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95-72-7Reaction_08_15_2013_151835

1. Single Step

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:KHSO5, R:NaCl, 20 min regioselective, milling balls used (10x10

mm,magnesia-stabilized ZrO2), aromatic

substitution, 80% conversion, mixer ball mill

used (30Hz), no solvent, quartz sand used,

91% selectivity, Reactants: 1, Reagents: 2,

Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most stages in any one

step: 1

References

Aromatic substitution in ball mills: formation of

aryl chlorides and bromides using potassium

peroxomonosulfate and NaX

By Schmidt, Robert et al

From Green Chemistry, 14(6), 1673-1679;

2012

CASREACT ?: Copyright ? 2013 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved.

2. Single Step

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1

R:N(CH2CH2OH)3, C:57456-82-3, S:MeCN, 3 h,

25°C photochemical, visible light used, quartz cell used, ultra-high pressure mercury lamp (475W) used, alternative preparations shown, mechanism studied, 10% conversion, Reactants: 1, Reagents: 2, Catalysts: 1, Solvents: 1, Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Photochemical dehalogenation mediated by macrocyclic nickel(II) complexes

By Mochizuki, Katsura and Suzuki, Mana From Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 14(6), 902-905; 2011

3. Single Step

78%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:HCl, R:O2, C:128760-01-0, S:H2O, 96 h, 80°C green chem., green chem.-catalyst, green

chem.-waste redn., no solvent, green chem.-

solvent, Reactants: 1, Reagents: 2, Catalysts:

1, Solvents: 1, Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most

stages in any one step: 1

References

Phosphonium nitrate ionic liquid catalysed

electrophilic aromatic oxychlorination

By Noe, Marco et al

From Green Chemistry, 12(9), 1654-1660;

2010

4. Single Step

34%12%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:CuCl2, R:N-Chlorosuccinimide, 4 min, 102°C, 3.5 bar microwave irradiation, regioselective,

Reactants: 1, Reagents: 2, Steps: 1, Stages:

1, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Microwave assisted solid additive effects in

simple dry chlorination reactions with N-

chlorosuccinimide

By Bucos, Madalina et al

From Tetrahedron, 66(11), 2061-2065; 2010 CASREACT ?: Copyright ? 2013 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved.

5. Single Step

3%48%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:KBr, R:N-Chlorosuccinimide, 4 min, 102°C, 3.5 bar microwave irradiation, regioselective,

Reactants: 1, Reagents: 2, Steps: 1, Stages:

1, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Microwave assisted solid additive effects in

simple dry chlorination reactions with N-

chlorosuccinimide

By Bucos, Madalina et al

6. Single Step

72%14%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:Isocyanuric chloride, C:657414-80-7, S:657414-80-7, 48 h, 56-

58°C

green chem., optimized on time, ionic liquid

used, optimization study, Reactants: 1,

Reagents: 1, Catalysts: 1, Solvents: 1, Steps:

1, Stages: 1, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Chlorination of Aromatics with

Trichloroisocyanuric Acid (TCICA) in

Bronsted-Acidic Imidazolium Ionic Liquid

[BMIM(SO3H)][OTf]: an Economical, Green

Protocol for the Synthesis of Chloroarenes

By Hubbard, Abigail et al

From Australian Journal of Chemistry, 60(12),

923-927; 2007

7. Single Step

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:N-Chlorosuccinimide, C:Montmorillonite, S:ClCH2CH2Cl, 16-18

h, 80°C regioselective, Reactants: 1, Reagents: 1, Catalysts: 1, Solvents: 1, Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Regiospecific chlorination of xylenes using K-10 montmorillonite clay

By Thirumamagal, B. T. S. et al

From Synthetic Communications, 38(16), 2820-2825; 2008

Experimental Procedure

General/Typical Procedure: Typical Procedure for Chlorination of Aromatic Compound using NCS and

K-10 Montmorrillonite Clay in 1,2-Dichloroethane To a solution of aromatic compound (100mmol) in a

dry 1,2-dichloroethane (50mL), NCS (100mmol) and K-10 montmorrillonite clay (4g) were added and

heated at 80°C for 16-18 h. The crystallized succinimide along with the clay was filtered off and

separated by washing with dichloromethane. The solvent was removed by distillation from the filtrate.

The liquid chlorinated product was purified by passing through a silica-gel column using hexanes/ethyl

acetate (98:2) as the eluent. 2-Chloro-1,4-xylene (6): liquid; yield (8.6 g, 62%). 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 6.8-

6.9 (m, 3H, Ar), 2.35 (s, 3H, Me), 2.31 (s, 3H, Me); 13C NMR 13

7.7, 135.5, 131.0, 130.8, 12

8.3, 126.9,

20.7, 11.9; MS: m/z (%) 140.51 (100.0), 142.34 (32.0).

