches, right to jury trial, right to due process of law and other legal rights.the Federal System of AmericaThe federal system: the Constitution set up a federal system of government which has two layers of rule—central or federal government, state and local governments.Multiculturalism----The term multiculturalism was coined in Canada in the late 1960s. It was in official use in Australia by 1973. In other words, under multiculturalism migrant groups are able to speak their own language and maintain their own customs. Multiculturalism as a policy recognizes that social cohesion is attained by tolerating differences within an agreed legal and constitutional framework.The Bill of Rights----In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties. Domesday Book----It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in LondonThe Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案----The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5, when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged.Blood Mary血腥玛丽----It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary.Thatcherism撒切尔主义----The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weaking of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.Waitangi Day----In 1840 the first official governor, William Hobson, was sent to negotiate with Maori leaders. In 1840 Hobson, representing Queen Victoria, and some Maori chiefs, signed the Treaty of Waitangi. Modern New Zealand was founded. The anniversary of the signing, February 6, is celebrated as New Zealand National Day, Waitangi Day, and is a national holiday.。

名词解释：1.the dominant American cultureThe dominant American culture is English-speaking, Western European, Protestant and middle-class in character, with the basic cultural values as freedom, equality and desire to work hard for a higher standard of living.美国的主流文化是讲英语的、西欧的、新教的和中产阶级的，他们的基本文化价值观是自由、平等和渴望为更高水平的生活而努力工作。

2.the Bill of Rights in 1791 (USA)When the constitution was first drawn up in 1787, nothing was mentioned about the rights of individuals. Then, in 1791, the first10 amendments, the well-known Bill of Rights, were created, toguarantee citizens of America specific individual rights and freedoms, such as freedom of speech and press and so on.1787宪法第一次起草时，没有提到个人的权利。

然后，在1791，最初的10项修正案，即著名的权利法案成立，以保障美国公民的具体个人权利和自由，如言论自由和新闻自由等。

3.the implication of “melting pot”and “salad bowl”In the early years the United States is often called a “melting pot”for that various racial and ethnic groups are assimilated into the American culture. However, it is regarded as a “salad bowl”nowadays which means that immigrants of different backgrounds mix harmoniously while at the same time keep their distinct culture and customs.在早期，美国经常被称为“熔炉”，因为各种种族和族裔群体都被同化到美国文化中。

英语国家概况1. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ?2. What are some general characteristics of Scotland ?3. Describe Wales' unification with Great Britain.4. Are there any differences between England and Wales in terms of cultural tradition ?5. Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there?6. What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today?7. Different parties and groups in the United Kingdom have different solutions to the political problem in Northern Ireland. Please sum up their different attitudes.8. Has the author offered a solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland?9. What is the oldest institution of government?10. What is the name of the charter of liberty and political rights granted by King John in 1215?11. Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature? Who is the most important figure in Elizabethan Drama? What are some of his major works?12. What do we call the group of important Parliamentarians?13. Which party forms the government and who becomes Prime Minister?14. What are some of the changes that have take place recently in the Chinese attitude towards sports? How do you account for these changes?15. For how many years is a general election held once in the UK?16. Who can stand for election as an MP?17. What are the three major parties? Which party is the party that spent most time in power?18. Which party does Tony Blair belong to?19. When was the British economy dominant in the world?20. By what time was the UK overtaken by other countries, such as the US and Germany?21. Which country does it refer to as "the Jewel in the Crown"? When did it gain its independence?22. What are some of the positive and negative effects of non-white immigrants on British society according to the author?23. What is the general situation of racial relations in the UK?24. Why is Geoffrey Chaucer, who wrote in Middle English, still read and studied today?25. When was the term "parliament" first used officially?26. The author says that "the media are central to British leisure culture", why does the author say so?27. What are some of the characteristics of British newspaper culture? In what way is it different from the United States?28. Is the British press free from the government control and censorship? What is the relationship between the British press and politics or business?29. How does the BBC operate? How is it different from American broadcasting systems?30. What are some of the features of Romantic Literature?31. What is Modernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?32. What is Postmodernism? Can you illustrate your points with specific books as examples?33. How has the Christian church influenced British sports? Please pick up some examples from the text.34. What is the origin of football?35. How is the violence of "football hooligans" related to the British history of football?36. Why is cricket very English? Why does the author believe that cricket was associated with a set of English moral values?37. Christmas is the biggest and best-loved British holiday? How do the British celebrate thisholiday?38. How do the British celebrate the Queen's Birthday? What is the origin of this holiday?39. Bonfire Night is one truly English holiday. How and why do the English celebrate this holiday?40. How do the Protestants and Catholics celebrate their own holidays in Northern Ireland? What traditions are behind their celebrations?41. How is Hogmanay celebrated in Scotland? What other festivals are celebrated in Scotland?42. Which are the two most important and famous universities in Britain?43. What is the goal of education in the U.K.?44. Is the British education system run by the state or the private sector?45. Where do British universities receive their funds besides students tuition?46. Why does the author say that "the way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society"?47. What are the four main types of home in Britain? How do they reflect the cost and status of homes? What are some of the major types of home in China?48. How are people in the UK divided into different classes?49. Is the class system similar with the United States?50. What and how did the British empire end? How did the British react to this reality?51. What are the foundations of Britain's foreign policy?52. How is Britain's foreign policy made? Does the government's foreign policy represent the desires of British citizens?53. Why does the author say that the decision to join the EC was and remains controversial in Britain?54. Why does the author think that Britain has the "special relationship" with the United States? Does this relationship still exist?55. What are some of the general characteristics of Australia in terms of land, people and culture?56. Discuss the climate in Australia. What are some of the major differences between Australia and China in terms of the climate?57. What are the six states of Australia? What are some of the major similarities or differences in terms of population, early settlement and economy in the six states?58. Can you point out some main differences between the Australian government system and the British government system?59. Discuss the Australian education system. What are some of the features in the system that are specifically Australian?60. What are some of the distinct features of New Zealand's geography? Find out similarities and differences in terms of geography between New Zealand and Australia.61. What are some of the similarities between New Zealand and Britain in the government system?62. How did modern development in Europe influence the settlement of North American colonies?63. What was the unique American phenomenon ? How did it come into being? Do you think it still exists in today's American society?64. In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?65. What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fundamentally different?66. What is the Bill of Rights? Do you think that it was necessary to write the Bill of Rights explicitly into the U.S. Constitution?67. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? Was it necessary to change the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution for the new nation of the United States at the time?68. What is a federal system? What are some of the major differences between a federal system and a confederation?69. What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other?70. It is known to all that buying and selling stocks is a risky business. Why do you think there are still so many people involved in it?71. What promotes the diversity in American religion?72. In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States?73. What is the relationship between government and religion in America?74. What are some of the features in religion that are particularly American? What are some of the major differences between American religion and religion in Europe?75. What is the main theme in American literature according to the author? How does the author illustrate his point?76. Why did Mark Twain win so many readers both at home and abroad?77. What are the major characteristics of education in America?78. What are some of the major themes in novels written by the "Lost Generation"?79. