句子成分和句子结构
----认识英语句子的构成
一、句子成分
组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分主要有主语、谓语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语、补足语、呼语和插入语等。构成句子的主要部分是主语和谓语。表语、宾语和补足语是谓语的组成部分。其他成分如定语、状语、同位语是句子的次要成分。
1．主语
主语是谓语动作或状态的执行者，指的是“谁”或“什么事”。常用作主语的词类有：名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词，不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）和从句。
George is a born leader. （名词）
Nobody knew what had happened. （代词）
Two of us will attend the conference tomorrow. （数词）
The young are always willing to accept new things. （名词化的形容词）
To go the bed early and to get up early is a good habit. （不定式短语）
Losing his new MP4 made Tom very sad. （动名词短语）
What we can’t get seems better than what we have. （名词性从句）
2.谓语
谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态，说的是“做什么”或“怎么样”，谓语动词有人称、数、时态和语态等的变化。
Father cooks very well.
My sister has worked in the company for five years.
Our school is becoming more beautiful.
The World Expo is well organized.
3.宾语
宾语是动作的承受者，指的是“做”的内容。英语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。双宾语又分为直接宾语和间接宾语。凡能做主语的词、短语或从句都可以作宾语。
（1）单宾语（宾语）
可以作宾语的成分主要有名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、名词化的分词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、从句等。
I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please turn it up? （名词、代词）
If you put 5 and 7 together, you’ll get 12, little Tom. （代词）
We should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）
Remember to tell him to come. （不定式）
Please stop making noise. （动名词）
Do you understand what I mean? （名词性从句）
（2）双宾语
双宾语指动词后面接指人和物的两个宾语。指人的宾语叫间接宾语，指物的宾语叫直接宾语。其结构为：主语+ 及物动词（短语）+ sb. + sth.
Please tell me how the accident came about.
The teacher asked me a question too difficult to answer.
（3）同源宾语
少数不及物动词后面能跟一个特定的名词作宾语，这个名词和前面的动词在词根上相同的或者在意义上是相近的，这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。同源宾语前面常有修饰语。
laugh a good laugh 大笑blow a heavy blow 沉重的一击
smile a sweet smile 甜甜的微笑dream a terrible dream 做了一个恶梦
die a brave death 死得英勇live a happy life 过着幸福的生活
4.表语
表语与前面的系动词一起构成谓语，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。
His father is an experienced teacher. （名词）
She is over fifty, but she doesn’t look it. （名词、代词）
These students are careful while others are careless. （形容词）
The class meeting was over at last. （副词）
Be quiet; they are at work now. （介词短语）
His hobby is collecting foreign stamps. （动名词短语）
My wish is to become a doctor in the future. （不定式短语）
The news of her success is really exciting. （现在分词）（已形容词化）
That is where your mistakes are. （名词性从句）
5.定语
定语是用来描述名词或代词的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。定语可分为前置定语和后置定语两种。
（1）前置定语
可以充当前置定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词和名词所有格、动词的-ing形式、动词的-ed形式等。
Many people have helped with (canned) food. （过去分词）
Open (your) mouth and put out (your) tongue. （代词的所有格）
She cut the cake into (two) pieces. （数词）
I want to buy some (coffee) cups. （名词）
Put the child in the (sleeping) bag. （动名词）
You should adapt to the (changing) situation. (现在分词)
（2）后置定语
可以充当后置定语的有形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式（短语），动词的-ing短语，动词的-ed短语，从句等。
All people (present at the party) were his supporters. (形容词短语)
I have got something (interesting) to tell every one of you. (形容词)
The buildings (around) were badly damaged. (副词)
The books (on the top shelf) were just bought. (介词短语)
Let’s try another way (to do this). (不定式)
There is a gentleman (asking to see you). (现在分词短语)
Most of the people (invited to the party) were famous scientists. (过去分词)
He lost his new pen (that was bought last week). (定语从句)
6. 同位语
在句中对某一成分作进一步的解释，说明，并且与其在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。同位语常放在被说明的名词或代词的后面，可以用作同位语的有名词，代词，数词和从句等。
The English Department has two foreign teachers, an Australian and an American. (名词) This term we each bought an e-dictionary. (代词)
They three are all three-good students. (数词)
The news that we are having a holiday is true. (同位语从句)
7. 状语
状语是用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或句子的一种句子成分。它可以表示时间，地点，方式，程度，原因，目的，结果，条件和让步等关系。可以充当状语的有副词，介词短语，不定式，分词，，形容词，名词和从句。
[At the news], the mother stood [there], [greatly surprised]. （介词短语、副词、形容词）They held the English party [in the open air]. （介词短语）
Just wait [a moment]; I am dressing myself. （名词）
[To hear more clearly], she sat in the front of the classroom. （不定式）
[Finishing all her homework], she surfed the Internet for a while. （现在分词短语）
[Seen from the top of the hill], the small city looks more beautiful. （过去分词短语）Don’t leave here [until you work out the math problem]. （时间状语从句）
8. 补足语
补足语用来说明宾语或主语的性质，状态等的一种句子成分。名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，现在分词，过去分词，不定式等皆可以作补足语。
I saw nobody
You’d better keep the books
The mother didn’t allow her daughter
These things should be kept
The coming exam keeps me
He was elected
When he arrived, he found all the people
9. 独立成分
与句子没有关系或关系不大，独立于句子之外的成分称为独立成分。感叹词，呼语和插入语是英语中常见的三种独立成分。
（1）感叹词
感叹词作独立成分多置于句首。
Well, let’s end the discussion!
