消防工程学
Fire Contiol Engineering
第一章绪论
Introduction
1.1火与人类文明（Fire and human civilization）
火被人类掌握和使用以后，为人类的进步和社会的发展作出了巨大的贡献，我们的祖先早在一百万年以前就已经利用火来取暖御寒，防御野兽，熏烤食物；利用火打制武器和工具，制作器皿，提高劳动生产效能，火给人类带来了进步，人类之所以区别于其他动物，就在于人类会使用火，火的使用是人类走向文明的重要标志。恩格斯指出：“只是人类学会了摩擦取火以后，人才第一次使无生命的自然力为自己服务。
Fire control and use by humans since the human progress and social development has made great contributions to our ancestors as early as 100 million years ago have been using fire to warm the cold, defensive beast, smoked food; use of fire arms to fight the system and tools, production vessels, improve labor productivity performance, the fire has brought progress to mankind, that man is different from other animals is that humans use fire, fire use is an important symbol to Human Civilization. Engels pointed out: "only after humans learned to make fire friction and talent for the first time to inanimate forces of nature for their own services.
人类自学会使用火之后，生产能力不断提高，社会也随之进步与发展。18世纪西方工业革命的形成，主要是由于蒸汽机的发明。蒸汽机的产生则是人类在使用火（燃料燃烧）方面所积累的大量知识和经验的结果。随着社会生产的发展，火的使用也越来越广泛，使用量（即能源消耗量）也越来越大。冶金、能源、化工、交通运输、机械制造、纺织、造纸、食品、国防等轻重工业，以及人们的日常生活都与火有着密切的关系。甚至连航天事业的发展也与火的使用密不可分。试想如果没有很好地解决高能燃料的燃烧问题，怎能制造出功率巨大的火箭发动机，把航天器送上太空？因此，人类的物质文明与火的使用是密切相关的。没有火就没有人类社会的进步，也就没有今天高度发展的物质文明。
Since humans learned to use fire, the production capacity continued to improve, progress and development of society followed. 18th century
industrial revolution, the formation of the West, mainly due to the invention of the steam engine. Steam generated is human use of fire (fuel combustion) with regard to accumulated wealth of knowledge and experience results. With the development of social production, more and more widespread use of fire, use (ie energy consumption) is also growing. Metallurgy, energy, chemicals, transportation, machinery manufacturing, textile, paper, food, defense and other light and heavy industries, as well as people's daily lives are closely related with the fire. Even the aerospace industry is also closely linked with the use of fire. Imagine if there is no good solution to high energy fuel burning question, how to create a huge rocket engine power to the spacecraft into space? Therefore, the human material and the use of fire are closely related. There is no fire there is no progress in human society, there is no highly developed material civilization today.
火促进了人类的进步，给人类带来了文明，但火若失去控制，也能给人类造成灾难。世界上每年发生各种火灾与爆炸（建筑火灾、森林火灾、工业性火灾与爆炸）不知要毁掉多少生命、财产与资源。为了预防与减少火灾造成的损失，提高火灾防治的科学性，在燃烧学、流体力学、测量和计算机等学科的基础上发展起一门新兴的交叉学科——火灾科学。
Fire promoting human progress, bringing civilization to mankind, but if the fire out of control, but also give human-induced disaster. The world each year a variety of fire and explosion (fire, forest fires, industrial fires and explosions) do not know how to destroy life, property and resources. In order to prevent and reduce fire losses and improve fire prevention and control of science, in combustion, fluid dynamics, measurement and computer science based on a newly developed cross-disciplinary - of fire science.
1.2火灾分类（Fire classification）
火灾是火失去控制而蔓延的一种灾害性燃烧现象。火灾发生的必要条件是可燃物、热源和氧化剂（多数情况下为空气）。火灾可以从不同的角度进行分类，如根据火灾发生地点、燃烧现象、损失程度和起火原因等分类。
Fire is a combustion phenomena of disaster that the fire spread out of control . Fire is a necessary condition for fuel, heat and oxidant (most of the time it is the air). Fire can be classified from different angles, such as the location under fire, burning phenomenon, the extent and cause of the fire loss and other categories.
1.2.1根据火灾发生地点分类(Classified by the address of the fire)
1.2.1.1地上火灾(superficial fire)
指发生在地表面上的火灾。地上火灾包括地上建筑火灾和森林火灾。地上建筑火灾又分为民用建筑火灾、工业建筑火灾。民用建筑火灾包括发生在城市和村镇的一般民用建筑和高层民用建筑内的火灾，以及发生在百货商场、饭店、宾馆、写字楼、影剧院、歌舞厅、机场、车站、码头等公用建筑内的火灾。工业建筑火灾包括发生在一般工业建筑和特种工业建筑内的火灾。特种工业建筑是指油田、油库、化学品工厂、粮库、易燃和爆炸物品厂及仓库等火灾危险及危害较大的场所。对于森林而言，林火是经常发生的现象，微小的火并不会给森林造成明显的损害。所谓森林火灾确切地说，是指森林大火造成的危害。森林火灾不仅造成林木资源的损失，而且对生态和环境构成不同程度的破坏。
The superficial fire is the fire that occurr in the surface plane. The superficial fire include groud building fire and forest fires. And,the groud building fire is divided into civil and industrial building fire. Civil building fire occurred in the cities and towns, including general civil and senior civil building fire, as well as in department stores, restaurants, hotels, office buildings, theaters, dance halls, airports, stations, terminals and other public buildings in the fire. Industrial building fire occurred in general industry, including special industrial building construction and fire. Special industrial building is the oil fields, oil depots, chemical plants, grain storage, flammable and explosive factories, warehouses and other fire risk and hazard for larger venues. For the forests, forest fires are frequent phenomena, small forest fire would not cause significant damage. The so-called forest fires rather refers to the harm caused by forest fires. Forest fires not only caused the loss of forest resources, but also pose varying degrees of ecological and environmental damage.
1.2.1.2地下火灾（underground fire）
是指发生在地表面以下的火灾。地下火灾主要包括发生在矿井，地下商场，地下油库，地下停车场和地下铁道等地点的火灾。这些地点属于典型的受限空间，空间结构复杂，受定向风流的作用使火灾及烟气蔓延速度相对较快，再加上在逃生通道上逃生人员和救灾人员逆流行进，救灾工作难度较大。
The underground fire is the fire that occurred on the surface following. It mainly occurred in underground mine fires, underground shopping malls, underground oil tanks, underground car parks and subway fires and other locations. These locations are typically confined space, space complex by the role of directional airflow to the fire and smoke spread relatively fast speed, coupled with the escape routes of escape and relief workers on the road reflux, and the relief work is difficult.