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education.80. What does an American student learn?81. What were the major social movements of the 1960s? And what was the historical background of the social movements of that decade?82. The black political movement that began as a force for integration changed course in the mid-1960s and began to emphasize black uniqueness and even black separatism. What caused this transformation?83. Draw analogies between the black revolution and the women's movement. What common assumptions do they share?84. The author says that the United States was founded on the principle of human equality, but in practice the nation has fallen far short of that ideal. Illustrate this point with what you have learned from this book.85. What does poverty mean in the United States ? Why is poverty a social problem in America?86. Why does the author emphasize that the invention of one technology has to be supported by a number of related technologies which form a supporting system? Give examples.87. When are the American football matches held?88. Why did a musical form of black origin gain acceptance in all classes in America and spread throughout the country?89. What are the contributions made by Louis Armstrong to the early jazz music?90. Why Canada is regularly rated as having the best standard of living in the world?91.What is the distinct feature in Canadian modern literature?92. Discuss the similarities and differences in the government systems between the U.K. and Canada.93. What are some of the characteristics of the Canadian party system?94. What are some of the things that make Canada a unique and interesting country?95. How do you understand "multiculturalism"?96. Why do you think the author says that Canada has avoided the worst excesses of intolerance and prejudice?97. What is the Canada's Place in the World Economy?98. Do you think the Canadian government should subsidize the inefficient Canadian farmers or import foodstuff from neighbouring American states?99. Why is the idea of survival thought of as the central symbol of Canadian literature? What does cultural survival mean in Canadian literature?100. What are the major reasons for Canada's active role in international organizations? And how does Canada play its active role?外国语学院：曾倩英语国家概况（1）（2）问题库答案1. British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain's shores….2. Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. Thus it is not a big leap for the Scottish to imagine themselves independent again.Physically, Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas of sparsely populated mountains and lakes in the north (The Highlands), and in the south (The Southern Uplands). Three-quarters of the population lives in the lowland zone which spans the country between these two highland areas. The largest city is Glasgow, in the west of this zone. Scotland's capital city is Edinburgh, on the east coast forty miles away from Glasgow. It is renowned for its beauty, and dominated by its great castle on a high rock in the centre of the city. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century.3. Wales was always under pressure from its English neighbours, particularly after the Norman conquest, when Norman barons set up castles and estates in Wales under the authority of the English Crown. Some brief campaigns are the only times in history when Wales has existed as a unified independent nation.4.Y es, there are. The close long-standing relationship means that modern Wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses—its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England. Often official statistics are given for "England and Wales". However, Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that difference is the Welsh language—the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use.5. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, andone of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.6. Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.7. Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".8. The problem lay in the "commitment to peaceful methods" aspect of the possible talks. Province-wide elections are planned under a complex formula to ensure a wide range of representation on the body which will carry out these talks, in an attempt to give them legitimacy. Without the participation of Sinn Fein and the IRA it is hard to see them succeeding. Northern Ireland is poised on the brink—a new peaceful future, or a return to the violence that has claimed 3150 lives so far.9. The oldest institution of government is the Monarchy (rule by the king).10. It was a gang of feudal barons and the Church which opposed some of King John's (1199—1216) policies. This opposition was so powerful that the king finally granted them a charter of liberty and political rights, still known by its medieval Latin name of Magna Carta. Magna Carta placed some limits on the king's ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as Britain's key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.11. Shakespeare is the most important figure at that time. He excels in each kind. The tragedies include Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. Among the comedies are The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, and The Tempest. His history plays, based on English history, include Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V.Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra are tragedies on classical themes.12. The House of Commons.13. The party that wins most votes in general election and the leader of this winning party would become Prime Minister.14. They more and more like sports….15. For five years.16. Anyone who is eligible vote to can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds (a quite easily obtainable amount in the UK) which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.17. There are three major national parties: The Conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there is a third important party, the Liberal Democrats, who usually receive up to about 20% of the votes: not enough to form a government, but enough to have a big impact on which of the other two parties does so. The Conservative Party spent most time in power18. Tony Blair belong to Labor Party.19. By the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world, producing one third of the world's manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, half its cotton.20. But even by 1900 this was no longer the case, the UK having been overtaken by both the United States and Germany; and certainly from 1945 until the present, the story of the UK economy is usually thought of as one of decline.21. India, popularly known as "The Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire, gained its independence in 1947.22. This has a number of consequences for British society, mainly positive, though with some indirect negative effects. On the positive side such immigrant groups bring their culture with them,which increases the variety and interest within British culture: for example, the UK, which used to have a bad reputation for food, now has a cuisine as varied as any, with Indian and Chinese restaurants in every community, as well as many other varieties in bigger cities. This variety in restaurant food has resulted in more experimentation at home, so that shops now carry a much wider variety of goods to supply the demand, and there are many TV programmes and books devoted to all kinds of different cooking. The negative side of things lies largely in the attitude of some of their white neighbours.23. While there is a growing ethnic minority middle-class, and many individual success stories, by most measures the immigrant population is worse-off economically speaking than the white population as a whole. Individuals from ethnic minorities are more likely to be unemployed; and they are under-represented in politics too, though there are now a number of black and Asian MPs. But there are also a number of small political parties in the UK with overtly racist policies.24. With the Norman Conquest in 1066 Britain entered the Middle Ages (1066—1485), and the language of the royal court became French. So literature of that period was written in French or Latin. But one work from these times often studied today by middle school and college students is The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1343—1400). He was the first court poet to write in English.25. The word "parliament" comes from the verb "to parley", that is, to discuss or talk. The term was first used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money.26. On an average day, 90 per cent of Britons over the age of 15 read a national or local paper. And in the evening, most Britons settle down to watch some television: 96 percent of the population watch TV at least once a week, making it Britain's most popular leisure activity. The third most popular pastime, after watching telly and reading newspapers, is listening to the radio, an activity in which 73 per cent of the population engages in on a weekly basis. It is obvious, then, that the media are central to British leisure culture.27. British newspaper culture is unusual in the extent to which class and educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people read. In other developed countries like Japan and the United States, newspaper reading is a mainly middle-class habit, but in Britain the "lower classes" are also regular readers.28. While officially speaking the British press is "free" from government control and censorship and can print what it likes, there are limits to what will appear in the daily paper.29. The British Broadcasting Corporation - more familiarly known as the BBC or even "the Beeb" - is Britain's main public service broadcaster The BBC is funded by licence fees and