There, there! Never mind. It’s nothing serious at all.
(2) 呼语
呼语多独立成分可置于句首，句中或句末。
Baby, come here to my side.
Ladies and gentleman, I’ve got an important announcement to make.
(3) 插入语
What’s more, their parents allow them to stay out.
Nobody knows it, I think, nobody.
To be honest, I knew nothing about it.
(4) 悬垂分词
Generally speaking, the work was done well.
Judging from your accent, you must be from Guangdong.
二、五种基本句型
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下：
一、ＳＶ（主＋谓）
二、ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）
三、ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）
四、ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
五、ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
基本句型一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）
主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！
谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
Ｓ│Ｖ（不及物动词）
1. The sun │was shining. 太阳在照耀着。
2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。
3. The universe │remains. 宇宙长存。
4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
5. Who │cares? 管它呢？
6. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。
7. They │talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。
8. The pen │writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。
基本句型二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）
此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻
Ｓ│Ｖ（是系动词）│Ｐ
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。
2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的气味很好。
3. He │fell │in love. 他堕入了情网。
4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看来都不同了。
5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮
6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。
7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我们井干枯了。
8. His face │turned │red. 他的脸红了。
基本句型三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。宾语位于及物动词之后，一般同主语构成一样，不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’，如：me，him，them等
Ｓ│Ｖ（及物动词）│Ｏ
1. Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案？
2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。
3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。
4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。
5. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。
6. He │said │"Good morning." 他说："早上好！"
7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。
基本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea, please.
强调间接宾语顺序为：动词+ 直接宾语+介词+ 间接宾语。如：
Show this house to Mr. Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语+介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please. Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│ｏ（多指人）│Ｏ（多指物）
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。
4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。
5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片
6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。
7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。
8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。
基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
名词/代词宾格+ 名词
The war made him a soldier. 战争使他成为一名战士.
名词/代词宾格+ 形容词
New methods make the job easy. 新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
名词/代词宾格+ 介词短语
I often find him at work. 我经常发现他在工作.
名词/代词宾格+ 动词不定式
The teacher asked the students to close the windows. 老师让学生们关上窗户.
名词/代词宾格+ 分词
I saw a cat running across the road. 我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│Ｏ（宾语）│Ｃ（宾补）
1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他们任命他当经理。
2. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色
3. This │set │them │thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。
4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。
5. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么会这样想？
6. We │saw │him │out. 我们送他出去
7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。
8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。
但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语
三、句子的结构
根据对句子结构的划分，英语的句子可以划分为简单句、并列句和复合句三种。
1.简单句
句中只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语），句中的各个成分都是由单词和短语表示，这样的句子称为简单句。
The class are listening to the teacher carefully. (陈述句)
Is his brother old enough to join the army? (一般疑问句)
How many students are absent today? (特殊疑问句)
There are few cars in the parking lot, are there? （反义疑问句）
Let’s put off the meeting till next week. (祈使句)
How hard these students are working! (感叹句)
2. 并列句
两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或标点符号连接而成的句子叫并列句。
（1）并列句的构成方式
①用并列连词连接，并列连词的前面可加逗号。
Some students are interested in climbing and others are fond of swimming.
We fished all day, but we didn’t catch one.
It is raining hard, so we have to stay at home.
②不用连词而用分号连接
Hurry up; it’s getting late!
She tried her best; she failed, however.