1.2.1.3水上火灾
指发生在水面上的火灾。水上火灾主要包括发生在江、河、湖、海上航行的客轮、货轮和油轮上的火灾，也包括海上石油平台，以及油面火灾等。
The water fire is the fire that occur on the water surface.The water fire mainly contain the fire that occur on the passenger liners,cargo ship and oil tankers that sail in rivers,lakes,sea.
1.2.1.4空间火灾(space fire)
指发生在飞机、航天飞机和空间站等航空及航天器中的火灾。特别是发生在航天飞机和空间站中的火灾，由于远离地球，重力作用较小，甚至完全失重，属微重力条件下的火灾。其火灾的发生与蔓延和地上建筑、地下建筑以及水上火灾相比，具有明显的特殊性。
The space fire is the fire that occurred in aircraft, space shuttle and space stations and other air and spacecraft. Particularly the fire occured in the space shuttle and the space station is far away from the Earth, gravity is less important, or even weight loss, it is the fire that under microgravity conditions.The occurrence and spread of fire and earth buildings, underground constructions and water than fire, with distinct specificity.
1.2.2根据燃烧对象分类（Classified by burning objects）
1.2.2.1固体可燃物火灾（solid fuel’s fire）
普通固体可燃物燃烧引起的火灾，又称为A类火灾。固体物质是
火灾中最常见的燃烧对象，主要有木材及木制品、纸张、纸板、家具；棉花、布料、服装、床上用品；粮食；合成橡胶、合成纤维、合成塑料、电工产品、化工原料、建筑材料、装饰材料等，种类极其繁杂。
The fire that caused by General solid fuel is often named Class A fire。Solid material is the most common targets in the fire, it mainly contains wood and wood products, paper, cardboard, furniture; cotton, cloth, clothing, bedding，foodstuffs; synthetic rubber, synthetic fiber, synthetic plastics, electrical products, chemical raw materials , building materials, decorative materials, the type of extremely is very complex.
固体可燃物的燃烧方式有熔融蒸发式燃烧、升华燃烧、热分解式燃烧和表面燃烧四种类型。大多数固体可燃物是热分解式燃烧。由于固体可燃物种类繁多、用途广泛、性质差异较大，导致固体物质火灾危险性差别较大，评定时要从多方面进行综合考虑。
The combustion of solid fuel combustion have four types，they are melting evaporation, sublimation, thermal decomposition and surface combustion. Most of the time，the combustion of solid fuel is thermal decomposition combustion. As the solid fuel has the characters such as variety, versatility, large difference in the nature, so it causes that the fire hazard of solids have big difference, when it is assessed we must take a comprehensive consideration from many aspects.
1.2.2.2液体可燃物火灾（liquid fuel’s fire）
油脂及一切可燃液体引起的火灾，又称为B类火灾。油脂包括原油、汽油、煤油、柴油、重油、动植物油；可燃液体主要有酒精、苯、乙醚、丙酮等各种有机溶剂。
The fire that caused by Oil and all flammable liquids, also is known as class B fire. Oil include crude oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, heavy oil, animal and vegetable oils; flammable liquids mainly contain alcohol,benzene,aether,acetone and other organic solvents.
液体燃烧是液体可燃物首先受热蒸发变成可燃蒸气，其后是可燃蒸气扩散，并与空气掺混形成预混可燃气，着火燃烧后在空间形成预混火焰或扩散火焰。轻质液体的蒸发属于相变过程，重质液体蒸发时还伴随有热分解过程。评定可燃液体的火灾危险性的物理量是闪点。闪点小于28o C的可燃液体属甲类火险物质，例如汽油；闪点大于及等于28o C，小于60o C的可燃液体属乙类火险物质，例如煤油；大于等
于60o C的可燃液体属丙类火险物质，例如柴油、植物油。
Liquid fuel’s combustion means that the liquid fuel evaporate and become into combustible vapor first, then the combustible vapor diffuse, and mix with the air ,now it will form the flammable pre-mixed gas, After the flammable pre-mixed gas burn , it will form premixed flame or diffusion flame in the space. Light liquid’s evaporation is a kind of phase transition.The heavy liquid evaporate with thermal decomposition. the flash point is the physical quantity that could judge the fire risk of the flammable liquid. Flammable liquid whose flash point is less than 28o C is class A fire material,such as gas; Flammable liquid whose flash point is between 28o C and 60o C is class B fire material,such as kerosene; And flammable liquid whose flash point is more than or equal to 60o C is class
C fire material,such as diesel fuel, seed fat.
1.2.2.3气体可燃物火灾(Gas fuel fire)
可燃气体引起的火灾，又称为C类火灾。
The fire that coused by the combustible gas is Class C fire.
可燃气体的燃烧方式分为预混燃烧和扩散燃烧。可燃气与空气预先混合好的燃烧称为预混燃烧，可燃气与空气边混合边燃烧称为扩散燃烧。失去控制的预混燃烧会产生爆炸，这是气体可燃物火灾中最危险的燃烧方式。可燃气体的火灾危险性用爆炸下限进行评定。爆炸下限小于10％的可燃气为甲类火险物质，例如氢气、乙炔、甲烷等；爆炸下限大于或等于10％的可燃气为乙类火险物质，例如一氧化碳、氨气、某些城市煤气。应当指出，绝大部分可燃气属于甲类火险物质，极少数才属于乙类火险物质。
The combustion system of the combustible gases contain premixed combustion and diffusion combustion. Premixed combustion is the combustion that can be pre-mixed gas and air , diffusion combustion is the combustion that combustible gas and air mixed and burned at the same time. Premixed combustion would explode while it is lost control, it is the most dangerous combustion system in Gas fuel fire. Fire risk of combustible gases is assessed by lower explosion limit. The combustible Gas whose lower explosion limit is less than 10% is called class A fire material ,such as hydrogen, acetylene, methane, etc; The combustible Gas whose lower explosive limit is more than or equal to 10% is called class B
fire material, such as carbon monoxide, ammonia, some city gas . It should be noted that most of the combustible gas is class A fire material,few of the combustible gas is class B fire material.
1.2.2.4可燃金属火灾(Combustible metal fire)
可燃金属燃烧引起的火灾，又称为D类火灾。
The fire that caused by combustible metal is class D fire.
锂、钠、钾、钙、锶、镁、铝、锆、锌、钚、钍和铀，由于它们处于薄片状、颗粒状或熔融状态时很容易着火，称它们为可燃金属。可燃金属引起的火灾之所以从A类火灾中分离出来，单独作为D类火灾，是因为这些金属在燃烧时，燃烧热很大，为普通燃料的5—20倍，火焰温度较高，有的甚至达到3000o C以上，并且在高温下金属性质活泼，能与水、二氧化碳、氮、卤素及含卤化合物发生化学反应，使常用灭火剂失去作用，必须采用特殊的灭火剂灭火。
Lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, strontium, magnesium, aluminum, zirconium, zinc, plutonium, thorium and uranium,they are easy to burn while they are thin flakes, pellets or molten state,so wo call them combustible metal.The reason that the combustible metal fire belongs to class D fire but not class A fire is that when the metals are burning,their heat output is so large,it is 5—20 times more than the normal fuel,the temperature of the fire is so high,sometimes the temperature could reach 3000o C more,the nature of the metals is very lively,they can occur chemical reactions with water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, halogen and halogen-containing compounds,and make the normal extinguishing agent Loss of function,so,wo have to use the special extinguishing agents.