viewers must buy a license each year for their TV set.30. Roughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature's romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason, which marked the 18th century. Perhaps the rather violent and ugly world about them drove 19th-century writers to a literary refuge.31. Modernism in literature can be seen as a reaction against the nineteenth century forms discussed above, which can be thought of as assuming understanding between writer and reader, resulting in the simple communication of an agreed version of the "world". This approach to writing is known as "Realism." Instead, Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often, therefore, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action….32. Postmodernists can be thought of as abandoning that search. Meaning does not exist outside of the human head, likewise it does not exist inside a book, waiting to be discovered, instead it is made in the process of reading a book, or of making sense of the world….33. Tennis was invented in Britain and it owes its origins, literally, to the Church. Church records indicate that by the mid-fifteenth century, people were making a game of bouncing a ball off the side of their local churches or cathedrals, first using the hand, and later a racquet. This was called "tenys". Such antics sometimes offended the clergy who complained that the dignity and tranquility of the church was shattered by such games, but they also illustrate how central the church was to community life.34. There are legends that suggest that games like football and rugby actually derived from the "sport" of ancient warriors celebrating victory by kicking around the decapitated head of an enemy.There is a similar grisly tale told about origins of bowling: it is said that in ancient times, Scottish warriors rolled the skulls of their enemies along the grass for sport.35. Today, violence is still associated with football. "Football hooligans", supporters of rival teams, sometimes clash before, during and after matches and occasionally run riot through the town, breaking windows and beating each other up. Some football fans paint their faces and sing or chant football songs and it is not too difficult to imagine their warrior-ancestors.36. As generations of public school boys grew up to become the civil servants and rulers of the UK and its colonies, cricket became associated with a set of moral values, in particular the idea of "fair play" which characterised British government. Sir Ian Bancroft, a high level civil servant in the 1980s, remembered that when he began his career in Whitehall, one day his government minister was so angry that he threw the telephone at him. Sir Ian said he knew exactly how to respond: "having played cricket I was able to catch it and hand it back to him politely."37. Y es. Nowadays, Christmas is celebrated by most Britons by exchanging gifts and Christmas cards, preparing holiday foods, and decorating homes and workplaces with coloured lights, Christmas trees and ornaments.38. One of Britain's most impressive and colourful festivals happens on the second Saturday in June when the Queen's Birthday is officially celebrated by "trooping the colour" around Buckingham Palace in London.39. The English do not celebrate their famous writers or battles or patron saints, although they have all these things. However, one truly English holiday is Bonfire Night—sometimes called Guy Fawkes Night—celebrated in the early autumn.40. Another festival which comes from the 17th century battles between Catholics and Protestants is the Protestant celebration of their victory at the Battle of the Boyne (12 July) in 1690. Northern Irish Catholics celebrate the birthday of the patron saint of Ireland, St Patrick, on March 17 each year.41. While most British people welcome the coming of the New Y ear with parties, in Scotland, New Y ear's Eve called Hogmanay (31 December)—is the major winter celebration, and overshadows Christmas (called Y ule in Scotland) which is a very quiet affair. How Hogmanay iscelebrated varies throughout Scotland, but one widely practised custom is "first footing". There is a superstitious belief that the first person to cross the threshold of a household in the New Y ear can bring luck and prosperity: the appearance of a young, preferably dark haired and handsome man, is considered particularly lucky. First footers often bring a bottle of spirits, alcohol, a lump of coal or a peat as a gift and are given a "dram of whisky" as their reward.42. Cambridge University and Oxford University.43. The goal of British education is to socialize children.44. The British education system run by the state.45. In the UK, the amount of funding each university receives is based on its size, the number of students it teaches, and the research it conducts. So far, the UK has only one privately funded university, the University of Buckingham.46. For individual members of any society the home they live in is of great importance in their lives. The way the living arrangements of a society as a whole are organized tells us something about that society—its standard of living, its social and familial structure, the distribution of wealth in a society—both in terms of geography and social hierarchy—and even something about that society's values and dreams.47. There are, broadly speaking, four main types of home. The first kind are "flats" (or apartments), of varying size, often in modern multi-storey purpose-built buildings, though sometimes made by sub-dividing big old houses. Flats are often publicly owned. The second kind are "terraced" houses: that is, individual two-storey houses built joining on to each other at each side in a terrace or row. The second kind are "terraced" houses: that is, individual two-storey houses built joining on to each other at each side in a terrace or row; the fourth one is “detached.”48. The British people are divided into classes economically, culturally, educationally and etc.49. What is distinctive about the British class-system, and which marks it as different from the American or Chinese social structure, is that it has also retained a hereditary aristocracy.50. Two world wars had seriously influenced its empire position. The end of the great British empire was surprisingly rapid. In 1946, Jordan, in the Middle East, was granted independence.The following year, India and Pakistan followed suit. In 1948, Burma and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) were granted independence and left the Commonwealth as well, refusing to recognise the British monarch as the head of their new states. Throughout the next few decades, the process of decolonisation continued as other territories and possessions received their independence or were returned to their rightful rulers.51. The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history.52. The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain's foreign policy. The main government department involved is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government's decisions.53. The decision to join the EEC was very controversial; and today, Britain's participation in the European Union, as it is now called, remains controversial. At the centre of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear what the European Union(EU) is and what it will become. The UK has always been very interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.However, the UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty (that is, its control over national decision-making) to a European government.54. Another major factor which influences British foreign policy is its relationship with the United States. This was quite natural, as the two were closely allied during World War II, and continued to work together closely in the post war years because they shared many of the same worries about the Soviet Union. Even today, in many respects British and American policy-makers agree generally on, for example, how the global economy should be managed, how a warlike state should be dealt with, issues about arms control and so on.55. Australia is the world's smallest continent and largest island, a relatively young nation established in an ancient land. Its development represents a triumph over remoteness and a harsh landscape…56. Australia is the driest inhabited continent and its rainfall varies extremely geographically and。

Name: KalyClass: Education 1Date: July 3rd, 2014The Origin and Essence of Monroe Doctrine---American’s Development of Expansionism Nowadays, America has become a superpower in the world, The Declaration of Independence in 1776 announced a new nation’s birth. However, with a pitiful history of only about 270 years, America stands firm in the family of nations. We cannot deny the fact that any new nation, at the beginning of its foundation will be under great pressure from the whole world. And America is no exception. Throughout the history of America, the Monroe Doctrine plays an important role in its progress. From isolationism to the expansionism, there are trace of the Monroe Doctrine. Even in the 21st century it also has the unique influence on America foreign policy.With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the governments whohave declared their independence and maintained it, and whoseindependence we have... Acknowledged, we could not view any interpositionfor the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner theirdestine by any European power in any other light than as the manifestationof an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.