It is such a lovely day that everyone is feeling happy and gay.
注: 当such 放在句首时，主句要用部分倒装。
(2)"before" adverbial clause of time.
a. conj. 强调从句动作发生在主句之前，意为“不等......就......”
eg. Before I could get in a word, he had measured me.
b. 在" It +be +时间段+before从句"中，意为“......之后才......”
eg. It will be ten years before we can meet again.
c.在"It +be+ 否定形式+long+ before 从句"中，意为“......不久就......”
eg. It was not long he told me me about it.
d. 在特定的情景中，意为“趁着......”
eg. I must write it down before I forget it.
(3) Translation:英语真的这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗？Paragraph 2
1. From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation, its grammatical rules,its words, etc.
(1) v-ing 作主语和宾语
eg: Watching them was a thrilling experience. (主语)
The man denied having anything to do with the bank robbery. (宾语)
男子否认与银行抢劫案有关。
I don?t fancy living in that cold house.
我可不想居住在那个冰冷的房子里。
(2) more (…) than 的用法:
The present crisis is much more a political crisis than an economic crisis.
当前危机与其说是经济危机，不如说是政治危机.
A whale is no more a fish than a horse is . ?
more than + 主语+ can + 谓语“…非所能”
eg. That is more than I can tell.
What he said is more than I can understand.
My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing.
He more than hestitated to accept the invitations . He simply refused it.
2. 2.It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who
use it.
involve 的用法:
(1) make sth necessary as a result,需要eg:
The job involved my living in London.
(2) involve sb / sth in (doing) sth. 使…陷入eg:
Don?t involve me in sloving your proble ms.
(3) include or affect 牵涉，涉及eg:
The strike involved many people.
Paragraph 3
The social customs and habits of the English–speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it.
(1)(1)contribute to sth. increase sth; add to sth.
eg: Her work has contributed enormously to our understanding of this difficult subject.
她的著作有助于我们对这个困难问题的理解
(2)(2)have difficulty in doing sth.
(3)(3)Translation: 讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度Paragraph 4
A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a western language other than English【attributive clause】because 【adverbial clause of reason】Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history.
Translation: 学习英语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英语国家的西方人要困难的多，因为汉字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上很
少接触。
(1)other than (but except ) 除了
eg: There is nobody here other than me.
You can?t get there other than by swimming.
(2)(have) in common (with) 与…有共同之处
eg: Their views have much in common with mine.
They are brothers, but they have nothing in common.
(3)have contact with sb make contact with sb.
eg. They made contact with headquaters by radio.
Paragraph 5
Only by developing an understanding and tolerance of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with the native speakers. Translation: 学习英语的中国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的理解和宽容才能达到与英语母语者交流的目的.
only 所修饰的副词、介词短语或从句放在句首构成倒装。
eg: Only then did he realized that he was wrong.
Only in this way can you improve your English quickly.
TEXT B
Language Points
Paragraph 2
Some linguists think that 【objective clause】objective clausechildren are born with an ability to learn and use a language.This does not mean that【objective clause】they come into the world knowing their native language. It means that【objective clause】, along with other things, they are born with the ability to know their native language.
Translation: 一些语言学家认为儿童生来就具有学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指一个人的母语是与生俱来的；而是指一个人生来具有学习母语的能力，这种能力
与人在其他方面表现出来的能力是相同的。
(1)be born with 与生俱来
eg: Some people are lucky enough to be born with a good sense of direction.
(2)come into the world with a cry 呱呱坠地
(3)along with 与…一道，连同，一起
eg: She came to dinner along with her best friends.
Along with the letters there are answers written by people who know how to solve the
problems.
Paragraph 3
This linguists do not think that【objective clause】parents teach their children in the same way that 【attributive clause】adults are taught a second language.
(1)否定转移
否定that 引导的宾语从句时，如果主句的谓语词是表示“相信”、“臆测”等心理活动的词believe, expect, think, imagine,suppose时，则要否定主句而非从句.
eg: We don?t suppose t hat he has told the truth.
(2)a 的用法(another,once more) 并非表示顺序.
Paragraph 5
1.1.If they knew 【objective clause】how children learn their native language, they would have 【subjunctive mood】an easy way to teach adults, as well as children, a second language. Translation: 如果他们知道儿童如何学习母语，这可能有助于教儿童甚至成年人学习第二语言
(1)与现在事实相反的虚拟语气
eg: If I were you, I would do it in a different way.
(2)as well as = not only … but also 不但…而且
eg. He can speak English as well as Spanish
他不仅会说英语而且会说西班牙语.
2.2.Some foreign language teachers believe that【objective clause】adults learn a second language the same way 【attributive clause】children learn their native language.These teachers try to make their students' learning similar to that 【= learning】of children. Translation: 有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相同的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习语言的过程组织教学
Paragraph 6
The students are encouraged to make up new sentences, using the rules that【attributive clause】they have learned and the words that【attributive clause】they know.
(1)encourage sb to do sth. give support to sb
eg. We encourage her to lose weight.
我们鼓励她减肥。
(2)make up 编造
eg: I made up a story to tell the children.
Paragraph 7
pick up 的意义和用法：
拿起，拾起
eg. He went down and pick up a ten—yuan note.
(非正规地）学会
eg. Where did you pick up your technic skill?
搭载，搭救
eg. I pick up an old woman on my way to street.
加速，上升，好起来
eg. She is picking up wonderful sinc she came out of the hospital. Lesson 2
Text A
Language Points
Paragraph1
1. 1.I was born and raised in Hong Kong.
be born and raised in....在......土生土长
*翻译: 我是土生土长的香港人。
Eg. Tom was born and raised in Australia.
2. For the past six years, I've been living in the United States. (现在完成进行时)
过去的六年来，我一直生活在美国。
have/has been doing sth.
(1) 表示从过去某个时间开始一直延续到说时还在进行，或可能还要继续下去。经常与“for+
段时间”或“since+点时间(也可以是从句)”的时间状语连用。例如：
I have been waiting for a letter from my parents.我一直在等我父母的来信。
It has been raining for three hours.雨已经下了三个小时了。
We have been studying here since 2004. 自从2004年以来，我们一直在这里学习。
(2) 表示从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到说话时刻，动作可能刚刚结束。例如：
She has been sweeping the street all day. She is too tired. 一整天都在扫大街，她太累了。
We have been waiting for you for two hours. We don't want to wait any longer. 我们已经等你两个小时了，不想再等了。
Paragraph 2
It was the first time I‘d gone back there since coming t o the United States. (It was the first/ second…time (that)+过去完成时)
It is the first/ second…time (that)+现在完成时
eg. It was the first time that he had lost a game.