（2）并列句的分类
①能够引导由两个或两个以上意思相关的分句构成的并列句的连词有：and和，而；
neither … nor …既不……也不……；not only … but (also) …不仅……而且……;
both …and ……….和……都；then 然后。
The bell rang and the students rushed into the classroom.
Not only did the students dance, but (also) their teachers sang songs.
②可连接两个并列句，含有转折关系的连词有：but但是；yet然而，可是；while然
而；however然而；still但是；whereas然而，而；nevertheless然而。
I think he wanted to speak, but I did not hear.
He worked hard, yet he failed to pass the test.
The UK is in the thirteenth position, while China is in the middle of the list.
Some of the students are hardworking whereas some are lazy.
③能够引导由含有选择意义的两个分句构成的并列句的连词有：or 或者，否则；otherwise 否则；either…or…不是…就是…
Would you like a cup of tea, or shall we get down to business right away?
Don’t drive too fast or you will have an accident.
Start right now, otherwise you’ll miss the first train.
④能够引导由表示因果关系的两个分句构成的并列句的连词有：so所以；for因为；
therefore因此。
I must be off now, for my sister is expecting me.
The bus was crowded, so I had to stand all the way.
2.复合句
复合句有一个主句和一个活一个以上的从句构成，主句是句子的主体，从句充当某种句子成分，如：主语，宾语，状语，同位语等，但无论是那种从句都不能独立存在。复合句包括主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。
When we will have the meeting is not decided. (主语从句)
It is well-known that many Americans like to eat Chinese food. （主语从句）
Do you know when he ancient games began? （宾语从句）
That’s because he caught a bad cold. （宾语从句）
The idea that they would cross Asia was exciting. （同位语从句）
He has a friend whose father is a doctor. （定语从句）
I will give her the message as soon as she comes back from the meeting. （时间状语从句）
句子成分练习题(一)
(一). 用“”划出下列句中主语的中心词
①The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
②There is an old man coming here.
③The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词
①I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't
B. like
C. picture
D. wall
②The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get
B. longer
C. days
D. summer
③Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do
B. usually
C. go
D. bus
④There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be
B. meeting
C. the library
D. afternoon
⑤Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A. Did
B. twins
C. have
D. breakfast
⑥Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom
B. didn't
C. do
D. his homework
⑦What I want to tell you is this.
A. want
B. to tell
C. you
D. is
⑧We had better send for a doctor.
A. We
B. had
C. send
D. doctor
⑨He is interested in music.
A. is
B. interested
C. in
D. music
⑩Whom did you give my book to?
A. give
B. did
C. whom
D. book
(三) 用“”划出下列句中的宾语
①My brother hasn't done his homework.
②People all over the world speak English.
③You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
⑥The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
⑦They made him monitor of the class.
⑧Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
⑨You will find it useful after you leave school.
⑩They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.
(四) 用“”划出下列句中的表语
①The old man was feeling very tired.
②Why is he worried about Jim?
③The leaves have turned yellow.
④Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤She was the first to learn about it.
(五) 用“（）”划出下列句中的定语
①They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.
②What is your given name?
③On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
⑥I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
(六) 用“< >”划出下列句中的宾语补足语
①She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
②He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③She found it difficult to do the work.
④They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
⑥Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
(七) 用“［］”划出下列句中的状语
①There was a big smile on her face.
②Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.
⑤With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
⑥She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
⑧The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
(八) 用“，”划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
直间
①Please tell us a story.
②My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤Did he leave any message for me?
句子成分练习题(二)
指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：
1. Whether we’ll go depend on the weather. ( )
2. People’s standards of living are going up steadily. ( )
3. That was how they were defeated. ( )
4. The nursery takes good care of our children. ( )
5. I’ll return the book to you tomorrow. ( )
6. We are sure that we shall succeed. ( )
7. The woman with a baby in her arms is his other. ( )
8. There are many films that I’d like to see.( )
9. Have you met the person about whom he was speaking? ( )
10. I have a lot of work to do. ( )
11.Anyway I won’t stop you from doing it.( )
12.I said it in fun. ( )
13.We can send a car over to fetch you. ( )
14.She had to work standing up. ( )
15.Seeing this, some comrades became very worried. ( )
16.Much interested, he agreed to give it a try. ( )
17.The bus arrived ten minutes late. ( )
18.We should serve the people heart and soul. ( )
19.Spring coming on, the tree turned green. ( )
20.Some farmers saw something strange in the sky. ( )
21.We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting. ( )
22.It’s strange that she doesn’t come toda y. ( )
23.It was in the library that I come today. ( )
24.He likes drawing at times when he isn’t working. ( )
25.We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door. ( )
答案
(一)①teacher ②man ③dictionary ④To do
(二)①B ②A ③C ④A ⑤C ⑥C ⑦D ⑧C ⑨A ⑩A
(三)①homework.②English.③attention④words ⑤to go swimming
⑥he was ill.⑦him monitor ⑧bridge museum ⑨it，school.
