子《新课标》高三英语（人教版）第二轮复习专题讲座
第六讲阅读理解1
高考阅读理解的解题技巧
阅读理解作为考查考生语言能力的重点，《考试大纲》提出了明确的要求：“要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料。考生应能：理解主旨要义；理解文中具体信息；根据上下文推断生词的词义；作出简单判断和推理；理解文章的基本结构；理解作者的意图和态度。”高考英语阅读理解也围绕这一要求来命题，基本上可分为五类：1．细节判断题；2．猜测词义题；3．主旨大意题；4．推理引申题；5．篇章结构题。下面以2004、2005、2006年全国统一高考英语科试题为例来分析上述五种试题的命题特点、具体要求以及解题技巧和方法。
第一节细节判断题解题技巧
《普通高中英语课程标准》中达到英语学科的高中毕业要求为七级，其有关阅读最基本的要求是：“能从一般性文章中获取和处理主要信息”。对这种“获取和处理主要信息”能力的考查，主要采用的方式就是：细节判断。这类题在高考阅读理解题中占一定的比例，做好这类题是确保基础分的关键。同时，弄清细节，正确获取信息，也是把握文章主旨的前提。因此，要特别重视做好这类题。
细节判断题题干常见的问句形式多种多样。如：
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?
Which of the following is NOT considered as …?
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the reasons for … ?
How many … … ？
What/who/when/where/how/why … … ?
做这类题的一般方法是通过skimming把握文章中心后，再通过寻读法（scanning）快速确定该细节在文中的出处（信息源），对照选项进行“三对一错或三错一对”的判断。若该信息句是长句或难句，要学会找出其主干部分、分析句子结构，正确理解信息句的意义。命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。
这类细节性问题所涉及的面很广，有的需要经过简单的数学运算确定时间、距离、次数、数量等；有的涉及正误判断；有的询问事实、原因、结果、目的等。例如：（注：本书例题
练习中选用全国各地高考题均保留原题号）
（05全国卷II B篇）The days of elderly women doing nothing but cooking huge meals on holidays are gone. Enter the Red Hat Society －a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.
―My grandmothers didn‘t do anything but keep house and serve everybody. They were programmed to do that,‖ said Emil y Comette, head of a chapter of the 7-year-old Red Hat Society.
While men have long spent their time fishing and playing golf, women have sometimes seemed to become unnoticed as they age. But the generation now turning 50 is the baby boomers(生育高峰期出生的人), and the same peop le who refused their parents‘ way of being young are now trying a new way of growing old.
If you take into consideration feminism(女权主义), a bit of spare money, and better health for most elderly, the Red Hat Society looks almost inevitable(必然的). In this society, women over 50 wear red hats and purple(紫色的) clothes, while the women under 50 wear pink hats and light purple clothing.
―The organization took the idea from a poem by Jenny Joseph that begins: When I am an old woman, I shall wear purple. With a red h at which doesn’t g o.‖ said Ellen Cooper, who founded the Red Hat Society in 1998. When the ladies started to wear the red hats, they attracted lots of attention.
―The point of this is that we need a rest from always doing something for someone else,‖ Coope r said. ―Women feel so ashamed and sorry when they do something for themselves.‖ This is why chapters are discouraged from raising money or doing anything useful. ―We‘re a ladies‘ play group. It couldn‘t be more simple,‖ added Cooper‘s assistant Joe Heywoo d.
47．Who set up the Red Hat Society ?
A．Emily Comette. B．Ellen Cooper. C．Jenny Joseph. D．Joe Heywood. 48．Women join the Red Hat Society because .
A．they want to stay young
B．they would like to appear more attractive
C．they would like to have fun and live for themselves
D．they want to be more like their parents
解析：这两题都是细节判断题。和47题相关的信息句是文中的：―The organization took the idea from a poem by Jenny Joseph that begins: When I am an old woman, I shall wear purple. With a red hat which doesn’t go.‖ said Ellen Cooper, who founded the Red Hat Society in 1998.理解了这句话，我们不难得出答案B。通过浏览我们了解了“the Red Hat Society”这个社团的性质和作用，再结合信息句“Enter the Red Hat Society －a group holding the belief that old ladies should have fun.”，我们很容易得出48题正确答案为C。
（05 福建卷A 篇）Paul Zind el‘s death on March 27,2003 ended the brilliant life of a famous writer.
Not only did Paul Zindel win a Pulitzer Prize as well as an Obie Prize for his 1970 play The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, but he was one of the earliest writers in the field of contemporary（当代的）literature for young adults（成人）. The Pigman, published in 1968, is still one of the most well-known and widely-taught novels in the genre. The American Library Association has named it one of the 100 Best of the Best Books for Young Adults published between 1967 and 1992, and Zindel‘s autobiography, The Pigman and Me, was among the 100 Best of the Best Books published for teenagers during the last part of the twentieth century. Six of Zindel‘s books, in fact, have been voted the Best Books for Young A dults, and most of his recent horror books-such as The Doom Stone and Rats have been chosen as Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers. Clearly, he was a writer who knew how to interest contemporary children. Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements, and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature. With his passing, young readers, teachers, and librarians have lost a great friend.
56．Which of Paul Zindel‘s books was the most popular with young adults in the 20th century?
A．The Pigman.
B．The Doom Stone.
C．The Pigman and Me.
D．The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds.
57．Why was Paul Zindel honored with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize?
A．His books were widely read by children.
B．His books were interesting and helpful to adults.
C．He made great contributions to contemporary literature.
D．He wrote a number of horror books for young adults.
58．When did Paul Zindel win the ALAN Prize?
A．In 2002．B．In 2003．
C．Between 1967 and 1992．D．Between 2002 and 2003．
59．Choose the correct statements from the following according to the passage.
a.The Pigman and Me was one of the Best Books for teenagers.
b.Zindel was one of the earliest writers who wrote for adults only.
c.The Doom Stone and Rats are not popular with young adults.
d.Zindel was given four prizes for literature before he died.
e.At least eight of Zindel‘s books were very popular in his times.
A．c, d, e B．a, b, c C．a, b, d D．a, d, e
解析：这四题都是细节判断题。56、57、58三题, 只要我们根据题干的问句找到信息源，很快就能找到正确答案分别是：A、C、A，做第59题时我们要对五个陈述作出正误判断，b、c两个说法是错误的，因此，正确答案为D。
下面请同学们实战演练上述方法和技巧。
【实战演练练习一】（05北京卷 A 篇）
Chances
I really love my job because I enjoy working with small children and like the challenges and awards from the job. I also think my work is important. There was a time when I thought I would never have that sort of career（职业）.
I wasn‘t an excellent student because I didn‘t do much schoolwork. In my final term I started thinking what I mig ht do and found I didn‘t have much to offer. I just accepted that I wasn‘t the type to have a career.
I then found myself a job. Looking after two little girls, It wasn‘t too bad at first. But the problems began when I agreed to live in, so that I would be there if my boss had to go out for business in the evening. We agreed that if I had to work extra hours one week, she‘d give me time off the next. But unfortunately, it didn‘t often work out. I was getting extremely tired and fed up, because I had too many late nights and early mornings with the children.
One Sunday, I was in the park with the children, and met Megan who used to go to school with me, I told her about my situation. She suggested that I should do a course and get a qualification（资格证书）if I wa nted to work with children. I didn‘t think I would be accepted because I didn‘t take many exams in school. She persuaded me to phone the local college and they were really helpful. My experience counted for a lot and I got on a part – time course. I had to leave my job with the family, and got work helping out at a kindergarten.
Now I‘ve got a full – time job there. I shall always be thankful to Megan. I wish I had known earlier that you could have a career, even if you aren‘t top of the class at school.
56．What is the author‘s present job?
A．Working part – time in a college.
B．Taking care of children for a family.
C．Helping children with their schoolwork.
D．Looking after children at a kindergarten.
57．When staying with the two girls‘ family, the author .
A．was paid for extra work B．often worked long hours
C．got much help from her boss D．took a day off every other week
58．Why did the author leave her first job?
A．She found a full – time job.
B．She was fed up with children.
C．She decided to attend a part – time course.
D．She needed a rest after working extra hours.
【实战演练练习二】（05湖南卷 A 篇）
We were on tour a few summers ago, driving through Chicago, when right outside of the city, we got pulled over. A middle-aged policeman came up to the car and was really being troublesome at first. Lecturing us, he said,“You were speeding. Where are you going in such a hurry?”Our guitarist, Tim, told him that we were on our way to Wisconsin to play a show. His way towards us totally changed. He asked, ―Oh, so you boys are in a band（乐队）？‖We told him that we were. He then asked all the usual band questions about the type of music we played, and how long we had been at it. Suddenly, he stopped and said, ―Tim, you want to get out of this ticket, don‘t you?‖ Tim said,“Yes.”So the office r asked him to step out of the car. The rest of us, inside the car, didn‘t know what to think as we watched the policeman talk to Tim. Next thing we knew, the policeman was putting Tim in the back of the police car he had parked in front of us. With that, he threw the car into reverse（倒车），stopping a few feet in back of our car. Now we suddenly felt frightened. We didn‘t know if we were all going to prison, or if the policeman was going to sell Tim on the black market or something. All of a sudden, the policeman‘s voice came over his lo udspeaker. He said, “Ladies and gentlemen, for the first time ever, we have Tim here singing on Route 90．”Turns out, the policeman had told Tim that the only way he was getting out of the ticket was if he sang part of one of our songs over the loudspeaker in the police car. Seconds later, Tim started screaming into the receiver. The policeman enjoyed the performance, and sent us on our way without a ticket. 56．The policeman stopped the boys to .
A．put them into prison B．give them a ticket
C．enjoy their performance D．ask some band questions
57．The policeman became friendly to the boys when he knew they .
A．had long been at the band B．played the music he loved
C．were driving for a show D．promised him a performance
【实战演练练习三】（06江西卷 B 篇）
Buster Biown was a thief——and a good one, too, he thought. He‘d nev er been caught by the police because he never took chances. He was always prepared for any unforeseenf event or
emergency.
Confidently, he stood outside the house of his intended
victim(受害者) and read the sign on the front gate
of the house. ―Don‘t worry the dog—be aware of the
owner!‖it said. Buster smiled and found his way in.
The house looked quite normal outside, but inside
it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display.
As he began putting them into his bag, a dog came into
the room. It stopped when it saw Buster, then wagged
its tail madly and went over to him, licking his
outs tretched hand. ―Good boy,‖Buster whispered.
―What a great guard dog you are—trying to lick me to death.‖
Satisfi ed he‘d made friends with the dog, Buster began to wander round the house, choosing items to put in his bag. His skilled eye picked out only the best antiques (古董): a pair of silver candle holders, a silver tea-and-coffce service, etc . His new friend, the dog , sat and watched, as if wondering what was happening.