It was the first time that he had seen suck a splendid performance.
It is the first time that he has lost a game.
It is the first time that he has gone abroad.
对比复习：
It is (high) time sb. did sth. 该做……了（虚拟语气）
eg. It is high time I fed my dog. 该喂狗了。
It is time I went to school. 该去上学了。
Paragraph 3
The houses on the street where I used to live（定语从句）had been torn down and replaced by office buildings.
1. where I used to live是定语从句修饰先行词the street，句子的主干是The houses had been
torn down and replaced.
2. used to do sth. （过去常常做……）/ be used to doing sth. （习惯了做……）
比较下面几个句子：
eg. I used to get up at 5 o?clock. 我过去常常5点起床。
I am used to getting up at 5 o?clock. 5点钟就起床，我已经习惯了。
Why are you so bad-tempered? You didn?t use to be like this? 你现在脾气怎么这么坏？你过去可不是这个样子。
Are you used to eating the western food? 你习惯吃西餐了吗？
Paragraph 4
The shock from the physical changes in the city, however, was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents‘ home. （定语从句）
1. physical此处的意思是“外观上的”。physical changes外观上的变化。
2. nothing compared to…与……比起来不算什么
eg. Money was nothing compared to the hurt I felt. 与我受到的伤害比起来，钱并不算什么。1. 3.I soon began to feet in my parents? home是定语从句，修饰先行词confusion and hurt。
主句是：The shock was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt.
Paragraph 5
You speak on matters that are of concern only to men.
1. 1.concern
vt. 关系到，与……有关
eg. The news concerns your sister.
This matter concerns all of us.
vt. 使……担心，使……关心
eg. The boy?s poor health concerned his parents.
n. 关怀，关心（的事情）
eg. He didn?t show much concern about it.
His concern for the poor and for workers was often traced to his father.
固定搭配：
be concerned with…与……有关
eg. Her job is concerned with computer.
be concerned about…关心……
eg. They are very seriously concerned about the problems involved.
as(so) far as…is concerned 就……来说/而言
eg. So far as I?m concerned, some other arrangement would have been more satisfactory. 就我而言，其他的安排会更让人满意。
2. 2.of+抽象名词：作用相当于形容词，例如of importance/ value/ use…
eg. What he told you yesterday is something of importance.昨天他告诉你的是一些重要的事情。
His research has been of little practical value.他的研究有很少的实际价值。
Paragraph 7
They don‘t take a silent back seat during a discussion.
back seat是指汽车的后座，即不处于开车的位置。此处指处于靠后的、不起作用的地位。Paragraph 8
I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done【that made me feel （that I was an outsider, a stranger in my own country.）（宾语从句）】（定语从句）
1. as的意思是“随着……”，引导状语从句。
2. that made me feel that I was an outsider, a stranger in my own country：由that（第一个）引导的定语从句，修饰先行词things；定语从句中又包含一个由that（第二个）引导的宾语从句。
Paragraph 9
I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States. But coming back here（分词作主语）didn‘t lessen the confusion and pain.
1. 1.cut short by…缩短了多长时间（或提前多长时间）
cut short to…缩短到多长时间
对比：
…cut my visit short by four days访问缩短了4天（提前4天结束访问）
…cut my visit short to fur days访问缩短到4天
2. https://www.doczj.com/doc/ae1346801.html,ing back here是分词作主语
eg. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
Only punishing him can?t solve any problem.只惩罚他并不能解决任何问题。
10. I‘m caught between the old world where I no longer belong（定语从句）and the new world which has not yet accepted me.（定语从句）
1. 此句的主干是：I?m caught be tween the old world and the new world.
2. where I no longer belong是定语从句，修饰先行词the old world；which has not yet accepted me也是定语从句，修饰先行词the new world. （注意：两个定语从句中关系词的不同，where 在定语从句中作状语，which在定语从句中作主语）。
Text B
Language Points
Paragraph 1
Having attended my course in Intercultural Communications,（现在分词完成形式作状语）he consulted me to review some of the cultural differences he might experience.
翻译：已经上过我的跨文化交际课程，他请我帮他温习一下他可能遇到的一些文化差异。having attended my course in Intercultural Communications是动词现在分词的完成形式，在句中作状语，因为attend发生在consult之前，所以用完成时。（注意：分词的逻辑主语应和主句的主语一致，此句中，主语都是he。如果不一致，分词应带有自己的主语。）eg. A new technique having been worked out, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
All flights having been canceled because of the storm, they decided to go to Beijing by train.
（解释以上两个句子主语不一致情况）
Having received the notice, they decided to put the interview off until next Monday. Paragraph 2
He arrived expectant and happy（作补语）and enjoyed his first days very much. expectant and happy是形容词短语，在句中作主语he的补语。英语中，这样一类动词，它们一方面本身保留实意动词的含义，另一方面需要接形容词或名词作主语的补语，来说
明主语的情况。例如：
Comrade Lei Feng died young. (=Comrade Lei Feng was young when he died.)
He left home a beggar and returned a millionaire. (=He was a beggar when he left home and had become a millionaire when he returned.)
She married young and felt she was missing out on life. (=She married when she was young…) *If we ignore it, we become buried alive. （参考Unit 12 P. 217）
Paragraph 3
When people greeted him with, ―Hi, how‘s it going?‖ he thought they had asked him ―Wher e are you going?‖ and answered with the name of the conference hall,only to get（不定式短语作结果状语） a confused stare from them.
only to get…是不定式短语作结果状语。例如：
Two years later, her father disappeared, never to be heard from again. 两年后，她父亲失踪了，以后一直杳无音信。
They lifted a rock only to have it drop on their own feet. 他们搬起石头砸
了自己的脚。
Paragraph 4
He felt his handshake was not as firm as Americans‘, found that people reacted unusually when he modestly insisted his English was not good after they complimented him, didn‘t know how to accept dinner invitations properly and therefore missed out on going to several lunches, and so on.(宾语从句)
1. 1.此句虽然很长，但结构很简单：一个长句包括三个宾语从句，三个谓语动词分别是felt、
found和didn?t know。
翻译：他感到自己握手不如美国人那么有力；人们称赞他时，他谦虚地坚持说自己的英语不好，他发现别人的反应异乎寻常；由于搞不清如何适当地接受邀请而错过了几次午餐，如此等等。
2. 2.miss out (on…)是一种非正式的口语用法，意思是“失去获得利益或获得乐趣的机会”。
eg. If I don?t go to the party, I shall feel I?m missing out. 我要是不去圣驾聚会一定会觉得损失挺大。
She married young and felt she was missing out on life. 她结婚早，感觉失去了享受生活的乐趣。
Paragraph 14
With a new context come new ways of doing things.（倒装句式）
这是个倒装句，正常的语序是：New ways of doing things come with a new context.