1.2.3根据火灾损失严重程度分类(Classified by Severity of fire losses) 1.2.3.1特大火灾(Large fire)
死亡10人以上（含10人），重伤20人以上；死亡、重伤20人以上；受灾50户以上；烧毁物质损失100万元以上。
Killed 10 or more (including 10), seriously injured more than 20; death, serious injury over 20; affected more than 50 households; burning material losses over 1 million yuan.
1.2.3.2重大火灾(Major fire)
死亡3人以上（含3人），重伤10人以上；死亡、重伤10人以上；受灾30户以上；烧毁物质损失30万以上。
Killed 3 or more(including 3), seriously injured more than 10 people; death, serious injury more than 10 people; hit 30 or more; burned more than 300,000 material damage.
1.2.3.3一般火灾(General fire)
不具备重大火灾的任一指标。
The fire that do not have any indicators of major fire.
1.2.4根据起火原因分类(Classified by cause of the fire)
1.2.4.1放火(Set fire)
危害国家安全、刑事犯放火，精神病人、呆傻人放火、自焚。
Endanger national security, criminal set fire, mental patients or Idiots set fire, self-immolation.
1.2.4.2违反电器安装安全规定(Violation of the safety requirements for electrical installations)
用电设备、变电设备安装不合规定‘导线保险丝不合格；避雷设备、排除静电设备未安装或不合规定。
The installation of electrical equipment, transformer equipment is illegal,wire and fuse is unqualified; lightning protection equipment, eliminate static electricity equipment is not installed or illegal.
1.2.4.3违反电器使用安全规定(Violation of the safety requirements for electrical use)
电气设备超负荷运行、导线短路、接触不良、静电放电以及其他原因引起电气设备着火。
Violation of electrical safety requirements for electrical equipment using the overload operation, wires short circuit, poor contact, electrostatic discharge and other electrical equipment causes fire.
1.2.4.4违反燃气操作规定(Violation of the provisions of gas operation)
在进行气焊、电焊操作时，违反操作规定；在化工生产中出现超温超压、冷却中断、搅拌中断、操作失误而又处理不当；在储存运输易燃易爆危险物品时，发生摩擦撞击、混存、遇水、酸、碱、热等。
During oxygen welding, electric welding, violating operating provision; Over-temperature overpressure, Cooling break, Mixing interrupt, Operating miss appear in chemical production and misconduct them; while stockpiling and transporting the inflammable and explosive dangerous goods, appearing the Impact of friction, mixed deposits, and
water, acid, alkali, heat, etc.
1.2.4.5吸烟(smoke)
乱扔烟头、火柴杆，是造成卧室和森林火灾的主要原因之一。
Throwing cigarette butts, matchsticks is one of the main reasons that cause the Bedroom and forest fires.
1.2.4.6生活用火不慎(careless used of the living fire)
炉灶、燃气炉具、煤油炉、火坑发生故障或使用不当。
Stoves, gas stoves, kerosene heaters, fire-pit malfunction or misemploy.
1.2.4.7玩火(Playing with fire)
小孩玩火，燃放烟花、爆竹等。
The children play with fire, set off fireworks, firecracker and so on.
1.2.4.8自燃(Spontaneous Combustion)
物质受热；植物、涂油物、煤堆垛过大、过久而又受潮、受热；化学危险品遇水、遇空气、相互接触、撞击、摩擦自燃。
The objects are heated; Plant stack,oiled materials stack,coal stack is too big and too long,and be affected with damp,be heated; chemical hazard with water, air encounter, mutual contact, impact, spontaneous combustion of friction.
1.2.4.9自然灾害(Natural disaster)
雷击、风灾、地震及其他自然灾害。
Lightning, wind, earthquake and the other natural disasters.
1.2.4.10其他(Else)
不属于以上九类的其他原因，如战争。
Any reasons that don’t contain the nine kinds above,such as war.
1.3火灾的危险性(The fatalness of fire)
火灾是各种灾害中发生最频繁且极具毁灭性的灾害之一，其直接损失约为地震的5倍，仅次于干旱和洪涝。
Fire is the most frequently occurring disaster and highly destructive disaster in a variety of disasters，the direct loss of fire is about 5 times more than earthquakes,only inferior to the drought and the flood.
1.3.1火灾的发生既有确定性，又有随机性(The fire happen with
determinacy and randomicity)
火灾作为一种燃烧现象，其规律具有确定性的一面，同时又具有随机性的一面。可燃物着火引起火灾，必须具备一定的条件，遵循一定的规律。这个规律既可以在模拟实验中再现，也可以抽象为控制火灾过程的数学模型，这就是火灾过程模拟研究的科学依据。条件不具备，物质无论如何不会燃烧；条件具备时，火灾必然会发生。但在一个地区、一段时间里，什么单位、什么地方、什么时间发生火灾，往往是很难预测的，即对于一场具体火灾来说，其发生又具有随机性。火灾的随机性由火灾发生原因极其复杂所致。火灾发生的这种随即特性，要求消防工作在24小时内斗必须处于警戒状态。
The fire which is A kind of combustion phenomena has determinacy,and at the same time,it has randomicity,too.Fire needs fuel,and the nascency of fire need certain conditions, follow certain rules. This rule can either be reproduced in the simulation,it also can be abstracted into the mathematical model that control the fire, This is the scientific basis of the fire simulation study. In the absence of these conditions,the fire can’t happen; When the conditions are just right,the fire will happen certainly. But in a region, a period of time, what units, where, what time the fire is often difficult to predict. That for a specific fire,it have randomicity.the randomicity of the fire is dicided by that the reason of fire is complex.the randomicity of the fire required that fire fighting must be in a state of alert within 24 hours.
1.3.2火灾的发生是自然因素和社会因素共同作用的结果(The fire is the result that natural facters combined with social facters) 火灾的发生首先与建筑科技、消防设施、可燃物燃烧特性，以及火源、天气、风速、地形、地物等物理化学因素有关。但火灾的发生决非是纯粹的自然现象，还与人们的生活习惯、文化修养、操作技能、教育程度、法律知识，以及规章制度、文化经济等社会因素有关，因此，消防工作是一项复杂的、涉及到各个方面的系统工程。
The nascency of the fire correlate with building technology, fire facilities, the flammability characteristics first,as well as fire, weather, wind speed, topography, surface features and other physical and chemical factors. However, the nascency of the fire is not a pure natural
phenomenon, it also correlate with people's living habits, cultural accomplishment, operational skills, education, legal knowledge,as well as the social factors that contain rules and regulations, cultural and economic,so fire control work is a system engineering which is complex and involved in many aspects.
