一绪论
1 Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language
2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For
example, vowels and consonants
3 Phonology‖: The study of how sound s are put together and used in communication is called phonology. For
example, phone, phoneme, and allophone
4 Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. For example, boy and ―ish‖—boyish, teach---teacher
5 Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. For
example, ―John like linguistics.‖
6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example. The seal could not be found. The zo o keeper became worried.‖ The seal could not be found. The king became worried.‖ Here the word seal means different things.
7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. For example, ―I do‖ The word do means different context.
8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. For
example, regional dialects, social variation in language.
9 Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics
二音系学
1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.
2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.
3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do, some don‘t.
4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.
5 Allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.
6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.
7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one
sound segment which
occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is pronounced with great force
than the other or others.
9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature.
10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation, Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English.
三形态学
1 .morphology: morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of the words and the rules by which words are formed.
2. Inflectional morphology: inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.
3. Derivational morphology: derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.
4. Morpheme: morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
5. Free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.
6. Bound morpheme: bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes either free or bound, to form a word.
7. Root: a root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.
8. Affix: affixes are two types: inflectional and derivational.
9. Prefix: prefix occurs at the beginning of a word.
10. Suffix: suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.
11. Derivation: derivation affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form new words.
12. Compounding: like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
四句法学
1. Linguistic competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
2. Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.
3. Transformation rules: syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformation rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
4. D-structure: a sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exist before movement take place, the other occur after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representations are commonly termed as D-structure.
5. move a : just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules, i.e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called move a.
五语义学
1. Semantics: semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.
2. Sense: sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form: it is abstract and decontextualized. Page 3
3 . Reference: reference means what a linguistic form refers in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
4. Synonyms: synonym refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonym.
5. Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning. A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word
6. Antonyms: antonym refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.
7. Homonyms: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling or in both
8 hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.
9 componential analysis: componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.
10 grammatical meaning: the grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. . its grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.
11 semantic meaning: the semantic meaning of a sentence is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.
12 predication: in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called predication. The prediction is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
六．语用学
1 pragmatics: pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
2 context: the notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.
3 utterance meaning: utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
4 locutionary act: a locutionary act is the act of utterance words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.
5 illocutionary act: an illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker‘s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.
6 perlocutionary act: a illocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. It is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.
七历史语言学
1 historical linguistics: historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change.
2 apocope: another well-documented sound loss is the definition of a word-final vowel segment, a phenomenon called apocope.
3. Epenthesis: A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis.
4. Metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis.
5. Compounding: Compounding is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.
6. Derivation: Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots.
7. Blending: Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.
8. Back-formation: Back-formation is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word.
9. Semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation.
10. Semantic narrowing: Semanic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.
11. Semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning.
12. Protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language.
13: sound shift: It refers to the systematic modification of a series of phonemes.
八社会语言学
1. Sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social context.
2. Speech community: A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language.
3. Speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.
4. Language planning: One way out of the communication dilemma is language standardization known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries.
5. Idiolect: Such a personal dialect is referred to as idiolect.
6. Standard language: The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media.
7. Nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or vernacular, languages.
8. Lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.
9. Pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other language as a medium of communication.
10. Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech communication.
11 diglossia: Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situation.
12. Bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.
13. Ethic dialect: An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a language, often cutting across regional differences.
14. Sociolect: Social dialect, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.
15. Register: Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For that reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.
16. Slang: Slang is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinage and figure of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.
17. Taboo: A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the ―polite‖ society from general use.
18. Euphemism: Euphemism comes from the Greek word euphemismos, meaning ―to speak with good words‖. A euphemism, then, is mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substitute when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.
九心理语言学
1 psycholinguistics: Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. As the suggests, psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire, produce and comprehend.
2 cerebral cortex: The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the cerebral cortex.
3 brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive of cognitive and perpetual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called lateralization.
4 linguistic lateralization: In their research of brain lateralization, psycholinguistics is particularly interested i n linguistic lateralization, which is the brain‘s neurological specialization for language.
5 dichotic listening: Evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in dichotic listening tasks.
6 right ear advantages: Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right car. This phenomenon is known as the right ear advantage.
7 critical period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis refer to a period in one‘s life extending from about age two to puberty during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly and without explicit instruction.
8 linguistic determinism: Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. That is, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism.
9 linguistic relativism: Whorf also believed that speakers of different language perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion.
10 subvocal speech: When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as ―subvocal speech‖ of linguistic relativism.
