英语语法精华
主动句中谓语动词是及物动词时，主动句可转换成被动句。
被动态：用于被动句中，它表示主语是谓语动词所表示动作的承受者。
用于被动的情况：
①、by短语（by+动作执行者）；
②、不知道、不必知道或不愿说出动作的执行者；
③、用于表示“据说”、“据信”、“据报道”、“据估计”、“众所周知”、“必须指出”、
等句子，使语气更加委婉。
㈠一般现在时：动词原形或第三人称单数（复数形式）
用法：①、表示现在动作或状态
例句：1.I agree with you.
2.He works in a hospital.
3.-Are you a student? -Yes,I am.
4.There is a book on the desk.
5.This book is written by Mr.Chen.(被动)
6.It is said that there is plenty of oil off our coast(沿海).(被动)
7.It must be pointed out that China is a development country.(被动)
②、经常性或习惯性的动作（与频度副词always,usually,frequently,regular ly,rarely,seldom,never,sometimes）
例句：1.We always care for each other and help each other.
2.I usually get up at 6:00 every morning.
3.He drinks heavily.
4.He rarely rains here.
5.Films are often shown in our university.(被动)
③、普遍真理或客观事实
例句：1.The earth move round the Sun.
2.China lies in the east of Asia.
3.Practice makes perfect.(熟能生巧)
4.A friend in need is a friend indeed.（患难朋友才是真正朋友）
5.Cars are driven with engines(发动机).（被动）
④、表示将来要发生的动作
I、用于陈述句(谓语动词是begin,start,come,go,arrive,leave,depart,retur n,retire,stay,stop,end,open,close及be动词等时，可表示规定、计划或安排要发生的事情，通常与表示将来的时间状语连用)
例句：1.The meeting begins tomorrow.
2.The train arrives at 2:30 p.m and leaves at 3:00 p.m.
3.The match takes place on Sunday.
4.He retires（退休） next month.
5.Tomorrow is Saturday.
6.Who speaks next.
II、用于时间状语从句（通常由when,as,after,before,till/untill,as soon as等连词引导）
例句：1.I’ll come and see you when I have time.
2.I’ll write to you after I leave Shanghai.
3.Is mother going to leave before we get back?
4.He will stay here untill/till you come.
5.We will start as soon as you are ready.
III、用于条件状语从句(通常由if,unless,in case,so long as等连词引导) 例句：1.We can catch the bus if we hurry up.
2.If the weather permits,we’ll go for a picnic tomorrow.
3.I won’t write to him unless he writes to me.
4.You will fail unless you work harder.
⑤、一般现在时还可以用于：
1.报刊、杂志新闻标题或小说章节题目；
2.剧情介绍或广播电视解说词；
3.舞台表演、体育比赛等现场解说。
㈡一般过去时（动词过去式）
①、过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态（通常与表示过去的时间状语连用）
例句：1.I met her yesterday.
2.He worked in that bank for five years.
3.I saw him ten minutes ago.
4.-Did you hear Mary sing just now? –No,I didn’t.
5.That bridge was built in 1980.(被动)
②、过去经常性或习惯性动作（只适用于动态供词和would,可与often,alaways 等频度副词连用）
例句：1.I uesd to go to the movies when I was young.
2.We often did morning exercises when we were young.
3.She always carrled(撑着) an unbrella.
4.He never drank wine.
5.At that time this kind of work was always done by men.(被动)
6.While having breakfest,he would read newspapers in those days.
③、表示委婉语气（一般用于want,hope,think,wonder等词）
例句：1.I hope you could atend the opening ccremony(开幕式).
2. Did you want to see me?
3.I thought I might come and see you this evening.
4.I wondered if you could lend me your pen.
④、表示虚拟语气
㈢一般将来时（will/shall+动词原形）shall用于第一人称
①、将要发生的动作或状态（通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用）
例句：1.We will/shall arrive this afternoon.
2.-Will you be busy tonigh? -Yes,I will.
