爱考机构https://www.doczj.com/doc/a118478196.html,中国高端(保过保录限)考研第一品牌
2014年华东师范大学英语专业翻译与写作真题
中译英
It was a fine September night,with a silver moon riding high.They washed up the supper dishes and then took their chairs out onto the porch."I'll get my fiddle（小提琴）,"said the old man,"and play you some of the old tunes."
But instead of the fiddle he brought out the blanket.It was a big double blanket,red with black stripes.
"Now,isn't that a fine blanket!"said the old man,smoothing it over his knees."And isn't your father a kind man to be giving the old fellow a blanket like that to go away with?It cost something, it did—look at the wool of it!There'll be few blankets there the equal of this one!"
It was like Granddad to be saying that.He was trying to make it easier.He had pretended all along that he wanted to go away to the great brick building—the government place.There he'd be with so many other old fellows,having the best of everything....But Petey hadn't believed Dad would really do it,not until this night when he brought home the blanket.
英译中
闲聊时和朋友谈及此事，他以为我是言外之意不在鸡，而是在论人。其实，古人早就以鸡喻人了。《尚书·牧誓》里早有“北鸡无晨”之句。说到人，在我们中确有很多沉默寡言的人，他们牢牢蹲在自己的岗位上，夜以继日，埋头苦干，为国家创造了大量的物质财富，为人民做出了一项又一项优异的成绩，他们像母鸡一样吞下的是粗粮老菜，产下的是蛋，而且往往一声不响。但也有一种人，嘴尖舌长，能说会道，自我吹嘘，滔滔不绝，像那只爱唱的母鸡一样，占着鸡窝不下蛋。个别恶劣的还窃取别人的成果去报喜称功，一点也不觉得惭愧。
写作write an comment of the following statement.
The Chinese expression is translated as"three-good student,while the English name"Goodman "as古德曼。
短文翻译集锦 1. 中秋习俗 在中国月饼是一种特殊的食品，广受海内外华人的欢迎。中秋节吃月饼就好比圣诞节吃馅饼(mince pies)。为了庆祝中秋节，中国人通常做两件事：一是观赏满月。二是品尝美味的月饼。中秋节是每年农历八月十五日。据说，这一天的月亮是一年中最圆的。而月亮正是庆贺中秋的全部主题。在中国人眼中，月饼象征着全家人的大团圆。 参考译文： Moon cakes are a special kind of food in China. They are very popular with the Chinese at home and abroad. Moon cakes are to Mid-Autumn Festival what mince pies are to Christmas. To celebrate Mid-Autumn Festival, Chinese usually do two things: enjoy the full moon and eat delicious moon cakes. Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar. It is the time when the moon is said to be at its brightest and fullest. And the moon is what this celebration is all about. In the eyes of the Chinese people, a moon cake symbolizes the reunion of all family members. 2.传统艺术 皮影戏又称“影子戏”。它是中国著名民间戏剧形式之一。表演时艺人通常一边演唱一边操纵用兽皮或纸板制作的人物形象。它们的影子通过灯光出现在帘布上。这营造了有人物在活动的幻象。有时表演者需要控制三到四个偶人。皮影戏在我国历史悠久，元代时还曾传到世界上很多国家，迷倒了不少国外戏迷，被人们亲切地称为“中国影灯”。 参考译文 The shadow puppet play, also known as ‘shadow play’, is one of China’s famous folk opera forms. During the performance, players usually sing while holing/manipulating human figures, which are made of animal skin and paper board. The shadows of those human figures are reflected on a curtain through the light. This creates the illusion of moving images. Sometimes the performer needs to control three or four puppets. Shadow puppet play enjoys a long history in China. It was introduced to many countries during the Yuan Dynasty and attracted many foreign audience. They call the art form Chinese shadow play. 3.社交饥渴 手机，是一项伟大的发明。但很显然，手机也刷新了人与人的关系。会议室门口通常贴着一条公告：请与会者关闭手机。可是，会议室里手机铃声仍然响成一片。我们都是普通人，并没有多少特别重要的事情。尽管如此，我们也不会轻易关掉手机。打开手机象征着我们与这个世界的联系。显然，手机反映出我们的“社交饥渴症”。(thirst for socialization) 参考译文 The cell phone is a great invention. But obviously, It has altered the relationship among people. There is usually a notice on the door of the meeting room, which reads, “Please turn off your hand-set.” However, phones ring now and then when the meeting goes on. We are but ordinary people and have few urgencies to tackle with. Never the less, we will not switch off our