例如：
Here comes the bus. (=The bus is coming here.)
Round to the corner came a mailman. (=A mailman came round to the
corner.) （关于倒装请参考P.95）
Paragraph 15
Sure（it is）he felt a little foolish about some of the mistakes he had made.（定语从句）
1.这是一个省略句，sure之前省略了It is.
2. he had made是定语从句，修饰先行词mistakes，关系词that作宾语，所以省略掉了。LESSON 3
Text A
Language Points
Paragraph 2
...a life even barely above real poverty, so that there is scope in the family for thoughts and activities not wholly devoted to the struggle for making a living.
翻译:有一个略高于赤贫生活水平的家庭，这样的家庭才有机会想些别的，而不至于全盘心思为谋生而奋斗。
not wholly devoted to the struggle for making a living为过去分词短语作定语，修饰thoughts and activities。
Paragraph 3
But many fail to do so either because of an overstrict system (where what is most important is memory work;) (定语从句) or because of a careless and lazy one（where even the basic disciplines of literacy are ignored in the sacred name of free expression.）（定语从句）
翻译:这要么是由于教育制度过于严格，把死记硬背看作是天下第一号大事；要么是由于教育制度松散，使人怠惰，在“自由表达”的神圣旗帜下，甚至连读书写字这样的基本要求也被忽视。
fail to do sth意思为“不能做到……，未能……”。
either...or...引导了两个原因状语从句。
两个where引导定语从句.
in the name of 以……名义，代表……。
Paragraph 4
And we may add to this the worldwide atmosphere of violence and anarchy, the New Dark Age in which we live today.(定语从句）
add sth to sth.
翻译: 我们对此还可加一条，那就是遍及全世界的暴力行为和无政府状态——我们现在就生活在其中的新黑暗时代。
Ideally then, a school system should be one in which the love of learning, rather than the acquisition of facts, is cultivated; one in which the spirit of enquiry is encouraged.（定语从句）
翻译: 理想的教育制度应该培养学生酷爱学习，而不是只是为了获取事实；应该鼓励探索精神。
Text B
Language Points
Paragraph 1
1. The Gutenberg Bible was printed on a hand press with type made of lead.
古腾堡圣经是用手控印刷机在铅字版上印成的。
type：铅字，活字.
made of lead分词短语做定语修饰type.
2. Men who had been trained in Gutenberg's workshop soon established themselves as independent printers.
在古腾堡印刷所受过训练的人们，很快就独立开业。
Who 引导定语从句；
establish oneselve as使自己处于……的地位
Paragraph 2
Other church books were also printed, as were Greek and Latin classics, history books, and astronomy books.
此外，还印刷了一些教堂用书、希腊和拉丁的古典名著、历史书及天文学书。
关系代词as代表主句中的分词printed；
此句后半句为完全倒装句，正常语序应为Greek and Latin classics, history books, and astronomy books were also printed.
Paragraph 3
and eventually, the form of the letters was simplified to the point where they were well-adapted to the metal of the type.(定语从句)
字母的形式终于大为简化，完全适合铅字的要求。
to the point切题，切中要害；中肯，在此意思为“达到……程度”
Paragraph 4
Sometimes books were illustrated with woodcuts.
书籍的插图有时是木刻的。
illustrate vt.1.给…加插图2.说明, 阐明; 表明
This diagram will illustrate what I mean.
这个图表可说明我的意思。
Paragraph 4
Blocks of wood were carved so that the white parts of the picture were below the surface of the wood.When the surface was inked and stamped onto paper, the dark part of the picture was reproduced.
在雕刻木头时，图画的白色部分是凹陷的，在木头的凸出表面涂上墨水，并印在纸上，图画
的黑色部分就复印出来。
block n.街区, 街段; 大块(木料、石料等); 障碍(物), 阻塞(物)
vt.堵塞, 阻塞; 阻碍, 妨碍
Paragraph 5
Fortunately, about this time, many machines were invented that aided in the mass production of such products as cotton and woolen cloth.(定语从句)
幸好，这个时期发明了许多机器，促使大量生产诸如棉布和毛料这样的产品。
mass production大规模生产
LESSON 4
Text A
Language Points
Paragraph 1
express checkout line快速付款通道, 快速结帐口
Paragraph 2
1. 1.lose one‘s temper发脾气
补充：apt to lose one's temper 好发脾气
2. 2.take a deep breath深吸一口气
3. 3.Men （with high levels of anger ）were three times more likely to develop heart disease
than the camber...
翻译：怒气冲冲的男性得心脏疾病的可能性要比脾气温和的人高出3倍以上……
times复数形式用以表示“倍数”.
e.g. Nine is three times as much as three. 九是三的三倍。
This book is four times as long as that one. 这本书是那本书篇幅的四倍。
Paragraph 3
1. 1.It doesn't seem to matter whether you release or hold it in, experts say.
翻译：专家指出，发泄或抑制怒气，其后果没什么两样。
hold in
拿着; 抱住; 夹住 e.g. The young mother held her baby tightly in the arms. 年轻的母亲紧紧地抱着她的孩子。
约束，抑制
Paragraph 4
calm down : compose oneself 镇定下来
Paragraph 5-6
1. 1.take stock
清查存货；盘货
e.g. The food store took stock everyweek. 这家食品店每周盘点存货。
评估现状
e.g. Bill took stock of the situation after Christine cheated on him.