3.He won’t come to the party next week.
4.When will you be able to give us an answer?
5.Spring will come again.
6.The conference(会议) will be held tomorrow.(被动)
②、表示一种倾向或习惯性动作
例句：1.Crops(庄稼) will die without water.
2.Whenever he has time,he will come and see us.
⊿be going to+动词原形与be to+动词原形也可表示将要发生的动作或情况。
⑴be going to+动词原形(表示打算或准备要做的事或即将肯定要发生的事)
例句：i、I am going to buy a house.
ii、She isn’t going to meet him at the station.
iii、Is he going to leature in English?
iv、Who is going to speak first?
v、She is going to have a baby.
vi、Look at these clouds!It is going to rain.
⑵be to+动词原形(表示按计划安排即将发生的事或表示指示、命令、禁止或征求意见)
例句：i、This railway is to be opened to traffic next month.(被动) ii、The Prime Minister（首相） is to make a statement(声明) tomorrow. iii、You are to deliver these invitations before ten.(指示、命令)
iv、You are not to tell him anything about our plans.（禁止）
v、Am I to go on with the work?(征询)
⊿其他固定结构
例句：i、Look out!The train is about to move.
ii、Look!The match is on the point of starting.
iii、The guests are due to arrive next week.
㈣现在进行时（主动：am/are/is doing 被动：am/are/is being done）①、表示现在（说话时）正在进行的动作
例句：1.The students are making an experiment now.
2.I am not doing my homework.
3.It is raining now.
4.Who/Whom are you waiting for?
5.-What are you doing now? –I am watching TV.
6.A power station is being built there.(被动)
②、表示现阶段（暂时）正在进行的动作（说话时不一定正在进行）
例句：1.We are attending a conference these days.
2.Prof.Zhang is writing a book on ecology(生态).
3.He is a teacher of physics,but he is now teaching mathematics.
4.These days a number of things are being dealt with by Robert.(被动)
5.Don’t take that ladder away.Your father is using it.
③、表示不断重复的习惯性动作（常和always,continually等频度副词连用）例句：1.He is always helping people.
2.It is always raining.
3.She is continually changing clothes.
4.Our burglar alarm(防盗报警器) is forever going off for no reason.
④、表示渐进的过程(只适用于某些表示转变的动词)
例句：1.His hair is turning grey.
2.People are becoming less tolerant of smoking these days.
3.I am forgetting my French because I never speak it.
4.When spring comes,the days are getting longer and the lights shorter.
⑤、表示即将发生的动作（按现在计划或安排要发生的动作，常带有将来的时间状语，通常只适用于go,come,arrive,leave,start,stop,meet,play,do,work,g ive,take,have,stay,spend,join,publish,(see)等少量动词）
例句：1.The train is arriving soon.
2.He is leaving in a few days.
3.I am seeing him tomorrow.
4.I’m having dinner with her tonight.
㈤过去进行时（主动：was/were doing被动：was/were being done）
①、表示过去某个时刻或阶段正在发生的动作（通常要用表达过去时间状语表示）例句：1.When I arrived,Tom was taking on the telephone.
2.They were discussing a work plan when I went in.
3.What were you doing this time yesterday?
4.In those years we were having a hard time.
5.The wind was no longer blowing,but it was still drizzling(下雨).
6.The machine was being repaired last month.(被动)
②、表示过去不断重复的动作（常与always,continually连用，表示赞美厌烦）例句：1.She was forever complaining about something.
2.He was always borrowing money and forgetting to pay it back.
3.They were always ringing me up when they lived here.
4.When he worked in factory,Robert was continually making mistakes.
③、表示客气请求
例句：1.I was wondering if you could give me a lift(搭车).
2. I was hoping you could send me some books.
④、在故事、传说、自传、报道等文体中表示背景
例句：Last night,I was reading a newspaper.Suddenly,there was a knock at the door.
㈥将来进行时（will/shall be doing（无被动））
①、表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作（一般和特定表示时间状语连用）
例句：1.We will be having teaching practice next week.