1.3.3火灾的发生随时代进步而增大(The probability of fire is increasing with the progress of the times)
统计资料表明，尽管随着社会经济的发展、科学技术的进步，人们对火灾的抗御能力不断提高，但伴随着高层建筑、大型化工企业、大型商贸大厦、大型宾馆、大型饭店和写字楼、大型集贸市场等的涌现；新工艺、新设备、新型装饰材料的广泛使用；用火用电量激增，火灾的发生也相应增加。美国火灾损失平均7年翻一番。我国的火灾形势相当严峻。1993—1998年全国共发生一次死亡10以上或死亡重伤20人以上的群死群伤火灾88起。其中的20％发生在市场、商场、宾馆、饭店、歌舞厅等公共场所，约25％发生在石油化工、易燃易爆场所。违反安全操作规程和违章用火、用电、用气引起的火灾由改革开放初期的不足20％上升到目前的60％.1997年一年共发生火灾（不含森林火灾和草原火灾）14万起，死亡2722人。频繁的火灾不仅给国家财产和公民人身、财产带来了巨大的损失，还在一定程度上影响了经济建设和社会安定。
History shows that,though the people is increasing in preventing fire with the development of socio-economic and the progress of science,The probability of fire is increasing with the appearance of high-rise buildings, large chemical companies, large commercial buildings, major hotels, large hotels and office buildings, large market fair,widespread use of new technology, new equipment, new decorative material, proliferation of fire and electricity. Double every seven years for the fire losses of the USA.The situation of fire is very severe in China.The fire that killed more than 10 serious injuries or death for more than 20 one time occured 88 btween 1993 and 1998 in China.20 percents of them occured in the public places such as markets, shopping malls, hotels, restaurants, dance halls,25 percents of them occured in petrochemical and flammable places.The fire that coused by violation of safe operation and illegal use of fire、electricity、gas is increasing from 20 percents at the begining of
reform and opening-up to 60 percents now.It have already occured 140 thousand fires(don’t contain forest fires and grass fires), 2722 people are killed.Frequent fire not only bring huge losses to the states and citizens,else,it will affect the economic and social stability to some extent.
2019注册消防工程师考试大纲科目：《消防安全技术实务》 一、考试目的 考查消防专业技术人员在消防安全技术工作中，依据现行消防法律法规及相关规定，熟练运用相关消防专业技术和标准规范，独立辨识、分析、判断和解决消防实际问题的能力。 二、考试内容及要求 (一)燃烧与火灾 1．燃烧 运用燃烧机理，分析燃烧的必要条件和充分条件。辨识不同的燃烧类型及其燃烧特点，判断典型物质的燃烧产物和有毒有害性。 2．火灾 运用火灾科学原理，辨识不同的火灾类别，分析火灾发生的常见原因，认真研究预防和扑救火灾的基本原理，组织制定预防和扑救火灾的技术方法。 3．爆炸 运用相关爆炸机理，辨识不同形式的爆炸及其特点，分析引起爆炸的主要原因，判断物质的火灾爆炸危险性，组织制定有爆炸危险场所建筑物的防爆措施与方法。 4．易燃易爆危险品 运用燃烧和爆炸机理，辨识易燃易爆危险品的类别和特性，分析其火灾和爆炸的危险性，判断其防火防爆要求与灭火方法的正确性，
组织策划易燃易爆危险品安 全管理的方法与措施。 (二)通用建筑防火 1．生产和储存物品的火灾危险性 根据消防技术标准规范，运用相关消防技术，辨识各类生产和储存物品的火灾危险性，分析、判断生产和储存物品火灾危险性分类的正确性，组织研究、制定控制或降低生产和储存物品火灾风险的方法与措施。 2．建筑分类与耐火等级 根据消防技术标准规范，运用相关消防技术，辨识、判断不同建筑材料和建筑物构件的燃烧性能、建筑物构件的耐火极限以及不同建筑物的耐火等级，组织研究和制定建筑结构防火的措施。 3．总平面布局和平面布置 根据消防技术标准规范，运用相关消防技术，辨识建筑物的使用性质和耐火等级，分析、判断建筑规划选址、总体布局以及建筑平面布置的合理性和正确性，组织研究和制定棚应的防火技术措施。 4．防火防烟分区与分隔 根据消防技术标准规范，运用相关消防技术，辨识常用防火防烟分区分隔构件，分析、判断防火墙、防火卷帘、防火门、防火阀、挡烟垂壁等防火防烟分隔设施设置的正确性，针对不同建筑物和场所，组织研究、确认防火分区划分和防火分隔设施选用的技术要求。 5．安全疏散
本科生课程 消防工程学 （讲义） 朱红青副教授 资源与安全工程学院安全工程系 2002年9月
第一章高层建筑防火设计 防火设计包括火害前的积极防治及火害发生后的有效措施。包括耐火构造设计、防火设计（报警、疏散、防排烟、总体布置、防火防烟分区） 第一节耐火构造设计 一、主要构件的耐火等级 （一）耐火等级的划分 一类建筑：高级高层住宅，19层以上普通住宅、医院、高级宾馆、展览馆、办公楼等重要公共设施（重点，耐火等级为1级） 二类建筑：10～18层普通高层住宅和高度不超过50m的公共建筑（不低于2级）。 （二）耐火构造设计 按结构划分，选取材料和制造方法，确保构造厚度及保护层厚度。 内装修的不燃、难燃和阻燃是防火设计的重要研究项目。 第二节防火设计 一、防火步骤 如下图1、图2。 火灾发生→感知（监测）→报警→疏散→救助 图1－1 防火步骤图
图1-2 控制中心报警系统原理框图 二、防火设计要点 （一）总平面布局中的消防问题 1、高层建筑应设在交通便捷处，便于消防交通组织和人员疏散 2、应设环型车道。 3、高层建筑主体底部的裙房应受限制，至少有一长边或1/3周边长不贴裙 房。 4、保持建筑间的防火间距， 高层建筑主体间的间距>13m。与其它低高层民用建筑间距为13～18m（视耐火等级）,与另一憧的裙房之间防火间距为6m。 注意危险物、易燃物如燃油库、燃气锅炉房、油浸电力变压器、高压电容器、油开关等，不宜布置在高层建筑主体内。 （二）防火防烟分区 把高层建筑划分为防火、防烟单元，用以将火势控制在发生的单元，阻止向各处蔓延，所以，防火、防烟分区分别为防火、防烟单元最大允许建筑面积。 防火单元由防火墙、耐火楼板、防火门窗来划分，在设置困难的开口部位，可采用水幕保护的防火卷帘。 防火分区最大建筑面积：一类高层建筑1000m2，2类高层建筑1500m2。 面积为：地下室500m2，使用自动喷淋系统，使用部分最大面积加倍。 防烟分区：最大面积不超过500M2，不应超越防火分区。 防烟单元有挡烟垂壁、隔墙或自顶棚下突出不小于50cm的梁组成。 (三)报警与消防中心 一般认为火灾在起火15～20分钟之后才开始蔓延燃烧，要是消防能在20分钟内赶到现场扑灭火灾，就必须迅速报警。 1、报警设备：温感式：用于火灾时热量突增的场所，如车库、易燃品库。烟
广告英语翻译常用词汇 产品远销英国、美国、日本、意大利和东南亚，深受消费者欢迎和好评Our products are sold in Britain, America, Japan, Italy and South East Asia and well appreciated by their purchasers. 畅销全球 selling well all over the world 典雅大方 elegant and graceful 定型耐久 durable modeling 方便顾客 making things convenient for customers 方便群众 making things convenient for the people; to suit the peo ple's convenience 方便商品 convenience goods 方便生活 bringing more convenience to the people in their daily life; prov iding amenities for the people; making life easier for the popula tion 各式俱全 wide selection; large assortment