―Well, boy,‖Buster whispered finally. ―That might do. Any mo re and I won‘t be able to carry it ! ‖ Her swung the heavy bag onto his shouiders, just as the lights came on, nearly blinding him . He shielded his eyes with his hand.
―You‘ re a very s illy person,‖ the figure in the doorway said, his voice dry as dust. As the man came closer, Bustor could see he was well dressed. His face seemed familiar, but Buster couldn‘t quite sure where he had seen him before.
―You should have taken more notice of the sign outside.‖ The man r asped, ―I knew about this attempted robbery Iast week and I also know you will end up behind bars for 20 years. Fancy trying to rob the house of the world‘ s great est fortune-teller!‖
60．Why was Buster so confident?
A. He was not afraid of dogs.
B. He knew the owner of the house lived alone.
C. He had never been caught by the police.
D. The house had no security alarm.
61．Which of the definitions id closest in meaning to the word ―exoticc‖ in the 3rd paragraph?
A. Messy and untidy.
B. Rich and expenaive.
C. Comfortable and calming
D. Foreign and unusual
62．How did Buster decide wlich objects to take?
A. He took those the were easy to carry in his bag.
B. He took only the best antiques.
C. He took those that he knew he could sell easily.
D. He looked for silver objects.
63．What punishment waits for Buster Brown?
A. A prison sentence with hard labour.
B. A long prison sentence.
C. A heavy fine
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a92066850.html,munity service for 20 years.
第二节猜测词义题解题技巧
在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的
猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。
这种题常见的提问方式有：
The word ―…‖ in paragraph … can best be replaced by …….
The underlined word ―…‖ most probably means ….
By saying ―…‖, the author means …
The expression ―…‖ is closest to …
According to the passage, the phrase ―…‖ suggests …
The underlined part ―……‖(in Para. … ) means …..
做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境想当然。
猜测词义时，一般可利用以下三个方面的线索：
一．针对性的解释
针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。
1．根据定义（definition）猜测词义
如果生词有一个句子或段落来定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
例如：
（05 湖北卷A段）Do you know what a ―territory‖ is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（声称）as its own.
由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：“动物的地盘”。
（04 浙江卷B段）Green building means ―reducing the impact (影响) of the building on the land‖.
由定义我们可以推断这里Green building 指的是什么。
2．根据复述推测词义
虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是它提供的信息可以为阅读者猜测词义提供依据，至少读者可以根据复述猜测生词的大致“义域”（意义范围）。复述部分可以是词、短语、或从句。
同位语复述：在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号和括号等。同位语前常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i.e. 等。
（05浙江卷B段）In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the 例如：
U.S. today．
由同位语an endangered wild cat我们很快猜出生词ocelots的义域：一种濒临灭绝野猫。
定语从句复述：
例如：（04 福建卷E段）Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces .
According the passage, The Pines is a .
A．place in which you can see many mobile homes
B．mountain where you can get a good view of the valley
C．town which happens to be near the Banff National Park
D．restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
通过whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：D。
2．根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。
例如：（04 辽宁卷C段）The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.
根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的issue 是指“议题”。
二．内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。
1．根据对比关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。
例如：（NMET 2002 E篇）A child‘s birthday party doesn‘t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What does the underlined word ―hassle‖ (paragraph 1) probably mean?
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thought
C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D. a demand made by guests
根据对比关系，这里hassle 和a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。
2．根据比较关系猜测词义
同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as等。
例如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义
相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。
3．根据因果关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。
例如：（05上海卷B段）I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .‖
The word ―presumptuous‖ in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to ―‖.
A．full of respect B．too confident and rude
C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（“既然你是我的上司”），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。
（05江西卷D段）Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.
根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：“修剪（树枝等）”的意思。
4．根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。
例如：（05 江苏卷E段）William Shakespeare said. ―The web of our life i s of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.‖
The underlined word ―mingled‖ in the last paragraph most probably means.
A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy
句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：“混合的，交织的”，答案是：B。
（04 湖北卷C段）Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is ―yes‖, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.
根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins 是一家医疗中心。
三．通过构词法
在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。
1．根据前缀猜测词义
例如：（05江西卷E段）Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?
根据词根educational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。
2．根据后缀猜测词义
例如：（05 广东卷E段）It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an
uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．
后缀-ise/ize意思是“使成为…；使…化”，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出uncommercialized 的意思是：“未被商业化的”。
3．根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如：（05 北京卷B段）Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well – designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.
Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是“设计精巧的”意思。
（04浙江卷 D 段）We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists.
根据合成词中的mass （大量的）和produce （生产），我们可以推测mass-produce 的意思是：“大批量生产；规模生产”的意思。
综上所述，利用各种已知的信息推测判断生词词义是一项重要的阅读技能。在阅读中我们可以根据实际灵活应用上面提到的几种猜词技巧，排除生词的干扰，理解文章的思想，提高阅读速度，同时，提高我们在高考阅读理解中的得分率。
【实战演练练习四】（04广东卷 B 篇）
One-third of the people in the village are children, and only 60 are over the age of 65．Just under half of the married women in the village have access to modem equipments.
62．The underlined part ―have access to‖ (in Para. 4) means_____.
A. use
B. buy
C. produce
D. try
【实战演练练习五】（04湖北卷D篇）
Who is there among us who hasn‘t dreamed of having his or her own small (maybe , several years later , even big ) business , and having wonderful freedom , both from a boss and from the time clock ; the freedom to make up our own rules for our work , and our own plans —arranging our own hours of work ? That way work would be both painless and fun . Or , so we imagine .
Well, in fact it isn‘t quite as simple as that . Yes , it is true that being the boss has its satisfactions and that you can arrange your working hours freely if you own your own small business . But in those early years of starting your own business, you shouldn‘t think of a free day , not to mention flying off for a month‘s vacation . It is not unusual for new business owners to work seventy or eighty hours a week , and if there is a day off , that day might need to be devoted to accounting (算账).
But this negative picture doesn‘t destroy the beautiful hopes. The possibility of getting something wonderful in return—both material and mental—continues to drive that large number of people who start up small businesses each year in the United States .
70．The expres sion ―negative picture‖ most probably means ―‖.
A．a terrible experience B．a poor picture
C．limited freedom D．unpleasant situations
第三节主旨大意题解题技巧
主旨大意题在高考阅读理解中出现的频率很高，因为这类题主要考查考生能否通过理解、分析全文，区分主要信息和次要信息，进而总结归纳文章或段落的大意。测试点主要体现在对文章的主题、目的、中心思想的把握以及标题的选择。
这类题型常见的提问方式有：
What‘s the main idea of the passage?
What does the passage mainly discuss?
The topic of Paragraph … is ….
Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?
A good/suitable title for this passage would be ….
我们知道：文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现，所以段落的主题句是构成文章中心思想的有机组成部分。因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关键。由于文章内容和体裁的不同，作者的写作手法也不尽相同，主题句在段落中出现的位置也不固定。一般说来，采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾；采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后演绎例证，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首；若作者采用由“特殊—一般—特殊”的方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。有时，作者没有写出明显的主题句，我们要学会根据段落的内容去概括出主题句，进而归纳出文章的主题。
做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。对选择标题类题，若遇到拿不太准的情况时，可以自己思考一下：“如果是我写这个题目，我会怎样写？”。
看看下面两个例题：
(05 广东卷B 篇)
Being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise．Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement．Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can't be easily swallowed down．They must be carefully cultivated.
Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born．They learn their skills in their everyday lives．But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow?
Always give credit．Many leaders note that the most efficient way to get a good performance from others is to treat them like heroes．Giving public credit to someone who has earned it is the best leadership technique in the world．It is also an act of generosity (慷慨) that's never forgotten. Giving credit is more effective than even the most constructive criticism (批评) , which often
hurts rather than helps．Kenneth Blanchard, the author of The One-Minute Manager, agrees. "Catch people doing something right!" he says．Then tell everyone about it.
Take informed risks．" The best leaders know that taking a risk is not a thoughtless exercise," says management adviser Marilyn Machlowitz, "Sky divers don't go up in an airplane without checking the parachutes (降落伞) beforehand．"
Because the idea of risk also carries with it the possibility of failure, many of us usually wait for others to take charge．But if you want to be a leader, you must learn to fail - and not die a thousand deaths．Pick yourself up and start all over again.
Encourage enthusiasm (热情)．"When people understand the importance of work, they lend their mental strengths," says Lee Ducat．But when they get excited about the work, all their energy gets poured into the job．That's a great force! Is this the best way to create excitement? Be enthusiastic yourself. You will be followed by everyone.
63．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A．Leadership Is of Skills and Techniques
B．Leadership Is Very Important
C．Not Many Can Be Leaders
D．How to Be a Leader
解析：这一题考查主旨大意，要考生为文章选择标题。文章第一第二两段提出：?Leadership skills must be carefully cultivated.‘?Most good leaders are made, not born.‘（领导能力要精心培养。）接下来文章从三个方面阐述了培养领导能力的方法：Always give credit/ Take informed risks/ Encourage enthusiasm (热情)。根据各个段落的主题句，结合文章的结构，我们不难归纳出文章的中心：这篇文章讲的是怎样培养领导才能。由此，我们判断选项D 在意义上涵盖了文章的中心，是最好的标题。
（05 天津卷A 篇）
Everyone‘s at it , even my neighbors . I thought I might be the only person left in the world who hadn‘t done an eBay deal . So, I decided to try my hand a t online auction (网上拍卖) . Buying for beginners: Sign up on https://www.doczj.com/doc/a92066850.html, . Most items (e. g. tables, computers, and books) ready for auction will come with a picture and a shart description ; others may be marked with ―Buy It Now‖ and have a fixed price . You can buy these right away.
If the item is being auctioned , you offer the highest price you are prepared to pay and eBay bids (出价) for you . The bid will be increased little by little until it goes beyond your highest bid, then you are emailed and asked if you would like to bid again. Auctions last up to 10 days and when they finish you get an email telling you whether you have won the item.
How to pay : Sellers decide how they would like to be paid and you need to check this before placing a bid as you might not want to post a cheque or postal orders . The easiest way is through PayPal, an online payment system that takes the money away from your credit card (信用卡).
Selling made simple: If you plan to sell on eBay, it helps to include a picture of the item . I followed my friends‘ advice and put up the items I wanted to sell for a 10-day auction, starting on a Thursday. This way buyers had two weekends to bid.
T he big things in life: It‘s easy to post a small item , but furniture is a big part of eBay and this has to be collected or sent by deliverymen . Check the ways of delivery before you bid.
36．What is the passage mainly about?
A．How to make payment online.
B．Ways of making delivery online.
C．Advantages of an online-auction system.
D．How to use an online-auction system.
解析：这是一篇说明文，文章结构清晰明了，第一段介绍注册网址、网上的拍卖品；第二段介绍怎样竞价；第三段介绍怎样付款。把三段的大意联系起来我们就可以概括出文章的中心：网络拍卖系统的使用方法。由此，我们很容易得出答案：D。
【实战演练练习六】（05 福建卷C 篇）
Walk through the Amazon rainforest today and you will find it is steamy, warm, damp and thick. But if you had been around 15,000 years ago, during the last ice age ,would it have been the same? For more than 30 years, scientists have been arguing about how rainforests like the Amazon might have reacted（反应）to the cold, dry climates of the ice ages, but until now, no one has reached a satisfying answer.
Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming. Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tones of CO2 each year; equal to the total amount of CO2 giving off in the UK each year. But how will the Amazon react to future climate change? If it gets drier, will it still survive and continue to draw down CO2? Scientists hope that they will be able to learn in advance how the rainforest will manage in the future by understanding how rainforests reacted to climate change in the past.
Unfortunately, getting into the Amazon rainforest and collecting information are very difficult. To study past climate, scientists need to look at fossilized pollen, kept in lake muds. Going back to the last ice age means drilling deep down into lake sediments（沉淀物）, which requires specialized equipment and heavy machinery. There are very few roads and paths, or places to land helicopters and aeroplanes. Rivers tend to be the easiest way to enter the forest ,but this still leaves vast areas between the rivers completely unsampled（未取样）. So far, only a handful of cores have been drilled that go back to the last ice age and none of them provide enough information to prove how the Amazon rainforest reacts to climate change.
67．The best title for this passage may probably be .
A．Studies of the Amazon B．Climates of the Amazon
C．Secrets of the Rainforests D．Changes of the Rainforests
【实战演练练习七】（05 上海卷D 篇）
Equipped only with a pair of binoculars(双筒望远镜) and ready to spend long hours waiting in all weathers for a precious glance of a rare bullfinc h(红腹灰雀). Britain‘s birdwatchers had long been supposed to be lovers of a minority sport. But new figures show birdwatching is fast becoming a popular pastime, with almost three million of us absorbed in our fluttering feathered friends.
Devoted birdwatchers, those prepared to travel thousands of miles for a sighting of a rare Siberian bird are fast being joined by a new breed of follower whose interest is satiated by watching a few finches(雀科鸣鸟) on a Sunday walk or putting up a bird-box in the back garden.
―Almost three million UK birdwatchers is certainly possible if you include everyone with only a casual interest.‖ Stephen Moss said in his newly published book－A Bird in the Bush a Social History of Birdwatching－which records the pursuit from the rich Victorian Englishman‘s love of shooting rare birds to the less offensive observational tendencies of birdwatchers today.
Television wildlife programmes have helped to fuel the new trend. Last summer, BBC 2‘s Britain Goes Wild was a surprise success .It pulled in three million viewers and led to bird-houses selling out across the UK as 45,000 people promised to put up a box.
Birdwatchers‘ networking system first came to the attention of the nat ion in 1989, when a birdwatcher caught sight of the first Vermivora chrysoptera --- a golden–winged songbird from North America－to be seen in Britain. He put a message our on the network service Birdline, and the next day 3,000 birdwatchers proved the fell pull of a truly rare bird as they visited the Tesco car park in Kent, where it had settled. Today, birdwatchers can log on to https://www.doczj.com/doc/a92066850.html, or have news of the latest sightings texted to their phones.
―Multimillion-pound spending on, binoculars, bird food and boxes point to the increasing numbers of birdwatchers,‖ said David Cromack, the editor of Bird Watching magazine ―The number of people involved is so big that they have great potential to influence government decisions affecting the environment.‖
79．The passage mainly tells us about ___________ in UK.
A．the history of birdwatchig B．a growing passion for birdwatching
C．the impact of media on birdwatching D．birdwatcing as a popular expensive sport
第四节推理引申题解题技巧
阅读的目的不仅在于读懂原文字面上的意义，还要求在理解原文观点的基础上，领悟作者的言外之意（learn to read between the lines）。《考试大纲》要求考生能作出简单判断和推理、能理解作者的意图和态度。这一能力要求常常通过推理引申题来考查。
推理是要求考生在阅读过程中沟通外现的和内涵的、已述的和未述的含义，以文章提供的事实为依据，经过分析、思考形成这样或那样的观点；要求考生在通篇理解文章的基础上去领悟作者的言外之意，并对作者的态度、观点、写作目的意图、文章的寓意等作出正确的
推理判断。引申要求考生在理解文章主题思想、作者的态度倾向、观点意图、情节发展等的前提下，作出合乎逻辑的引申。这类题要求我们由“已知的”去推断“未知的”，属于一种深层次的理解。
推理引申题题干中常常含有infer，imply, suggest，conclude, learn，tone, attitude, intend，purpose 等一类的词。常见的提问形式有：
The purpose of the passage is to ……
It can be inferred from the passage that …
We may infer that…..
When the writer talks about …., what the writer really means is …
The author suggests that….
The story implies that….
The writer‘s attitude towards ….is ….
From the passage we can conclude that….
The passage is intended to ….
In the author‘s opinion, …….
The purpose of writing this passage is ……
It can be concluded that…….
Which point of view may the author agree to ?
了解了这一类题的特点和命题形式，我们还要注意正确的答题方法：在阅读时要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章的结构，根据上下文之间的内在联系，推断文章的深层含义。对于隐含在字里行间或者流露于文章修饰词语中的人物的行为动机、事件中的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、态度、观点、意图等要依据文章的主题思想进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。命题者在出推理类题时往往编造一些文中已言明的事实、超出文章范围的推理、过度发挥的引申等来作为干扰项考查考生的逻辑思维能力。因此，特别注意：文中已明确说明的内容不需要推理，推理以原文中心为依据，引申要适度。对于涉及作者观点和态度一类题时，不要把自己的态度掺入其中，还要注意区分作者的观点态度和作者引用别人的观点态度，当作者没有明确表示态度时，要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断。常用的褒义词有：positive, support, useful, interesting, enthusiasm, admiring, great, wonderful, beautiful, fantastic;常用的贬义词有: disgusting, critical, negative, tolerant, disappointed, awful; 常用的表中性的词有：indifferent, impassive, uninterested, ambivalent（矛盾的）, neutral, apathetic（无动于衷的）, humor, disinterested.
看看下面的例题：（05 重庆卷A 篇）
My parents were in a huge argument, and I was really upset about it . I didn‘t know who I should talk with about how I was feeling. So I asked Mom to allow me to stay the night at my best friend‘s house. Though I knew I wouldn‘t tell her about my parents‘ situation, I was looking forward to getting out of the house. I was in the middle of packing up my things when suddenly the power went out in the neighborhood. Mom came to tell me that I should stay with my grandpa until
the power came back on.
I was really disappointed because I felt that we did not have much to talk about. But I knew he would be frightened a lone in the dark. I went to his room and told him that I‘d stay with him until the power was restored. He was quite happy and said: ―Great opportunity.‖
―What is?‖ I asked.
“T o talk , you and I ,‖ he said .‖ To hold a private little meeting about what we‘re going to do with your mom and dad , and what we‘re going to do with ourselves now that we‘re in the situation we are in .‖
―But we can‘t do anything about it , Grandpa,‖ I said , surprised that here was someone with whom I could share my feelings and so meone who was in the same ―boat‖ as I was .
And that‘s how the most unbelievable friendship between my grandfather and me started. Sitting there in the dark, we talked about our feelings and fears of life—from how fast things change, to how they sometimes don‘t change fast enough. That night, because the power went out , I found a new friend, with whom I could safely talk about all my fears and pains, whatever they may be.
Suddenly, the lights all came back on. ―Well,‖ he said, ―I guess that means you‘ll g o now .I really like our talk. I hope the power will go out every few nights!‖
58．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．The grandchild was eager to leave. B．They would have more chats.
C．The lights would go out again. D．It would no longer be dark.
解析：短文的中心是：在一个停电的夜晚，“我”和爷爷愉快畅谈的故事。故事中已言明：He was quite happy and said : ―Great opportunity.‖；I found a new friend, with whom I could safely talk about all my fears and pains, whatever they may be；I hope the power will go out every few nights!这些事实，结合短文的中心，我们不难推断出：爷孙两个人以后会有更多的交流。所以，这题答案为：B。
（05 重庆卷E 篇）
In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people .
I have taught many children who held the belief that their self-worth relied (依赖)on how well they performed at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. In their single-minded pursuit ( 追求)of success, the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten .
However, while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude.
In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: ―I may have lost, but it doesn‘t matter because I really didn‘t try.‖ What is not usually admitted by themselves is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot. Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of the true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one‘s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve (缓解) can we discover a new meaning in competition .
75．Which point of view may the author agree to?
A．Every effort should be paid back.
B．Competition should be encouraged.
C．Winning should be a life-and-death matter.
D．Fear of failure should be removed in competition.
解析：文章结构清晰，第一段首句揭示主题：Opinions about competition are different among people. 第二段作者通过生活中的观察发现：Many children are lost in the desire to succeed. 并表明自己的看法：In their single-minded pursuit ( 追求)of success , the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten .（在他们对成功追求的简单心态下，许多其他的品德的发展被可悲地遗忘了。）第三段第一句用到表转折的副词however，其后呈现段落主题句：while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed , others take an opposite attitude .接下来，作者分析了两种不同态度的实质：Both are based on the mistaken belief that one‘s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others . Both are afraid of not being valued .最后作者表明自己的观点：Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve (缓解) can we discover a new meaning in competition .分析各个段落的主题，我们不难得出文章的中心思想：只有消除竞争中的畏惧心理，我们才能发现竞争的意义。75题是一道推理题，要求我们推断作者的观点态度，分析文章的结构，结合文章的主题，我们不难推断出：D 为正确答案。【实战演练练习八】（05 山东卷B 篇）
Fidenzio Salvatori is determined that the city of Toronto will have an outdoor marketplace for merchants from its immigrant community, complete with dancing and other forms of amusement from their native countries. ―Toronto is truly multicultural(多元文化的),‖ he said in a newspaper interview. ―It‘s a city from many places, and a multicultural marketplace will help Torontonians to understand and appreciate the r ich variety of cultural groups in our city.‖
Salvatori, aged 23, will soon complete his studies at the University of Toronto. He was eleven
years old when he came to Canada from Italy with his parents. ―Most of Toronto‘s immigrants are from lands where the marketplace has always been part of daily life,‖ he said.
Salvatori has been interested in getting an open-air market for Toronto for the last three years. This year, with the help of two fellow students, he prepared a proposal on the subject and presented it to the city‘s Executive Committee, asking for their support. The proposal pointed out Toronto‘s rich variety of national groups, ―whose customs include market shopping.‖
Under a Canadian government program for multiculturalism, the three students have received tow thousand dollars with which they will do a study to find out whether Toronto‘s immigrant businessmen would support an open-air market. They hope the merchants will support the plan strongly. ―A study done earlier this year showed that 90 per cent of shoppers would be in favor of it,‖ Salvatori said. ―At first it would be an experiment. But we think it will prove to be good business for the merchants, as well as a tourist attraction.‖
64．It can be inferred from the text that the Canadian government supports _____.