⑩who "Father Christmas" really is.
(四)①tired.②worried③yellow.④i nterested⑤the first
(五)①family ②given③third ④some ⑤downstairs ⑥of the other shoe!
(六)①to read newspapers and books ②to take the boy ③difficult④Lily⑤get on the bus⑥playing football
(七)①on her face.②Every night ③when he was eleven.
④too fast.⑤With the medicine box under her arm⑥because she loves books.⑦if you’ve lost it⑧to see the other machine.
(八)①us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语
②me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语③us, 间接宾语history, 直接宾语
④Tom, 间接宾语it, 直接宾语⑤me, 间接宾语message, 直接宾语
外研版英语句子结构与成分易错大盘点 一、句子结构与成分 1．You may know all the words on the right, but which of the following carries meaning? A. A friend self is a second. B. A second is self a friend. C. A friend is a second self. D. Self a second is a friend. 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：你可能知道右面所有的单词，但是下列哪个句子是有意义的？second，第二个；friend，朋友；self，你自己；a，不定冠词表示数量一；C为正确选项，意为：朋友是另一个自己。故选C。 【点评】考查连词成句。先确定句意，根据语法知识将词连接成句。 2．Which of the following sentences is correct? A. He came in and sat down. B. We all like
句子成分与结构 一、主语 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. 二、谓语 1、简单谓语 He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten o’clock. 2、复合谓语 （1）You may keep the book for two weeks. （2）Do you speak English？ They are working in a field. He has caught a bad cold. （3）We are students. 三、表语 1.His job is to teach English. 2.His hobby is playing football. 3. The speech is exciting. 4. The truth is that he has never been abroad. 四、宾语 1.He is doing his homework. 2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. 4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 5.He pretended not to see me. 6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 7.I think（that）he is fit for his office. 五、宾补 1.His father named him Xiaoming. 2.They painted their boat white. 3.Let the fresh air in. 4.You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. 5.We saw her entering the room. 6.We found everything in the lab in good order. 7.We will soon make our city what your city is now. 六、定语 1.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.
句子成分分析 （一）知识要点 1什么是句子 句子是由词或词组构成的，是具有一定语调并表达一个完整意思的语言运用单位。根据用途和语气，句子可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。根据结构可分为单句和复句。我们今天要研究的是单句，要给它划分成分。 2.句子成分的名称及符号 名称：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。 符号：主语= 谓语—宾 语? 定语（）状语[ ] 补语< > ①句子的基本成分是：主语、谓语、宾语。 补充成分是：定语、状语、补语。 ②主语部分和谓语部分之间可用II划开。 3.（1）划分句子成分，首先要研究主语、谓语、宾语。 主语：是谓语陈述的对象，指明说的是“什么人”或“什么事 物”。 谓语：是陈述主语，说明主语的，说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”。 宾语：在动词后面，表示动作、行为所涉及的人或事物，回答“谁”或“什么” 一类问题。 句子一般有两种情况：写人、写物（写事、写物）。分析句子时，首先判断是人”还是“写物”。 ①.写人格式：“谁”+ “干什 么” （主语） （谓 语） （宾语） 例：杨亚II写字 主谓宾 注意：处理复杂的单句时，要抓主干。 例：一中的杨亚丨在课桌上写着毛笔 字。 主谓宾②.写物 格式：“什么事”或“什么物” + “怎么样”
（主语）（谓语、宾语） 例：猫II捉鱼 主谓宾 例：一只小猫II在盆边捉了一条大鱼 主谓宾 注意：“是”为典型的动词，一般是“谓语”。 例如：他II是学生 主谓宾 （2）.划分句子成分，还要抓住枝干（定语、状语、补语）定语：在句子中起着修饰、限制主语或宾语中心语的作用。 状语：修饰、限制谓语中心语，一般在谓语中心语前面，有的在句子最前面，交待时间、地点、范围、情况等。 补语：对谓语中心语起补充说明作用，一般放在谓语中心语之后。 例：画眉唱歌 这是一个把主语中心语、谓语中心语、宾语中心语单提出的句子。原句是“两只美丽的画眉高兴地唱一首歌。” ①?（两只美丽的）画眉 “两只美丽”是“画眉”--主语中心语的修饰部分，叫“定语”。 ②.［高兴］地唱 谓语中心语“唱”前边的修饰、限制成分--“高兴”为“状语”。 ③.（一首）歌 宾语中心语“歌”前的修饰、限制部分--“一首”为“定语”。 ④?歌唱得v好〉 修饰、限制谓语中心语“唱”，并放在它后面的部分--“好”为“补语”。 4?划分句子的口诀： （1）句子成分要划对，（2）纵观全局找主 谓。（3）主前定状谓后补，（4）谓前只有状地位。（5）“的”定“地”状“得”后补，（6）宾语只受谓支配。 示例及练习部分 划分句子成分练习 1、鲁班是我国古代春秋时期一位著名的建筑工匠。 答案：（鲁班）主语（是）谓语（我国古代春秋时期一位著名的建筑）定语（工匠）宾语。