英语翻译与写作 短语 努力学习：work hard=toil and moil 改变：change=vary=wax and wane=fluctuate back and forth 土豪：a man with telephone-number-sized bank account 让某人回忆起某事：remind sb of sth=jog ones memory of/on 竭尽所能：try ones best=do ones level best=spare no effort to do=exert all ones strength to do=manage to do=endeavor to do=bend/lean/fall over backwards to do=work like a trojan 优缺点:merit/demerit=inferiority/superiority=advantage/disadvantage 超出某人的…:beyond ones comprehension/imagination/scope/level 然而：however=by contrast=conversely=otherwise=nevertheless 不向某人屈服：bend ones knees to 受影响：be affected by=be influenced by=be susceptible to 不可避免的：inevitable=unavoidable=inexorable 不容质疑的：undoubteably=unquestionable
卷一： 真题：中文热词通常反映社会变化和文化，有些在外国媒体上愈来愈流行。例如，土豪和大妈都是老词，但已获取了新的意义。 土豪以前指欺压佃户和仆人的乡村地主，现在用于指花钱如流水或喜欢炫耀财富的人，也就是说，土豪有钱，但是没有品位。大妈是对中年妇女的称呼，但是现在特指不久前金价大跌时大量购买黄金的中国妇女。 土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版的牛津(OXford)英语词典，至今约有120中文加进了牛津英语词典，成了英语语言的一部分。 参考答案： The Chinese heated words usually reflect social changes and culture, some o f which are increasingly popular with foreign media. Tuhao and dama, forexa mple, are both old words, but they get differentmeanings now. The word tuhao used to mean rural landlords who oppress their tenants and servants, while now it refers to people spending money withoutlimits or those showing off all around. That is to say, tuhao owns money rather than taste. T heword dama is used to describe middle-aged women. However, it is regarde d as a special wordto call those Chinese women who rushed to purchase gol d when th e gold price decreasedsharply not long ago. Tuhao and dama may be included in the new Oxford dictionary. Up to now, ab out 120 Chinesewords have been added to it, becoming a part of English lang uage. 卷二： 最近中国科学院(Chinese Academy of Science )出版了关于其最新科学发现与未来一 年展望的年度系列报告。系列报告包括三部分：科学发展报告，高技术发展报告，中国可持续战略报告。第一份报告包含中国科学家的最新发现，诸如新粒子研究与H7N9病毒研究的突破。该报告还突出强调了未来几年需要关注的问题。第二份报告公布了一些应用科学研究的热门领域，如3D打印和人造器官研究。第三份报告呼吁加强顶层设计，以消除工业升级中的结构性障碍，并促进节能减排。 Chinese Academy of Science recently published an annual report about its latest scientific findings and the prospect of the next year. The report consists of three parts: science development, more advanced technology development and the sustainable strategy of China. The first one includes the latest findings of Chinese scientists, such as the research of new particle and the breakthrough in the study of H7N9 virus. Furthermore, it highlights some problems we need to focus in next few years. The second one announces some heated fields in applied science. For example, the 3-dimension print and the study of human organs. The third one suggests people enhance the top design in order to get rid of the structural obstacles in industrial upgrading and to promote the energy-saving and emission-reduction. 卷三： 北京计划未来三年投资7600亿元治理污染，从减少pm2.5排放入手。这一新公布的计划