A．the protection of different cultures B．the plan of an open-air market
C．the request of merchants D．the attitude of shoppers
【实战演练练习九】（05 辽宁卷A 篇）
When building houses, people used to think about not only the climate of the areas but also the building materials and the fashions for their houses. However, since electricity became more and more expensive, people began to pay much more attention to the energy they could get for their houses and the new ways they could find to protect their houses from both cold and heat.
Now, houses of an old yet new type have been widely built. In some parts of the world, people share their houses with their livestock（家畜）.During cold weather, they gather their cows, goats, or other animals and keep them on the first floor of their houses. The reasons are that the animals can be protected from the cold and that they can help to heat the houses as well. The body heat given off by the animals rises to the second floor of the houses, where people live. By sharing their houses with their livestock, people gain a source of heat.
People who live in or near cities do not usually keep livestock. However, home builders use the fact that heat rises. This natural law can be used in building houses in these areas. Instead of keeping livestock on the first floor, builders fill it with large rocks. As they are open to the sun‘s rays during cold weather, these rocks take in heat. They also give off the heat, and, of course, the warm air rises into the living areas of the houses. So these houses are energy-saving.
House-building becomes a great challenge（挑战）to building designers and energy engineers. They try to meet this challenge by learning from old traditions and by using modern technology. And someday in the future, people will be able to live in more energy-saving houses.
59．From the passage, we can conclude that __________.
A．people will no longer consider building materials in the future
B．energy-saving buildings will become more popular in the future
C．almost all people will move into the houses heated by large rocks
D．energy engineers will devote themselves only to modern technology
【实战演练练习十】（05 全国卷Ⅲ E 篇）
Last year my sixth-grader daughter, Elizabeth, was forced to put up with science. Her education, week af ter week ,contained mindless memorization of big words like ―batholith‖ and ―saprophyte‖. She learned by heart the achievements of famous scientists who did things like ―improved nuclear fusion(核聚变)‖ —never mind that she hasn‘t the least idea of what nucle ar fusion means .Elizabeth did very well (she‘s good at memorizing things). And now she hates science. My eighth-grader son, Ben, also suffered from science education. Week after week he had to perform lab experiments with answers already known .Ben figured out how to guess the right answers, so he got good grades. Now he hates science, too.
Science can provide an exciting way to develop children‘s curiosity .Science education should teach ways to ask questions and seek answers. But my children got the mistaken idea in school that science is difficult, dull and has no relation to their everyday interests.
As a physicist, I am saddened and angered to see ―the great science turn off‖ I know that science is important in our lives. Yet studies prove that our schools are turning out millions of graduates who know almost nothing about and have almost no interest in science. What‘s gone wrong? Who is to blame?
60．By writing the text, the author questions .
A．the difficulty level of the science texts B．the way science is taught in school
C．the achievements of famous scientists D．students‘ poor records in science classes
【实战演练练习十一】（06 北京卷B篇）
I was 9 years old when I found out my father was ill. It was 1994, but I can remember my mother‘s words as if it were yesterday: ―Kerrel, I don‘t want you to take food from your father, because he has AIDS. Be very careful when you are around him.‖
AIDS wasn‘t something we talked about in my country when I was growing up. From then on, I knew that this would be a family secret. My parents were not together anymore, and my dad lived alone. For a while, he could take care of himself. But when I was 12, his condition worsened. My father‘s other children lived far away, so it fell to me to look after him.
We couldn‘t afford al l the necessary medication for him, and because Dad was unable to work, I had no money for school supplies and often couldn‘t even buy food for dinner. I would sit in class feeling completely lost, the teacher‘s words muffled as I tried to figure out how I was going to manage.
I did not share my burden (负担) with anyone. I had seen how people reacted to AIDS. Kids laughed at classmates who had parents with the disease. And even adults could be cruel. When my
father was moved to the hospital, the nurses would leave his food on the bedside table even though he was too weak to feed himself.
I had known that he was going to die, but after so many years of keeping
his condition a secret. I was completely unprepared when he reached his final
days. Sad and hopeless, I called a woman at the nonprofit National AIDS
Support. That day, she kept me on the phone for hours. I was so lucky to find
someone who cared. She saved my life.
I was 15 when my father died. He took his secret away with him, having
never spoken about AIDS to anyone, even me. He didn‘t want to call attention
to AIDS. I do.
63．Why did Kerrel write the passage?
A. To tell people about the sufferings of her father.
B. To show how little people knew about AIDS.
C. To draw people‘s attention to AID S.
D. To remembered her father.
【实战演练练习十二】（06 陕西卷D篇）
I n many countries the standard of living enjoyed by their peole has increased rapidly in recent years. Sadly,not everyone in these coyntries is so fortunate and many people in rich contries are homeless.
The reasons for homelessness are various, but poverty（贫穷）is undoubtedly one of the main causes. The homeless people may have become jobless and then been unable to pay their rent and so no longer have a roof over their heads. Often, the fact that unemployed people get help from the government prevents this from happening, but not always.
Some homeless people are mentally ill and have no one to look after them. Some are young people who, for one reason or another , have left home and have nowhere to live. Many of them have had a serious disagreement with their parents and have left home, choosing to go to a city and live on the streets. Sometimes they have taken such action because they have been unable to get on with a step-parent.
Many homeless people get into the habit of begging to get enough money to stay alive, but many of the general public tefuse to give anything to beggars. Often they are moved on by the police, being accused （指控），whether rightly or wrongly, of forceful begging . There are many who disrespect homeles people.
Some cynics（愤世嫉俗的人）declare that homeless people choose to live the life which they lead. But who would willingly choose to live in z shop doorway, under a bridger or in a cardboard box?
53．It can be inferred from the text that________.
A.the homeles are willing to live under a bridge or in a cardboard box
B.you will not find homeless people in countries with a high standard of living
初中英语阅读理解专题讲座 英语组刘军 根据英语课程标准,初中毕业生应达到五级综合语言运用能力。阅读理解就是综合语言运用能力得一个重要方面,在中考中所占比重越来越大,这就是拉开档次得题目。 阅读理解五级目标部分如下: 1、能根据上下文与构词法推断、理解生词得含义; 2、能理解段落中各句子之间得逻辑关系; ３、能找出文章中得主题,理解故事得情节,预测故事情节得发展与可能得结局; 4、能读懂常见体裁得阅读材料; ５、能根据不同得阅读目得运用简单得阅读策略获取信息; 6、除教材外,课外阅读量应累计达到１5万词以上。 一、中考英语阅读理解题主要有以下几种类型: １、主旨题 主旨题所提问题主要涉及文章得中心思想、主要内容、标题、作者得态度、目得、文章得语气等。 我们首先要找出文章得主题句,我们通常可以在以下几个地方找到: （１)位于一段开头得段首句,演绎型文章得主题句通常能在段落得起始部分找到; (２)位于一段结尾得段末句,归纳型文章得主题句通常能在段落得终结部分找到; (3)若既不在段首,也不在段末,我们就应细心地在这段得中心部分去寻找; (４)有得主题句通过某种表达方式或修辞手段委婉、含蓄地提出来,这称为暗示句。这种暗示句通常难度较大,它可能不就是一句完整得话而仅就是一个词语，也可能就是通过一些具有感情色彩得词语来表达得,还可能就是通过字里行间来表达得。
主旨句得提问形式主要有: （1)Tｈe mａiｎ idｅa ｏｆ the paｓｓaｇｅｉs… ( 2 ) What' s the mａｉn idｅa of thｅｐasｓａｇe? (３）Ｗhiｃh ｉｓ the bｅst tiｔｌe for tｈe paｓsaｇe? 2、细节题 在做阅读理解题时,除了首先要抓住文章得主旨与大意外,还必须弄清楚文中得一些重要细节或事实。细节题在阅读理解部分占相当大一部分,涉及得内容很广,如时间、地点、人物、数字、原因、结果、文字结构等。 细节题得提问形式常见得有: (1) Accｏrding ｔo thｅｐassａge, whｅｎ／ｗｈere/whaｔ / who/how/wｈｙ…？ （２) Wｈich of ｔｈe ｆolｌowiｎｇｓtａtementｓ is ＴＲUＥ？ (3)Accordinｇｔo the pasｓage, all ｏf the following are ｔrｕｅEXCEPT… ３、指代题 指代题就是阅读理解部分常见得一个测试项目,主要用来测试考生对文章中出现得熟悉或不熟悉得词或词组得意义得理解能力。 当遇到不认识得而又就是要测试得生词时,要通过上下文去进行猜测。注意与这个词紧密相连得前后几个词语得意思,特别就是后面有同位语、破折号或括号时,就更容易猜测了,因为同位语、破折号或括号就就是注释。 其次,利用构词法来进行猜测。常用得构词法有派生法，转化法以及合成法。英语中有相当大一部分单词都就是由上述三种构词法变来得,这些词得构成一般都有一定得规律,掌握一些常见得规律,对于猜测考试中遇到得生词大有帮助。 指代题得提问形式主要有: (1）Ｔhｅ uｎderｌiｎed sentenｃe “No onｅ can live a pletely ｉｓolaｔed liｆe”mｅanｓ＿________＿＿ in this paｓsaｇｅ、 (2)What does thｅ undｅrlined worｄ“raｉseｄ” meａn in N ｅws 2?