一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解： （一）句子成分 1.主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。 主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。 The sun rises in the east.（名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语） 找出下列句中的主语： Jane is good at playing the piano.（名词） She went out in a hurry.（代词） Four plus four is eight.（数词） To see is to believe.（不定式） Smoking is bad for health.（动名词） The young should respect the old.（名词化的形容词）What he has said is true. （句子） 2.谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。 简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词; He can speak English well. She doesn’t seem to like dancing. 找出下列句中的谓语（注：只有动词才可作谓语。）： 1. We love China. 2. We have finished reading this book. 3. He can speak English. 4. She seems tired. 3.表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
初中语文句子成分分析，三图教你看懂句子结构 从句法结构的关系意义出发，对句子作成分功能或作用分析的方法叫句子成分分析法，即用各种方法标出基本成分（主语、谓语、宾语）和次要成分（状语、补语）。 句子成分有六种——主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。 汉语句子成分口诀： 主谓宾、定状补，主干枝叶分清楚。 定语必居主宾前，谓前为状谓后补。 状语有时位主前，逗号分开心有数。 图解三大类句子 1、常用语句 2、兼语语句 （前谓语为使令性动词） 3、主观语句 （谓语为感官心理方面的动词） 注明 主干成份——主语、谓语、宾语； 附加成份——定语、状语、补语。
主语“”标注，谓语“__”标注，宾语“波浪线”标注；定语“（）”标注，状语“【】”标注，补语“< >”标注。 下面我们进行一一分析： 一、主语 多表示人或事物，是句子里被陈述的对象，在句首能回答“谁”或者“什么”等问题。可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。例如：（1）今天晚上‖特别冷。 主语（偏正短语）谓语 （2） [明天这个时候]，我们‖就可以走出戈壁滩了。 状语（时间）主语（代词）谓语 以动作、性状或事情做陈述的对象的主语句。例如： （1）笑‖是具有多重意义的语言。 主语（动词）谓语 （2）公正廉洁‖是公职人员行为的准则。 主语（形容词联合短语）谓语 二、谓语
是用来陈述主语的，能回答主语“怎么样”或“是什么”等问题。谓语可以由动词来担任,一般放在主语的后面。 （1）动词性词语经常做谓语。例如： 他‖[只]答应了<一声>。 主语谓语（状语+动词+补语） 南海一中‖留下<过>(许多人)的梦。 主语谓语（动词+补语+定语+宾语） 我‖[最近]去<了><一趟>北京。 主语谓语（状+动+补+宾） （2）形容词性词语也经常做谓语。例如：太阳‖热烘烘的。 主语谓语（形容词+的） 人参这种植物,‖娇嫩<极了>。 主语谓语（形容词+补语） 说话‖[要]简洁<些>。 主语谓语（状语+形容词+补语） （3）主谓短语做谓语。例如： 这件事‖大家都赞成。
【关键字】英语、情况、条件、会议、计划、主动、继续、健康、持续、保持、需要、方式、作用、结构、分析、衔接、引导、关心、主动性 句子成分 一．主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。 1.请找出下列句子的主语并指出什么（词，短语或句子）可以充当主语。 The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语） 常见错误分析 2：动词及其短语在作句子的主语时，只能使用其to do 或doing 的形式。其中不定式强调具体的某一次的动作，-ing 强调经常发生的动作。 改错：1.play computer games does no good to us. 2.Have a walk in the street is her hobby. 3.Go home at once is his decision 4.Make more friends will do good to us. 5.I’m like computer very much. 6.The story was happening the year before last. 二．宾语： 1．动作的承受者-----动宾 请找出下列句子的宾语并指出什么可以充当宾语。 I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词） How many do you need? We need two. （数词） I enjoy working with you. （动名词） I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句） 2．介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾 Are you afraid of the snake/me/fighting? 3．双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物） He gave me a book yesterday. 常见错误分析 1：介词后跟宾语时，必须为：名词、代词、ing 或wh型的连接词引导的从句。 改错：①I am fond of play basketball. ②He’s cra zy about read story books. ③I am sorry for late. ④I felt terribly sad for absent from class. 2：动词及其短语在作句子的主语或宾语时，只能使用其to do 或doing 的形式。其中不定式强调具体的某一次的动作，-ing 强调经常发生的