在克里斯汀欺骗他后，比尔评估一下现状。
2. He suggests that you ask yourself these questions to measure your anger quotient... quotient意思为“商数”，anger quotient 指的是“生气的程度”。
他建议你问自己以下几个问题来判断发怒的程度。
补充：表示“建议”后的宾语从句
主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：
He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。
注：与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气，此时suggest 通常译为“建议”；若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，则要用陈述语气，此时的suggest 通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并体会：
He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。
I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。Paragraph 7-9
keep a record保留记录
Paragraph 10-12
1. 1.well up涌出,涌现
2. 复合形容词是由两个或两个以上的词按一定顺序排列构成，主要有以下几种构成方式：(1) 名词＋现在分词
English-speaking讲英语的；self-generating自然发生的；freedom-loving热爱自由的；(2) 名词＋过去分词
man-made人造的；water-covered被水覆盖的；snow-covered被雪覆盖的；
(3) 名词＋形容词
snow-white雪白的；day-long整天的；world-famous举世闻名的
(4) 形容词＋名词＋ed
warm-hearted热情的；bad-tempered脾气坏的；short-sighted近视的；kind-hearted好心肠的；
(5) 形容词＋现在分词
ordinary-looking相貌平常的；good-looking相貌好看的；easy-going随和的；
(6) 形容词＋名词
full-time专积的；fast-food餐馆等专门提供快餐服务的。
(7) 副词＋过去分词
deep-set（眼睛）深陷的；well-known众所周知的；better-trained受过较好训练的；
(8) 副词＋名词
right-hand居右的；out-door室外的；in-door室内的；under-ground地下的
(9) 副词＋现在分词
slow-thinking思考缓慢的
(10) 数词＋名词
second-hand二手的；ten-speed十速的；one-room一间房屋的（车站）；
(11) 数词＋名词＋形容词
180-foot-high 180英尺高的；five-inch-tall 5英寸高的；7-year-old 7岁的
(12) 数词＋名词＋ed
ten-storeyed 十层的；one-eyed一只眼的；3-legged三条腿的
(13）动词+名词/代词
a make-it or break-it project 改变它或接受它的策略（paragraph 11）
参见: paragraph 14中the water-on-the-back-of-a-duck approach 逆来顺受的处事方式paragraph 15中God-like 上帝般的、little-kid-like 小孩子般的
Paragraph 13-15
1. 1.That shouldn't have happened to me. 这不应该发生在我身上。
shouldn?t have done something
“做了本来不应该做的事情”
e.g. You shouldn?t have helped him, he could do it himsel
f. 你本不该帮助他的，他能自己做。should have done something
“没有做本来应该做的事”
e.g. You should have started earlier. 你本应该早点开始的。
2. 2."Many of us have a God-like or little-kid-like thought that we shouldn't be imposed on,
defeated, or have things happen to us".
同位语从句
翻译：“我们中有不少人有着神一般的，或者说是像小孩子一样不现实的想法，认为别人不能强加于我们什么，我们不该有挫败感，不能让某些事在我们身上发生”。
3. 3.the+形容词/副词比较级……the+形容词/副词比较级,表示―越……越……‖。
The busier he is, the happier he feels. 他越忙越高兴。
The more they talked, the more encouraged they felt. 他们越说就越感到鼓舞。
The better able you are to accept that, the less angry you'll be. (para15) (2006年7月真题单选题) 翻译：你越能接受它们，也就越不会动不动发脾气。
Paragraph 16-17
work through
(使)逐渐通过〔穿过〕
e.g. It was difficult to work the needle through the stiff cloth. 把针穿过这种硬布料是不容易的。完成; 解决 e.g. I'm still working through this pile of papers. 我仍在处理这堆文件。闯过; 通过; 冲过e.g. She paid for her own education by working her way through college.
她是靠自己工作挣钱念完大学的。
Paragraph 18-21
the ways (you react to upsetting situations and express your anger)come from a combination of several factors, including genetics, upbringing, and culture.
react to…
upsetting 做定语
including
翻译：你对令人心烦的事物的反应及表达怒气的方式都要来自于一些综合因素，如遗传、所受过的教育及文化环境等。
Text B
Language Points
Paragraph 1
There is no point in talking, however assertively, if no one is listening and, conversely, no point in listening if we are not truly attentive to others, if we are not analyzing the content of their communication and if we are not assessing how their tone of voice, manners, facial expressions and so on, add meaning to the words they use.
(1)(1)这一段是一句话，主要结构是There is no point in doing...and no point in doing... There is no point in doing...是一固定句型，意思是“没有必要……，没有用……，做……没有意义”。
e.g: There is no ____ asking him, for he knows nothing about the accident. (2005.07)
A.point of
B.point in
C.position of
D.position
(2) however assertively 修饰talking 即：however assertively you are talking
(3) conversely 前后并列= and there is no point in listening …
(4) if 引导条件状语从句。最后三个if 构成并列句；
(5) how 引导的句子作assessing 的宾语，即宾语从句。谓语是add…to
Paragraph 2
1. How can you show respect for others if you do not give them your full attention?actively listen to them?hearing them out rather than impatiently waiting for your turn to talk.
hear sb out 听完
“而不是，与其……宁愿”。例如：
He ran rather than walked there.他跑着而不是走着去了那儿。
Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad,he sold them at half price.
为了不让菜烂掉，他把菜半价卖了。
2. Don't you expect the same of others?to be listened to and taken seriously?
重视;认真对待,当真
Paragraph 3
One reason (for discussing listening here) is because of concerns (expressed by people attending assertiveness courses), (many of whom are helped by improving their listening skills.)
分词作后置定语
expressed by people...过去分词做定语修饰concerns;
attending... 现在分词做定语修饰people.
本句的主句为One reason is because of concerns.
many of whom are helped by improving their listening skills为非限制性定语从句
翻译：我们在这里讨论“倾听”，因为许多参加过自信力培训的人都对“倾听”较感兴趣，非常关心，其中许多人通过提高倾听技能而获益匪浅。
Paragraph 4
1. Many people find it relatively easy to communicate on a professional level, (on which the content of conversation is technical, technological or business-oriented,) but have difficulty in stepping from behind their desks and chatting with superiors, co-workers,clients and customers on a more personal level.
(1) 本句是由but 引导的并列复合句，主要结构为Many people find it easy...but have difficulty in stepping...and chatting...
(2) it作形式宾语，真正的宾语为不定式短语
(3) 注意介词on 的用法
(4) On which...为非限制性定语从句
(5) business-oriented -oriented导向的，面向...的；以...为方向的，以...为目的的，eg: money-oriented, profit-oriented
(6) have difficulty in doing sth.
翻译：许多人发现专业知识交流往往相对容易，因为大家谈论的是技术、科技或商业问题。但是，他们却难以走出工作环境，与上司、同事及客户进行更加个人化的沟通。
2.On training courses participants (previously unknown to each other) will soon talk together about work-related issues—common objectives—but some keep silent during refreshment breaks (where social chitchat is required).
(1)本句是由but 引导的并列复合句，主要结构为On training courses participants will soon talk...but some keep silent...
(2)…previously unknown to each other过去分词短语作定语修饰participants.