高考小说阅读答题知识点 小说三要素 1、人物 2、情节 3、环境(自然环境/社会环境) （一）小说的人物形象 把握人物形象的方法： 1、分析环境描写，把握人物性格。 2、抓人物之间的关系，分析故事情节，把握人物性格。 3、分析塑造（描写）人物的方法，把握人物性格。 ①抓肖像（神态、外貌）；②抓语言（对话/独白）； ③抓动作（及所做的事）；④抓心理；⑤细节描写（神态、语言、动作等）； ⑥白描【文学表现手法之一。主要用朴素简炼的文字描摹形象，不重词藻修饰与渲染烘托。】 ⑦对比突出 其中：直接描写：肖像、语言（对话/独白）、动作、心理、细节、白描等。 间接描写（侧面描写）：如正衬、反衬等（以人衬人、以景衬人、以场面衬人）/(环境描写、对比) 4、以发展的观点多方面、多角度分析、评价（分析时，从实际出发，不过分拔高人物思想品质；立足原文，概括出原文中没有的东西，不无中生有；全面分析评价人物，不以偏概全。） 人物形象塑造的考查，解题思路应分四步走： ①首先总体把握小说人物形象特点，确定作者的感情倾向是褒还是贬，是颂扬还是讽刺。 ②然后划出小说中关于这个人物言行的语句，以及作者的议论或者作者借作品中其他人物对他的评价的语句。 ③接着看用了什么描写方法，在此基础上进行归类概括。 ④最后选择恰当的词句表述出来。 分析人物形象答题思路: 是一个怎样的人+性格、品质特征+形象的意义。 某一人物在文中的作用： ①（人物上）自身形象特点及形象意义；与另一人间的烘托作用：映衬或反衬； ②（情节上）推动某一情节的发展； ③（主题上）凸显某种主题 （二）小说的环境描写 分析环境描写的作用：首先找到环境描写的语句在文章中的位置。处于不同的位置的环境描写其作用将会是不同的。然后再概括所描写的环境。 自然环境描写作用： ①交代故事发生的时间、地点、背景；②渲染气氛； ③表现人物身份、地位，烘托突出人物的性格、心理，预示人物命运； ④推动故事情节发展；
---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------ 阅读《给教师的建议》心得体会 忙了一段时间，终于有时间静下心来好好读读书了，最近读了一本教育类书籍，令我受益匪浅，这就是苏霍姆林斯基的《给教师的建议》。 轻轻翻开这本墨绿色封面的书，快速的浏览了书目，我的心跳不禁加快，犹如缺氧的人立刻吸入了新鲜的氧气一般，另我精神为之一振。 我该如何表达，我看过此书的感受呢?我是语文教师，我承认从小我就莫名的热爱自己的学科，喜欢用文字来表达情感，更愿意透过文字感受作者情感。然而，透过苏霍木林斯基的文字我感受到了作者是以无比热情以及恒久的持之以恒的毅力，继续着他终身喜爱的事业。 细细看来：每一篇都是教学经验的提炼;每一篇都是扎实阅读的积累;每一篇都是热爱学生真情的流露;每一篇都是大师娓娓道来的经验之谈;每一篇都是教学生活中真实的再现;每一篇都是青年教师必读的经典。 或许生活中，我们离大师总是太过于遥远，但是当我走进苏霍姆林斯基所撰写的文章时，我们离大师其实很近很近，思想火花的碰撞，让我如饥似渴地读着他的著作，真不愧被称为教育圣经之作。 真正走进《给教师的建议》几天而已，我的头脑立刻清醒许多，对待孩子的观念重新有了改变，或许一本书在精神上对读者的刺激， 1 / 7
也会延伸到自我的行为中去。我期待自己在新学期的开学，能够在教学上有质的飞跃与成长...... 阅读吧，你总能感受到新思想的碰撞;阅读吧，远离喧嚣感受文字的宁静致远;阅读吧，保持自己永远具有教学活力的秘诀;阅读吧，学无止境博学治学。 对于小学劳动课这一学科，很多人都不明白它的真正含义，它究竟是一门怎样的课程?要教给学生什么?怎么教?劳动课与综合实践课又怎样的关系?这些都是我在实际的教育教学中所关心并长期探讨的主要问题。带着这些问题，今年三月中旬，自己有幸来到著名的二七区汝河路小学，在这里参加了二七区劳动课优质课的听课活动，首先很感谢学校领导能给予自己这次宝贵的学习提高机会，安排了这么好的学习借鉴机会，另为评教师充分的准备，大胆的实践尝试，也给我们指明了一个很好的学习探索方向。这次听课活动对自己的触动很多，作为一名支教的教师，在本次活动中受益也很多，现在谈一下自己的体会： 小学劳动课是：通过自我服务劳动、家务劳动、公益劳动和简单的生产劳动和教育和实践，使学生初步学会一些基本的劳动知识的技能，逐步培养正确的劳动观念、良好的劳动习惯，以及热爱劳动和热爱劳动人民的感情。 小学综合实践课作为一门以学生自主实践探究为主的课程，侧重于对学生进行综合能力的训练，采用多种方法，充分强调学生的活动
第一节散文阅读 专题一散文整体阅读训练 ——快速阅读，整体把握 一、认识散文文体特征 散文是与诗歌、小说、戏剧并列的一种文学形式，是一种自由灵活、短小精悍、表现真人真事真情的文体。近年来高考中的散文，主要包括叙事散文、抒情散文、写景散文与哲理散文四类。 散文的主要特征有： 1．形散而神不散。“形散”主要是说散文取材十分广泛自由，不受时间和空间的限制，表现手法不拘一格，可以叙述事件的发展，可以描写人物形象，可以托物抒情，可以发表议论，而且作者可以根据内容需要自由调整、随意变化。“神不散”主要是从散文的立意方面说的，即散文所要表达的主题必须明确而集中，无论散文的内容多么广泛，表现手法多么灵活，无不是为更好地表达主题服务的。 为了做到形散而神不散，在选材上应注意材料与中心思想的内在联系，在结构上应借助一定的线索把材料贯穿成一个有机的整体。散文中常见的线索有：(1)以含有深刻意义或象征意义的事物为线索；(2)以作品中的“我”为线索，由于写的都是“我”的所见所闻所思所感，侃侃而谈，自由畅达，使读者觉得更加真实可信，亲切感人。 2．意境深远，注重表现作者的生活感受，抒情性强，情感真挚。作者借助想象与联想，由此及彼，由浅入深，由实而虚地依次写来，可以融情于景，寄情于事，寓情于物，托物言志，表达作者的真情实感，实现物我的统一，展现出更深远的思想，使读者领会更深的道理。 3．语言优美凝练，富于文采。所谓优美，就是指散文的语言清新明丽，生动活泼，富于韵律美，行文如涓涓流水，叮咚有声，如娓娓而谈，情真意切。所谓凝练，是说散文的语言简洁质朴，自然流畅，寥寥数语就可以描绘出生动的形象，勾勒出动人的场景，显示出深远的意境。散文力求写景如在眼前，写情沁人心脾。 二、快速阅读，整体把握点拨 (一)读懂，才能做题 文学作品阅读需要两大能力，一是对文本的认知理解能力，二是解题能力。解题其实并无神秘之处，关键在于对文本的认知理解能力。理解能力不够，任何解题方法都不能真正起作用。而要提高对文本的认知理解能力，不能单靠多做练习题。编者认为，认真阅读、仔细
群文阅读中的难点突破 小学语文学习中，阅读理解对于学生来说是比较难的一个版块。学生从三年级开始就逐渐接触比较难的阅读理解，有些学生就会觉得阅读理解特别困难。那么，如果学生的阅读理解能力不好会造成什么后果呢？1.应用题等理解类的题型读不懂；2.影响理解能力，导致成绩不好；3.浏览书本、试卷用时长；4.知识面窄，综合运用知识能力差；5.缺乏阅读兴趣，影响学习兴趣；6.影响孩子创造思维的发展。由此来看，提高学生的阅读理解能力真的很有必要。 那么如何提高学生的阅读能力呢？在平时上课时给学生上课分析文章，大部分学生还是能都理解，但是根据现在的课标要求，需要学生大量增加阅读量。由于我们班大部分学生都是打工务农子女，虽然每天都布置让他们回去读半小时课外书，但是效果甚微。所以我就想利用课堂上来让学生进行群文阅读。 什么是群文阅读呢？所谓“群文”，顾名思义，就是在教学现场，较短的单位时间内，要呈现多篇文章，多到四五篇，甚至七八篇。“群文阅读”的方向：多个文本、同一个议题或几个议题教学。这里提到的“群文阅读”，是在教材的基础上，补充2-4组形式多样的文章或者更多，建构以一定议题为依托，以粗读略读为主法，以分享感悟为核心，以探索发现为乐趣的教学方法。具体就是把一组文字,以一定的方式组合在一起指导学生阅读,并在阅读中推理出自己的观点,进而提升阅读力和思考力。 群文阅读想要实施起来有很好的效果，还是很有难度，特别是如何组合选文，“群文阅读”教学成功与否，很大程度上取决于教师怎样把文章放在一起，有何意图。把怎样的文章如何放在一起是个关键。“群文阅读”的成功与否，很大程度上取决于我们把怎样的文章放在一起，如何放在一起。为了进一步的突破这个难题，我学习了相关资料，领会到了许多。恰逢这次集团群文比赛，正好来将学到的进行尝试。 一、选题 最开始在思考选择什么文章的时候，我有几个选题，神话故事、寓言故事、童话故事。最开始我选择的是寓言故事，但是后来先找了几个孩子来读，发现他
高中现代文阅读指导 一、考查能力： 1、文中重要词语、句子含义的理解 2、文中有效信息的筛选及整合 3、分析文章结构，把握文章思路 4、归纳内容要点，概括中心思想 5、分析概括作者在文中的观点态度 6、鉴赏文学作品的形象、语言和表达技巧 7、评价文章的思想内容和作者的观点态度 二、具体题型分类： （一）理解类：理解重要词语、句子的含义 （二）结构类：句子作用段落作用 文章思路材料安排. （三）技巧类：各种修辞手法及其作用、各种表现手法及其作用（多与理解类结合） （四）主旨类：文章中心思想，主题 （五）概括类：形象特点、信息筛选 作者的情感变化 （六）阅读延伸题： 三、熟悉文体 ?第一类：记叙性散文 这类散文以叙述和抒情为主要表达手段，叙述多是日常生活较为平淡的人事。主旨即对所写人事寄寓的感情，或由此得到的感悟。 典型写作思路：简叙写作缘由→多角度多层次写人记事→中间穿插一些细节描写→结尾抒发情感，反映世态，总结感悟 2007北京卷《湿湿地想念》 ?第二类：写景状物性散文 这类散文以描写和议论抒情为主要表达手段，描写多是景、物的某一突出特征，议论抒情多是在景、物突出特征的基础上进行人生道理的升华。主旨即物人相通处。 典型写作思路：引出写作对象→咏物状景，时空拓展→中间常穿插其他景、物对比反衬→再由自然之物作拟人化延伸议论→结尾抒情言志，升华主旨 2008年北京卷《碧去寺的秋色》2009年北京卷《司马祠》 ?第三类：议论性散文 也叫哲理散文。这类散文以议论为主要表达方式，但议论不是凭空而生，往往在文章的开头交代议论的由头，或事，或物，然后逐层递进式议论。主旨在物（事）与理相通处。 典型写作思路：对现实的事、物有触动（触发点）→类似事情相近或相反的联想议论（联系点）