2.They will be taking an examination this time tomorrow.
3.I will be seeing a friend off the day after tomorrow.
4.We will be having a meeting from 2 to 4 this afternoon.
5.What will you be doing in the evening?
②、表示单纯未来（不带情感色彩）
例句：1.I will be working on this tomorrow.
2.You will be woring here.
3.Mike won’t be buying this car.
4.Will she be joining us for dinner?
5.What shall we doing next?
㈦现在完成时（主动：have/has done被动：have/has been done）
①、从过去持续到现在（并可能继续持续下去）的动作（常与so far,up to now 等时间状语及for,since引导的时间状语连用）
例句：1.I have studied English for three years.
2.She has lived here since 1990.
3.I haven’t been very successful so far.
4.Up to/till now he has won five prizes.
5.Thousands of cars have been made in our factory this year.(被动)
6.It is the first time(that)I have been here.
②、过去不确定时间里完成的动作（该动作与现在有联系或有影响）
例句：1.I have already seen that film.
2.-Have you had lunch yet? –No,I haven’t had lunch yet.
3.The train has just left the station.
4.Have you(ever)met her before?
5.There have been a lot of changes recently.
例句：1.I have often walked to work.
2.He has frequently made mistakes in his work.
3.She has attended classes regularly.
4.I have seen him on TV several times.
5.I have never done a ting like this.
㈧过去完成时（主动：had done 被动：had been done）
①、从过去某时之前持续到过去某时（并可能继续持续下去）的动作（常与by,before等引导的表示过去某时为止的时间状语连用，且常有由for,since引出的时间状语，表示该动作在过去持续的时间）
例句：1.He had worked in that company for ten years by the end of last year.
2.He had lived in Shanghai for five years before he moved here.
3.She said that she had made much progress since she came here.
4.It was the second time(that)I had heard her sing the song.
②、过去某时以前已经完成的动作（常用于表示带有特定过去时间状语句子中，或出现在表示过去时间的上下文中）
例句：1.He hadn’t finished the task by yesterday evening.
2.The concert (had)started before we got to the hall.
3.The discussion had been begun when I went into the classroom.(被动)
4.They realized they had lost their way.
5.He found the book that he had lost.
6.She was excited because she had never been to a dance before.
7.After the teacher (had)left the room,the children started talking.
8.We had already left home when it begen to rain.
③、表示过去未曾实现的愿望（用法仅限于expect,hope,want,intend/mean等）例句：1.I had expected to meet you in London,but I heard you left English.
2.I had hope to send you a telegram(电报),but I didn’t manage it.
3.They had wanted to help,but they couldn’t get here in time.
4.I hadn’t intend/meant to take my children on the trip,but they insisted on going with me.
④、用于虚拟语气
㈨将来完成时（主动：will/shall have done被动：will/shall have been done）①、将来某时已经完成的动作或状态
例句：1.By the year 2015 we will have built Pudong airport.
2.When you come back next week,they will have finished all the work.
3.I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow.
4.I won’t have left by Monday.
②、表示对现状的揣测
例句：1.They will have arrived home by now.
2.Peter and I worked together for five years.He won’t have forgotten me. ㈩现在完成进行时（have/has been doing（无被动））
①、从过去某时开始一直延续到现在（现在仍在进行或刚结束）的动作（常与for,since引导的时间状语连用）
例句：1.The satellite(卫星) has been cirelling the earth for five years.
2.We have been waiting for you for more than two hours.
3.He has been writing that essay since this morning.
4.We have just been talking about you.
②、现在、以前一段时间反复发生的事情
例句：1.We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.
2.She has been cycling to work for the last several weeks.
(十一)一般过去将来时（主动：would/should do被动：would/should be done，通常用于宾语从句中，表示在过去某一时刻之后，将要发生的动作或存在的状态）例句：1.He said that he would get married soon.
2.She asked me whether/if I would/should be free tonight.