(Monroe Doctrine) From the doctrine, we can perceive that it expressed a spirit of solidarity with thenewly independent republics of Latin America. And at that specific time, those nations ,in turn recognized their political affinity with the United States by basing their new constitutions, in many instances, on the North American model.During the opening decades of the 19th century, Central and South America turned to revolution. And the American people took a deep interest in what seemed a repetition of their experience in breaking away from European rule. At the same time, the Latin American independence movements confirmed their own belief in self- government. And also at just this point, Russia, Prussia and Austria formed an association called the Holy Alliance to protect themselves against Latin America revolutions. All of these added to the background of Monroe Doctrine. So, President Monroe took the occasion of his annual message to Congress to pronounce what would become known as the Monroe Doctrine --- the refusal to tolerate any further extension of European domination in the Americans.Non-colonization, Non-intervention, America for Americans are the three basic principles of Monroe Doctrine. And the essence of the doctrine was America for Americans , which later became a cornerstone of the US foreign policy. However, with the development of the New World , the Monroe Doctrine needed a broader interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.Non-colonization, to some extent, does not mean anti-colonization. This principle was announced by America, when she did not have enough power to compete with the European countries, especially the Holy Alliance. We can draw a conclusion that the basic spirit of this principle is maintaining the current situation of the Americancolonies, not completely denying the colonialism.Non-intervention , it includes two aspects: Non-intervention and intervention. Non-intervention indicates non-intervention of America in European affairs and also European in American colonies. And intervention indicates the America to the affairs of American colonies. So, when we interpret the Non-intervention like this, it is not difficult to understand American’s expansi onism and power politics in the American colonies (Luo,rongqu P199).Also the last one, America for Americans is the foundation of the former two principles. Well, if we understand it as though the American continent is for all the people there, maybe that is not exactly true. If we say the American continent is just for American people, that will be better. So, the claims of the Monroe Doctrine, to some extent, is the initial theoretical preparation for American’s fighting for the supremacy in West Hemisphere.And when America entered the 21st century, the Secretary of State John Forbes Kerry announced that the era of Monroe Doctrine had ended. Maybe we should have a deep thinking about it: Can the Monroe Doctrine be truly ended? With the global system of fission and the spring up of regionalism, both America and other Latin America are trying to redefine their relationship. However, with the balance of power not changing, the Monroe Doctrine still plays a very crucial role in America.The Monroe Doctrine is a very important and famous foreign policy in the history of US diplomacy. And it also has a deep impact on the American foreign policy since published. Because it witnesses the country from a small union to the today’ssuperpower nation in the world. And it also witnesses American’s power and ambition. Although we can not exactly anticipate where it will lead America, the influence of it has been witnessed by people all around the world.Works citedGuan.Qi, trans. American A Narrative History 4. By Tindall, George Brown, and David Emory Shi. 2012.Luo, RongQo 罗荣渠. Meiguo LIshi Tonglun 美国历史通论(A General survey of American History). Beijing: Peking UP, 2009.Liu, Jun, trans. America The Last Best Hope. By William J. Bennett.Mao, LiQun 毛立群. Meilijian Wenming 美利坚文明(American Civilization). 2010. Xu, LiZhi 许鲁之. Xinbian Yingmei Gaikuang 新编英美概况(Understanding the US and the UK). 2012Zhang, Ke 张克. Meiguonexieshier 美国那些事儿(American History). Beijing.2010。

完整word版英语国家概况谢福之课后答案全部2word⽂档良⼼出品判断题Chapter 11.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country. (F)2.The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales and flows through western England.(T)3.Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language. (F)4.In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part of Britain.(F)5.Although the climate in Britain is generally mild, the temperature in northern Scotland often falls below -10℃in January .(F)6.The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons.(T)7.The Celtic people were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain.(T)th English evolved into what is now described as Modern English from the late 168. century.(F)Chapter 21.British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T)th century.(T)The Anglo-Saxons came to Britain in the 52.3.The chief or king of the Anglo-Saxons tribes exercised power at their own will. (F) th century.(T)The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 84.5.HenryⅡbuilt up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T)6.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F)7.The Hundred Years'War (1337-1453) was a series of wars fought between the British and the Vikings for trade and territory.(F)8.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions, Queen ElizabethⅠactually defended the fruit of the Reformation.(T)Chapter 31.Conventions are regarded less important than the statutory law in the working of the British government.(T)2.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.(F)3.In reality, the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(F)4.The British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.(F)5.The members of the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.(F)6.The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.(T)7.Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(F)8.The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law, organization and practice.(T)Chapter 41.British was the first industrialized nation in the world.(T)12.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the post-war period.(T)3.Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain after World WarⅡ.(F)4.Thatcher's revolution turned out to be a great success in dealing with all the British economic and social problems.(F)5.The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair was different from that of the old Labor Party and the Conservative Party.(T)6.Blair made the Bank of England independent in order to separate politics from economic policy.(T)7.Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.(F)8.Nuclear power is one of the major energy source in Britain.(T)Chapter 51.The British government has been responsible for education since the early1800s.(F)/doc/cfa3e9fccd7931b765ce0508763231126fdb7799.html cation in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and15.(F)3.The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and the independent system.(F)4.When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a national GCSE examination.(T)5.Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous universities than those from independent schools.(T)6.The Times is the world's oldest Sunday newspapers.(F)7.The BBC World Service broadcasts only in English throughout the world.(F)8.Some British holidays are celebrated to mark important events in the Christian calendar, and some others are related to local customs and traditions.(T)Chapter 81.The eastern highlands formed by the Appalachians hold one third of the country's continental territory.(F)2.The climate in the United States can be classified as temperate,with some mild subtropical and tropical zones.(T)3.Almost through the middle of the United States, north to south,runs a well--known 50-centimeter rainfall line.(T)4.New York is the commercial and financial center of the United States , and it is composed of five boroughs including Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Staten Island, and Queens.(T)5.San Francisco is the second largest city after New York and the world famous Hollywood and Disneyland are located here.(F)6.During the 1830s and 1840s, many northern Europeans and Irish immigrants cameto America.(T)7.Almost half of the immigrants coming to the United States in the 1980s were Asians.(T)8.Basic American cultural values are freedom, equality and desire to work hard fora higher standard of living.(T)2Chapter 91.America was named after Amerigo Vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after Columbus.(T)2.The second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, and the Continental Army and Navy were founded under the command of Thomas Jefferson.(F)3.The Civil War not only put an end to slavery, but also decided that America was a single, indivisible nation.(T)4.Most American people approved of the Vietnam War.(F)5.In 1990, American troops and the troops from allied nations launched Operation Desert Storm in order to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.(T)6.According to the American administration, Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden were responsible for the terrorist event on September11,2001.(F)7.The America government regarded Iraq a nation among the axis of evil.(T)8.On March 19,2003,American and United Nation's troops, supported by several other countries, began an invasion of Iraq.(F)Chapter 101.The Bill of Rights was written into the Constitution in 1787.(F)2.The form of American government is based on three main principles: federalism, the separation of powers, and respect for the Constitution and the rule of law.(T)3.The U.S. Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and it consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords.(F)4.The judicial branch of the federal government consists of a series of courts: the Supreme Court, the courts of appeals and the district courts.(T)5.The Democratic Party is conservative in terms of its ideology.(F)6.The American presidential campaign adheres to the winner-take-all practice.(T)7.The American foreign policy throughout the World War II was neutrality.