十语言习得
1 language acquisition: language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children‘s development of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.
2 telegraphic speech: The early multiword utterance of children has a special characteristic. They typically lack inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories. Because of their resemblance to the style of language found in called telegraphic speech.
3 holophrastic sentence: Children‘s one-world utterance are also called holophrastic sentence
4 acquisition: According to Krashen, acquisition refers to the gradual and acquisition s development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily community situations.
5 learning: Learning, however, is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.
6 language transfer: Learners will subconsciously use their L1language in learning a second language. This is known as language transfer.
7 positive transfer: Presumably, negative transfer occurs when an L1pattern is identical with, or similar to, a target-language.
8 negative transfer: conversely, negative transfer occurs when an L1pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target-language.
9 contrastive analysis: The Contrastive Analysis approach was founded on the belief that , by establishing the linguistic difference between the native and target language system, it was possible to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the types of errors they would make.
10 interlanguage: SLA is viewed as a process of creative construction, in which a learner constructs a series of in ternal representations that comprises the learner‘s interim knowledge of the target language, known as interlanguage.
11 formal instruction: Formal instruction occurs in classroom when attempts are made to raise learner‘s consciousness about the nature of target language rules in order to aid learning.
12 instrumental motivation: Thus, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner‘s goal is functional.
13 integrative motivation: integrative motivation occurs when the learner‘s goal is social.
14 acculturation: A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the 12community. This adaptation process is called acculturation.
P7
Is now called free verse----that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. (Song of Myself)
Harriet Beecher Stowe
(1811-1896)
Uncle Tom’s Cabin was conceived early in February, 1851.
O.Henry (1862-1910)
His stories are usually short. Often there are two endings: first an unexpected ending, then another, which is quite a different one and a still better surprise. The Cop and the Anthem. The Gift of the Magi,
Mark Twain---
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Henry James---
The Portrait of Lady
Jack London---
The Sea Wolf; Martin Eden
Theodore Dreiser---
Sister Carrie
Robert Frost
The Road Not Taken
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Ernest Hemingway---
A Farewell to Arms
John Steinbeck---
The Grapes of Wrath
William Faulkner---
A Rose for Emily
F. Scott Fitzgerald
The Great Gatsby
P20.
The Vanity of Human Wishes<<人生欲望之虚幻>>
Oliver Goldsmith(奥利佛.格尔斯密)
The vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德牧师》
The Citizen of the world《世界公民》
The Deserted Village《荒芜村庄》
She stoops to Conquer《屈身求爱》
Richard Brinsley Sheridan（理查德.布林斯利.谢里丹）
The Critic《批评家》
The Rivals《情敌》The School for Scandal《造谣学校》Laurence Stern（劳伦斯.斯特恩）
Tristram Shandy《项狄传》
A Sentimental Journey《感伤之旅》
Edward Gibbon（爱德华.吉本）
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire《罗马帝国衰亡史》Thomas Gray（托马斯.格雷）