3.I want to know when she would come here again.
4.Sam thought that it would not rain.
5.He told me that an important meeting would be held tomorrow.
6.At that time she was five years old.In two years she would go to school. △一般过去将来时还可用was/were going to+动词原形表示
例句：1.He said that he was going to try again.
2.They didn’t tell me where they were going to go.
△时态呼应：句子中如果主句谓语动词使用现在或将来时态，从句的时态可根据意想而定。但如果谓语动词使用过去时态，则从句谓语动词也要使用相应的过去时态。
⑴当从句动作与主句动作同时发生，从句用一般过去时或过去进行时
例句：1.I worked so hard that I was always tired.
2.The teacher said that the students were having an exam.
⑵当从句动作发生在主句动作之前，从句要用过去完成时
例句：1.She knew that she had made a mistake.
2.He told me that he had been offered a well-paid position(高薪职位).
⑶当从句动作发生在主句动作之后，从句要用一般过去将来时——————————————————————————————————
定语从句
限制性定语从句：对所修饰词起限定作用，使该词的含义更具体、明确。
非限制性定语从句：对所修饰词只作附加说明，从句与主句间用逗号隔开。①、由关系代词that,who,whom,which,whose引导
修饰人时，关系代词用who(宾格whom)或that
修饰物时，关系代词用which或that
☆非正式文体中，做宾语的关系代词可以省略，作主语关系代词只有当主语是I t is/was…,that is/was…,there be…时才可省略
☆定语从句谓语动词形式应与所修饰词保持数的一致
例句：1.The man who/that called me this morning is my good friend.
2.Then he met Mary,who invited him to a party.(非限制性定语从句)
3.The girl(whom/that)you say yesterday is my girlfriend.
4.Here is Alice,(whom)I mentioned the other day.(非限制性定语从句)
5.This is the book which/that has just appeared.
6.The reason (which/that)he gave was unacceptable.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a115812953.html,st year she bought this car,which cost her $10.000.
8.A teacher is a person whose duty (it) is to teach.
9.This is George,whose class you will be talking next week.(非限定)
10.That is the new machine whose parts are too small to be seen.
11.This is a lamp,whose light(the light of which)travels in all directions
②、若先行词是everything,something,anything,nothing,none,one,all,some, any,no,little,few,much,the only,the same,the very,the next,the first/ last与the+形容词最高级等及先行词由人和物组成时，关系代词应用that或省略；而当先行词是everyone,everybody,someone,anyone,anybody时，关系代词用who或whom。
例句：1.Is that everything that you want to tell us?
2.I have never taken anything that didn’t belong to me.
3.That was all that I could do for you.
4.There is not much that I can do.
5.This is the only property that I have.
6.This is the very film that I want to see.
7.He was the first/last person that left the room.
8.This was one of the best movies that I had ever seen.
9.He is the greatest man that has ever lived in that country.
10.There are only three boys and two cars that I can see.
11.Is there anyone here who can speak English?
12.He saw the manager talking to somebody whom he didn’t know.
③、由介词+whom/which引出的定语从句
△介词前置，指人时关系代词用whom,指物时关系代词用which
△介词后置，指人时关系代词用whom或that或省略, 指物时关系代词用which 或that或省略
☆非限制性定语从句，限定词all,most,some,any,few,both,one等可与of+who m/which连用，表示部分与整体关系
例句：1.The colleague(同事)with whom I am working can speak French.
2.The colleague (whom/that) I am working with can speak French.
3.He is a man from whom we all should learn.
4.He is a man (whom/that) we all should learn from.
5.Mr.Jones,for whom I was looking,was a professor.
6.Mr.jones,(whom/that)I was looking for,was a professor.
7.This is the house in which I lived ten years ago.
8.This is the house (which/that) I lived ten years ago.
9.The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.
10.The ladder (which/that) I was standing on began to slip.
11.The car,for which she paid $1,000.
12.The car,(which/that) she paid $1,000.