(F)8.The American foreign policy during the Cold War period was containment and intervention.(T)Chapter 111.America is the world's largest industrial nation.(T)2.In the U.S. Constitution, the recognition of the importance of intellectual property could be identified.(T)3.Although slavery was abolished as a result of the Civil War, the owners of plantation in the South made more profits from selling their agriculture products.(F)4.President Roosevelt's New Deal had little effect in dealing with the economic crisis in the early 1930s.(F)5.The 1960s was a period of consolidation for the American businesses.(F)6.American agricultural exports outweigh imports, leaving a surplus in theagricultural balance of trade.(T)7.Auto production is one of the important sectors in American manufacturing industry.(T)8.The world economy has little to do with the growth and decline of the American foreign trade.(F)Chapter 123/doc/cfa3e9fccd7931b765ce0508763231126fdb7799.html cation is governed by state and local governments instead of the national government in America.(T)2.All American children are offered 12 years of compulsory public education.(T)3.After 12 years of schooling, American students receive a bachelor's degree at graduation.(F)4.When selecting a college or university, undergraduate students have a great concern for its size, location and academic quality.(T)/doc/cfa3e9fccd7931b765ce0508763231126fdb7799.html ually, an undergraduate student has to earn 120 credits to receive a degree.(T)6.Yale university is the second eldest institution of higher learning in the United States.(F)7.It is The New York Times that first uncovered the Watergate Scandal in 1972 through the efforts of two reporters.(F)8.Thanksgiving Day falls on the fourth Tuesday in November.(F)选择题Chapter 1 ABDC DACC1.The two main islands of the British Isles are .A. Great Britain and IrelandB. Great Britain and ScotlandC. Great Britain and WalesD. Great Britain and England2.is the capital city of Scotland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff3.Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, is the smallest.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northern Ireland4.English belongs to the group of Indo-European family of languages.A. CelticB. Indo-IranianC. GermanicD. Roman5.The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of words to English.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek6.The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish7.Samuel Johnson's dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of .A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD. pronunciation8.At present, nearly of the world's population communicate in English.A. halfB. a quarterC. one thirdD. one fifthChapter 2 DDCC ABAC1. The attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic2.By the late 7th century, became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3.The marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law44.The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of .A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster5.The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII's effort to .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over thechurch6.The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between .A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians7.was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta8.The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the century. th D. 20 C. 19th A. 17th B. 18th Chapter 3 CDBA BBDC1. The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three of the following branches with the exception of the .A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive2.The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on .A. passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude3.As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to the House of Commons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect4.is at the center of the British political system.A. The CabinetB. The House of LordsC. The House of CommonsD. The Privy Council5.The main duty of the British Privy Council is to .A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet6.Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party7.The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and .A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism8.In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixChapter 4 ACDC DBAC1. The in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem2.Of the following practices, does not belong to Thatcher's social welfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions3.The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects except . 5A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequalityBritain has devoted 4.of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D.84%Britain's important fishing areas include all the following except 5. .A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain andIrelandCoal mining industry in Britain provides 6.of the energy consumed in the country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/3The car industry in Britain in mostly 7. .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD.privately-ownedOf the following sectors in Britain, 8.has experienced spectacular growth since the end of Word War II.A. agricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD. manufacturing industry Chapter 5 DCBB CCDA1. In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s2.About of British children receive primary and secondary education through theindependent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%3.Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receive their remaining funds from all the following sources except .A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD. corporate contributions4.To be admitted to the Open University, one need .A. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD. General National Vocational Qualifications5.Among Britain's quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “Big Three”with the exception of .A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph6.Life on Earth is a kind of program produced by the BBC and is popular among 500million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soap opera7.is Britain's top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB8.The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except .A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen's Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomimeChapter 8 BCAB CDAD1. The U. S. lies in North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, the Atlantic to its and the Pacific to its .A. northern, east, westB. central, east, west6C. southern, west, eastD. western, east, west2. The continental United States has statesA. 50B. 49C. 48D. 353.The state of is the largest in area of all the states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida4.The largest river in the U. S. is .A. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Colorado River5.Some of the world famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MIT are located in .A. the SouthB. the WestC. New EnglandD. the Midwest6.San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego all belong to .A. MontanaB. UtahC. MaineD.California7.The Immigrants Act of 1924 restricted the further immigration into the United States, particularly from .A. EuropeB. AsiaC. AfricaD. South America8.The characteristic of the dominant American culture is .A. English-speaking, northern European, Roman Catholic and middle-classB. English-speaking, western European, Roman Catholic and upper-classC. English-speaking, northern European, Protestant and upper-classD. English-speaking, western European, Protestant and middle-classChapter 9 CCDB CACD1. The first successful English colony in North America was founded at in .A. Jamestown, LouisianaB. Boston, Massachusetts。

1. Why did William I have the Domesday Book compiled?In order to have a reliable record of all his lands, his tenants and their possessions and to discover how much they could be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book.2. What is the impact of the Wars of the Roses on feudalism in England?Feudalism received its death blow. No less than 80 nobles of royal blood were killed in the wars. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power became supreme.3. In what way is Church of England uniquely related to the Crown?In that the Sovereign must be a member of that Church and as ‘Defender of the Faith’ must promise on his accession to uphold it.4. What was the Compromise of 1850?The Compromise of 1850 was an arrangement which kept a balance between free and slave states in the Senate.