A storm forces a plane to make an emergency landing on a deserted island.一个风暴迫使一架飞机紧急降落在一个荒无人烟的小岛上。 After I finished high school,I just wasn't ready to go on to college.当我中学毕业后，我只是没有准备好继续上大学。Although some people find reasons to justify plagiarism, others feel the issue is clear-cut尽管有些人找理由去证明抄袭是合理的，另一些人觉得问题是明显的。 Although the film may seem exaggerated to some, that’s not how most filmgoers feel.虽然影片看似夸张一些，这不是大多数影迷的感觉。And,what's worse,most people have resigned themselves wo a life of forgetting.并且更糟糕的是，大多数人顺从于健忘的生活。 Because it is based in Bombay(Mumbai), it is popularly called Bollywood-from the words Bombay and Hollywood.因为它是建立在孟买，通常叫它从词孟买和好莱坞合成来的宝莱坞。 Cirque du Soleil is an amazing circus show that pairs incredible feats of strength and balance with dazzling costumes and sets.太阳马戏团的演出是精彩的马戏团表演，演出节目把难以置信的各种力量的特技组合在一起并且令人眼花缭乱的演出服装和场景平衡在一起。 Heroes drive around in flashy cars, actresses twirl around in beautiful costumes, and the poor boy always triumphs against the rich villain.英雄人物开着浮华的车跑来跑去，女演员穿着漂亮的服装转来转去，那个贫穷可怜的男孩总是战胜富有的恶棍。If you keep telling yourself that your memory is bad,your mind will come to believe it and you won't remember things.如果你坚持对自己说你的记忆 力差，你的思想会开始相信它，你也将 会开始它，然后你就不会记住东西了。 In fact ,in 1945,the United Nations was founded to help countries resolve disputes peacefully.事实上，在1945年， 联合国被成立帮助和平解决争端。 In that country,feet are considered unclean,and Muslims felt the company was insulting God's name by having people walk on it.在那个国家，脚被认 为是不干净的，穆斯林人感觉公司在通 过让人们走在上帝的名字上面进行侮 辱。 Late one night in 1880,a group of miners were headed back to their camp after a good time in town.在1880年的 一个深夜，在小镇的好时光过去后，一 队矿工朝着他们的露营地靠近。 Now I sort of resent that I couldn't go. Sometimes I think that if I'd been a little more selfish,I could have done both.现 在我有点愤怒我没有去。有时我想如果 当时我更自私一点，我就可以把两件事 都做了。 Once,however,it was prisperous mining town where thousands came with dreams of finding silver and making their fortune.然而曾经，那是一个繁荣的采 矿小镇，成千的人带着找到白银和发家 致富的梦想来到这里。 Run by local youth(most of the program’s tutors are teenagers, while many students are adults.)由当地青年组 织的沟通和理解（项目的大部分教师是 青少年，而很多学生都是成年人。） She had predicted that she would win tournaments during her first year in major competitions.她预言在她第一年 的大赛当中，她会赢得冠军。 Some people claim that copying is necessary to do well in school. They have realized that their own words are not as someone else’s.有些人认为抄袭 是在学校取得好成绩的必要条件。他们 已经意识到自己的话是不如别人的。 Technologically,the greates contributor to the global village is the microchip-an electronic circuit on a tiny chip.从科技 角度来说，地球村最伟大的成果是微型 芯片，即很小的一个芯片上的电子电 路。 The campaign was so successful in the United States，Pepsi translated its slogan literally for its international capaign.活 动在美国办得很成功，百事为全球性的 广告活动，逐字翻译了它的广告语。 The Cold War finally ended and the political climate changed between 1989and1991,when the governments of the Soviet Union and several Eastern European countries collapsed.冷战最后 结束了，政治气候在1989至1991年间， 在苏联和东欧政府垮台后转变了。 The institute allows visitors from around the country to live with a local host family and attend classes.学院允许 来自全国各地的游客与当地的家庭生 活和上课。 The lights might have been reflectins of lights from the town,but Silver Cliff's lights seemed too dim to have this effect. 这光束可能是来自城镇里光的反射，但 是银牙城的光好像太暗能有这样的效 果。 The simplest form of plagiarism occurs when someone copies material without giving credit to the source.