8. Single Step

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1C:AlCl3, 1 h, 25°C Chlorination, Reactants: 2, Catalysts: 1, Steps:

1, Stages: 1, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

9. Single Step

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1

R:HCl, S:H2O, 48 h, 80°C

regioselective, Reactants: 1, Reagents: 2,

Solvents: 1, Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most stages

in any one step: 1

References

[Hmim][NO3]-an efficient solvent and

promoter in the oxidative aromatic

chlorination

By Chiappe, Cinzia et al

From Green Chemistry, 8(8), 742-745; 2006 CASREACT ?: Copyright ? 2013 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved.

10. 3 Steps

[Step 2.1]

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:H2SO4, R:HNO3, S:H2O, 0°C; 2 h, 60°C

2.1R:NaOH, S:EtOH, 70 h; 2 h, reflux

3.1R:N2H4, S:EtOH, 2 h, 80°C Reactants: 2, Reagents: 4, Solvents: 2, Steps: 3, Stages: 3, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Preparation and spectroscopic study of 13-substituted 2,11-

dithiahexahydro[3.3]paracyclophanes

By Lin, Shaw-Tao et al

From Journal of Chemical Research, (11), 708-711; 2005

11. 2 Steps

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:NaOH, S:EtOH, 70 h; 2 h, reflux

2.1R:N2H4, S:EtOH, 2 h, 80°C

Reactants: 2, Reagents: 2, Solvents: 1, Steps:

2, Stages: 2, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Preparation and spectroscopic study of 13-

substituted 2,11-

dithiahexahydro[3.3]paracyclophanes

By Lin, Shaw-Tao et al

From Journal of Chemical Research, (11),

708-711; 2005

12. Single Step

60%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:N2H4, S:EtOH, 2 h, 80°C Reactants: 1, Reagents: 1, Solvents: 1, Steps:

1, Stages: 1, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Preparation and spectroscopic study of 13-

substituted 2,11-

dithiahexahydro[3.3]paracyclophanes

By Lin, Shaw-Tao et al

From Journal of Chemical Research, (11),

708-711; 2005

13. Single Step

89%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:Cl2, C:AlCl3, 5 h, 70-75°C optimization study, optimized on catalyst,

temperature, Reactants: 1, Reagents: 1,

Catalysts: 1, Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most stages

in any one step: 1

References

Preparation of 3(2)-chloro-para-methylbenzyl

chloride

By Mao, Limin et al

From Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai

Shuomingshu, 1817832, 16 Aug 2006 CASREACT ?: Copyright ? 2013 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved.

14. Single Step

68%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:NaCl, R:PhI(OAc)2, 0.5 h, rt Grindstone chem., no solvent, regioselective,

solid state, Reactants: 1, Reagents: 2, Steps:

1, Stages: 1, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Grindstone chemistry:

(diacetoxyiodo)benzene-mediated oxidative

nuclear halogenation of arenes using NaCl,

NaBr or I2

By Karade, N. N. et al

From Journal of Chemical Research, (6), 366-

368; 2006

15. Single Step

82%16%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:HCl, 55-65°C chemoselective, electrochem. (6000 A/m2),

Reactants: 1, Reagents: 1, Steps: 1, Stages:

1, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Some features of electrochemical chlorination

of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons on a side

chain

By Yuzbekov, Yu. A. and Maksimov, Kh. A.

From Sakartvelos Mecnierebata Akademiis

Macne, Kimiis Seria, 28(3-4), 246-252; 2002 CASREACT ?: Copyright ? 2013 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved.

16. Single Step

54%35%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:HCl, 55-65°C chemoselective, electrochem. (2000 A/m2),

Reactants: 1, Reagents: 1, Steps: 1, Stages:

1, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Some features of electrochemical chlorination

of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons on a side

chain

By Yuzbekov, Yu. A. and Maksimov, Kh. A.

From Sakartvelos Mecnierebata Akademiis

17. Single Step

100%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:HCl, R:H2O2, C:F3CCH2OH, S:H2O, 15 h, 25°C Reactants: 1, Reagents: 2, Catalysts: 1,

Solvents: 1, Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most stages

in any one step: 1

References

Electrophilic Aromatic Chlorination and

Haloperoxidation of Chloride Catalyzed by

Polyfluorinated Alcohols: A New Manifestation

of Template Catalysis

By Ben-Daniel, Revital et al

From Journal of the American Chemical

Society, 125(40), 12116-12117; 2003 Experimental Procedure

Product: 2-chloro-p-xylene (100) Yield: 98%

18. Single Step

86%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:AcCl, C:Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6, S:MeCN, 7-8 h, rt

1.2S:Et2O, rt

1.3R:NaHCO3, R:NaCl, S:H2O, rt

regioselective, Reactants: 1, Reagents: 3,

Catalysts: 1, Solvents: 3, Steps: 1, Stages: 3,

Most stages in any one step: 3

References

A novel and efficient ceric ammonium nitrate

catalyzed oxidative nuclear chlorination of

activated aromatic compounds by acetyl

chloride

By Roy, Subhas Chandra et al

From Synlett, (2), 221-222; 2003 CASREACT ?: Copyright ? 2013 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved.