顾客第一 Customers first 顾客是我们的皇帝 We take customers as our Gods. 规格齐全 a complete range of specifications; complete in specific ations 花样繁多 a wide selection of colours and designs 货色齐全 goods of every description are available. 客商第一，信誉第一 clients first, reputation first 款式多样 a great variety of models 款式活泼端庄 vivid and great in style 款式齐全 various styles 款式新颖 attractive designs; fashionable(in) style; novel (in) de sign; up-to-date styling 款式新颖众多 diversified latest designs 美观大方 elegant appearance 美观耐用 attractive and durable 品质优良，疗效显著，誉满全球，欢迎选购 excellent quality, evident effect, good reputation over the world, orders are welcome. 品种多样 numerous in variety 品种繁多 great varieties 品种齐全 complete range of articles; a great variety of goods
水枪firehosenozzle 水带firehose 消防服turnouts 防火门fireproof door 窗window 破拆工具entrytool 消防靴firefighter'sboots 防火涂料fire-resistant paint 机动泵motorpump 消防手套insulatedrubbergloves-绝缘胶手套 (后跟中文的是不知道准不准的,下同.我不是英语专业也不是消防专业的,见谅) 感烟器smokedetector 机动水炮turret nozzle-车载消防炮turret pipe-车载水炮 导向绳guide ring 自动喷淋automatic spray 无火花工具non-sparking tools 消防腰斧fireman'saxe 监控探头monitor and control probe (这个是自己翻译的- -#) 金属切割机metal-cutting machine(自己翻译的- -#) 个人报警器personalalarmdevice 自动报警系统automatic fire alarm system-火灾自动报警系统 绝缘工具isolated tool 消防头盔firehat 液压扩张器hydraulic spreader 照明灯具lighting burner-照明灯 消防栓firehydrantchamber消火栓井 排烟机smokeventilator 空气呼吸器aerophore-呼吸器 水泵结合器firedepartmentpumperconnection 各类梯子 ladder <1> abandonment 离弃（指见死不救的行为） <2> abatement of smoke 消减烟雾（法） <3> ABC extinguisher [消]ABC灭火器（能用来扑灭A、B、C类火灾的灭火器） <4> ABC method 心肺复苏法 <5> ABC powder extinguishing agent [消]ABC 干粉灭火剂（适用于扑救A类、B类和C 类火灾的干粉灭火剂） <6> ablation characteristics 烧蚀特征 <7> ablation of melting body 熔融物体的烧蚀 <8> ablation-product radiation 烧蚀生成物的辐射 <9> abnormal combustion 异常燃烧（发动机爆震，早燃等不正常的总称） <10> abnormal condition 反常情况，不正常状态，非正常状态
综合技术能力 、单项选择题 1.消防设施检测机构在某单位自动喷水灭火系统为安装完毕的情况下出具了合格的《建筑消防设施检测报告》。针对这种行为，根据《中华人民共和国消防法》，应对消防设施检测机构进行处罚。下列罚款中，正确的是（）。 A.五万元以上十万元以下 B.十万元以上二十万元以下 C.五千元以上五万元以下 D.一万元以上五万元以下 答案：A 2.某商场发生火灾时，商场现场工作人员没有履行组织引导疏散的义务，造成1名顾客死亡。根据《中华人民共和国消防法》的有关规定，可依法对该现场工作人员予以处罚。下列处罚中，正确的是（） A.五千元以上五万元以下罚款 B.五日以上十日以下拘留 C.十日以上十五日以下拘留 D.三万元以上三十万元以下罚款 答案：B 3.某建筑进行内部装修，一名电工违章电焊施工作业，结果引发火灾，造成3人死亡。根据《中华人民共和国刑法》，对该电工依法追究刑事责任。下列定罪中，正确的是（） A.重大劳动安全事故罪 B.重大责任事故罪 C.消防责任事故罪 D.工程重大安全事故罪 答案：B 4.某单位在县城新建一个商场，依法取得了当地时公安支队出具的消防设计审核合格意见书。建设单位在施工过程中拟对原设计进行修改。该商场建设单位的下列做法中，正确的是（） A.向当地县公安消防大队重新申请消防设计审核 B.将设计变更告知当地县公安消防大队 C.向当地市公安消防支队重新申请消防设计审核 D.将设计变更告知当地市公安消防支队 答案：C 5.根据《注册消防工程师制度暂行规定》，下列行为中，不属于注册消防工程师义务的是（）。 A.在规定范围内从事消防安全技术执业活动 B.履行岗位职责 C.不得允许他人以本人名义执业 D.不断更新知识，提高消防安全技术能力 答案：A 6.对厂房、仓库进行防火检查时，应检查厂房、仓库的平面布置情况。某家具厂的下列做法中，不符合规范要求的是（） A.厂房内设置员工宿舍，采用防火墙和甲级防火门与生产车间分隔，并设置独立出口 B.厂房内设置办公室，并采用耐火极限为的防火墙与生产车间分隔
建筑工业学院 安全工程专业《消防工程学》 课程设计 班级：08安全（2）班 ：胡中海 学号： 土木工程学院安全工程系 0.前言 伴随着社会发展的历史进程，人与建筑的关系也越来越密切，人类工作，生
活的更多时间是在建筑物度过的，人们赋予建筑的功能也更加复杂和综合，大体量的建筑也不断增加，这些都增加了建筑火灾的危险性和有害性。建筑物一旦发生火灾，往往会造成巨大的财产损失和严重的人员伤亡，因此，提高建筑物的安全水平是建筑科技时刻关注的课题之一。所以，对于建筑的火灾预防，我们要做好全面的准备。特别是现在对不同建筑类型、不同耐火等级要求下的火灾预防。 这次我所做的《消防工程学》课程设计，就是针对于不同建筑类型及不同耐火等级下建筑的消防系统的的分析，主要研究教学楼的自动灭火系统的设计和相关火灾的事故调查。 对于教学楼而言，在上课期间，学生人流量大，人员密集，所以必须做好安全防火工作，坚决预防教学楼的火灾事故，不留下可能发生火灾的安全隐患，保证学校的正常运转，老师的正常授课和学生的正常的学习。 本次课程设计由于本人的水平有限，设计时间较短，所以本次课程设计书中难免存在缺点和不足之处，恳请老师批评指正。 1.建筑工业学院主教学楼消防系统设计 合理的进行城市的总体布局，对保障建筑物的安全有直接联系。在进行某楼的总平面防火设计中，应该首先满足城市规划的要求，其次还要根据建筑物的使用性质、建筑结构、火灾危险性、地理环境等因素，严格按照《建筑设计防火规》的规定合理设置进行合理布局1.1总平面布局与平面布置 建筑工业学院主教学楼为一类民用建筑，建筑高度为28m，层数是8层，每层高3.5 m。该教学楼是框架结构，使用设计年限为50年，耐火等级是二米，建筑总面积为16002 级，建筑美观、实用，适合现代城市规划布局的要求。 1.2安全疏散设计 1.2.1安全疏散的规定
1.素质教育：Quality Education 2. EQ：分两种，一种为教育商数Educational quotient，另一种情感商数Emotional quotient 3. 保险业：the insurance industry 4. 保证重点指出：ensure funding for priority areas 5. 补发拖欠的养老金：clear up pension payments in arrears 6. 不良贷款：non-performing loan 7. 层层转包和违法分包：mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting 8. 城乡信用社：credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas 9. 城镇居民最低生活保障：a minimum standard of living for city residents 10. 城镇职工医疗保障制度：the system of medical insurance for urban workers 11. 出口信贷：export credit 12. 贷款质量：loan quality 13. 贷款质量五级分类办法：the five-category assets classification for bank loans 14. 防范和化解金融风险：take precautions against and reduce financial risks 15. 防洪工程：flood-prevention project 16. 