《给教师的阅读建议》读书体会 假期拜读了闫学所著的《给教师的阅读建议》一书，读完以后真的觉得这是一本值得我们一读的好书，书中提到了一些观点给我很大触动，每一条建议都有益于教师开阔眼界，提高水平，它可以作为一面如何做人的镜子，给人以启迪。它更是一部全面培养人的教科书，给人以借鉴。那些关于教育的真知灼见，值得我们一遍又一遍地阅读、品味、反思。 在本书中，闫学老师以“阅读”为主题，探讨了阅读的意义，指出优秀教师是读出来的，对于这一点我深感赞同。读书是提高内在素质的法宝。教师，教书育人者，健全的人格，高尚的情操，广博的知识，对事物科学理性的认识，而这些除了生活中经验的积累，读书便是实现以上要求的一个主要途径。“教给学生一杯水，教师应该有一桶水。”一桶水如不添加，也有用尽的时候。只有不断丰富自己的知识，才能创造性地使用教材，赢得自身的发展。只有不断地学习、更新观念和知识，不断地在实践中总结经验教训，吸取他人之长来补自己之短，才能使自己更加有竞争力和教育教学的能力。所以教师应该读书。但一直以来，都因为工作忙而疏于静下心来读书，总借口没时间而不能够静下心来学习。尽管作为一线教师，工作量相对较大，但是也不应该忽视阅读的重要性，也要合理安排好时间进行阅读，在阅读中获得进步。真正的问题是，你是否选择阅读，是否愿意过一种阅读的生活？越忙越要读书，留一点空间给阅读。 虽然，一个教师是否能成为一个优秀教师，这其中的因素很多，比如：一个教师所受的专业教育，所处的教育环境，所拥有的生活经历，所秉持的教育理念，所具有的职业天赋，等等。但我们都无法否认这样一个真理：如果一个教师不读书，他就不能在教育教学这条路上走得很远。换句话说，那就是：一个不读书的教师，不可能成为一个真正的优秀教师。 “不光教师要读书，我们的孩子更应该读书”(苏霍姆林斯基的话)，这本书中提到“越是学习困难的孩子越需要阅读”。在学校教育中，作为老师，我们也要起到读书的带头作用，自己潜移默化的影响学生，除了自己要多学习以外，还可以在班级里开展一些有意义的读书活动。形成一种良好的学习氛围。然后适当给孩子一些鼓励，提高他们的学习自信心。 通过看《给教师的阅读建议》一书，学会怎么样写读书随笔也让我感触颇深。当阅读和写作结合起来，那些在阅读时引发的思考会更加深入、全面、透彻，甚至会引发一些阅读时不曾有的思考，阅读就获得了另外的奖励和收获。我也要试着把我看过的书所产生的感想一一写下来，做好摘抄记录。读书笔记不能全盘
关于对教师读书的建议 北京大学中文系教授，博士生导师温儒敏 现在各地在搞教师培训，关键是尽量减少焦虑感，不断提升教师的素质与业务能力，而读书习惯的培养就是最重要的培训。 我们做过调查，现在中小学老师阅读状况很不理想，很多老师没有阅读习惯与兴趣。他们认为教学工作太过繁重，没有时间读书。老师们压力大，时间紧，都是事实，但不等于无法改变。如果静下来想想，从长计议，为整个人生的发展考虑，还是要挤出一些时间“充电”，也能够挤出时间来读书的。外部压力越大，越要有自己的精神空间，读书就是建构精神空间的办法之一，甚至也是一种良性的生活方式。反过来，读书可以增添情趣，提升素质，让生活更充实，更有幸福感，也是对抗压力、减少职业倦怠感的一个途径。 还有一种看法，似乎语文教师应该多看看书，数理化老师就不必了。 教师有相对的学科分工，但无论文科理科，都应当具有一定的语文素养，包括思维能力、表达能力和审美感悟能力。语文是基础的基础，也就是说，在所有基础学科中，语文更是“打底子”的。学数理化、学英语、学其他学科，都要有语文做“底子”。我有一位老同学是搞钢铁技术的著名专家，至今他招收博士生，面试总还要考一点语文。为什么？他说自己有体会，他能有一些发明创新，在相当程度上得益于中小学语文学习打下的基础，跟平时多读书也大有关系；技术创新不能就技术谈技术，还要依靠有点“柔性”的脑子。我理解他说的是智商、情商等综合的素质，其中就包含语文素养。人们一说语文立即会想到阅读写作，但支持读写能力的主要又是思维的能力。可见语文素养对于一个教师的整体素质的养成，其重要性无论怎样强调都不为过。 我们在教学中强调培养学生的情感、态度、价值观，对教师自己来说，这也是重要的。教师是化育人的职业，先要化育自己，让自己具备博雅的气质。这个“博”可以理解为眼光与气度的开通博大，“雅”就是品味的高雅。教师不一定要求知识非常广博高深，但气质风范必定是面向博雅的，这会让自己感到人生的充实，在孩子们眼中又是值得崇尚的人。在当今趋向物质化、功利化、粗鄙化的氛围中，提倡“博雅”是有现实意义的。 那么小学与初中教师应该读些什么书？应该多阅读经典的文学作品。当然，理论和文学史的阅读是一方面，但不是最重要的，最重要的是阅读经典作品。经典是经过历史筛选沉淀下来的，是人类智慧的结晶。年轻时多读一些经典，可以为精神成长打底子。或许，现在的青年人接触经典会有隔膜，包括语言形式上的隔膜，这时很自然的。阅读经典需要沉得下心来，需要“磨性子”，这是一个涵养过程。 现在那种颠覆经典的东西太多，“文化快餐”的东西太多。一些中小学老师忙于应对考试，读书其实很少，对经典作品接触相当有限，即使有所接触，也不见得是经典原作，可能也就是上网读一些好玩的轻松的东西，包括“恶搞”的文字，这很容易受到那种价值消解、相对主义甚至游戏人生的思想影响，而且把阅读品味也败坏了，这真有“终生受损”的危险。
教师是散文 却无法令人震撼，其中有空灵的妙语精句，灵魂独白，也有平铺直叙的素朴词句，一位好教师一生的工作，散的是外形而不散的是那份神韵。这份神韵贯串在好教师的灵魂里、贯穿在无与伦比的师德中，选择了教师这个职业，好教师就选择了散文似的生存状态，正如诗人所说：他在琐碎的工作中对真理永远怀有赤子般的虔诚，他追索，他冥想，他叩问，他是校园中最善于学习的人，他把新知视作生命的给养，他如饥似渴的汲取着、吸纳着，不知疲倦。同时，他的心弦永远奏响着创造者的欢歌。他常常感动于自己的伟大劳作——“愚蒙者，我得而智慧之；幼小者，我得而长大之；目视后进骎骎日上，皆我所造就着，其乐为何如耶！”带着这个份美好的情感和超卓的精神活在这个嘈杂的世界上，这样的人生不正像一篇来自生活中的真情美文吗？ 太多的人都在叹息，但是，那个最辛苦的人却没有工夫叹息。他要在别人叹息的时间思考以怎样的方式讲述一篇新的课文或讲解道新的习题。他否定了一个又一个教学方案，选择的时刻，取舍的瞬间，他被一种甜蜜的痛苦轻轻折磨，他要以一种最佳的方式将一个破茧成蝶的故事移植到一方心灵的净土上，再期待着他成为一个比故事更神奇的奇迹。 太多的人都在希冀一掷千金的挥霍，灯红酒绿的奢侈，喝三吆四的排场，颐指气使的骄横，或者珠光宝气的华贵，绫罗绸缎的柔美，周游列国的潇洒，而教师却对对这些看得很淡，他们崇尚管弦丝竹，崇尚学富五车，崇尚素朴、简洁的生活。 太多的人都在祈求回报，以各种形式，祈求超出最高利润的的回报。时间抽走教师的青春，用皱纹和迟钝填充留下的黑洞，学生一批批飞走，一片片旧日的羽毛是教师得到的最好回报。 这个切，源自一份爱，一份发自良心的的责任。 师责昭昭！ 大爱无言！ 心中有爱，腹中有诗，肩上有责——这样的人一生栖身杏林、躬耕杏坛，一天天，一年年，这样的人生，不正像一篇苦味芬芳、又隽永绮丽的散文吗？
三是要有寻找中心句意识（每段的中心句，特别是文章的开头，结尾，过渡句以及标题） 2、审题： 题干具有以下作用：暗示答题区域；暗示答题思路；暗示答题方法；暗示答案本身。 审题时注意： ◆是否选准题眼（答题重点）；◆是否选全要点（要答几个方面）； ◆是否选准角度（以谁为陈述主体）；◆是否选好恰当的句式（要与设问的句式一致）。 组织语言时，注意“问”与“答”要照应好。 如问：“为什么对作者来说这是一次短暂而愉快的旅行？”则： ①题眼（答题重点）是：短暂而愉快； ②要点（回答的内容）应包括：“短暂”和“愉快”两点； ③设问的角度：以“这”作陈述对象，而不是“作者”； ④句式应为：两个句子，且构成并列关系。 3、答题：“规范作答”不能忘记的三个原则： ①答案在文中（直接来源于文中或或从文中提炼）； ②选择并重组文中关键词句（注意原文表述角度与设问角度是否一致）； ③分点分条作答（高考阅卷采点给分）。 承上启下→总领全文→引起下文→过渡自然→前后呼应→伏笔照应→制造悬念→照应开头→总结上文→卒章明志→详略主次。 文章或段落中间――①起承上启下的过渡作用；②前后呼应；③为下文作铺垫、引起下文； ④照应上文，转换话题。 文章或段落结尾－―①升华感情；②深化主题；③总结上文；④卒章显志，点明主题；⑤呼应开头，使文章结构首尾圆合；⑥言尽而意无穷，使文章委婉含蓄。 题目在文中的作用-- -- 一是起线索作用，贯穿全文；二是设置悬念，激发读者阅读的兴趣；三是点明主题。【题型分析】开头（结尾）有什么作用答题程式。 【解题思路】散文（小说）开头，形式不拘一格，作用也多种多样：或开门见山，点题明目；或宕笔引题，铺垫后文；或总括全文，点题明旨；或描写景物，渲染氛围。结尾是一篇文章的总收束，好的结尾能给人深刻的印象，或如“豹尾”“撞钟”，引人振奋；或如“临去秋波”，含蓄隽永，耐人回味。 【备选术语】开头语段的作用：开篇点题，统领全文；引出下文，或为下文作铺垫；渲染气氛，奠定基调。 结尾语段的作用：总结全文，归结主旨；呼应开头，首尾圆润，使文章浑然一体；卒章显志，点明题旨；强化作者情感，深化或升华主旨；言有尽而意无穷，引发读者思考；委婉含蓄，意在言外，发人深思；等等。