19. Single Step

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:Selectfluor, R:NaCl, S:MeCN52% conversion, Reactants: 1, Reagents: 2,

Solvents: 1, Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most stages

in any one step: 1

References

Novel process for generating useful

electrophiles from common anions using

Selectfluor fluorination agent

By Syvret, Robert G. et al

From Journal of Organic Chemistry, 67(13),

4487-4493; 2002

Experimental Procedure

General/Typical Procedure: General Procedure. In a typical experiment, Selectfluor fluorination agent

(7.1 g, 20.0 mmol), NaSCN (1.6 g, 19.7 mmol), and 200 mL of ACN were combined in a 500 mL round

bottom flask containing a magnetic stir bar. Compound 2a (2.2 g, 20.3 mmol) was added, and the

contents of the flask were stirred under nitrogen and sampled periodically to monitor the reaction

progress. After the mixture was stirred for 20 h at room temperature, analysis by GC and GC-MS

indicated that 67% conversion of the 2a had been achieved, with a product distribution of 1 and 62%

ortho- and para-methoxyphenylthiocyanate 2e, respectively. At this point, the solvent was removed in

a vacuum, and the resulting residue was treated with 200 mL of deionized water. This aqueous mixture

was extracted with 2 100 mL portions of methylene chloride; the methylene chloride extracts were

combined, dried (MgSO4), and then evaporated to a crude product residue. This residue was purified

by chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of 5% ethyl acetate and 95% hexane. A product

fraction was collected, dried over MgSO4, and then analyzed by NMR, GCMS, and GC-IR and shown

to be a mixture of ortho and para isomers of 2e, but predominately the para isomer. chloro-p-xylene

10c, 100% mol.

20. Single Step

100%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:Selectfluor, R:NaCl, S:DMF

1.2S:H2O

alternative prepn. gave lower yields,

Reactants: 1, Reagents: 2, Solvents: 2, Steps:

1, Stages: 2, Most stages in any one step: 2

References

Process for generating electrophiles from

anions by reaction with electrophilic

fluorinating agent

By Syvret, Robert George et al

From Eur. Pat. Appl., 1138657, 04 Oct 2001 Experimental Procedure

Example 14: Chlorination of p-xylene 15.0 g (42 mmol) of F-TEDA-BF4 fluorination agent, 1.17g (20

mmol) of NaCl, and 200 mL of acetonitrile were added to a 500-mL round bottom flask containing a

magnetic stir bar and stirring was commenced. To this was added 2.13 g (20 mmol) of p-xylene and

the contents of the flask are stirred under nitrogen. After 93 hours of stirring at room temperature,

analysis by GC and GC-MS indicated that complete conversion of the p-xylene starting material had

been achieved. At this point, the solvent was removed under vacuum on a Rotavap. To the resulting

residue was added 100 mL of de-ionized water. This aqueous mixture was extracted with 3 x 100 mL

portions of chloroform. The chloroform extracts were combined, dried with MgSO4, and evaporated to

a product residue which weighed 2.02 g. A portion of this residue was dissolved in acetonitrile and

analyzed by GC-MS and shown to contain primarily 2-chloro-1,4-dimeth-ylbenzene as well as some

dichlorinated and fluorinated products. The product residue was purified by chromatography on silica

gel using hexane as the eluent. Two product fractions were collected, evaporated to residues, and

then analyzed separately by NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS. The analysis were consistent with 2-

chloro-1,4-dimethylbenzene as the primary product in each fraction. 2-chloro-1,4-dimethylbenzene

NMR (CDCl3): (1H) 2.31 ppm (s, 3H), 2.36 ppm (s, 3H), 6.94 -7.18 ppm (m, 3H); 13C{1H}: 19.41 ppm

(s, 1C), 20.62 ppm (s; 1C), 127.32 ppm (s, 1C), 129.62 ppm (s, 1C), 130.66 ppm (s, 1C), 132.79 ppm

(s, 1C), 134.25 ppm (s, 1C), 136.93(s, 1C); MS (El): m/e (relative intensity): 140 (M+, 42), 125(10),

105(100).

21. Single Step

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:t-BuOCl, C:SiO2, S:CCl478% conversion, mono:dichloro = 67:33,

Reactants: 1, Reagents: 1, Catalysts: 1,

Solvents: 1, Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most stages

in any one step: 1

References

Selective mono-chlorination of aromatic

compounds

By Smith, Keith et al

From Green Chemistry, 1(2), 83-90; 1999 CASREACT ?: Copyright ? 2013 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved.