13.Molecules(分子)make up matter（物质）,the state of which/whose sta te（状态） can be changed.
14.There are 108 known elements(元素),most of which are metals（金属）.
15.I have three brothers,all of whom are studying at university.
16.My wife and son,both of whom had gone abroad,rang me up yesterday.
④、修饰way,direction,distance等名词，除了可用介词+which引出从句外，还可用that来引出，或者省略连接词
例句：1.That is the way (in which/that) he worked.
2.The direction (in which/that) a force is acting can be changed.(力作用方向可以改变)
3.The distance (through which/that) light travels in a second is about 300,000 kilometers.
2.He worked for the three months (when/during which) he lived there.
3.The year (when/in which) I entered the university was 1990.
4.I didn’t know the time (when/that/at which) he came back.
5.With TV,we can see things happen almost at the exact moment(有了电视，我们几乎能在事情发生的那一瞬间就看到它们).
6.That is the place where/in which he was born.
7.That is the place (which/that) he was born in.
8.Here is the office where/at which he works.
9.Here is the office (which/that) he works at.
10.That is the reason (why/that/for which) she spoke.
11.We’ll put off(推迟) the race untill next week,when the weather may be better.（非限制性定语从句）
12.In 1982,he came to Shanghai,where he has lived ever since.（非限定）
in the thermal power station.在核电站中，我们使用与热电站想通的发电机2.Ice consists of the same molecules as water (consist of).冰是由与水相同的分子组成的。
3.He works in the same workshop as(/that) I do.
4.I want such a coat as is worn by foreigns.
5.No one will believe such stories as he told.
6.I have never seen such kind of people as they are.
7.I had seldom seen him looking as pleased as he was now.
8.There is no rule but has (which/that doesn’t have) exception(无例外).
9.There is no one in the world but knows (who doesn’t know) the Great Wall.
2.As you can see,we have got a problem with the engine(发动机).
3.Metals(金属) have many good propertics（性能）,as has been stated before.
4.He missed the train,which annoyed(恼火) him very much.
5.They said they were French,which was not true.
6.The rain rattled(打)on the roof all night,which kept us awake. ——————————————————————————————————
非谓语动词
动作在主要谓语动作之前发生；进行式表示的动作在主要谓语动作发生时某动作正在进行；完成进行式表示的动作在谓语表示动作之前一直进行的动作。
consent,dare,decide,demand,deslre,determine,elect,endeavour,expect,fa il,find,guarantee,happen,help,hesitate,hope,wish,learn,long,manage,me an,offer,plan,plot,pledge,prepare,pretend,proceed,profess,protnise,re fuse,seem,seck,strive,swear,tend,think,threaten,trouble,undertake,vol unteer,wear后常跟带to不定式
▽疑问词/whether+to+V原（advise,ask,concider,decide,discover,discuss, explain,find out,forget,inquire,know,learn,remember,show,teach,tell,t hink,understand,wonder+to+V原）
xcept/besides等后跟不带to 的不定式作宾语；但如果不是这种句型，那么bu t/except/besides后要跟带to不定式作宾语
例句：https://www.doczj.com/doc/a115812953.html,st night I did nothing but watch television.
2.Tom will do anything but work on a farm.
3.I have done nothing except do what I should.
强调句、倒装句和省略句
倒装句是指谓语的全部或一部分放到主语之前的句子。其中，整个谓语置于主语之前的倒装称为全部倒装；谓语的一部分（如情态动词和助动词）放到主语之前的倒装称为局部倒装。
①、在疑问句中的倒装
例句：1.Are you a college student?
2.Have you finished your work?
3.What is your plan for the summer vacation?
4.Why can fibreboard insulatc sound?（为什么纤纸板能隔音？）
②、在there be句型中的倒装
例句：1.There is a television on the table.
2.There are a large number of books in the library.
3.There can be no mistake about the calculation(计算).
4.There is no stopping him.