(3)...where 引导定语从句
翻译：培训中，原本彼此不相识的受训者迅速开始交流与工作相关的问题，即共同目标，但在课间休息应进行一般社交性的闲谈时，他们却保持沉默。
Paragraph 6
At the other end of the pole are the ―short fuse brigade‖, (who find that differences of opinions too often escalate into aggressive outbursts.) If this is your tendency, you too will benefit from paying attention to others. Here too, listening is of paramount importance. (1) 倒装结构。The "short fuse brigade",who find that differences of opinions too often escalate into aggressive outbursts, are at the other end of the pole. (复数意义)
(2) who 引导非限制性定语从句；
(3) benefit from 从...中获益
(4) be of paramount importance= be very important
be of great value = be very valuable
Paragraph 7
Then there are the non-assertive individuals (whose self-confidence plummets when others don‘t listen to them. ) Well, admit it, haven‘t you ever been made to feel inadequate or bored when others interrupt you in order to express their own views , or change the subject before you‘ve finished speaking? How do you cope with people (who continually interrupt ,or whose topic-hopping make it virtually impossible for you to maintain a dialogue? ) How do you stop your boss when he is in full flow, to explain that you are unsure of something he has said?
Paragraph 20
（1）note that… = notice that… ; observe that… eg:She noted that his hands were dirty.
Note how I do it, then copy me.
(2) the former, the latter
(3) not …but … 不是，而是eg:
He is not rich but poor.
当not….but 连接两个主语时，谓语动词必须与其靠近的那个
主语保持人称和数的一致. eg ：
Not the students, but the teacher is hoping to go there.
(4) self-disclosure = talking about oneself or one?s own experiences
LESSON 5
Text A
Language Points
Paragraph 1
1. as if 好像
2. shut…in围住，笼罩
Eg. The village is shut in by hills. 这村子四周环山。
3. I had no way of knowing…… : I don?t know……
4. 译文：你曾经在浓雾茫茫的时候到过海上吗? 那时会有这样的感觉，周围是白茫茫的一片，什么也看不见。轮船焦急万分又小心翼翼地摸索着靠近海岸。开始接受教育之前，我就好像是那条船，只是不知道海岸还有多远。
Paragraph 2
1. The most important day (I remember in all my life) is the one (on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me).
I remember in all my life: 定语从句，修饰The most important day.
on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me: 定语从句，修饰the one. 其中介词on是由on the day搭配所决定的。
2. be filled with充满
3. immeasurable: (adj.) too big, great, etc.
measure → measurable → immeasurable → immeasurableness
Exercise: 这一调查显示，互联网给人类社会带来了巨大变化。
This survey indicates that the Internet ___________________ to human society.
从朋友那他得到了巨大的勇气来说出事实的真相。
From his friends he ___________________to tell the truth.
Answers: has brought immeasurable changes
got immeasurable courage
译文：我的老师--安?曼斯菲尔德?萨莉文小姐来到我家的那一天，是我一生中最重要的日子。每当我回想起正是那一天连接了我生活的两个完全不同的阶段时，心中就感慨万端。那是1887年3月5日，再过三个月，我就满七周岁了。
Paragraph 3-4
1.On the afternoon of that exciting day, I guessed vaguely from my mother‘s signs and from the hurrying to and fro in the house (that something unusual was about to happen), so ……
(1) that something unusual was about to happen: that引导的宾语从句，谓语为guessed
(2) vaguely adv. 含混地，不清楚地Eg. I vaguely remember their house.
无表情的Eg. She looked vaguely around her and said:"I think I'm lost."
(3) be about to do something: intend to do sth immediately; on the point of doing sth.
Eg. I was about to leave my house when the phone rang.
2. stretch out one‘s hand(s)
3. reveal sth. to sb.
reveal one?s identity
reveal a secret to sb.
research has revealed that……
4. someone took it, and then I was caught up and held close in the arms of the person (who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more important than that , to love me)．
who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more important than that , to love me: who引导的
定语从句, 修饰先行词the person.
译文：在那个激动人心的下午，我从妈妈的活动和家里人们的忙乱中猜到要有什么不平常的事情发生。我走到门口，在台阶上等着。我感到有人朝我走来，以为是妈妈，就伸出了手，有个人握住它，把我拉了过去，紧紧的抱在怀里。这个抱我的人，就是那个将为我揭开生活的帷幕，而且也将把她满腔的爱倾注给我的人。
Paragraph 5
1. be interested in
2. succeed in doing sth
3. childish a.
(characteristic) of a child
She had a childish face.
【derog】(of an adult) (behaving) like a child; immature,silly
Crying for things you can…t have is childish.
That was a very childish remark.
4. But my teacher had been with me several weeks before I understood that everything has a name.
我和老师生活了几个星期之后，我才明白了每个东西都有自己的名称。注意这句话的翻译，一般把before翻译成“….之后”。
eg. It was not long before we met again. 不多久后，我们又相见了。
Pragraph 6
Text B Language Points Paragraph1
重点语法知识讲解 1．动词的时态和语态 动词的时态和语态一览表 时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时 主动被动 do are done did were done will do will be done 现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时 主动被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时 主动被动 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done 现在完成进行时 主动被动 have been doing 1．1 现在完成时 发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。 现在完成时的标志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades 1.2 过去完成时 过去的过去。 1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。 He missed the train. He said he had missed the train. 2）hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作 No sooner had he got up than he received the call. 3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中
If I had tried harder, I would have won. I wish I had done better in the exam. 1.3 完成进行时 从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直 The water has been running the whole night. 1.4 过去时 过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。 过去时的标志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。 2．非谓语动词 2.1 非谓语动词一览表 非谓语动词形式意义 现在分词 一般式 doing 主动 , 正在进行 被动式 being done 被动 , 正在进行 完成主动式 having done 主动 , 已经完成 完成被动式 having been done 被动 , 已经完成过去分词 done 被动 , 已经完成 动词不定式 一般式 to do 主动 , 将要进行 被动式 to be done 被动 , 将要进行 完成主动式 to have done 主动 , 已经完成 进行主动式 to be doing 主动 , 正在进行 2.2. 非谓语动词作状语
绝密★考试结束前 全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 英语语法试题 课程代码：00831 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Choose the best answer from the choices given and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. 1. How many ______ are there in the word “monotonous”? A. o B. oes C. o’s D. os 2. Do you think there’s any possibility of arriving at the gym by ______ bus and still having the time to play ______ basketball together? A./; / B. a; the C. the; / D./; the 3. Today, Mary learned in ______ school how to behave well at ______ table. A. the; / B./; / C. the; the D./; the 4. Listen, Diana. I don’t care if you ______ the bus this morning. But you ______ late for too many times. You're fired. A. have missed; came B. would miss; have come C. missed; have come D. are missing; came 5. It so happened that Mary’s car ______when Jack went to borrow it. A. repaired B. was being repaired C. was repaired D. had repaired
Acronyms Acronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words. Affixation A word formation approach that attaches morpheme – an affix to a base，which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it. Anaphoric reference前照应A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clause Cataphoric reference 后照应A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference，which goes with a restrictive relative clause Collective nouns These are generally countable nouns，but even in the singular they refer to groups of people，animals or things. Compound A compound，the product of composition，and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Conversion The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Coordination并列词Realized by coordinators （also termed coordinating conjunctions）which join units at the same level. Countable nouns Nouns that can take plural. Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It is usually poor grammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general. Determiner Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun. Dynamic adjectives Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense （be being a.）in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state，implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. （e.g. he is being rude） end-focus 尾部焦点under neutral conditions，the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus. ellipsis：省略leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute. Exclamation Express our impression，especially our surprise，excitement，amazement，etc. It doesn…t take S-V inversion.