句子结构及成分 ①相关概念 1.词性的英文缩写 在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。 缩写字母原词代表词性 n. noun 名词 v. verb 动词 vt.transitive verb 及物动词 vi.intransitive verb 不及物动词modal v. modal verb 情态动词 aux. v. auxiliary verb 助动词 adj.adjective 形容词 adv.adverb 副词 num. numeral 数词 interj. interjection 感叹词 pron. pronoun 代词 prep.preposition 介词 art. article 冠词 conj conjunction 连词 2.及物动词和不及物动词 实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。 实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。 The door opened. (open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。) He opened the door. (open后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词。) 注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。如： The meeting began at six. < vi.> We began the meeting at six. < vt.> 有(答疑qq 329950885)些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。如： The man walked away. (walk不及物动词，意为“走”) He walked the dog every day. ( walk及物动词，“遛”) She washes clothes at home. (wash及物动词，“洗”) The clothes washes well. (wash不及物动词，“耐洗”)英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。He listens to the music every day. (listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。) 指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。 考点1.Most birds can fly.（） 考点2.The children are flying kites in the park. ( ) 考点3.It happened yesterday.（） 考点4.My watch stopped.（） 考点5.The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( ) 考点6.She spoke at the meeting this morning. （）考点7.Shall I begin at once?（） 考点8.She began working as a teacher after she left school.（）（） 考点9.When did they leave Beijing?（） 考点10.They left last week. （） 3.实义动词、助动词与情态动词 实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。 实义动词 指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。 如： He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。) I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓 语，为实义动词。） I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确， 单独作谓语，为实义动词。） 助动词 助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。 帮助构成时态的： The boy is crying.(is 用来帮助构成现在进行时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词。) He has arrived. (has用来帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived一起作谓语，是助动词。) I have been painting all day. （have been用来帮助构成
句子结构及成分 1.及物动词和不及物动词 实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。 The door opened. He opened the door. The meeting began at six. < vi.> We began the meeting at six. < vt.> 指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。 考点1.Most birds can fly.（） 考点2.The children are flying kites in the park. ( ) 考点3.It happened yesterday.（） 考点4.My watch stopped.（） 考点5.The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( ) 考点6.She spoke at the meeting this morning. （） 考点7.Shall I begin at once?（） 考点8.She began working as a teacher after she left school.（）（） 考点9.When did they leave Beijing?（） 考点10.They left last week. （） 2.实义动词、助动词与情态动词 实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。 实义动词 指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如： He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。) I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。） I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。） 助动词 助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。 帮助构成时态的： The boy is crying.He has arrived. I have been painting all day. Does he like English?