③、以地点状语here,there,back,down,away,in,out,off,up等副词开头的及时间状语now,then等副词开头的句子的倒装
△以这些副词开头（表示地点和时间）的句子，当主语为名词（词组）时，要用全部倒装（但主语是代词时，保持正常语序）
例句：1.Here is your car.
2.Here comes a taxi!
3.Here we are!(我们到了！)
4.There goes the last bus.
5.There stands a strange man.
6.There he comes!
7.Down came the rain.
8.In came(忽然)a man in army uniform（制服）.
9.Out rushed（冲出来）the bandit(歹徒)with a gun in his hand.
10.Up and up went the ballon(气球).
11.Now is the best time to visit Beijing.
12.Now comes your turn.
13.Then came a new problem.
14.Then followed eight years of the Anti-Japanese War（接着是八年抗战）.
④、由介词词组表示的状语（从句）前置引起的倒装
△当主语是较长的名词（词组）时要全部倒装（若主语是代词不能倒装）
例句：1.At the top of the hill stands an old temple（庙宇）.
2.In front of the village flows a murmuring stream.村前流淌着潺潺溪水。
3.On the side of the late stood a beautiful paviliton(亭子).
4.Behind the door lies a vacuum cleaner(吸尘器).
5.By his side sat the faithful(忠实的)pet dog.
6.Among the visitors were a group of tourists from abroad.
⑤、only引导的状语（从句）位于句首时引起的倒装
例句：1.Only last week did the opening ceremony(典礼)take place.
2.Only is this way can we learn a foreign language well.
3.Only after the class is over can students leave the classroom.
4.Only through sheer luch did he escape death in the crash.他在空难中得以逃生完全是侥幸。
5.Only with the help of my friends have I finished compiling(编写)this book.
例句：1.Never have I been abroad.
2.To few people does such an opporlunity occur(机遇).
3.Little does he know that the police are about to arrest(逮捕)him.
4.Seldom do I go to the movies.
5.Nowhere was the boy to be found.
6.No longer are they staying with us.
7.No sooner had he arrived in New York than he went to the conference.
8.Hardly did I think it possible.
9.scarcely(刚刚)had I collected the clothes when it began to rain.
10.In vain(陡然)did we try to make him change his mind.
11.At no point south of the river did the enemy(敌人)advance(前进)more than a mile.
12.At no time and under no circumstances,should we yield to difficulty.在任何时候和任何情况下，我们都不应该向困难屈服。
13.On no account must you accept any money against your conscience.你绝不可以收受昧了良心的钱。
14.Not a word would he say.他一句话也不肯说。
15.Not until a week ago did I find out where he was.
16.Not only had she cleaned the room,but also she had got the supper ready.
⑦、以so/such…that开头的句子的局部倒装
例句：1.So rapidly did he speak that nobody could hear clearly.
2.So dense(浓)was the fog(雾）that the ship had no stop sailing(航行).
3.Such was his strength that he carried all the big boxes onto the third floor.他力气真大，把所有的大箱子搬上了三楼。
4.Such was the force(威力)of the explosion（爆炸）that all the windows were broken.
⑧、so,nor/neither位于句首引起的倒装
△在so(表示肯定)，nor/neither(表示否定)开头的句子中要局部倒装。
例句：1.-White studies electrical(电力)engineering（工程）. –So do I.
2.I went to the football game yeasterday,and so did tom.
3.-You haven’t read this article. –Nor/Neither have I.
4.He can’t do it,nor can I,nor can you,nor can anybody.
例句：1.-Are these shirts white? –Yes,they are(white).
2.-Are you hungry? –(I’m) Not very (hungry).
3.-Who is that man? –(He is)My cousin(堂哥).
4.-How is the weather? –(It is)Going to clear up(快晴了).
5.-When are we due to arrive? –(We are due to arrive)In about two hours.
6.-How many classes do you have in the morning?
-(We have)Four(classes in the morning).
7.-Will you join us? –I should love to.
8.-Linda has bought a car. -when?
9.-He won’t come. -why?