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》
Hymn to Adversity《逆境颂》
Ode on the Spring《春之颂》
四.The Romantic Period（浪漫主义时期）
Robert Burns《罗伯特.彭斯》
Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect《苏格兰方言诗集》The Tree of Liberty《自由树》
Scots Wha Hae《苏格兰人》
The Two Dogs《两条狗》
Holy Willie's Prayer《威利的祈祷》
My Heart's in the HighLland《我的心在高原》
A Red, Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》
William Blake（威廉.布莱克）
America《美国》
Jerusalem《耶路撒冷》
Milton《弥尔顿》
Poetical Sketches《素描诗集》
Songs of Experience《经验之歌》<经验之歌>
Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》<天真之歌>
The French Revolution《法国革命》<法国革命>
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂和地狱的合婚》<天堂和地狱的合婚> William Wordsworth（威廉.华兹华斯）
An Evening Walk《黄昏散步》
Guilt and Sorrow 《罪恶和悲伤》
Tintern Abbey《丁登寺旁》
Lucy Poems《露茜组诗》
Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》
My Heart Leaps Up《我心荡漾》
Ode on Duty《道义颂》
The Excursion《远足》
The Prelude《远足》
To the Cuckoo《致布谷鸟》
Samuel Taylor Coleridge(赛缪尔.泰勒.柯勒律治)
Biograophia Literaria《文学传记》
Christabel《克里斯特贝尔》
P21
Kubla khan 《忽必烈汗》
The Fall of the Bastille 《巴士底狱的倒塌》
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 《古舟之咏》
Frost at Midnight 《午夜之霜》
Robert Southey （罗伯特骚塞）
Joan of Arc 《圣女贞德》
Wat Tyler 《瓦特泰勒》
The fall of Robespierre 《罗伯斯庇尔之死》
The Battle of Blenheim 《布伦海姆之战》
The Life of Nelson 《纳尔逊之战》
George Gordon Byron （乔治戈登拜伦）
Cain 《该隐》
Childe Harold‘s pilgrimage 《恰尔德哈罗德游记》
Don Juan 《唐璜》
English Bards and Scotch Reviewers 《英国诗人和苏格兰评论家》
Hours of Idleness 《闲散时光》
Manfred 《曼弗雷德》
Ode to the Famers of Frame-bill 《编制机法案编制者颂》
The Age of Bronze 《青铜时代》
The Prisoner of Chillon 《契伦的俘虏》
Oriental Tales 《东方叙事诗》
Percy Bysshe Shelley （珀西比希雪莱）
A Defence of Poetry《诗辨》
England in 1819 《一九一八年的英国》
Gentle Maid 《温柔的少女》
Love‘s Philosophy 《爱的哲学》
Ode to a Skylark 《云雀颂》
Ode to the Wind 《西风颂》
Prometheus Unbound 《脱缚德普罗米修斯》
Queen Mab 《麦布女王》
Song to the Men of England 《致英国人民之歌》
The Cenci 《钦契》
The Masque of Anarchy 《专制魔王的化装旅行》
The necessity of Atheism 《无神论的必然》
John Keats （约翰济慈）
Endymion 《恩狄弥昂》
Isabella 《拉米亚》
Ode on a Grecian Um 《希腊古拉颂》
Ode to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》
To Autumn 《秋颂》
Hyperion 《许佩里翁》
The Eve of Saint Agnes 《圣爱尼节前夕》
Charles Lamb （查尔斯兰妮）
Tales from Shakespeare 《莎士比亚故事集》
Album Verses 《诗集》
Essays of Elia 《伊利亚论说文集》
William Hazlitt （威廉黑慈利特）
My First Acquaintance with poets 《我与诗人的第一次相会》The Characters of Shakespeare‘s Plays 《莎士比亚剧作中的人物》Lectures on the English Poets 《英国诗歌演讲集》
The Spirit of the Age 《时代精神》
Sketches and essays 《素描和散文》
Page22
Mary Shelly (玛丽·雪莱)
Frankenstein <<弗兰肯斯坦>>
Leigh Hunt (雷·特)
A Legend of Florence <<佛罗伦萨的传说>>
Imagination and Fancy <<现象和幻想>>
Wit and Humor <<机智和幽默>>
Stories from Italian Poets <<意大利诗人的故事>>
De Quincey(德昆西)
The Confessions of an English Opium-Eater <<一个英国吸鸦片者的忏悔>> Jane Austen(简·奥斯汀)
Emma <<爱玛>>
Mansfield Park <<曼斯菲尔德公园>>>>
Northanger Abbey <<诺桑觉寺>>
Persuasion <<劝说>>
Pride and Prejudice <<傲慢与偏见>>
Sense and Sensibility <<理智与情感>>
Sir Walter Scott (沃尔特·斯哥特爵士)
Waverly <<威弗利>>
The Lady of the Lake <<湖畔夫人>>
Ivanhoe <<伊凡赫>>
五、The Victorian Period (维多利亚时期)
Charles Dickens (查尔斯·狄更斯)
American Notes <<美国札记>>
A Tale of Two Cities <<双城记>>
Bleak House <<荒凉之屋>>
David Copperfield <<大卫·科波菲尔>>
Dombey and Son <<董贝父子>>
Great Expectation <<远大前程>>
Hard Times << 艰难时世>>
Martin Chuzzlewit <<马丁·朱兹尔维特>>
Nicholas Nickleby <<尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝>>
Oliver Twist <<雾都孤儿>>
Our Mutual Friend <<我们共同的朋友>>
Sketches by Boz <<布兹素描>>
The Old Curiosity Shop <<老古玩店>>
Picherwick Papers <<匹克威尔外传>>
William Makepeace Thackeray (威廉·梅克皮斯·萨克雷)
Vanity Fair <<名利场>>