基础知识 目录 1.词性的英文缩写 2.及物动词和不及物动词 3. 实义动词、助动词、情态动词和连系动词 4. 句子成分 5. 简单句的五种基本结构 6. 谓语和非谓语 7. 主动关系和被动关系 8. 逻辑上的主谓关系 9. 复合结构 10.简单句、并列句和复合句 1.词性的英文缩写 在英语学习中掌握单词词性非常重要。如果记单词时只记拼写、读音而不记词性，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。 缩写字母原词代表词性 n. noun 名词 v. verb 动词 vt.transitive verb 及物动词 vi.intransitive verb 不及物动词 modal v. modal verb 情态动词 aux. v. auxiliary verb 助动词 adj.adjective 形容词 adv.adverb 副词 num. numeral 数词 interj. interjection 感叹词 pron. pronoun 代词 prep.preposition 介词 art. article 冠词 conj conjunction 连词 2.及物动词和不及物动词 (1)实义动词后跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. (open后面没跟宾语，open是vi)
He opened the door.(open后面有宾语the door, open是vt) 注：动词是及物还是不，关键看它在句中时后面是否跟宾语。 (2)有些动词既可作vt又可作vi，词义相同。 The meeting began at six. < vi.> We began the meeting at six. < vt.> (3)有些动词既可作vt又可作vi，但词义不同。 The man walked away. (walk vi，意为“走”)He walked the dog every day. ( walk vt，“遛”) She washes clothes at home. (wash vt，“洗”)The clothes washes well. (wash vi，“耐洗”) (4)英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。 He listens to the music every day. (listen为vi，汉语中“听”是vt。) 3.实义动词、助动词、情态动词和连系动词 (1)实义动词也叫行为动词。 实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。指意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。 He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。) I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。） I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。） (2)助动词常见助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。 助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。是帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强 调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。 A.帮助构成时态 The boy is crying.(is帮助构成现在进行时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词。) He has arrived. (has帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived一起作谓语，是助动词。) I have been painting all day.（have been帮助构成现在完成进行时，和painting一起作谓语，都是助动词。）B.帮助构成否定句和疑问句 Does he like English? (does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。) He does n’t have lunch at home. (does只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。) C.帮助构成被动语态 Trees are planted in spring. (are帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词。) The house has been pulled down. (has been帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词。) D.帮助构成虚拟语气 If he had come yesterday, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.(had, have帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词， 属于谓语的一部分) E.帮助构成倒装句
主语（subject ）: 句子说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It 形式主语，主语从句是真正主语） 谓语（predicate ）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。 We study English. He is asleep. 表语（predicative ）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You don ’t look it. （代词） Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语) My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词） To wear a flower is to say “I ’m poor, I can ’t buy a ring. （不定式） The question is whether they will come. （表语从句） （常见的系动词有: be, sound （听起来）, look （看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell （闻起来）, taste （尝、吃起来）, remain （保持，仍是）, feel （感觉） ... It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired. 宾语： 1）动作的承受者-----动宾 I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词） How many do you need We need two. （数词） We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词） I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said （宾语从句） 2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾 Are you afraid of the snake Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3） 双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物） He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。 We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didn ’t come here. （名） We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 ) Please make yourself at home. （介词短语） Don ’t let him do that. （省to 不定式） His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to 不定式） Don ’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词） I ’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词） 主补：对主语的补充。 He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。 Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词） We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词） The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词) The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词） The trees planted last year are growing well now.过分 I have an idea to do it well.（不定式） You should do everything that I do.（定语从句）