22. Single Step

94%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1 -Reactants: 1, Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most stages

in any one step: 1

References

Hydrogen peroxide salts as reagents in the

oxidative halogenation of aromatic

compounds

By Rudakova, N. I. et al

From Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii, 65(2), 315-17;

1995

23. Single Step

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1 -Reactants: 1, Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most stages

in any one step: 1

References

Mechanisms of free-radical reactions. Nature

of the chain-growth stage in free-radical

halogenations of alkylaromatic hydrocarbons

with trichloromethanesulfonyl chloride and

bromotrichloromethane

By Dneprovskii, A. S. et al

From Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii, 26(4),

819-23; 1990

24. Single Step

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1 -Reactants: 1, Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most stages

in any one step: 1

References

Mechanisms of free-radical reactions. Nature

of the chain-growth stage in free-radical

halogenations of alkylaromatic hydrocarbons

with trichloromethanesulfonyl chloride and

bromotrichloromethane

By Dneprovskii, A. S. et al

From Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii, 26(4),

819-23; 1990

25. Single Step

16%

33%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:HCl, S:Et2O Reactants: 2, Reagents: 1, Solvents: 1, Steps:

1, Stages: 1, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Reactivity of 3,6-dimethoxy-3,6-

dimethylcyclohexa-1,4-diene: nuclear versus

benzylic nucleophilic substitution

By Alonso, Francisco et al

From Tetrahedron, 46(6), 2069-80; 1990 CASREACT ?: Copyright ? 2013 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved.

26. Single Step

84%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:SO2Cl2zeolite ZF520, Reactants: 1, Reagents: 1,

Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most stages in any one

step: 1

References

Versatility of zeolites as catalysts for ring or

side-chain aromatic chlorinations by sulfuryl

chloride

By Delaude, Lionel and Laszlo, Pierre

From Journal of Organic Chemistry, 55(18),

5260-9; 1990

27. Single Step

66%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:PhCH2NMe3 ICl4, S:AcOH Reactants: 1, Reagents: 1, Solvents: 1, Steps:

1, Stages: 1, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Halogenation using quaternary ammonium

polyhalides. XIX. Aromatic chlorination of

arenes with benzyltrimethylammonium

tetrachloroiodate

By Kajigaeshi, Shoji et al

From Bulletin of the Chemical Society of

Japan, 62(6), 2096-8; 1989

28. Single Step

76%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:Ca(OCl)2, C:AcOH, S:H2O, S:Me2CO Reactants: 1, Reagents: 1, Catalysts: 1,

Solvents: 2, Steps: 1, Stages: 1, Most stages

in any one step: 1

References

Ring chlorination of benzenoid compounds

using calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2]

By Nwaukwa, Stephen O. and Keehn, Philip

From Synthetic Communications, 19(5-6),

799-804; 1989

29. Single Step

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:Cl2Reactants: 1, Reagents: 1, Steps: 1, Stages:

1, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Dichloro-di-p-xylylene

By Polievka, Milan et al

From Czech., 247592, 15 Jan 1987 CASREACT ?: Copyright ? 2013 American Chemical Society. All Rights Reserved. CASREACT contains reactions from CAS and from: ZIC/VINITI database (1974-1999) provided by InfoChem; INPI data prior to 1986; Biotransformations database compiled under the direction of Professor Dr. Klaus Kieslich; organic reactions, portions copyright 1996-2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Organic Reactions Inc., and Organic Syntheses Inc. Reproduced under license. All Rights Reserved.

30. Single Step

9%17%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:NOCl, R:F3CCO2H, S:F3CCO2H, S:CH2Cl2Reactants: 1, Reagents: 2, Solvents: 2, Steps:

1, Stages: 1, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Oxidative chlorination of aromatic compounds

in the presence of nitrogen-containing

oxidizing agents

By Makhon'kov, D. I. et al

From Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii, 24(2),

241-8; 1988

31. Single Step

48%8%

31%

33%

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1C:SnCl4, S:p-C6H4Me2Reactants: 2, Catalysts: 1, Solvents: 1, Steps:

1, Stages: 1, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Lewis acid-catalyzed sulfenylations of

methylbenzenes by p-chlorobenzenesulfenyl

chloride

By Grant, Douglas W. et al

From Journal of Chemical Research,

Synopses, (12), 392-3; 1987

32. Single Step

Overview

Steps/Stages Notes

1.1R:SO2Cl2Reactants: 1, Reagents: 1, Steps: 1, Stages:

1, Most stages in any one step: 1

References

Electrophilic chlorination by sulfuryl chloride in

the presence of silica gel

By Hojo, Masaru and Masuda, Ryoichi

From Synthetic Communications, 5(3), 169-

71; 1975