The Book of Snobs <<势利者集>>
The History of Pendennis <<潘丹尼斯>>
The Newcomes <<纽卡姆一家>>
Charlotte Bronte (夏洛特·勃郎特)
Jan Eyre <<简·爱>>
Shirley <<雪丽>>
Professor <<教授>>
Anne Bronte (安妮·勃郎特)
Agnes Grey <<艾格尼丝·格雷>>
Emily Bronte (艾米丽·勃郎特)
Wuthering Heights <<呼啸山庄>>
Alfred Tennyson (阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生)
Enoch Arden <<伊诺克·阿登>>
Idylls of the King <<国王之歌>>
In Memoriam <<悼念>>
Page 23
Maud 《毛黛》
Poems by Two Brothers 《两兄弟诗集》
The Princess 《公主》
Timbuctoo《提姆巴克图》
Robert Browning 《罗伯特·布朗宁》
Home Thoughts From Abroad 《异国乡思》Paracelsus 《巴拉塞尔士》
Pippa Passes《皮帕经过》
Strafford《斯特拉福德》
William Morris《威廉·莫里斯》
News from Nowhere《来自乌有乡之消息》
A Dream of John Ball《梦遇约翰·保尔》
The Earthly Paradise《人间乐园》
Pilgrims of Hope《希望的探索者》
Chants for Socialism《社会主义歌集》
Robert Stevenson《罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森》Treasure Island 《金银岛》
New Arabian Nights《新天方夜谭》
Kidnapped《诱拐》
A Child‘s Garden o f Verses《儿童诗园》
Oscar Wilde 《奥斯卡·王尔德》
An Ideal Husband 《一个理想丈夫》
The Picture of Dorain Gray 《道林·格雷的画像》
A Woman of No Importance《一个无足轻重的女人》The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》Lady Windermere‘s Fan 《温德米尔夫人的扇子》
The Ballad of Reading Goal《累丁狱之歌》
The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子集》George Eliot《乔治·艾略特》
Adam Bede《亚当·毕德》
Middlemarch 《弥德尔玛契》
Silas Marner《织工马南传》
The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》
Felix Holt, the Radical《激进份子菲尼克斯·霍尔特》Thomas Hardy 《托马斯·哈代》
Desperate Remedies《计出无奈》
Far From the Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》
Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》
Tess of the D‘Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》
The Dynasts《统治者》
The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》
The Return of the Native《还乡》
Under the Greenwood Tree《绿荫下》
Wessex Poems《威塞克斯诗集》
Joseph Conrad 《约瑟夫·康拉德》
Heart of Darkness《黑暗之心》
Lord Jim《吉姆爷》
The Secret Agent 《间谍》
Under Western Eyes《在西方人的眼中》
六；The Modern Period（现代时期）E·M·Forster《Ｅ·Ｍ·福斯特》
A Passage to India《印度之行》
A Room with a View《看得见风景的房间》
P24
When Angels Fear to Tread 《天使不敢驻足的地方》The Longest Journey 《最长的旅程》
Howards End 《霍华德庄园》
Maurice 《莫里斯》
George Bernard Shaw （乔治肖伯纳）
An Unsocial Socialist 《业余社会主义者》
Arms and Man 《武器与人》
Heartbreak House 《伤心之屋》
John Bull‘s Other Island 《英国佬的另一个岛》Major Barbara 《巴巴拉少校》
Man and Superman 《人与超人》
Mrs. Warren‘s Profession 《华伦夫人的职业》Pygmalion 《皮格麦琳》
Quintessence of Ibsenism 《易卜生主义的精华》
The Apple Cart 《苹果车》
The devil‘s disciple 《魔鬼的门徒》
The Philander 《慈善家》
Too True to Be Good 《真相毕露》
Widower‘s Houses 《鳏夫之夫》
John Galsworthy (约翰高尔斯华绥)
A Modern Comedy 《现代喜剧》
From the Four Winds 《来自四季的风》
In Chancery 《骑虎》
Strife 《斗争》
Swan Song 《天鹅之歌》
The Forsyte Saga 《福塞特家史》
The Man of Property 《有产业的人》
The Sliver Box 《银盒》
The White Monkey 《白猿》
To Let 《出租》
William Butler Yeats 《威廉巴特勒叶芝》Autobiographies 《自传三部》
Dedidre 《黛德尔》
Responsibility 《责任》
The Hour Glass 《时漏》
The Land of Heart‘s Desire 《心渴望的地方》
The Tower 《钟楼》
The Winding Stair 《盘旋的楼梯》
T.S.Eliot （T.S.艾略特）
Ash-Wednesday 《灰烬星期三》
For Lancelot Andrews 《记念兰斯洛特安德鲁斯》Four Quartets 《四个四重奏》
Homage to John Dryden 《向约翰德莱顿致敬》Murder in the Cathedral 《大教堂里德谋杀案》Prufrock and other observations 《普鲁夫洛克的情歌》The Family Reunion 《家庭团圆》
The Hollow Men 《空心人》
The Sacred Wood 《圣林》
The Waste Land 《荒原》
David Herbert Lawrence (大卫赫伯特劳伦斯)
Lady Chatterley‘s Lover 《查特莱夫人的情人》
Sons and Lovers 《儿子与情人》
The Rainbow 《虹》
The White Peacock 《白孔雀》
P25
Women in love 《恋爱中的女人》
James Joyce（詹姆斯.乔伊斯）
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man《一个青年艺术家的画像》
Dubliners 《都柏林人》
Finnegan‘s Wake 《芬尼根的醒悟》
Ulysses 《尤利西斯》
Virginia Woolf （维吉尼亚.沃尔芙）
Mrs.Dalloway《达洛威夫人》