最简单形式 的剽窃发生在有人复制材料没有给予 材料的来源。 These eerie lights seemed to be dancing on the graves,disappearing and then appearing again.这些可怕的光好像是 在坟墓上跳舞，消失了又再次出现。 These people believe that students who plagiarize benefit unfairly.这些人认为， 学生通过抄袭取得成绩是不公平的。 This is a lesson that some large American corporation have learned the hard way.这是一个教训，一些大的美国 公司经过艰难困苦才学到的。 Through television programs transmitted by satellite,we are exposed to many cultures.通过卫星转播的电视 节目，我们面临着许多文化冲突。 To improve your memory,you'll need to take an active role.Like your body ,your memory can be strengthened through exercise.为提高你的记忆力，你需要扮 演一个积极行动的角色。爱惜你的身 体，你的记忆力可以通过锻炼加强。 Today，the town of Silver Cliff， Colorado，has a population of only 100 people.目前，科罗拉多州银牙城拥有仅 仅100个人口。 When General Motors introduced its Chevy Nova into Latin America,it overlooked the fact that No va in Spanish means"It doesn't go."当通用汽 车向拉丁美洲人介绍他们的雪佛莱汽 车时，却忽略了No va用西班牙语意思 是“不能走”的实事。 You may also want to make associatins ,or links,between what you're trying to remember and things you already know.你也会想要建立你尝试 记住的事情和你已经记住的事情之间 的联系。
翻硕14年英语翻译基础真题 第一部分短语翻译 英译汉部分(1*15=15’) CA TTI GRE GDP play of words Kumara Jiva semantic translation cultural untranslatability descriptive translation studies idiomatic expressions in English ideological conflict interpreter's booth negative transfer of culture over-loaded translation Robinson Crusoe Gone with the Wind 汉译英部分(1*15=15’) 兵马俑 高等专业人才 高等师范教育 研究生资格考试 形似 端午节 忠、顺 信达雅 文化偏见 黑话 形式与内容的统一 英汉翻译内在规律 《英译汉入门须知》 《词义剖析与词典编纂》 官方语言 第二部分文章翻译 英译汉(60’) A reader in Florida, apparently bruised by some personalexperience, writes in to complain, “If I steal a nickel's worth of merchandise,I am a thief and punished; but if I steal the love of another's
wife, I amfree.” This is a prevalent misconception in many people'sminds---that love, like merchandise, can be “stolen”。Numerous states, in fact,have enacted laws allowing damages for “alienation of affections”。 But love is not a commodity; the real thing cannot be bought,sold, traded or stolen. It is an act of the will, a turning of the emotions, achange in the climate of the personality. When a husband or wife is “stolen” by another person, thathusband or wife was already ripe for the stealing, was already predisposedtoward a new partner. The “love bandit” was only taking what was waiting to betaken, what wanted to be taken. We tend to treat persons like goods. We even speak of thechildren “belonging” to their parents. But nobody “belongs” to anyone else. Eachperson belongs to himself, and to God. Chil dren are entrusted to their parents,and if their parents do not treat them properly, the state has a right toremove them from their parents' trusteeship. Most of us, when young, had the experience of a sweetheartbeing taken from us by somebody more attractive and more appealing. At thetime, we may have resented this intruder---but as we grew older, we recognizedthat the sweetheart had never been ours to begin with. It was not the intruderthat “caused” the break, but the lack of a real relationship. On the s urface, many marriages seem to break up because of a“third party”. This is, however, a psychological illusion. Theother woman orthe other man merely serves as a pretext for dissolving or a