10.-I went to an exhibition(展览)this morning? -With whom?
11.-It looks like a shower(下阵雨). –Yes,somewhat（有点像）.
12.-I imagine this is a very old building. –Very likely.
13.-I hope I am not disturbing you too much. –Certainly not.
14.(I’m)Glad to see you.
15.(I)Hope to hear from you soon.
16.(Are you)Feeling better today?
17.(Is there)Anything I can do for you?
18.(Would you)Like a cigarette?
19.(It’s)A nice day again!
20.(That’s)A good idea!
21.How wonderful(it is)!
22.What a great achievement(成就)(it is)!
23.(Come)This way,please!
24.(Pass me)The sugar,please!
②、并列句中的省略
例句：1.I major in English,and he(majors)in French.
2.My room is on the second floor,and his(room is)on the third.
3.Substances are made up of molecules,and molecules(are made up)of atoms.物质由分子组成，分子由原子组成。
4.I will buy a house,and she will(buy a house)too.
5.John was the winner in 1996,and Bob(was the winner)in 1997.
6.My brother smokes a lot,but I don’t(smoke).
7.The tried to help her,but(they tried)in vain(无用).
8.We still have shortcomings,and(we have)very big ones,too.
9.They have increased trade with China and(they have increased trade)with other East-Asian countries,too.
10.They tried to combat pollution,but(they did)not(combat pollution)very successfully at the beginning.
11.Light is a radiant energy(辐射能),but sound is not(a radiant energy).
12.George will(take the course)and Pauf might take the course.
③、复合句中的省略
例句：1.(I)Hope you will have a good journey.
2.(I’m)Sorry I’ve kept you waiting.
3.(It’s)Too bad she won’t be able to go to the party.
4.(It’s)No wonder(毫无疑问)they were very sad to hear the news.
5.-Are you going to buy the house? –Unless my wife objects(反对).
6.-You all like the story? -Yes,except that the conclusion is too abrupt(只是收尾太快了些).
7.When(he was)still a boy of six,he was sent away from home(送出家门).
8.Enemics,once(they are)discovered,will be completely wiped out.一旦发现敌人，就全部消灭之。
9.If(it is)necessary,I’ll pay him a personal visit.
10.An object at rest remains at rest unless(it is)acted upon by an external force.静止的物体，如果不受外力的作用，永远保持静止状态。
11.Though(they were)reduced in numbers,they gained in fighting capacity. 虽然他们人数减少了，战斗力却增强了。
12.The documents(文件)will be returned（发还）as soon as(they are)sig ned(签署).
13.In our company,everybody is well taken care of,no matter what his position(位置，职位)(is).
14.Light travels much fast than sound(does).
15.This bridge is as long as that one(is).
16.The speed of radio waves is the same as that of light(is).
17.Such substances as glass and plastics(are)insulators.