非法外汇交易：illegal foreign exchange transaction 17. 非贸易收汇：foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels 18. 非银行金融机构：non-bank financial institutions 19. 费改税：transform administrative fees into taxes 20. 跟踪审计：foolow-up auditing 21. 工程监理制度：the monitoring system for projects 22. 国有资产安全：the safety of state-owned assets 23. 过度开垦：excess reclamation 24. 合同管理制度：the contract system for governing projects 25. 积极的财政政策：pro-active fiscal policy 26. 基本生活费：basic allowance 27. 解除劳动关系：sever labor relation 28. 金融监管责任制：the responsibility system for financial supervision 29. 经济安全：economic security 30. 靠扩大财政赤字搞建设：to increase the deficit to spend more on development 31. 扩大国内需求：the expansion of domestic demand 32. 拉动经济增长：fuel economic growth 33. 粮食仓库：grain depot 34. 粮食收购企业：grain collection and storage enterprise 35. 粮食收购资金实行封闭运行：closed operation of grain purchase funds 36. 粮食销售市场：grain sales market 37. 劣质工程：shoddy engineering
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical
2018注册一级消防工程师考试真题及答案 一、阅读分析（案例分析题（共6小题））21分 某居住小区由4座建筑高度为69.0m的23层单元式住宅楼和4座建筑高度为54.0m的18层单元式住宅楼构成。设备机房设地下一层(标高-5.0m)，小区南北侧市政道路上各有一条DN300的市政给水管。供水压力为0.25MPa。小区所在地区冰冻线深度为0.85m。 住宅楼的室外消火栓设计流量为15L/s，23层住宅楼和18层住宅楼的室内消火栓设计流量分别为20L/s、10L/s，火灾延续时间为2h。小区消防给水与生活用水共用。采用两路进水环状管网供水，在管网上设置了室外消火栓。室内采用湿式临时高压消防给水系统，其消防水池、消防水泵房设置在一座住宅楼的地下一层。高位消防水箱设置在其中一座23层高的住宅楼屋顶。消防水池两路进水。火灾时考虑补水。每条进水管的补水量为50m3/h，消防水泵控制柜与消防水泵设置在同一房间。系统管网泄漏量测试结果为0.75L/s，高位消防水箱出水管上设置流量开关，动作流量设定值为1.75L/s。 消防水泵性能和控制柜性能合格，室内外消火栓系统系统验收合格。
竣工验收一年后，在对系统进行季度检查时，打开试水阀，高位消防水箱出水管上的流量开关动作，消防水泵无法自动启动。消防控制中心值班人员按下手动专用线路按钮后，消防水泵仍不启动。值班人员到消防水泵房操作机械应急开关后，消防水泵启动。经维修消防控制柜后，恢复正常。 在竣工验收三年后的日常运行中，消防水泵经常发生误动作，勘查原因后发现，高位消防水箱的补水量与竣工验收时相比，增加了1倍。 根据以上材料，回答下列问题(共16分，每题2分，每题的备选项中，有2个或2个以上符合题意，至少有一个错项。错选，本题不得分;少选，所选的每个选项得0.5分) 1.两路补水时，下列消防水池符合现行国家标准的有（） A.有效容积为4m3的消防水池 B.有效容积为24m3的消防水池 C.有效容积为44m3的消防水池 D.有效容积为55m3的消防水池 E.有效容积为60m3的消防水池 参考答案：D,E您的答案：D,E 答案解析：
翻译常用词汇 高枕无忧resting without worries 史无前例unprecedented in the history 不可一世a conquering hero 毫不示弱equally firmly 量体裁衣to act according to actual circumstances 一刀两断to cut it clean 与虎谋皮to ask a tiger for its skin 六亲不认to disown all one’s relatives and fri ends 英雄本色the true quality of a hero 英雄所见略同Great minds think alike. 每逢佳节倍思亲On festive occasions more than ever we think of our dear ones faraway. 上有好，下必有其焉。What the superior loves, his inferiors will be found to love exceedingly.大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。The Great River flows to the east: Its waves have washed away all the men of untrammeled spirit of a thousand ages. 上兵伐谋，其次伐交。What is supremely important in war is to attack the enemy’s strategy. Next best is to disrupt his alliances. 问君能有几多愁，恰似一江春水向东流。I wonder how many sorrows you have. They are exactly like the Yangtze River unceasingly flowing eastward in spring. 千呼万唤始出来，犹抱琵琶半遮面。Only after a thousand entreaties does she appear. Her face half hidden behind the guitar (pipa) in her arms. 吃得苦中苦，方为人上人。Only if you can stand the hardest of hardships can you hope to rise in society. 是非经过不知难You never know how hard a task is almost until you have done it yourself. 满招损Pride goes before a fall. / Pride spells failure. 适可而止Bind the sack before it be full. 好汉做事好汉当A true man has the courage to accept the consequences of his own actions.知己知彼，百战不殆。To know one’s and the enemy’s situation ensures victory. 牵扯之覆，后车之鉴。The overturned car ahead is a warning to the ones behind. 山雨欲来风满楼The wind sweeping through the tower heralds a rising storm in the mountains. 是故学然后知不足，教然后之困。Therefore, to learn makes us realize our deficiency, and to teach makes us know the difficulties. 人尽其才、地尽其利、物尽其利、货畅其流。Our human, land and material resources should be used to the best advantage, and our goods should be in good circulation. 父母有抚养教育未成年子女的义务，成年子女有赡养扶助父母的义务。Parents have the duty to rear and education their children who are minors, and children who have come of age have the duty to support and assist their parents. 中华人民共和国公民有劳动的权利和义务。Citizens of the P eople’s Republic of China have the right as well as the duty of work. 各民族公民都有用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利。Citizens of all nationalities have the right to use the spoken and written languages of their own nationalities in court proceedings.