marriage that hadalready lost its essential integrity. Nothing is more futile and more self-defeating than thebitterness of spurned love, the vengeful feeling that someone else has “comebetween” oneself and a beloved. This is always a distortion of reality, forpeople are not the captives or victims of others---they are free agents,working out their own destinies for good or for ill. But the rejected lover or mate cannot afford to believe thathis beloved has freely turned away from him--- and so he ascribes sinister ormagical properties to the interloper. He calls him a hypnotist or a thief or ahome-breaker. In the vast majority of cases, however, when a home is broken,the breaking has begun long before any “third party” has appeared on the scene. 关于凯程： 凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直致力于高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。 凯程考研的宗旨：让学习成为一种习惯 凯程考研的价值观口号：凯旋归来，前程万里 信念：让每个学员都有好最好的归宿 使命：完善全新的教育模式，做中国最专业的考研辅导机构 激情：永不言弃，乐观向上 敬业：以专业的态度做非凡的事业 平衡：找到工作、生活、家庭的平衡点 服务：以学员的前途为已任，为学员提供高效、专业的服务，团队合作,为学员服务，为学
第一章英译汉 第一节考博英语英译汉部分考核要求和试题分析 一、考博英语英译汉部分考核要求 全国博士生入学考试英语翻译题（英译汉部分）的类型一般分为四类：语句翻译、段落翻译、篇章翻译和文章中划线句的翻译。 英译汉的部分，以段落翻译居多，其类型一般也分为语句翻译、篇章翻译（就一个主题进行说明、描述和论证）。对文章中划线句进行翻译的形式出现的较少。 根据原国家教委1992年颁布的《非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲》规定，博士生“英语入学水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生的通过水平”。而硕士生英译汉教学要求是“能借助词典，把有相当难度的一般性题材文章译成汉语，理解正确，译文达意。笔译速度达到每小时350个左右英文单词。”汉译英的教学要求是“能借助词典，将一般难度的短文译成英语，无重大语法错误，笔译速度达到每小时250个左右汉字。”目前，国家对博士生入学英语考试未作统一规定，由各院校自行安排。因而，博士生入学考试英语翻译的考核标准和要求只能参照硕士生的要求。如天津大学主要是考查汉译英，要求将一般性题材的汉语短文在正确理解基础上翻译成规范、通顺的英语。译文要求忠实原文，表达基本正确，无重大语言错误。 现在，普遍的情况是要求考生将一篇近400词的英语短文中有下划线的5个句子翻译成汉语。主要测试考生能否从语篇的角度正确理解英语原句的意思，并能用准确、达意的汉语书面表达出来。更加注重在特定的语境下和联系上下文理解句子或句群的意思。形式越来越灵活，强调考查学生对英语的运用能力，能力测试的趋势增强。
二、考博英语英译汉部分试题分析 通过对国内主要重点院校近年来翻译部分的变化趋势进行分析，总结出题的特点，把握出题规律。对博士生在英语方面应该具备的能力和水平的总体认识的变化，极大的影响了题型的结构和各部分分值的变化。由于各个院校自己命题，院校之间差异较大。 （一）题型的选择和分配 1．连续多年不考英译汉或汉译英。如北京大学2000年至2006年的博士入学试题中没有考翻译题。清华大学2002至2006年试题上也没有。上海交大在1999年、2002年、2003年也没有考察英汉翻译。 2．基本只考汉译英。天津大学（分值为25分，且多年未变）。 3．基本只考英译汉。如东北大学、成都电子科技大学、厦门大学等。 4．同时考察英译汉和汉译英。如中国社科院研究生院、中国人民大学、南京大学、武汉大学、湖北联考等。 （二）出题及选材的特点 各个学校在选材上有自己的特色，通常结合学校自身实际，对材料有不同的“好恶”。但大体上呈现一些共同的特点和发展趋势。表现在： 1．体裁多以议论文为主。如武汉大学2004年的英译汉部分谈论computer and its problems。2004年中国社科院博士入学考试的考察内容为社会文明与个人的行为方式，采用的是议论文的形式。 2．所选材料多来自于经济学、社会学、教育学和计算机科学等。2004年中国人民大
2014.12.1st 反应在艺术和文学中的乡村生活理想是中国文明的重要特征。这在很大程度上归功于道家对自然地感情。传统中国画有两个最受青睐的主题，一是家庭生活的各种幸福场景，画中往往有老人在下棋饮茶，男人在耕耘收割，妇女在织布缝衣，小孩在户外玩耍。另一个则是乡村生活的种种乐趣，画有渔夫在湖上打渔，农夫在山上砍柴采药，或是书生坐在松树下吟诗作画。这两个主题可以分别代表儒家和道家的生活理想。 Rural life ideals reflected in Chinese arts and literature is an important feature of Chinese civilization. This is largely attributed to feelings of Taoism to the nature. There are two most popular themes in traditional Chinese paintings. One is various scenes of happy family life with the elderly drinking teas and playing chess, men plowing and harvesting, women sewing and weaving, or children playing outdoors. The other is a variety of fun in rural life with a fisherman fishing on the lake, farmers cutting firewood or collecting medicinal herbs, scholars reciting poems or painting pictures under a pine tree. These two themes represent separately Confucian and Taoist ideal life.