To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》
The Waves《海浪》
The V oyage Out 《航行》
Orlando 《奥兰朵》
Katherine Mansfield 《凯瑟琳.曼斯菲尔德》
In a German Pension 《在一家德国公寓里》
Bliss, and other Stories 《幸福及其他故事》
The Garden Party, and other Stories《花园游艺会及其他故事》
七，练习题及答案
（一）练习题
I. Multiple choice
1. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is not such an event?
A. The rediscovery of ancient Rome and Greek culture.
B. England‘s domestic rest.
C. New discovery in geography and astrology.
D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion.
2.________is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the English language.
A. The Pilgrim‘s Progress
B. Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners
C. The Life and Death of Mr. Badman
D. The Holy War
3. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was the first to introduce rationalism to England?
A. John Bunyan
B. Daniel Defoe
C. Alexander pope
D. Jonathan Swift
4. Generally speaking, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is________________.
A. science
B. philosophy
C. arts
D. humanism
5.―So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives
life to thee.‖ (Shakespeare, sonnets 18) What does ―this‖ re fer to?
A. lover
B. time
C. summer
D. poetry
6.Which of the following is not true about Renaissance?
A.Humanism is the essence of Renaissance.
B.Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th
centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation.
C.It was Chaucer, who initiated the Reformation.
D.The Elizabethan drama, in its totality, is the real main stream of the
English Renaissance.
7.It is __________ alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented
to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.
A. Geoffrey Chaucer
B. Martin Luther
C. William Langland C .John Gower
8. The sentence ―Shall I compare thee to a summer‘s day?‖ is the beginning line
P26
Who is the author?
Whom is the author praising? Whom is the author criticizing?
Give a brief comment on this short passage.
Passage 2
From morning suns and evening dews
At first thy little being came:
If nothing once, you nothing lose,
For when you die you are the same:
The space between, is but an hour
The frail duration of a flower.
Questions
Who is the write of these verses?
What is the title of this poem?
Give a brief comment on this poem.
㈡答案
Ⅰ. Keys to blank filling
1. 1783
2. revolution
3. The American Crisis
4. Autobiography
5. Enlightenment
6. Philip Freneau
7. Philip Freneau 8. Rights of Man The Age of Reason
9. enlightenment reason order
10. Poor Richard‘s Almanac Autobiography
Ⅱ. Keys to multiple choice
11. B 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. D 16. B
17. ABCD 18. B 19. D 20. C
Ⅲ. Keys to identification of fragments
Passage 1
1.The American Crisis
2.Thomas Paine
3.Pai ne is praising those who stand ― it ‖, it referring to ― the service of their
country ‖. In the meantime, Paine criticizing those who shrink from the service of their country in this crisis.
4.He language is plain, impressive and forceful. Paine himself once said that his
understand. …and to fit the powers of thinking and the turn of language to the subject, so as to bring out a clear conclusion that shall hit the point in question and nothing else.
Passage 2
1. Philip Freneau
2. The Wild Honeysuckle
3. Here Freneau offers a version of an abundant American with potential for providing
a good life for all. The poem is also an indication of his dedication to American subject matter as he examined peculiarly American characteristics of the countryside.