英文原文 Fire assault boat trailer design Assault boat special trailer for wood type and wheel type vehicle, galvanized, using high-strength wear-resistant polyethylene roller, anti-corrosion strong wood and developed a new type of special trailer. trailer with automobile manufacturing technology, equipped with a special fixture of a molding, ensuring the frame and practical aesthetics. One can store 3-5 assault boats, and supporting the use of motor vehicles in the vacuum tire, waterproof wire speed and LED taillight. Assault boat special trailer gather domestic and international various assault boat specifications and models, the use of internationally popular boat design concept, to ensure that the vehicle has reasonable design; with special fixture, ensure the quality of vehicle location; unifies the domestic actual situation, using wood as assault boat bottom bunk, ensure the uniform stress, transportation safety fast, easy to use; with the towing vehicle ( car ) for supporting the vacuum tire, ensure the safety car at high speed. The quality of fire assault boat trailers to product use high safety requirements, whether the processing technology or selection profiles, as well as parts of the selection, have higher requirements, they have such quality control of excellent combination, to ensure fire assault boat trailers and other equipment the use of safety, and to ensure that the rescue personnel life safety. The quality of fire assault boat trailers to the product design flexibility requirements higher, regardless of the specialty of emergency rescue equipment is a comprehensive emergency rescue equipment, as well as a comprehensive professional emergency rescue equipment, only with strong flexibility, to ensure fire punch front boat rescue equipment quickly and accurately the arrival of the first rescue scene, strive for more rescue time, also will have more risks this life, Wei emergency rescue team of professionals to provide reliable safe guard. The quality of fire assault boat trailer for products of professional degree and comprehensive to very high. Professional degree on behalf of the product required to reach a height, a comprehensive representation of the product itself and a plurality of function requirements, and to adapt to a variety of terrain and a variety of emergency rescue, emergency rescue equipment for the integrated protection provided. Assault boat trailer for automatically loading and unloading Assault boat trailer for automatically loading and unloading, including for loading assault boat trailer body, is arranged on the trailer body beneath the wheel, is arranged on the trailer body front and transport vehicle for connecting hook, which is characterized in that: the lower part and also includes the trailer body are in rotary connection vertical rod, one end and the vertical rod at the upper end of the first rotating shaft is connected by rail, arranged on the rail The other end for lifting the assault boat lifting mechanism, wherein the vertical rod rotation center along the upper and lower direction, the first shaft center line extends along the horizontal direction,
2018年一级消防工程师考试试题及答案 1.在建筑物内任何部位最好同时有( B)个及以上的疏散方向可供疏散。 (A)1 (B)2 (C)3 (D)4 2.人员密集的公共场所，疏散门不应设置门槛，紧靠门( C)m范围内不应设置踏步。 (A)1 (B)1.2 (C)1.4 (D)1.6 3.无论有无发生火警，管网内经常保持足够的水压和消防用水量，火场上不需要使用消防车或其他移动式消防水泵加压，直接从消火栓接出水带、水枪即可实施灭火的消防给水管网类型是( A)。 (A)高压消防给水管网 (B)临时高压消防给水管网 (C)低压消防给水管网 (D)临时低压消防给水管网 4.液化石油气储罐使用消火栓给水系统保护时，其火灾延续时间一般为(D )小时。
(A)3 (B)4 (C)5 (D)6 5.使用室外地上消火栓时，应用( A)打开出水口闷盖。 (A)专用扳手 (B)普通活动扳手 (C)撬棒 (D)锤子 6.平时仅能保证消防水压而不能保证消防水量的系统是( B)。 (A)室内高压消火栓给水系统 (B)室内临时高压消火栓给水系统 (C)生活、消防合用消火栓给水系统 (D)生产、消防合用消火栓给水系统 7.下列关于室内消火栓给水方式的表述中，错误的是( B)。 (A)直接给水方式无加压水泵和水箱 (B)分区并联给水方式是各分区独立设水泵，集中设置水箱 (C)给水方式是指建筑物内的供水方案 (D)不分区给水方式即整幢高层采用一个分区供水 8.室内消火栓一般采用( A)。 (A)直流式水枪 (B)喷雾水枪