2014年中考英语专题练习句子翻译(1) 1．根据中文补全句子 （一）(2013．湛江) 1．我们的教室和他们的一样大。 Our classroom is_______ _______ theirs. 2．这个女孩正在听音乐。 The girl______________ now. ． 3．这些发明是用来在黑暗中照明的。 These inventions______________ seeing in the dark. 4．我太累了，什么都想不起来了。 I'm______________ think of anything. 5．别担心！我已经关灯了。 Don't worry! I_______ the lights. （二）（2013．济南） 1．泉城公园是一个很好玩的地方。 Quancheng Park is a good place to_______ _______. 2．我们确信中国梦一定会在不远的将来实现。 We______________ the Chinese dream will come true in the near future. 3．也许你会为他们不能找到解决空气污染问题的方法而担心。 Maybe you fear that they won't_______ _______ to find the solutions to the problem of air pollution. 4．把垃圾投放到不同的垃圾箱中，会便于我们对垃圾的回收利用。 It will be easier for us to_______ the rubbish if it is into different dustbins. 5．昨晚的电视节目使我姐姐想起两年前在山村支教的经历。 The TV programme last night_______ my sister of her_______ as a volunteer teacher in the mountain village two years ago. （三）(2013．宿迁) 1．在我外出期间，你介意为我照看一下宠物狗吗？ Would you mind_______ my pet dog for me while I am away? 2．作为一名学生，你必须按时上交作业。 As a student, you must_______ your homework on time. 3.《伊索寓言》向我们讲述许多有教育意义的故事。 Aesop's Fables tells us a lot of______________． 4．许多鸟常年舒服地生活在自然保护区里。 Many birds live comfortably in the nature reserve______________. 5.《江南Style》这首歌不仅在韩国而且在世界其他地方也流行。 The song Gangnam. ,Style is popular_______ in Korea______________ in other parts of the world. （四）(2013．烟台)
Key to Exercises: Unit 1 Exercise I: 1.普通教育除了专业训练的内容外，还指对人的全方位的培养过程。 2.从严格意义上来说，大学是为了把普通学生教育成为有文化修养、具备优秀专业技能的 人。 3.大学是一个推动探索、使各种发现得到不断完善和证实的地方；在那里，轻率和鲁莾 变得无伤大雅，错误通过思想与思想之间、知识与知识之间的碰撞会暴露无遗。 4.以科研作为主要的教学手段，教授的作用在于把科研和教学结合起来——科研活动转变 成为一种教学模式。 5.获取信息和理解信息是最基本的人权，而我们现在拥有人类历史上前所未有的信息量。 6.信息对个人和社会的发展都非常重要，信息技术将使那些能够获取并利用它的人拥有相 当大的力量。 7.Men are not always made thoughtful by books; but they are generally made thoughtful by association with men who thinks. 8.Basic education is currently funded primarily by the state in most countries. 9.The impact of globalization is not just on trade and production, it also has an important impact on education. 10.A new challenge to teaching is the pressure to internationalize curriculum offerings. Exercise II: 1. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese. 在美国，学生通常要花很多时间在学校图书馆里，或完成一门课的作业，或从事研究以便准备要写的报告。 因此，留学生会发现他们在一所美国大学里学习的成败，在很大程度上取决于利用图书馆的能力。 他们也会发现教授一开始便希望他们自己去查找并评价资料，而不是在讲课时提供需要记住的具体事实和课程资料。 因而，学生必须提高查找、选择和评价图书馆资料的技能。大多数学校在每一学年开始时所进行的新生入学指导计划中，就包括如何利用图书馆的指导。 2.Translate the following passage from Chinese into English. I often hear university presidents say, "I treat my students as if they were my own children." And indeed they act just like strict but loving parents, telling the students that they should get at least eight hours of sleep, that everyone must get up for morning exercises at six a.m., that they aren't allowed to walk around campus in slippers. I have always considered university presidents to be visionary policymakers who set the course of academic research and education rather than mere nannies in charge of feeding steamed bread and porridge to infants. Some educators might say, "If these students had learned a bit of independence and self-discipline before they came to college, I wouldn't need to spoon-feed and discipline them like this. It is because they were not taught all these things in primary and secondary school that I, a university president, have to teach them now.” These remarks sound reasonable, yet in fact they are quite illogical. Since it is because the students have all along been taught in a spoon-fed manner that they haven't acquired independence and self-discipline after 12 years of schooling, wouldn't it merely result in an endless vicious circle if this sort of "babysitting" is continued at university level? Besides, what are the aims of