(参议院)5. What are the two most important acts passed in the 1960s that helped to improve the political equality of the black people?The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the V oting Rights Act of 1965.6. What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?There was no national executive to enforce the laws and there was no national court system and Congress had no power to tax, nor to regulate trade between states.7. Why did Ireland refuse to join in WW II?Ireland kept out of World War II to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British.8. What happed to the French colony after the Seven Years’ War?After the Seven Y ear s’ War, the French were forced to give up every inch of land in North America and the whole of Canada came under the British rule.9. Into what political divisions is Australia separated? List the names of the states and territories.Australia is politically divided into six states and two territories. The six states are New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. The two territories are the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory.10. How could you describe the Climate in New Zealand?The climate of New Zealand is generally temperate, but because the county runs north and south, the climate varies from the south to north.1. What is the significance of the Hundred Y ears’ War?The expulsion of English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; the superior size and wealth of France would certainly have hindered 妨碍the development of a separate English national identity, while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.2. Name two of the tragedies written by Shakespeare.Romeo and Juliet; Hamlet.3. How many provinces does the Church of England have?The Church of England has two Provinces: Canterbury and Y ork.4. How will you characterize American foreign policy in the early 1930s? American foreign policy in the early 1930s can be characterized as isolationist.5. What is the characteristic of the American economy?The American economy is characterized by a high degree of monopoly.6. What is the guiding principle of community college?The guiding principle of community college is higher education for everyone and the philosophy that equality must mean equal opportunity for self-realization and for recognition of individual differences.7. What are the two official languages used in Ireland?They are Irish and English.8. In what way does Quebec different from the other provinces of Canada?It has a strong French culture.9. Why does Australia’s New South Wales called the premier (最早的)sate? Because it was the first colony established by Britain in 1788.。

美国国务卿约翰·克里在弗吉尼亚大学英语演讲稿Thank you. Thank you very, verymuch. Thank you. Good morning. Thank you for anextraordinarily warm wele,Charlottesville. I am really honored to be here.Senator Tim Kaine, thank youvery, very much for your generous words of introduction.Tim, as he mentioned,has only been on the Foreign Relations Committee, I guess now for atotal of afew weeks, but I can, based on his testimony a moment ago, positively mendhimon his voting record. (Laughter and applause.) He’s really – he’s foundhimself new jobsecurity too, because here in Virginia you have a single-termgovernor for four years, so he hastraded one single four-year term for asix-year term with potential extension. (Laughter.) Sogiven the fact that Itraded the several extensions for a four-year term and then I’m finished,maybehe knows something and I ought to be listening to him. (Laughter.) I could learna thingor two from him.We didn’t overlap for long, but Iwant to tell everybody here that we know each other prettywell from service asa Lieutenant Governor and when he was Governor of the state. I wasLieutenantGovernor of my state, so we have that in mon before being senators.I’ll tell you a quick story. AndI don’t know what you do in Virginia as Lieutenant Governor,but inMassachusetts, once upon a time Calvin Coolidge was Lieutenant Governor. And hewas ata dinner party, and his dinner partner turned to him and said, “What doyou do?” And he said, “Well, I’m Calvin Coolidge. I’m Lieutenant Governor ofMassachusetts.” And she said, “Ohwow,that must be really interesting. Tell meall about the job.”And he said, “I just did.” (Laughter.)So I trust, becausethey embraced you and me, we made something more out of it.But I have huge admiration forthe path that Tim Kaine has followed. I know his sense ofwhat America means tothe world was fed in the early days that Congressman Hurt referredto abouthis missionary work, the Catholic missionary working in Honduras, just helpingotherpeople to live healthier lives. And I know, because two weeks after theelection, Tim called meand he asked if he could serve on the Foreign RelationsCommittee. Well, in the Senate, I willtell you, you don’t always get thosecalls. People who step forward and volunteer in that way ona mittee thatdoesn’t have the opportunity to bring bacon back home and perhaps deliverit aseasy a reelection. So I know that in Tim Kaine, Virginia has a senator who’sgoing to makehis mark on that mittee,and he’s going to make the mark foryour monwealth and ourcountry,and we’re grateful for your service, Tim.Thank you very, verymuch. (Applause.)I also am particularly gratefulfor Congressman Robert Hurtbeing here today. I have leftpartisan politics andit’s wonderfulfor me to be able to wele people in the pletespiritofnonpartisanship, not just bipartisan, butnonpartisanship. And I’m particularlygrateful to himfor hisservice in the state legislature, in both houses, nowin the House,and I’m confidentfrom the words you expressed andtheconversation we had, you’re going to make yourcontributiontoo. And I thankyou for your presence here today. (Applause.)President Sullivan, thank you somuch for weling me here to this historic, remarkablecampus. I just feastedon the view as I walked across the lawn with President Sullivan, and Ihave tosay you all are very lucky to go to school here. (Laughter.) It is an honor tojoin you hereon Grounds – (laughter and applause) – this very, very beautifulmonument to the potential ofthe human mind. And I have to tell you, to standhere beneath the gaze of the sages of Athens,those thinkers who gave us theidea of democracy, which we obviously still continue to perfect,not only inour own nation but around the world, we are grateful for that.I will tell you also, I was herea long time ago as an undergraduate. I played lacrosse downon that field overthere against you guys, and my first act of diplomacy is literally to fetwhowon. I have no idea. I don’t know. (Laughter.) I want to thank the folks inuniform. I want to thank the ROTC and all those of you who haveserved and willcontinue to serve in some way for our nation. There is no greater declarationofcitizenship than that, and I happen to believe the word “citizen” is one ofthe most important inthe American lexicon.Some might ask why I’m standinghere at the University of Virginia, why am I starting here?A Secretary ofState making his first speech in the United States? You might ask, “Doesn’tdiplomacy happen over there, overseas, far beyond the boundaries of ourownbackyards?”So why is it that I am at thefoot of the Blue Ridge instead of on the shores of the BlackSea? Why am I inOld Cabell Hall and not Kabul, Afghanistan? (Laughter.)The reason is very simple. I camehere purposefully to underscore that in today’s globalworld, there is nolonger anything foreign about foreign policy. More than ever before,thedecisions that we make from the safety of our shores don’t just ripple outward;they alsocreate a current right here in America. How we conduct our foreignpolicy matters more thanever before to our everyday lives, to theopportunities of all those students I met standingoutside, whatever year theyare here, thinking about the future. It’s important not just in termsof thethreats that we face, but the products that we buy, the goods that we sell, andtheopportunity that we provide for economic growth and vitality. It’s not justabout whether we’llbe pelled to send our troops to another battle, butwhether we’ll be able to send ourgraduates into a thriving workforce. That’swhy I’m here today.I’m here because our lives asAmericans are more intertwined than ever before with the livesof people inparts of the world that we may have never visited. In the global challengesofdiplomacy, development, economic security, environmental security, you willfeel our successor failure just as strongly as those people in those othercountries that you’ll never meet. For allthat we have gained in the 21stcentury, we have lost the luxury of just looking inward.Instead, we look outand we see a new field of petitors. I think it gives us much reason tohope.But it also gives us many more rivals determined to create jobs andopportunities fortheir own people, a voracious marketplace that sometimesfets morality and values.I know that some of you and manyacross the country wish that globalization would just goaway, or you wistfullyremember easier times. But, my friends, no politician, no matter howpowerful,can put this genie back in the bottle. So our challenge is to tame the worstimpulsesof globalization even as we harness its ability to spread informationand possibility, to offereven the most remote place on Earth the same choicesthat have made us strong and free.So before I leave this weekend tolisten to our allies and partners next week throughoutEurope and the MiddleEast, and in the ing months across Asia, Africa, and the Americas, Iwantedto first talk with you about the challenge that we face here at home, becauseourengagement with the rest of the world begins by making some important choicestogether, andparticularly about our nation’s budget. Our sense of sharedresponsibility, that we care aboutsomething bigger than ourselves, isabsolutely central to the spirit of this school. It’s also centralto thespirit of our nation.As you well know, and Dr.Sullivan reminded you a moment ago, our first Secretary of Statefounded thisgreat university. Students of his day, when he did, could basically only studylaw ormedicine or religion. That was about it. But Thomas Jefferson had avision, and he believed thatthe American people needed a public place to learna diversity of disciplines – studies of scienceand space, of flora, fauna, andphilosophy. He built this university in the image of what he called“theillimitable freedom of the human mind.”Today, those of you who studyhere and who teach here, alongwith the taxpayers,contributors, and parentswho believe in your potential, you are all investing in Mr. Jefferson’svision.Now think for a moment about what that means. Why do you spend the many daysandthe borrowed dollars it takes to earn an cation here, or anywhere? Whydid Jefferson wantthis institution to remain public and accessible, not justto Virginians but as a destinationfrom everywhere? I know that he wasn’t thinkingjust about your getting a degree and a job. Itwas about something more.Jefferson believed we couldn’t be a strong country without investingin thekind of cation that empowers us to be good