《给教师的建议》读书心得 2018-12-26 《给教师的建议》一书系20世纪苏联教育经典译丛之一，十分值得我们教师阅读。下面是小编搜集整理的《给教师的一百条建议》，欢迎阅读。 《给教师的一百条建议》读书心得1 最近，利用空闲时间我读了《给教师的一百条新建议》，收获不小。 《给教师的一百条新建议》中提到了学会赞美，赏识。这不禁使我想到：赞美和赏识他人体现了一种智慧――你在欣赏他人的时候也在不断地提升和完善着自己的人格；赞美他人体现了一种美德。 教育中，总有这样一些画面，学生的顽皮淘气，教师宽容笑对，节之有法；总有这样一些画面，学生贪玩懒散，教师坚持笑对，培养习惯；总有这样一些画面，学生心灵受伤，教师真诚笑对，平等交流，抚平创伤，点燃信心，托起希望……总有这样一些画面让我们感动，让我们发自内心地为之赞美！ 我们的学生年龄虽小，内心却也是丰富、敏感的。他们更需要教师的赞美，需要教师发自肺腑的真诚赞美赏识，愿学生在教师们的赞美和赏识中长大，愿老师们在赞美之中成熟、优秀。 教师要有静气，就是要静下心来备每一堂课，静下心来批每一本作业，静下心来与每个孩子对话，静下心来研究学问，静下心来读几本书，静下心来总结规律，静下心来反思自己的言行和方式，静下心来细细的品位与学生在一起的分分秒秒…… 读着郑杰的这一百条新建议，我对自己的这一职业有了更新的认识，“完整的人”、“称职的员工”、“理性的教育者”、“自由职业”教师职业的这四重境界也将会是我求索路上不停的追求。 《给教师的一百条建议》读书心得2 最是书香能致远，腹有诗书气自，一本好书，犹如美酒，犹如清茶，使人回味，心旷神怡。《给教师的一百条新建议》是由教育家苏霍姆林斯基完成，根据我国国情改编而来。书中每一条谈一个问题，又生动的实际事例，也有精辟的理论分析，很多都是坐着在教育教学中的实力，娓娓道来。读完这本书，思绪万千，大师为我们指引的教育教学的方向。 一、爱学生
现代文阅读答题方法技巧汇总 （一）文章的表达技巧的分析鉴赏 1、修辞手法（请参阅《一本通·专题过关》P80） （1）、确认所用的修辞手法，点明所用修辞手法。 （2）、明确答题方向。答题时，一定要结合语句内容分析每一种修辞手法的具体作用。 一般说来：描绘类的修辞手法作用为使描写对象生动形象。主要有比喻、拟人、夸X；结构类的修辞手法作用为突出强调，主要有对偶、排比、反复；表达类的修辞手法作用为增强语气，主要有反问和设问。 具体如下： 比喻——使事物生动、形象、具体，给人以鲜明的印象；化无形为有形。使深奥的道理浅显化，抽象的道理形象化，具体形象生动地突出本体的什么特点，从而增强文章的趣味性、生动性。 答题格式：生动形象的写出了+对象+特性 拟人——使物具有某种情感，便于抒发某种感情。能使读者对所表达事物产生鲜明的印象，产生强烈的感情，引起共鸣。（比拟：色彩鲜明，描绘形象，表意丰富）如果在人称上将物说成“你”等，不仅具有使物具有人的某种情感，便于抒发某种感情，而且有显得亲切自然的表达效果。 排比——强烈表达作者的思想感情。增强气势、加强语气、一气呵成、突出强调。议论文往往增加语势，起到了强化论证观点的作用。用来说理，可把道理阐述得更严密、更透彻；用来抒情，可把感情抒发淋漓尽致。 答题格式：强调了+对象+特性 夸X——可以引起丰富的想象，更好地突出事物的特征，表达感情更强烈，引起读者的强烈共鸣。放大观点感情，强调爱憎是非，美丑更加鲜明。 对偶——形式上音节整齐匀称、节奏感强，具有音律美；内容上凝练集中，概括力强。 设问——无疑而问，明知故问，引人注意，启发思考，突出效果。引起读者兴趣，引起读者思考。用在一段的开头或结尾处，除引起思考外，还有承上启下的过渡作用。用在议论文中，能使论证深入，脉络清晰。 答题格式：引起读者对+对象+特性注意和思考 反问——以否定的形式表示肯定，表达鲜明，目的是加强语气，起强调、强化作用。
高考小说阅读常见题型解题 (一)把握故事情节 1．分析情节的技法 分析小说的故事情节，可以从以下几方面入手：①抓住场面；②寻找线索；③理清小说的结构。 分析小说故事情节时要注意两点： ①情节的发展变化是矛盾冲突发展的体现，分析小说的情节时必须抓住主要的矛盾冲突。 ②分析情节不是鉴赏小说的目的，而是手段，是为理解人物性格、把握小说主题服务的。所以，在分析情节的过程中，要随时注意体会它对人物性格的形成及对揭示小说主题的作用。 (1)情节的作用 ①交代人物活动的环境。 ②设置悬念，引起读者阅读的兴趣。 ③为后面的情节发展作铺垫或埋下伏笔。 ④照应前文。 ⑤线索或推动情节发展。 ⑥刻画人物性格。 ⑦表现主旨或深化主题。 (2)情节的特点 A．情节安排评价： ①就全文来说有一波三折式。作用是引人入胜，扣人心弦，增强故事的戏剧性、可读性。 ②就开头、结尾来说有首尾呼应式。作用是使结构紧密、完整。 ③就开头来说有倒叙式，如《祝福》，先写祥林嫂的死，然后再写祥林嫂是怎样一步步被封建礼教逼向死亡之地的。作用是制造悬念。 ④就结尾来说有戛然而止，留下空白式。此外，还有出人意料式、悲剧式、喜剧式等。 ⑤贯穿情节的线索，可作线索的有：事、物、人、情、时间、空间，如《药》中的“人血馒头”、《乌米》中的“我”等。 B．情节安排基本技巧： ①顺叙：按时间(空间)顺序来写，情节发展脉络分明，层次清晰。 ②倒叙：不按时间先后顺序，而是把某些发生在后的情节或结局先行提出，然后再按顺序叙述下去的一种方法，造成悬念，引人入胜。 ③插叙：在叙述主要事件的过程中，插入另一与之有关的事件，然后再接上原来的事件写。对主要情节或中心事件做必要补充说明，使情节更加完整，结构更加严密，内容更加充实丰满。 ④补叙：在叙述主要事件的过程中，补充叙述另一与之有关的事件，然后再接上原来的事件写。对上文内容加以补充解释，对下文做某些交代，照应上下文。 ⑤平叙：叙述两件或多件同时发生的事，使头绪清楚，照应得体。 2．解题方法 (1)常见设问模式 ①用一句话或简明的语句概括故事情节，或文中共写了哪几件事，请依次加以概括；或用填空的形式概括小说的部分内容(包括指出开端、发展、高潮和结局四
《给教师的阅读建议》读书笔记 作为即将步入三尺讲台的准新手教师，最近的阅读带有些功利主义色彩，没有期望我现在的阅读能收到立竿见影的效果，但是阅读计划外邂逅的这本书，却如久旱逢甘霖般，让我对一直以来的迷茫渐渐豁然开朗。 这是一本教我们如何阅读的书，没有言辞锋利的说教，没有强行推荐教师必读书目清单，流畅的文字、旁征博引的句段、信手拈来的小故事让我常常忘了这是在学习如何阅读，字里行间处处洋溢着阅读的快乐和做老师的幸福感。对于闫学而言，阅读就像呼吸一样自然。后来，慢慢才意识到，这本书的阅读价值远远超出教师这个职业范畴。一个能够阅读的人会从阅读中获得幸福，这一点，其实与我们是不是一名教师无关。正如作者多次强调的，教育不是教师生活的全部。 此处引用书中提到的俄国作家邦达列夫的一段话来表达我此刻的心情，再恰当不过了。“一个人打开一本书，就是在仔细观察第二生活，就像在镜子深处，寻找着自己的主角，寻找着自己思想的答案，不由自主地把别人的命运、别人的勇敢精神与自己个人的性格特点相比较，感到遗憾、
怀疑、懊恼，他会笑、会哭、会同情和参与”。 用我喜欢的歌手李健的话来说：“你找一些参考系，就不会那么容易轻狂。你经常读书，经常创作，就越经常感受到自己的有限性。”尤其是在阅读中，我常常感觉到自己的淡薄与可怜。 书中的逻辑衔接很流畅，下面我仅按照我习惯的思维方式，将其中的思想做一概括整理，以便留住我稍纵即逝的记忆。 阅读的价值(Why) 阅读会帮助教师至少实现精神突围 当一个教师的生活中除了教育再没有其他东西的容身之地时，这样的生活无异于受难，是日复一日、永无尽头的重复、封闭与单调。教师的生活同样应该是丰富的，教师也应该有不同的生活状态。阅读帮助教师在精神上实现突围，因为教师会通过阅读看到世界的阔大与丰富，看到生命存在的多样性与不同的生长密码，看到生活的意义不仅在于教育本身，更在于感受生命成长的快乐和价值。生命因阅读的参与而开始变得不确定，变得不再是一潭死水，不再只是面前有一条路，你完全可以换一种眼光，甚至换一种生活，
《给教师的建议》读书心得3篇孙艳红 作为一名小学教师，我深切感受到如今教师与学生应该建立一种和谐、民主、平等的师生关系，使自己在教师职业道德、教师教学行为、教师教育教学等方面都要有全新的认识，提高了自己的业务水平。最近阅读了前苏联著名教育家苏霍姆林斯基的著作《给教师的建议》受益匪浅，就其中印象深刻的几点建议谈谈自己的体会。 在他的第二十八条建议里，他强调了“劳动”的重要性，这种劳动主要是指动手操作，而且也不是随便什么样的劳动，而是指复杂的，创造性的劳动，这种劳动一定要有思想，能促使孩子思考，能让他将各种事实联系起来去考虑。他有一句非常有名的话：儿童的智慧在他的手指尖上就出自这一条建议。在这条建议中，他不仅强调阅读，而且将学生的动手能力也看得很重要，他说，我看到，那些双手灵巧的儿童，热爱劳动的儿童，能够形成聪敏的、好钻研的智慧。确实包含思想的手工劳动对于锻炼学生的智慧，促进他思维的发展会起到十分重要的作用。 在这条建议里苏霍姆林斯基还列举了四种应当使学生 选择的劳动方式，在我看来，在四五十年前苏联能够进行的这些劳动，在我们中国恐怕是找不到了。不是条件达不到，而是我们根本就没有考虑这样去做。像他说的那些设计制作