句子成分 组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语.谓语.表语.宾语.宾语补足语.定语.状语等。顺序一般是主语，谓语.宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。 1、主语 主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词.代词.数词.不定式等充当。 He likes watching TV. 他喜欢看电视。 2、谓语 谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。 一般可分为两类： 1)简单谓语: 由动词(或短语动词)构成。可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。 We study for the people.我们为人民学习。 My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是护士。 2)复合谓语：情态动词＋动词 I can speak a little English.我可以说一点英语。 3、宾语 宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。 We like English.我们喜欢英语。 有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。 He gave me some ink.他给了我一点墨水。 有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如： We make him our monitor.我们选他当班长。 4、表语 表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于连系动词（be, become, appear, seem 等）之后。 Africa is a big continent.非洲是个大洲。 I feel much better today.我今天感觉好多了。 5、定语 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。 用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。 He is a new student.他是个新生。 但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。 The bike in the room is mine.房间里的自行车是我的。 6、状语 修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。 My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past．我父母经常给我们讲他们过去的苦难
——句子成分的分析 the book on the desk (课桌上的那本书) 介词短语在这里是作定语修饰book，课桌上（on the desk）上的那本书，不是房间里的、凳子上的等等. 那么经常作定语的有哪些呢主要有：形容词、介词短语、冠词、代词（比如：his book 中his 是来作定语来修饰book的）数词。其中，形容词、介词短语作定语最常见，而且要注意其位置，形容词作定语一般在修饰词之前（前置定语），介词短语一般在修饰词之后（后置定语），你可以参见上面的例句。 现在来试试身手，请找出下面各句中所有的定语，并指出是由什么充当的定语。 1、The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。 2、Two boys need two pens.两个男孩需要两支钢笔。 3、 His boy needs Tom's pen.他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。 4、There are two boys of Toms there.那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。 5、The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。 6、The boy in blue is Tom.穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。 7、There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。 到此为止，我们把绝大部分句子成分已经侃完（只剩下一个句子成分-----同位语，没介绍，感兴趣的同学可查阅有关资料），下面我们主要侃一侃在句子分析实践过程中我们可能常遇到的疑难问题。 1）是状语还是定语区别是定语还是状语关键是看修饰什么词的，一般来讲，定语是来修饰名词或代词的，状语是来修饰谓语动词的。例如； I like the book on the desk . 你说这里的划线部分on the desk 是作定语的还是作状语的呢显然，是作定语的，因为如果是作状语的，那么就是来修饰动词like的，他在课桌上喜欢那本书，显然讲不通。也就是说到底是定语还是状语一是根据它修饰的词二是根据句子意思看能否讲的通。
句子结构与成分过关测试 一、句子结构与成分 1．The sentence structure of "They talked for an hour." is " ". A. S+V+O B. S+V+IO+DO C. S+V+A 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：句子"They talked for an hour."的结构是什么？A.主语+谓语+宾语； B.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语； C.主语+谓语+状语。they是主语；talked是谓语；for an hour是状语，故选C。 【点评】考查句子结构，注意平时识记其分类。 2．—What an interesting story she told us! —Yes, and her voice sounded ________. A. sweet B. small C. clearly D. sadly 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：——他给我们讲的是多么有趣的故事啊！——是的，她的声音听起来很甜美。sweet甜的；small小的；clearly清楚地；sadly伤心地。sound是系动词，后跟形容词，故选A。 【点评】考查系表结构。 3．John calls his dog Eddie. The structure of the sentence is _______. A. S+V+O B. S+V+P C. S+V+IO+DO D. S+V+DO+OC 【答案】D 【解析】【分析】句意：约翰叫他的狗Eddie.这个句子的结构是_____________.根据句子可知这个句子的结构是：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语。故答案为D。 【点评】考查句子成分。牢记句子成分。 4．Choose the correct structure（结构） of this sentence "He lent me a book." A. S+V+O B. S+V+IO+DO C. S+V+P D. S+V+DO+OC 【答案】B 【解析】【分析】句意“He lent me a book”。he为主语S；lent为谓语V；me为间接宾语IO; a book为直宾DO。故结构为S+V+IO+DO。故选B。 【点评】此题考查简单句的结构。 5．Dora's dream is ________ an English teacher when she grows up. A. for being B. to being C. to be D. be 【答案】C 【解析】【分析】句意：Dora的梦想是当她长大时成为一名英语老师。to do不定式做表
基本句型： 所谓基本句型就是句子结构的基本“格局”，也就是千变万化的句子结构的雏形。正是这种有限的分句结构雏形及其转化形式，能够衍生出无限的实际使用中的句子。现代英语的基本句型有五种：1．主—动—补(SVC)结构：在SVC结构中，谓语动词通常是连系动词(linking verb)be的各种形式。 S: subject 主语V: verb 谓语动词C: complement 补语 例句： That car is mine. She is in good health. My brother has become an engineer(工程师). These flowers smell (are) fragrant(芳香的). All the tourists (游客) seemed pleased. 2. 主—动(SV)结构：在SV结构中，谓语动词通常是不及物动词(intransitive verb)。 例句： Iron rusts (生锈).You suck! Everything sucks! Everybody laughed. The guests have arrived. Prices (价格) are going down. The children are sleeping.
3. 主—动—宾(SVO)结构 O: object 宾语 在SVO结构中，谓语动词通常是及物动词(transitive verb)，随后必须跟宾语，带一个宾语的及物动词又叫做“单宾语及物动词”。 例句： I want a return ticket (返程票). Liverpool(利物浦队) 【S】won 【V】the game【O】. Nobody could answer the question. The train is building up speed (加速). The plane (飞机) is losing altitude (降低高度). 4．主—动—宾—宾(SVoO)结构deny sb sth. 在SVoO结构中，及物动词之后必须跟两个宾语（间接宾语和直接宾语），这种动词又叫做“双宾语及物动词”。 o: 间接宾语（一般指人）O：直接宾语（一般指物）例句： I gave you a book. (I gave a book to you) I sent him a telegram (电报). (I sent a telegram to him) Mary lent (出借) me her car. (Mary lent her car to me) David showed (展示，出示，指出) me the way. (David showed the way to/for me.) Someone left you this note (字条，便条). (Someone left this note to you.) I made myself a cup of tea. (I made a cup of tea for myself)