citizens. That’s why foundingthisuniversity is among the few acplishments that Jefferson listed on hisepitaph that he wrotefor himself. To him, this place and its goal was a biggerpart of his legacy than serving asSecretary of State or even as President,neither of which made the cut.Just as Jefferson understood thatwe need to invest in cation in order to produce goodcitizens, I joinPresident Obama today in asserting with urgency that our citizenry deservesastrong foreign policy to protect our interests in the world. A wise investmentin foreign policycan yield for a nation the same return that cation doesfor a student. And no investmentthat we make that is as small as thisinvestment puts forward such a sizeable benefit forourselves and for ourfellow citizens of the world. That’s why I wanted to have thisconversationwith you today, which I hope is a conversation that extends well beyondtheborders of Charlottesville, well beyond this university, to all Americans.When I talk about a smallinvestment in foreign policy in the United States, I mean it. Notso long ago,someone polled the American people and asked, “How big is our internationalaffairsbudget?” Most pegged it at 25 percent of our national budget, and theythought it ought to bepared way back to ten percent of our national budget.Let me tell you, would that that weretrue. I’d take ten percent in aheartbeat, folks –(laughter) – because ten percent is exactly tentimesgreater than what we do invest in our efforts to protect America around theworld.In fact, our whole foreign policybudget is just over one percent of our national budget.Think about it a littlebit. Over one percent, a little bit more, funds all of our civilian andforeignaffairs efforts – every embassy, every program that saves a child from dirtydrinkingwater, or from AIDS, or reaches out to build a village, and bringAmerica’s values, every person.We’re not talking about pennies on the dollar;we’re talking about one penny plus a bit, on asingle dollar.So where you think this ideaes from, that we spend 25 percent of our budget? Well, I’lltell you. It’spretty simple. As a recovering politician – (laughter) – I can tell you thatnothinggets a crowd clapping faster in a lot of places than saying, “I’m goingto Washington to get themto stop spending all that money over there.” Andsometimes they get a lot more specific.If you’re looking for an applauseline, that’s about as guaranteed an applause line as youcan get. But guesswhat? It does nothing to guarantee our security. It doesn’tguaranteeastronger country. It doesn’t guarantee a sounder economy or a more stable jobmarket. Itdoesn’t guarantee that the best interests of our nation are beingserved. It doesn’t guaranteethat another young American man or woman won’t goand lose their life because we weren’twilling to make the right investmentshere in the first place.We need to say no to the politicsof the lowest mon denominator and of simplisticslogans, and start makingreal choices that protect the interests of our country. That’simperative.(Applause.)Unfrtunately, the StateDepartment doesn’t have our own Grover Norquist pushing a pledgeto protect it.We don’t have millions of AARP seniors who send in their dues and rally toprotectAmerica’s investments overseas. The kids whose lives we’re helping savefrom AIDS, the womenwe’re helping to free from the horrors of sex trafficking,the students who, for the first time, canchoose to walk into a school insteadof into a short life of terrorism – their strongest lobbyists arethe rare,mitted Americans who stand up for them and for the resources that we needtohelp them. And I hope that includes all of you here and many listening.You understand why. Every timethat a tough fiscal choice looms, the easiest place topoint fingers – foreignaid. As Ronald Reagan said, foreign aid suffers from a lack ofdomesticconstituency, and that’s part of the reason that everyone thinks it costs a lotmore thanit really does. So we need to change that. I reject the excuse thatAmericans just aren’tinterested in what’s happening outside of their immediatefieldof vision. I don’t believe thatabout any one of you sitting here, and Idon’t believe that about Americans.In fact, the real domesticconstituency for what we do, if people can see the dots connectedandunderstand what we’re doing in its full measure, is really large. It’s the 314millionAmericans whose lives are better every day because of what we do, andwho, deep down, whenthey have time to stop and think about it, know that ourinvestment abroad actually makesthem and our nation safer. Now, my friends, in this age,when a shrinking world clashes with calls for shrinking budgets– and we’re notalone – it’s our job to connect those dots, to connect them for theAmericanpeople between what we do over there and the size of the difference that itmakes overhere at home, why the price of abandoning our global efforts wouldbe exorbitant, and whythe vacuum we would leave by retreating within ourselveswill quickly be filled by those whoseinterests differ dramatically from ours.We learned that lesson in thedeserts of Mali recently, in the mountains of Afghanistan in20xx, and in thetribal areas of Pakistan even today. Just think: Today’s first-years here atUVAwere starting the second grade when a small cabal of terrorists halfwayaround the worldshattered our sense of security and our stability, ourskylines. So I know that you certainlyhave always understood that bad thingshappening over there threaten us right here.Knowing that, the question isthis: How do we, together, make clear that the opposite is justas true; thatif we do the right things, the good things, the smart things over there,itwillstrengthen us here at home?Let me tell you my answer: Ibelieve we do this in two ways. First, it’s about telling the storyof how westand up for American jobs and businesses – pretty practical, prettystraightforward,and pretty real on a day-to-day basis. And second, it’s abouthow we stand up for our Americanvalues, something that has alwaysdistinguished America.I agree with President Obama thatthere is nothing in this current budget fight thatrequires us to make baddecisions, that forces us to retrench or to retreat. This is a time tocontinueto engage for the sake of the safety and the economic health of our country.This is notoptional. It is a necessity. The American people understand this, Ibelieve. Our businessesunderstand this. It’s simple. The more they sellabroad, the more they’re going to hire here athome. And since 95 percent ofthe world’s customers live outside of our country, we can’thamstring our ownability to pete in those increasingly growing markets.Virginia understands this as wellas any state in the union. Senator Kaine, I know, when agovernor, took thosetrips to try to make this happen. International trade supports more thanamillion jobs right here in Virginia – more than one in five jobs in Virginia,which actually todayis the story of America.You have a pany up near Dullescalled Orbital Sciences Corporation. With the help of thepersistent advocatesof our Embassy in Bangkok, it beat out French and Russian petitors tobuildThailand’s newest broadcast satellite. Virginia’s Orbital is now teaming upwith a Californiapany called SpaceExploration Technologies that makessatellite equipment. The deal thatour Embassy helped secure, valued at $160million, goes right back into American munitiesfrom coast to coast. That’sthe difference that our embassies abroad actually can make back hereat home.And these success stories happenin partnership with countries all over the world because ofthe resources thatwe’ve deployed to bring business and jobs back to America. Theseinvestments,my friends, are paying for themselves. We create more than 5,000 jobs foreverybillion dollars of goods and services that we export. So the last thing that weshould do issurrender this kind of leverage. These successes are happening inCanada, where State Department officers there got a localautomotive firm toinvest tens of millions of dollars in Michigan, where the Americanautoindustry is now making a remarkable eback.In Indonesia where, thanks toEmbassy Jakarta, that nation’s largest privately run airlinejust placed anorder for mercial aircraft, the largest order Boeing has ever been askedtofill. Meanwhile, the Indonesian state railroad is buying its lootives fromGeneral Electric.In South Africa, where more than600 U.S. panies are doing business, and where OPIC,the Overseas PrivateInvestment Corporation, and the Export-Import Bank, and the TradeandDevelopment Agency just opened an office to help close more investment dealsbetweenAmerican panies and Africa’s booming energy and transportationsectors, it’s also atwo-waystreet. A major South African energy pany isplanning tobuild a multibillion-dollar plant inLouisiana that will put moreAmericans to work.Let me tell you, this ishappening, in Cameroon and Bosnia and other surprising places. Inthe shadowsof World War II, if you told someone that Japan and Germany would today beourfourth- and fifth-largest trading partners, someone would have thought you werecrazy.Before Nixon’s bold opening with China, no one could have imagined thattoday it would be oursecond-largest trading partner, but that’s exactly what’shappened.Eleven of our top 15 tradingpartners used to be the beneficiaries of U.S. foreignassistance. That’sbecause our goal isn’t to keep a nation dependent on us forever. It’spreciselyto create these markets, to open these opportunities, to establish rule of law.Our goalis to use assistance and development to help nations realize their ownpotential, develop theirown ability to govern and bee our economic partners.One of America’s most incrediblerealities continues to be that we are a country without anypermanent enemies.Now, take Vietnam.I will never fet standing next to John McCain in theEastRoom of the White House, each of us on either side of President Clinton as heannounced theonce unthinkable normalization of