系动词 系动词，亦称连系动词（Link Verb）。作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，亦称补语（形容词），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。英语除动词be 之外，还有一些动词也可以做系动词，如表示状态或情况的：keep, look, feel, appear, lie, remain, seem, stay, smell, sound, taste等；以及表示变化的：get, grow, turn, fall, run, become, go, 等。 1. to be 可以加在seem, prove, remain, appear 等系动词和其后的名词或形容词之间，但也可以省略。 E.g. The task proved (to be) impossible. E.g. They seem (to be) such friendly people, but they never replied to our invitation. 注意：在seem, appear 等词后，可加其他非to be 不定式，但这时他们不是系动词，而是不及物动词。 Courtesy, politeness, good manner? Call it what you will, the supply never seems to equal the demand. 非人称代词it 做句子的形式主语 1. 代表不定式 E.g. It is absurd to be afraid under such circumstances. 2. 代表动名词 E.g. It is terrible trying to keep up with the Jones. 3. 代表that 引导的从句 E.g. It is plain to everyone that she was offended. 4. 代表wh- 引导的从句 E.g. As long as he finishes his work, it doesn’t matter when he comes to the office. 做句子的形式宾语 1. 代表不定式 E.g. They found it difficult to get along with him. 2. 代表从句 E.g. I think it best that you (should) stay with me. E.g. He soon made it clear why he had asked a conference. 用来改变句子结构，使句子某一成分得到强调
2005年4月全国高等教育自学考试英语语法试题 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Chose the best answer from the choices given and put the letter in the blank. 1. The task force is supposed_____. A. to be getting reinforced B. that to be getting reinforced C. to being got reinforced D. that been got reinforced 2. He muffled his voice to avoid_____. A. having been identified B. to be identified C. identified D. being identified 3._____, I would call him in advance. A. Had I been you B. I were you C. Were I you D. I had been you 4. The company encourages _____ uniforms. A. to wear B. wears C. wearing D. have worn 5. What is _____ story you have ever heard? A. funnier B. a funniest C. the funnier D. the funniest 6. You may take an oral or written exam _____ you prefer. A. according as B. according to C. if D. whether 7. The Tower of London, _____ so many people lost their lives, is now a tourist attraction. A. which B. there C. where D. from it 8. Pride and prejudice _____ never failed to characterize the aristocracy. A. had B. has C. have D. are 9. Not only the players and the coach but also the referee _____ responsible for the defeat. A. were B. was C. is D. are 10. How often _____ your car _____? I think it ought _____ twice a week at least. A. is … washed, to be washed B. is … washed, to wash C. is … washed, to have washed D. has … been washed, to be washed 11. The noise of the desks _____ could be heard out in the street. A. having been opened and closed B. opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to be opened and closed 12. I had hoped that Jennifer _____ a doctor, but she was not good at medicine. A. will become B. become C. would become D. becomes 13. Most people enjoy _____. A. to flatter B. to be flattered C. flattering D. being flattered 14. Congratulations on _____ to the university. A. having admitted B. being admitted C. admitting D. have admitted 15. As we went _____ in our investigation of the case, we had more evidence of a political conspiracy. A. far B. farther C. further D. farthest 16. _____ his immense fortune, he died a most unhappy man. A. Although B. With all C. With D. Because of 17. He takes no interest in studies; _____, he plays tennis all day. A. in short B. instead C. anyhow D. still 18. The factory was burned down last night; _____ many workmen were thrown out of employment. A. for this sake B. on that account C. in that case D. unfortunately 19. The old _____ usually self-conceited as age sometimes does tell. A. is B. will be C. are to be D. are 20. There _____ a tall building, several tennis courts and lots of non-deciduous trees on the center of the area. A. is B. are C. stand D. appears 二、选择填空题(本大题共6小题，每小题2分，共12分)
本次语法串讲分三个部分，第一，方法篇；第二，命题特点分析；第三，重点章节复习。 第一、方法篇 自学考试英语专业《英语语法》科目是一门理论性和实践性都非常强的课程，旨在考核考生能否熟练掌握现代英语语法的基本理论和概念，掌握词的形态变化和用词造句的规则，以及组句成篇的一般形式和规律。 由于存在着英汉语言体系上的差异、教材的全英版和术语的生僻、语法本身乏味枯燥等外部因素，以及考生英语基础知识薄弱、精读和泛读的阅读数量尚未达到一定量因此不能将一些语法规则变成感性认识加以推演和归纳、甚至还有同学有畏难情绪，一旦跟不上就放弃，或者偷懒，不愿多做一些练习和多记一些概念解释，结果仅以一、二分之差没有及格，令人扼腕。 但是有志者事竟成，这句名言还没有过时。我们举几个成功的例子吧。 我教过的学生中有人刻意让自己爱上语法，首先，她克服困难，把全书通读一遍，可是有那么多不懂的单词和术语怎么办？她问我。我说，把它们暂时放在一边，然后通过例句猜测该词的含义，结果既记住了概念又结合了例句，相辅相成，直到掌握。 比如：什么是extraposition？这个词是由extra－（在……之外，额外）加position（位置），联想到appositive phrase（同位短语），appositive clause （同位语分句）等，那么从该词的外形上可以判定extraposition是“位置放在外围”。 它出现在我们教材中的《信息结构和强调》一章中，我们知道，突出强调信息的几种主要方法（postponement, fronting，inversion， cleaving，existential sentence）之一的后移又有三种后移的方法：passive voice, extraposition and discontinuity。从课本上我们看到这样的例句：To make fun of a disabled man is not funny at all. It is not funny at all to make fun of a disabled man. He found it annoying that his neighbor kept calling him by the wrong name. 你注意到这里有it出现在句中做形式主语和形式宾语，真正的主语和宾语在句末，然后，结合解释“When we re move a clausal subject or object to the final focal position, we use the anticipatory it to fill in the slot. Grammatically speaking, it is the formal subject or object while the extraposed clause is the real or notional subject or object. In function, the extraposed item can be subject or object; in form it can be finite or non-finite. 后移的结果就是满足了末尾重心（end-weight）的原则，达到强调的效果。