各种装置、机械、仪器的活动室，那些家业实验活动基地，有几所学校愿意去做呢？特别是农业劳动，他说，我深信，农业劳动——这是最能启迪智慧的劳动活动的种类之一。可是，在我们的城市学校，几乎已经绝迹了。 这不知是历史的进步，还是倒退，即使是实验室，有多少学校能真正重视它的建设呢？ 建议第三十五条和第三十六条都是说培养学生记忆力的。 记忆力，不管对于学生的学习或者是成人的工作都是至关重要的。大凡在学习上取得优秀成绩的学生，无一不是具有比较强的记忆力，那是如何培养学生的记忆力呢？靠死记硬背能锻炼出好的记忆力吗？苏氏在这两条建议中做出也比较详细的说明。在他的文章里，他特别反对“死记硬背”，他会这种记忆方法“甚至会造成幼稚病，简直会把人变成傻瓜”。 那么他强调的是怎样的一种记忆方法呢？他说，依靠自身的努力和顽强的意志而获取的知识越多，逻辑的认识对学生的情绪领域触动得越深，那么记忆就越牢固，新的知识在意识中的安置就越有秩序和严整。在这里，他特别强调了有理解的记忆。也就是说，在记忆的过程中，不随意记忆占得成分越大，他可能记忆的东西就越牢固。 怎样才算是有理解的记忆，如何将记忆长久的保持下来
髙三一轮复习 散文专题 ——写景抒情类散文整体阅读 【学习目标】 1.了解写景状物类散文的文体特征； 2.掌握写景状物类散文内容梳理、结构思路分析和主旨概括的一般方法； 3.培养在整体阅读基础上规范、精准解题的能力。 【文体特点】 写景抒情类散文语言优美、想像丰富、构思巧妙、以小见大，言近旨远，或寓情于景，或情由景生，文学性与趣味性并存。 【解题思路】 1、立足整体，把握形象。整体关照乃能高屋建範，前后贯通，把住文脉，在此基础上分析形象才能全面完整。而写景状物散文的形象较之其它类型散文的形象要突出、丰满、重要得多。全面把握作者笔下的自然山水、人工场景、风俗民情、特定物件等形象的形声色味、情态特征及内在含蕴等是阅读好此类文章的根本。 抓住“文眼”，理解内容。 2、散文的特点是“形散而神不散”，理解散文内容，要善于抓住能够体现散文“神” 的“文眼”。“文眼”就是作品中最精彩、最传神、最使人动情、最耐人寻味的语句，是作者思想感情的喷发口，是文章思想感情的焦点，同时也对文章的结构起着支配统摄作用。好的散文总是“眼”显“神”。阅读时只要抓住这个“眼”，就可以把握文章的主旨。需要注意的是，“文眼”句有的是直接明示性的，有的则是委婉含蓄些的；有的在篇首，有的在篇末。 3、找准切合点，析“形”入“情”。这类散文总是借所绘之景，所状之物抒情、言志、明理。二者之间自有其内在的关联。 4、合理联想，揽旨品趣。文本阅读坚决排斥主观臆断，但需要合理的联想。品评作者的思想情感、文章的主旨、重要词句的含义等都离不开必要的联想。
5、明确技法，析其效果。此类散文通常用到的技法有抒情方式（借景抒情、寓情于景、托物言志等），表达方式（描写、记叙、抒情、议论、说明），表现手法（对比、衬托、象征、铺垫、渲染、联想、想象等），修辞手法（比喻、比拟、夸张、借代、通感、排比等）。 【课堂小练】 杨柳①（2006辽宁卷） 丰子恺 因为我的画中多杨柳树，就有人说我欢喜杨柳树。因为有人说我欢喜扬柳树，我似觉自己真与杨柳树有缘。但我也曾问心，为甚么欢喜杨柳树？到底与杨柳树有甚么缘？其答案了不可得。原来这完全是偶然的。假如我存心要和杨柳结缘，就可以附会种种理由上去。或者说我爱它的鹅黄嫩绿，或者说我爱它的如醉如舞，或者说我爱它像小蛮的腰，或者说我爱它是陶渊明宅边所种的。即使要找三百个冠冕堂皇、高雅深刻的理由，也是很容易的。天下事往往如此。 实际，我向来对于花木无所爱好；即有之，亦无所执着。这是因为我生长穷乡，只见桑麻、禾黍、棉花、小麦、大豆，不曾亲近过万花如绣的园林。只在几本旧书里看见过“紫薇”“红杏” “芍药”“牡丹”等美丽的名称，但难得亲近这等名称的所有者。并非完全没有见过，只因见时它们往往使我失望。我觉得它们也只是植物中的几种，不过少见而名贵些，实在也没有甚么特别可爱的地方，似乎不配在诗词中那样地受人称赞，更不配在花木中占据那样高尚的地位。 假如我现在要赞美一种植物，我仍是要赞美杨柳。但这与前缘无关，只是我这几天的所感，一时兴到，随便谈谈。为的是昨日天气佳，埋头写作到傍晚，不免走到西湖边的长椅子里去坐了一番。看见湖岸的杨柳树上，好像挂着几万串嫩绿的珠子，在温暖的春风中飘来飘去，飘出许多变度微微的S线来，觉得这一种植物实在美丽可爱，非赞它一下不可。 听人说，这植物是最贱的。剪一根枝条来插在地上，它也会活起来，后来变成一株大杨柳树。它不需要高贵的肥料或工深的壅培，只要有阳光、泥土和水，便会生活，而且生得非常强健而美丽。牡丹花要吃猪肚肠，葡萄藤要吃肉汤，许多花木要吃豆饼，杨柳树不要吃人的东西，因此人们说它是“贱”的。大概“贵”是要吃的意思。越要吃得多，越要吃得好，就是越“贵”。吃得很多很好而没有用处，只供观赏的，似乎更贵。例如牡丹比葡萄贵，是为了牡丹吃了猪肚肠一无用处?，而葡萄吃了肉汤有结果的原故。杨柳不要吃人的东西，且有木材供人用，因此被人看作“贱”的。 我赞杨柳美丽。但其美与牡丹不同，与别的一切花木都不同。花木大都是向上发展的，红杏能长到“出墙”，古木能长到“参天”。向上原是好的，但我往往看见枝叶花果蒸蒸日上，似乎忘记了下面的根，觉得可恶！你们是靠他养活的，怎么只管高踞在上面, 绝不理睬他呢？你们的生命建
读《给教师的阅读建议》有感 唐杨闫学,成为特级教师时年仅32岁，同为教师的我一直好奇她的成长之路。直到拜读了她的著作《给教师的阅读建议》，我深受启发：优秀教师是读出来的。 书中，闫学老师以“阅读”为主题，探讨了阅读的意义与方法，她的“优秀教师是读出来的”这一观点，让我产生了共鸣。同时，她还提出了“越忙越要读书”“要阅读有坡度的书”“要读经典书籍和不能只读教育书籍”等主张。列举了“应该怎样读书”“新教师应该读什么书”“怎样写读书随笔”“让不爱阅读的孩子爱上阅读”等阅读方法。并指出，阅读让教师呈现出不一样的课堂、不一样的语文、不一样的教育。《给教师的阅读建议》使我从面对浩瀚书海，茫然无序的阅读中跳了出来，明确了作为一名教师应有的最佳阅读选择和精神突围。 读《给教师的阅读建议》，不仅让我感受到了闫学老师的阅读思想和主张，更让我体会到了她行云流水的文笔和扎实的写作功底。作为同行，我自愧不如，也深深自省。对于“优秀教师是读出来的”这一观点，我深感赞同。教师，传道授业解惑者，“人类灵魂的工程师”首先应该是一个读书人，教师应该通过读书来丰厚自己的底蕴，完善自己的知识结构，在阅读中来获得教育教学的智慧，提升自己的教育教学水平。“优秀教师是读出来的”，正所谓“学高为师，身正为范”，教师的文化底蕴很大程度决定了对学生潜移默化的影响。一个人健全的人格，高尚的情操，广博的知识，对事物科学理性的认识，除了需要在生活中积累的经验外，更多的还需要通过读书来完成。所以教师应该读书；更应该通过读书来完成自己的教育梦想。 一个教师是否能成为一个优秀教师，这其中的因素很多，比如：一个教师具有的智商与能力，所具有的职业天赋，所拥有的生活经历，所秉持的教育理念，所受的专业教育，所处的教育环境，等等。但我们都无法否认这样一个真理：如果一个教师不读书，他就不能在教育教学这条路上走得很远。换句话说，那就是：一个不读书的教师，绝不可能成为一个真正的优秀教师。当下，很多老师抱怨工作太忙，没有时间读书，生活压力太大，没有精力读书。然而，我们身边很多教师，尤其是青年教师每天却有着充足的时间上网刷微信朋友圈，晒美食、晒旅游、晒孩子、晒幸福……把我们生活中绝大多数的零敲碎打的时间，都用来刷微信圈、填充QQ空间、玩手机游戏了，成了实属的低头族。在书中，闫学老师通过自己的事例告诫大家“微信朋友圈里呈现的信息对每一个人来说都是被动地接受,这与传统意义上的阅读完全是两回事……传统意义上的阅读让人宁静致远，那么刷微信朋友圈就让人心浮气躁。”在刷微信圈、填充QQ空间和玩手机游戏中空耗了时间和精力，希望大家适可而止。微信时代，请给阅读留点空间，也给心灵留点空间。
散文阅读 总序第个教案执行时间： 【教学目标】： 1.了解散文的基本特征及主要表现手法； 2.感受形象，品味语言，领悟内涵，分析艺术表现力； 3.理解作品反映的社会生活和感情世界； 4.探究文本蕴涵的民族心理和人文精神。 5.把握考纲要求及变化。 【教学重点】： 1.感受形象，品味语言，领悟内涵，分析艺术表现力； 2.理解作品反映的社会生活和感情世界。 【教学难点】：探究文本蕴涵的民族心理和人文精神。 【教学方法】： 讲练结合法、边练边悟法。 【教学时间】：二课时 【教学过程】： 第一课时 一、明确考纲要求及考点变化 【考纲要求】文学类文本阅读阅读和鉴赏中外文学作品。了解小说、散文、诗歌、戏剧等文学体裁的基本特征和主要表现手法。阅读鉴赏文学作品，应注重价值判断（新增）和审美体验，感受形象，品味语言，领悟内涵，分析艺术表现力，理解作品反映的社会生活和情感世界，探索作品蕴涵的民族心理和人文精神。 1．理解B （新增） ⑴理解文中重要词语的含义 ⑵理解文中重要句子的含意 2．分析综合C ⑴分析作品结构，概括作品主题 ⑵分析作品的体裁特征和表现手法（2016 ?分析作品体裁的基本特征和主要表现手法） 3．鉴赏评价D ⑴体会重要语句的丰富含意，品味精彩的语言表达艺术 ⑵鉴赏作品的文学形象，领悟作品的艺术魅力（2016 ?欣赏作品的形象，赏析作品的内涵，领悟作品的艺 术魅力） ⑶评价作品表现出的价值判断和审美取向（2016 ?对作品表现出的价值判断和审美取向做出评价） 4．探究F ⑴从不同角度和层面发掘作品的意蕴、民族心理和人文精神 ⑵探讨作者的创作背景和创作意图 ⑶对作品进行个性化阅读和有创意的解读 二、自学在前，自我诊断 （一）、阅读下面的文字，完成1-3 题。（14分） 祈求林敬钧 ①我曾经在长城上看到一位白发苍苍的画家画鹰。在北方特有的那种干燥湛蓝的天空下，苍劲古朴的长城 默默地蜿蜒于群山之上。画家在一块白布上泼墨挥毫。长城上的风扬起老人的白发，鼓动每一个人的衣襟。他展开那面墨汁未干的鹰旗。雄鹰起伏振翅，直欲破空而上。阳光普照群山，也照在猎猎作响的鹰旗上。 一瞬间，我忽然感觉到一种热血冲破冰层的眩晕，一种沉淀压抑已久的力量猛烈爆发：天空、阳光、长城、老人、长风、鹰。 ②那不是我第一次见到鹰，却是第一次为鹰震撼。 ③后来一个偶然的机会我在峭壁上看到了鹰的巢穴。那只是一个粗陋的石坑随便地搭上几根粗树枝，其余一无所有。