二. American Romanticism （美国浪漫主义文学）
Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文
A History of New York 《纽约的历史》
The Sketch Book 《见闻札记》
Bracebridge Hall 《布雷斯布里奇田庄》
Rip Van Winkle 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》
Tales of a Traveler 《旅行者的故事》
The Alhambra 《阿尔汗伯拉》
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷的传说》
P27
James Fennimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏Leatherstocking Tales <<皮裹腿故事集>>
The Spy <<间谍>>
The Pioneers <<拓荒者>>
The Last of Mohicans <<最后的莫西干人>>
The Prairie <<大草原>>
The Pathfinder <<探路人>>
The Deersalyer <<杀鹿者>>
The Pilot <<领航者>>
William Cullen Bryant 威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特
Poems <<诗选>>
The fountain <<泉>>
The White-Footed Deer <<白蹄鹿>>
A Forest Hymn <<森林赋>>
The Flood of Years <<似水流年>>
Thanaatopsis <<死亡随想>>
To a Waterfowl <<致水鸟>>
To The Fringed Gentian <<致龙胆花>>
Edgar Allen Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque <<怪诞奇异故事集>> The Fall of the House of Usher <<厄舍古屋的倒塌>> Ligeia <<莱琪儿>>
Poems <<诗集>>
The Raven <<乌鸦>>
To Helen <<致海伦>>
The City in the Sea <<海城>>
Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生
Nature <<论自然>>
The American Scholar <<美国学者>>
Divinity School Address <<神学院演说>>
The Over-Soul <<论超灵>>
Self-Reliance <<论自立>>
The Transcendentalist <<超验主义者>>
Concord Hymn <<康考德颂>>
Representative Men <<代表人物>>
English Traits <<英国人的特征>>
Henry David Thoreau 亨利·大卫·梭罗
Walden <<华尔登>>
Resistance to Civil Government <<抵制公民政府>>
A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River <<在康考德和梅里马克河上的一周>>
Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑
Twice-Told Tales <<尽人皆知的故事>>
Mosses From an Old Manse <<古屋青苔>>
The Scarlet Letter <<红字>>
The House of the Seven Gables <<有七个尖角阁的房子>>
The Blithedale Romance <<福谷传奇>>
The Marble Faun <<玉石雕像>>
Herman Melville 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔
Typee <<泰比>>
Omoo <<奥穆>>
Mardi <<玛地>>
P28
Redbum 《雷德本》
White Jacket《白外衣》
Moby Dick 《白鲸》
Billy Budd《比利.巴德》
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃慈沃思.朗费罗
V oices of the Night 《夜吟》
Ballads and Other poems 《民谣及其他》
A Psalm of Life 《人生赞礼》
Evangeline 《伊凡吉琳》
The Song of Hiawatha 《海尔沙之歌》
The Courtship of Miles Standish 《迈尔斯.斯坦迪什的求婚》
Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼
Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》
Song of Myself 《自我之歌》
Emily Dickinson 艾米莉.迪金森
The poems of Emily Dickinson 《艾米莉.迪金森诗集》
(一)练习题
1.Blank Filling
1. In the early nineteenth century, Washington Irving wrote _________which became the first work by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic.
2. The Romantic period in the American literary history covers the time between the end of the _________ century to the outbreak of the __________. It started with the publication of Irving‘s __________and ended with Whitman‘s __________ . This period is also called __________.
3. Irving‘s The Sketch Book is a collection of essays, sketches and tales, of which the most famous and frequently anthologized are ___________ and ____________.
4. The Transcendental Club often met at __________‘s Concord home.
5. Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American _________ and European Romanticism.
6.___________ was regarded as Father of the American short stories.
7.Irving also wrote two biographies, one is The Life‘s of Oliver Goldsmith, and other is __________.
8. Cooper‘s novel __________ was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War.
9. The central figure in the Leatherstocking Tales is ___________, who goes by the various
Names of Leatherstocking, Deerslayer, Pathfinder and Hawkeye.
10. In __________, Whitman airs his sorrow at President Lincoln‘s death.
11.The great work __________ not only demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tests Thoreau‘s own transcend ental philosophy.
12. In _________, Whitman‘s own early experience may well be identified with the childhood of a young growing America.
13. ― Imbued with an inquiring imagination, an intensely meditative mind, and unceasing interest in the ? interior of the heart‘ of man‘s being‖ is used to describe __________.
14.__________ by Melville is a novella about a ship whose black slave cargo mutiny holds their captain a terrorized hostage.
15.A superb book __________ came out of Thoreau‘s two-year experiment at Walden Pond.
16. From Thoreau‘s Concord jail experience, came his famous essay__________.
PAGE 29
三American Realism (美国现实主义文学)
Harriet Beecher Stowe (哈丽特?比彻?斯托)
Uncle Tom‘s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
A Key to Uncle Tom‘s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋说明》
Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp 《德雷德：阴暗大沼地》