(C)多功能水枪 (D)无后座力水枪 9.下列火灾中，不能选水灭火系统扑救的是(A )。 (A)金属钠火灾 (B)棉花堆垛火灾 (C)纸张火灾 (D)木材火灾 10.湿式自动喷水灭火系统，一个报警阀控制的喷头数不宜大于 (C )。 (A)200个 (B)500个 (C)800个 (D)1000个 11.下列自动喷水灭火系统中，由火灾自动报警系统自动启动的是( C)。 (A)湿式系统 (B)干式系统 (C)预作用系统 (D)湿式系统和干式系统 12.下列( B)不是水喷雾灭火系统的灭火原理。 (A)冷却 (B)抑制
消防工程学习方法分享 2019年一级消防工程师考试将在11月9-10日正式举行，看似还有200多天，但实际上除去日常工作生活，能真正用来学习的时间非常少。 大家也都知道，消防考试历来以通过率低、重难点多而出名，那该如何学习才能顺利通过考试呢？除了早点开始备考，掌握一定的学习方法也很重要！ 今天，和大家分享一位大龄考生，经过自己不懈努力顺利通过一级消防工程师考试，希望各位小伙伴也能从他的备考方法中积累经验。 我17年才从朋友那里了解到有一级注册消防工程师考试，从了解考试规则到准备报考这段时间里，我初步估量了我的可支配业余时间。觉得工作还算轻松，每天可以拿出来学习的时间基本控制在两三个小时，于是在2017年6月份我从网上购买了教材，着手准备学习。 由于不是消防相关专业，所以考试对我来说是一次全新的挑战，从一窍不通到顺利通过考试，是一个艰难的重新学习的过程，也是一个从迷茫到渐渐摸清头绪，逐渐步入正轨的过程。我17年报三科考试，但全军覆没。 然后18年，厉兵秣马，卷土重来，虽然三科都是低分飞过，但好歹是通过了。
个人感觉： 这个消防考试，知识点很多，需要记忆的表格数据，纷繁复杂，以我的能力，想全面掌握存在很大的困难。我参加这个考试，是以及格为目的，所以我是以求重点不求全面的心态来复习的，不求一分不落，只求重点掌握。
学习心得： 我不是学霸型，也到不惑的年纪了，不相信自己的记性，但我相信一点：好脑子不如烂笔头。 第一遍看书，我就认认真真做笔记。因为当时也不知道考试的侧重点，我就从头把自己觉得重要的知识点都做了笔记，实务、综合、案例，每本书一本笔记本，可以说是做的很详细的。 看完第一遍书后，脑子里完全没有概念，于是又从网上购买了习题，开始分章节做练习题。做练习题时才发现，看一遍书根本没记住什么，甚至一些基本的概念都不清楚，这又开始重新把笔记本找出来，把做到的不会的习题用红笔标记在相应的章节里。 三本笔记现在看看，当时也确实是下了功夫的。 这是一个混乱的过程，完全没有头绪，只凭着一股热情再继续。但是这一遍习题做完以后，确有了很大的收获，一些经常出现的知识点慢慢显现，整个考试的出题模式已经在脑子里有了大体的概念。 还有就是，虽然在决定考试前，我预算了自己的业余可支配时间，可在实际的学习中，却完全没有那么多时间可供支配。因为要上班，再加上自己还有一些不得不参加、或者自己想参加的活动，所以可学习的时间大大减少。
2019英语四级翻译常用词汇：教育词汇 成人夜校 night school for adults 在职进修班 on-job training courses 政治思想教育 political and ideological education 毕业生分酉己 graduate placement; assignment of graduate 充电update one’s knowledge 初等教育 elementary education 大学城 college town 大学社区 college community 高等教育 higher education 高等教育“211 工程” the “211 Project” for higher education 高等学府 institution of higher education 综合性大学 comprehensive university 文科院校 colleges of (liberal) arts 理工科大学 college / university of science and engineering 师范学院teachers’ college; normal college 高分低能 high scores and low abilities 高考(university/college) entrance examination 高校扩招 the college expansion plan
教育界 education circle 教育投入 input in education 九年义务教育 nine-year compulsory education 考研 take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools 课外活动 extracurricular activities 必修课 required/compulsory course 选修课 elective/optional course 基础课 basic courses 专业课 specialized courses 课程表 school schedule 教学大纲 teaching program; syllabus 学习年限 period of schooling 学历 record of formal schooling 学分 credit 启发式教学 heuristic teaching 人才交流 talent exchange 人才战 competition for talented people 商务英语证书 Business English Certificate (BEC) 适龄儿重入学率 enrollment rate for children of school age 升学率 proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade; enrollment rate
消防工程师试题及答案
消防工程师试题及答案 【篇一：一级注册消防工程师案例分析真题及答案( )】 第一题： 某信息中心大楼内设有自动喷水灭火系统、气体灭火系统、火灾自动报警系统等自动消防设施和灭火器。2月5日，该单位安保部队信息中心的消防设施进行了全面检查测试，部分检查情况如下： （一）建筑灭火器检查情况（详见1表） （二）湿式自动喷水灭火系统功能测试情况 打开湿式报警阀组上的试验阀，水力警铃动作，按规定方法测量水力警铃声强为65db，火灾报警控制器（联动型）接收到报警阀组压力开关动作信号，自动喷水给水泵启动。 （三）七氟丙烷灭火器系统检查情况 信息中心的通信机房没有七氟丙烷灭火系统，系统设置情况（如表2）所示。检查发现，储瓶向2#灭火剂储瓶的压力表显示压力为设计储存压力的85%，系统存在组件缺失的问题。 检查结束后，该单位安保部委托专业维修单位对气体灭火设备进行了维修。维修单位派人到现场，焊接了缺失组件的底座，并安装了缺失组件：对2#灭火剂储瓶补压至设计压力。 根据以上情况作答： 1、根据建筑灭火器检查情况，简述哪些灭火器需要维修、报废。 2、指出素材（二）的场景中存在的问题及自动喷水给水泵未启动的原因，并简述湿式自动喷水灭火器系统联动功能检查测试的方法。
3、七氟丙烷灭火系统在储瓶间未安装哪种组件？最大防护区时对应的驱动装置为几号驱动气瓶？ 4、检修维修单位对储瓶间气体灭火设备维修时存在的问题。 第二题：某购物中心地下2层、地上4层。建筑高度24m，耐火等级二级，地下二层室内地面与室外出入口地坪高差为11.5m。 地下每层建筑面积15200m2。地下二层设置汽车库和变配电房、消防水泵房等设备用房以及建筑面积5820m2的建材商场（经营五金、洁具、瓷砖、桶装油漆、香蕉水等），底下一层为家具，灯饰商场，设有多部自动扶梯与建材商场连通，自动扶梯上下层相连通的开口部位设置防火卷帘。地下商场部分的每个防火区面积不大于m2，采用耐火极限为1.5h的不燃性楼板和防火墙及符合规定的防火卷帘进行分隔，在相邻防火分区的防火墙上均设有向疏散方向开启的甲级防火门。 地上一层至三层为商场，每层建筑面积1 m2，主要经营服装、鞋类、箱包和电器等商品。四层建筑面积5600m2，主要功能为餐厅、游艺厅、儿童游乐厅和电影院。电影院有8个观众厅，每个观众厅建筑面积在186m2~390m2之间；游艺厅有2个厅室，建筑面积分别为216m2、147m2。游艺厅和电影院候场区均采用不到顶的玻璃隔断、玻璃门与其它部位分隔，安全出口符合规范规定。 每层疏散照明的地面水平照度为1.01x，备用电源连续供电时间0.6h。 购物中心外墙外保温系统的保温材料采用模塑聚苯板，保温材料与基层墙体、装饰层之间有0.17m~0.6m的空腔，在楼板处每隔一层用防火封堵材料对空腔进行防火封堵。 购物中心按规范配置了室内外消火栓系统、自动喷水灭火系统和火灾自动报警系统等消防措施。根据以上材料，问题回答； 1、【题干】指出地下二层、地上四层平面布置方面存在的问题。