2014年自考英语（二）考试大纲 一、课程的性质和设置目的 高等教育自学考试是一种个人自学、社会助学和国家考试相结合的高等教育形式。为适应新形势，提高自学效率、助学质量和考试效能，满足国家和社会对人才培养的需要，特制定本 课程考试大纲。 英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言。它不仅是英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国的通用语言，也是许多非英语国家科学技术、外交、贸易、管理和文化等方面对外交流的通用语言。英语已成为名副其实的国际通用语言，它是我国实行对外开放，开展国际交流的重要工 具之一。 本课程名称为“英语（二）”，是高等教育自学考试各专业（英语专业除外）。本科阶段的 公共基础课。 本课程既是一门语言实践课程，也是拓宽知识、了解世界文化的重要素质课程，它以培养学习者的综合语言应用能力为目标，使他们在学习、工作和社会交往中能够使用英语进行有效的交流，并能学习和借鉴外国先进科学技术、经营方式、管理方法和优秀文化成果，同时向世 界展示我国建设和发展的成就。 本课程共14学分。 二、课程的基本内容 本课程以先进的外语教学理论为指导，建立适应时代要求的科学的课程体系。课程体系包括适合个人自学和社会助学的教材，并利用现代信息技术等手段搭建先进的教学平台，形成有 自考特色的公共英语教学体系。 本课程在完成“英语（一）”课程内容基础上，培养学生掌握系统的英语语言知识，包括正确的英语语音知识、系统的英语语法知识和一定的词汇量（4，500），并熟悉英语语言的表达 方式。 本课程强调在系统掌握英语语言知识的基础上开展大量综合语言实践活动，培养学习者掌握正确的学习策略，使其能理解多种场合、多种领域的普通语言材料，能够把握重点，进行概括和分析；能使用多种交际策略参与多种一般性话题的交流和讨论，表明自己的观点和态度，表达连贯，基本得体，为以后更高阶段的英语课程学习及在工作中使用英语奠定扎实的基础。
? UNIT 1 ? 重点单词和短语 ? objective accomplish predict accompany attain scheme skilled argue define ? interview prospect ? course of action in the way(by the way, in no way, in a way) make a guess at contribute to and the like (and so on) ? seek to do sth. in part point of view vary from…to … ? apply for (to) ? have no idea bring about take the trouble to do ? put oneself in one’s place ? to one’s advantage at a disadvantage ask for in hand turn down (up, on, off, out, over, back) ? 重点、难点句子详解 ? 1.A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. ? 解析：courses of action意思是行动方案、做事步骤；made是过去 分词；from among 为二重介词 ? 例：We’ll inform you as soon as tickets become _____. (06-4) ? A. valuable B. capable C. acceptable D. available (D) ? 2. … some suggest that the management process is decision making. ? 解析：suggest表示认为、提出、暗示意思，后面不用虚拟语气，表
自学考试 英语语法复习题 单项选择题 Choose the best answer from the choices given. 1. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests _______ when he _____ at the party. A. left; had arrived B. left; arrived C. had left; had arrived D. had left; arrived 2. By the time he was twelve, Edison_____ to make a living by himself. A. wouldn?t begin B. has begun C. had begun D. was begun 3. He ____ his leg when he ______ in a football match against another school. A. broke; played B. was breaking; was playing C. broke; was playing D. was breaking; played 4. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _____ in the office. A. had written; left B. were writing; has left C. had written; had left D. were writing; had left 5. Hello, I ____ you ____ in London. How long have you been here? A. don?t know; were B. hadn?t known; are C. haven?t known; were D. didn?t know; are 6. She can?t help ___ of her son. A. thinking B. to think C. to be thought D. have thought 7. The room was empty ___ a few chairs. A. except B. except for C. besides D. besides for 8. Four plus three ___ seven. A. equals B. equaled C. equaling D. equal 9. I?d rather that he ___ it blue. A. painted B. paint C. paints D. painting 10. The Browns ___ moving away on Saturday. A. is B. are C. will be D. has been 11. She said that it ___ snow. A. may B. can C. should D. might 12. Amy and her cousin just bought two new ___ coats. A. winters B. winter?s C. winters? D. winter 13. Today was ___ beautiful day that I couldn?t just keep myself indoors. A. a such B. such a C. a so D. so a 14. There is no decision ___ on your application. A. still B. so far C. yet D. thus far 15. I would appreciate ___ it a secret. A. that you keep B. you to keep C. your keeping D. that you will keep 16. Invite them only on those occasions ____ their late arrival will not cause you inconvenience. A. when B. that C. where D. which
全国2014年4月自学考试英语语法试题 课程代码：00831 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Choose the best answer from the choices given and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. 1. How many ______ are there in the word “monotonous”? A. o B. oes C. o’s D. os 2. Do you think there’s any possibility of arriving at the gym by ______ bus and sti ll having the time to play ______ basketball together? A./; / B. a; the C. the; / D./; the 3. Today, Mary learned in ______ school how to behave well at ______ table. A. the; / B./; / C. the; the D./; the 4. Listen, Diana. I don’t care if you ______ the bus this morning. But you ______ late for too many times. You’re fired. A. have missed; came B. would miss; have come C. missed; have come D. are missing; came 5. It so happened that Mary’s car ______when Jack went to borrow it. A. repaired B. was being repaired C. was repaired D. had repaired 6. The president thought it essential that the university ______ general education as a foundation for students’ future development. A. stresses B. stress C. stressed D. would stress 7. ______ it not for water, this world would be a lifeless place. A. Were B. If C. Was D. Had 8. You ______ driven 70 miles an hour. Now tell me what we shall do with this speeding ticket? A. needn’t have B. couldn’t have C. mustn’t have D. shouldn’t have 9. He admitted ______ in love with the girl, but felt too shy to even meet her. A. to fall B. fell C. falling D. fallen 10. Did you see a middle-aged man with a scar on his face ______ the street just now? A. crossed B. cross C. crossing D. has crossed