our relations with Vietnam, aneffort that John McCain andI worked on for about ten years, try to bringabout.In the last decade, thanks inlarge part to the work of USAID, our exports to Vietnamincreased by more than700 percent. Every one of those percentage points are jobs here inAmerica. Andin the last two decades, a thousand Vietnamese students and scholars havestudiedand taught in America through the Fulbrightprogram, including theForeign Minister ofVietnam, who I just talked to the other day and who,believe me, has feelings about Americabecause of that engagement.The list goes on. As the emergingmiddle class in India, the world’s largest democracy,buys our products, thatmeans jobs and ine for our own middle class. As our traditionalassistanceto Brazil decreases, trade there is increasing. Brazil is one of the new tigersgrowing ata double-digit pace, and it supports additional jobs here at home,many in the U.S. travel andtourism industry.When Jefferson expanded ourconsular posts precisely to promote trade, he never couldhave imagined theimportance today. Nor could he have predicted the number of Americansabroadthat we help with their passports, with visas, with other problems that arise.Or that wehelp offer, to those who want to grow their families throughadoption, or who find themselves inlegal trouble or distress far from home. Orthe role our diplomats play, screening potentialsecurity threats and takingthem off the radar screen before they ever reach yourconsciousness,potentially in the worst ways. Or that we create a new American job forevery65 visitors that we help to bring to our shores.So, my friends, we have to keepgoing. We can’t afford the kind of delay and disruption thatstands on thehorizon in Washington. The exciting new trade negotiation that PresidentObamaannounced last week between the United States and the European Union willcreate theworld’s biggest bilateral deal when it es to fruition, atransatlantic partnership that willmatch the scopeand ambition of ourTrans-Pacific Partnership talks.But our work is far from over.Seven of the ten fastest growing countries are on the Africancontinent. AndChina, understanding that, is already investing more than we do there. Fourofthe five biggest oil and natural gas discoveries happened off the coast ofMozambique last yearalone. Developing economies are the epicenters of growth,and they are open for business, andthe United States needs to be at thattable.If we want a new list ofassistance graduates, countries that used to take our aid but nowbuy ourexports, we can’t afford to pull back. And if we’re going to seize this budgetcrisis as thegreat opportunity that it can be, we can’t shy away from tellingthis story to the Americanpeople, to your members of Congress, and to theworld. But let me emphasize: Jobs andtrade are not the whole story, and nor should they be. Thegood work of theState Department, of USAID, is measured not only in the value of thedollar,but it’s also measured in our deepest values. We value security and stabilityin otherparts of the world, knowing that failed states are among our greatestsecurity threats, and newpartners are our greatest assets.The investments that we makesupport our efforts to counter terrorism and violentextremism wherever itflourishes. And we will continue to help countries provide their ownsecurity,use diplomacy where possible, and support those allies who take the fighttoterrorists.And remember – boy, I can’temphasize this enough; I’m looking at a soldier here in front ofme with aribbon on his chest– deploying diplomats today is much cheaper thandeployingtroops tomorrow. We need to remember that. (Applause.) As Senator LindseyGrahamsaid, “It’s national security insurance that we’re buying.”Now,it sounds expensive, myfriends, but simple bottom line, it’s not. The StateDepartment’s conflictstabilization budget is about $60 million a year now. That’s how much themovie“The Avengers” took in on a single Sunday last May. (Laughter.) The differenceis the folksthat we have on the ground doing this job are actually realsuperheroes.We value human rights, and weneed to tell the story of America’s good work there, too. Weknow that the mosteffective way to promote the universal rights of all people, rightsandreligious freedom, is not from the podium, not from either end of PennsylvaniaAvenue. It’sfrom the front lines – wherever freedom and basic human dignityare denied. And that’s whatTim Kaine understood when he went to Honduras.The brave employees of State andUSAID – and the Diplomatic Security personnel whoprotect the civilians servingus overseas – work in some of the most dangerous places on Earth,and they doit fully cognizant that we share stronger partnerships with countries thatshare ourmitment to democratic values and human rights. They fightcorruption in Nigeria. Theysupport the rule of law in Burma. They support democraticinstitutions in Kyrgyzstan andGeia, mindful from our own experience that ittakes a long time to get democracy right, andthat it rarely happens rightaway.In the end, all of those efforts,all of that danger and risk that they take, makes us moresecure. And we dovalue democracy, just as you’ve demonstrated here at UVA throughthePresidential Precinct program that’s training leaders in emerging democracies. Thanks to a decade of intensivediplomatic efforts alongside our partners, a conflict thattook more than 2million lives – and people think about the Holocaust, 6 million over thecourseof World War II, we lost 2 million people in the longest war in Africain ourtime in the lastyears. And of that South Sudan was born a free nation. Securingits future and peace for all ofits citizensis going to take continueddiplomatic efforts alongside partners like the African Union.And the more wecan develop the capacity of the African Union, the less the United Stateswillhave to worry. I’ve stood in South Sudan. I’veseen those challenges firsthand, and they still face theworld’s newest countryand its government. Those challenges threaten to reverse hard-wonprogress andstability. And that’s why we’re working closely with that nation to help itprovide itsown citizens with essential services like water, health, andcation and agriculture practices.We value health and nutrition,and the principle of helping people gain strength to helpthemselves. Throughcornerstone initiatives like Feed the Future, we help countries not onlyplantand harvest better food, but we also help them break the cycle of poverty, ofpoornutrition, and of hunger.We seek to rce maternalmortality, eradicate polio, and protect people from malaria,tuberculosis, andpandemic influenza. And I will tell you proudly that through the GlobalHealthInitiative and programs that I was proud to have a hand in helping tocreate,like PEPFAR,we have saved the lives of 5 million people in Africa through theefforts of Americans. Today… (Applause.) And today – today astonishingly – weare standing on the edge of the potential ofan AIDS-free generation, becausewe know these diseases don’t discriminate by nationality,and we believe thatrelieving preventable suffering doesn’t need a justification. And Ithinkthat’s part of our values.We value gender equality, knowingthat countries are, in fact, more peaceful andprosperous when women and girlsare afforded full rights and equal opportunity. (Applause.) Inthe last decade,the proportion of African* women enrolled in higher cation went fromnearlyzero to 20 percent. In 20xx, there were fewer than a million boys in Afghanschools andbarely any girls. Now, with America’s help, more than a third ofthe almost 8 million studentsgoing to school in Afghanistan are girls. Andmore than a quarter of their representatives inparliament are women. We shouldbe proud of that, and that helps to make a difference for thelong haul.We value cation, promotingprograms like the Fulbright exchanges managed by theDepartment of State. Theyenable the most talented citizens to share their devotion todiplomacy andpeace, their hopes, their friendships, and the belief that all of the Earth’ssonsand daughters ought to have the opportunity to lift themselves up. Todaythese exchangesbring hundreds of thousands of students to America from othercountries, and vice versa. In thelast year alone, more than 10,000 citizens offoreign countries participated in the StateDepartment’s academic,youth,professional and cultural exchange programs right here inVirginia. Virginiansalso studied abroad through State Department programs. Senator Fulbright,atwhose hearings I had the privilege of testifying as a young veteran returning fromVietnam,he knew that the value of sharing our proudest values bore fruit inthe long run, in the future.He said, “Having people who understand yourthought,” he said, “is much greater securitythan another submarine.”Let me be very clear. Foreign assistanceis not a giveaway. It’s not charity. It is aninvestment in a strong Americaand in a free world. Foreign assistance lifts other people up andthenreinforces their willingness to link arms with us in mon endeavors. And whenwe helpothers crack down on corruption, that makes it easier for our ownpliance againstcorruption, and it makes it easier for our panies to dobusiness as well.When we join with other nationsto rce the nuclear threat, we build partnerships thatmean we don’t have tofight those battles alone. This includes working with our partners aroundtheworld in making sure that Iran never obtains a weapon that would endanger ourallies andour interests. When we help others create the space that they needto build stability in theirown munities, we’re actually helping bravepeople build a better, more democratic future,and making sure that we don’tpay more later in American blood and treasure.The stories that we need to tell,of standing up for American jobs and businesses andstanding up for ourAmerican values, intersect powerfully in the opportunity that we have nowinthis moment of urgency to lead on the climate concerns that we share。