自考现代英语语法考前必看资料 第一部分：引言 《现代英语语法》是由李基安先生编写，全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会指定的全国高等教育自学考试教材。 关于这门课程的考试要求，可参见该教程第425所附录的《英语语法自学考试大纲》。大纲是方向、目标，广大考生必须仔细了解。 英语语法是关于英语语言结构的理论知识。通过该课程的学习，学员能够比较系统地认识英语从词，句到语篇的构造，从而提高他们应用英语的规范性。 在学习该教材时，学员普遍存在两种倾向：一是，由于该教材都是用英文编写，里面又涉及很多专业术语，许多学员觉得高深、难懂；二是，有些学员认为，自己从学英语开始就在学习英语语法，没有必要在这门功课上花太多的精力，所有的语法书都大同小异，自己稍做准备就能对付过去。 其实，两种看法都失偏颇。现代语法的发展与传统语法已经存在比较明显的差异，例如：传统语法认为，英语有九种（甚至十六种）时态，该教程则采取的是‘a system of two tenses and two aspects’—-—-—-两时两体体系。另外对phrases, clauses 的概念也有不同的定义。书中提到的一些其他语言现象，如：外位[extraposition], 分隔[discontinuity], 分裂句[cleft sentence]等都是一般语法书所不提及或者阐述不同。该教材也并非高深莫测，毕竟多数语言现象还是我们日常英语学习中所耳濡目染的，只不过我们许多英语学习者没有考究过它们形成的理论根据，来龙去脉而已。 所以，为了使自己的英语更加规范，让自己能用英语更准确、有效地传递信息、表达思想，英语专业的学生还是很有必要把这门课程学好。 现在我们就结合《现代英语语法》教材，近几年英语语法专业考试试题，讲述英语语法考试中考生容易忽略的测试要点或难点。 我们先通过几道语法题来检测你现有的现代语法水平，接着探讨一下该教材的学习方法，最后把教材各章的要点、难点归纳给大家。在整个讲解过程中，我们力争多采用教材里的素材以及往年试题中的一些经典考题，以便学员在学习、归纳语法现象的同时使自己的备考收效最大化。 先测试一下自己的现代语法水平(同时了解一下英语语法考试的题型、结构；每年考试形式基本相同，有些部分稍有调整。为了节省篇幅，这里各部分只选取几个样题)
自考英语(一)英语语法基础材料： 考英语语法基础材料关于句法等相关知识 作者：林海时间：2011-10-18 15:08:26 来源：河北教育网浏览次数：16 非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。 Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用) 爬山是一项好运动。 Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. (wearing ... 分词起形容词作用) 你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗? He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用) 他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。 谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别： 1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。(teaches 动词作谓语) Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. 维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。 (to have a talk.... 不定式作状语) 2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。 (动词用单数第三人称形式) Larke has nothing to do today.
自考英语二怎么学习 自考英语二怎么学习1 词汇记忆方法 英语二词汇要求达到3800词，词组750.有的同学问是不是就只要背下册书的词汇就行了，回答是不够的，肯定是不够的，因为词汇没有说只考下册，上册也要背。但是有人说我短期内怎么记住这些大量的词汇呢?大家词汇学习第一个应该是有一定的时间，因为有的同学说一个星期或者两个星期教给你方法能够记住几千，他这个方法有点儿像变魔术，不太现实，我觉得词汇是一个积累。因为从心理学角度来讲学词汇有两个方向，一个方向是要把词汇学习的时候印象深刻，一个词能够像串葡萄似的串出一串来，比如同义词、反义词、近义词，应该把有关联的词相互记忆。第二，词汇一定得重复，从心理学角度学词必须这样。 自考英语二怎么学习2 学习重点 英语是一种语言，任何语言都是由词和句子构成的，所以光会了词，不会把这些词组成句子是不行的，因此怎么组成句子呢?得知道组成句子的规则，还有一些习惯用法，你必须要了解这种语言的文化，所以说学英语光学词是不行的，因此是除了学词以外还得学词的用法以及文化，习惯用法就是一种文化，死背根本记不住。为什么记不住?背的这个词应该是灵活的，怎么灵活呢?这个词首先要知道词性是什么，做个句子，学了一个词不会做句子造一个短语，还要大声的念，李阳疯狂英语为什么风靡全国，就是要把词大声地念出来，这样从耳朵里能够听进去的，对大脑的刺激比眼睛里看见的要强得多，所以学习词汇的一个技巧要大声念，要组一个词或者组一个短语，这样记忆比光看两遍、写几遍要好得多。 自考英语二怎么学习3
考前冲刺方法 最好的方法应该是做冲刺的题目，所谓冲刺的题目就是要做一些题目跟考试的真题一样的，每一部分都是给自己做测试，做模拟题，比如要设定时间是2个半小时，考试是2个半小时，你就要用2个 半小时做模拟卷然后做考试题，因为考试的真题都有答案，最后对 一下答案看得多少分。 自考英语二怎么学习4 考试如何安排考场时间 考试时间安排，总有最后的翻译题来不及做的这种情况，所以我跟大家讲主观性题目，我刚才说了有30%，一定要留出足够的时间，至少三分之一的时间来做。有一部分比较难的，就像完形填空，那 个只有10分，但是有大部分同学在那儿花的时间太多了，完形填空 一段文章是比较难的，把10个空填进去，如果耗费了很多时间不值得。因为完形填空一般的同学语法知识比较差的话，做不好这道题。但是像第一个题目词汇结构题，如果有一定的语法知识这道题应该 是可以拿到分的。再有阅读理解题，也是30分，有的同学最后来不 及把文章仔细看，就随便乱选了很容易选错，所以把三分之一的时 间一定要留给阅读理解，还有三分之一的时间留给主观性题目就是 翻译题。 注意事项 备考英语(二)最大的资本就是课本，考生最少要留一个月时间，把课文从头到尾复习一遍，力求吃透课本知识。 重复学习法当感到知识已经掌握得的差不多的时候，再重复学一次。这一次也许会获得更深的印象和更多的体会。 换位思考法在自学中，不要老是把你自己当成是“学生”，处于被动地位，而要不断的把自己摆放到“先生”的位置上，采取主动，产生不同的想法来。
非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。 Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用) 爬山是一项好运动。 Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. (wearing ... 分词起形容词作用) 你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗? He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用) 他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。 谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别： 1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。(teaches 动词作谓语) Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.
维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。 (to have a talk.... 不定式作状语) 2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。 (动词用单数第三人称形式) Larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。(do 用原形) 非谓语动词的特征： 1 如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。 Studying English is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。(studying 后跟宾语) To help him is my duty. 帮助他是我的责任。(help 后跟宾语) 2 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。 Working under such a condition is terrible.