18.The greater(is)the resistance,the smaller(is)the current.电阻越大，电流越小。——————————————————————————————————
①、表示能力（can表示现在的能力，could表示过去的能力）
⑴如果要表示过去一次性能力，要用was/were able to
⑵如果要表示已经具有某种能力，要用have/has been able to
⑶如果要表示将来的能力，通常用will be able to
②、表示许可
③、表示可能
⑴can可表示潜在的可能性，也可表示揣测、怀疑、惊异等情态（此时通常用于疑问句、否定句或惊叹句中）
⑵如果要表达过去的可能还可用can/could have V-ed（这里can只能用于疑问句或否定句中），这比单独用could语气更委婉
⑶could have V-ed（本可以）还可以表示过去可能有能力做却没有做的事
⑷could只有在过去时间的语境中表示的意义与can相同，否则，只表示一种婉转语气
㈡may和might
①、表示许可
②、表示可能
⑴如果要表达过去的可能还可用may/might have V-ed这比用might语气更婉转
⑵might只有在过去的时间的语境中表示意义与may相同，否则，只表示一种婉转语气
㈢must
①、表示义务（必须，不得不）（must=have to）
⑴在表示过去的必须时通常用had to，在表示将来的必须时通常用will have to
⑵mustn’t不许，不准；needn’t不必，没有必要
㈣will和would
①、表示意图（想要，决心）
②、表示意愿（愿意）
③、表示坚持
④、表示习惯性动作（总是，经常）
⑴在表示习惯性动作时，will的用法与一般现在时的用法相同
⑵用used to也可用来表示过去的习惯性动作
⑶用used to还可表示过去的状态，而would不能
⑷would只有在过去的时间语境中表示的意义与will相同，否则只表示一种婉转语气
㈤shall
①、表示意图（想要，打算，决心）
☆shall在主语是第一人称时可表示意图，shall在主语是第一人称或第三人称的疑问句中时，可表示说话人征求对方的意图
②、表示意愿（会）
③、表示许可（可以）
④、表示命令（命令、警告、禁止、决心）
㈥should和ought to
①、表示义务（应该，应当）
⊿should have V-ed和ought to have V-ed（本该、就该）可表示过去应该做却没有做的事（有很强的责备语气）
②、表示揣测
㈦need
㈧dare
形容词和副词的比较结构
㈠形容词和副词的原级比较
⊿原级比较通常采用as+原级+as或not as/so+原级+as句型
☆动词+倍数/分数+as+原级+（名词）+as+比较对象可表示倍数/分数的增减
一致关系
㈠主谓一致
☆主谓一致是指句子中的谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语保持一致。
①、集体名词做主语时
⊿有些集体名词如people,folk,youth,kindred,police,militia,clergy,catt le,poultry,vermin等作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数
⊿集体名词做主语时，当侧重于整体时作单数用，侧重于成员时作复数用
②、以-s结尾的名词作主语时
⑴以-s结尾的专有名词等作主语时，谓语动词用单数
⑵学科名称、疾病名称、游戏名称、抽象名词等作主语时，谓语动词用单数
⑶以-s结尾的海峡、群岛、山脉等名称作主语时，谓语动词通常要用复数
⑷有些以-s结尾的由两个对称部分组成的物质如glasses,compasses,scales,s cissors,pincers,pliers,trousers,pants,shorts,jeans,shoes,suspenders 等作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数
⑸这些以-s结尾的名词如clothes,contents,goods,stairs,wages等作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数
⑹凡是以-ing结尾的名词如belongings,clippings,earnings,lodgings,surro undings,sweepings等作主语时，谓语动词用复数
⑺有些单、复数同形的名词（包括不以-s结尾的）如barracks,works,headqua rters,crossroads,means,series,species等与aircraft,hovercraft,deer,fi sh,sheep,grouse等以及Chinese,Japanese,Swiss等作主语时，其谓语动词的单、复数依主语的单、复数意义而定
③、并列结构作主语时
⑴由and,both…and连接的表示两个或两个以上的人或动作主语时，其谓语动词用复数
⑵由and连接的表示一个人或物的并列结构作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数
⑶用and连接的单数名词前有each,every,many a/an,no等作主语时，谓语动词用单数
⑷当单数主语之后跟with,along with,together with,combined with,as wel l as,as much as,in addition to,rather than,more than,no less than,exc ept,but等引导的介词词组时，谓语动词常用单数
⑸当主语是由not only…but also…,not…but…,or…,either…or…,neithe r…nor…,none but…连接的并列结构时，根据就近原则使动词和最靠近的词语
⑥、非谓语动词（不定式或分词）作主语时，其谓语动词用单数
英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
【学英语必看】 《英语语法手册》 在实用英语备受青睐的现在，大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时，总是把 听说读写放在首位，诚然，学习语言重在实践。但是，请不要忽视语法的作用，特别是在阅读和写作中，他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构，准确抓住句子的要点，更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。 以下为你整理《英语语法手册》全集，不需背诵记忆，只要静下心阅读一遍，就能有所收获！ 宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里. [英语语法手册]关于词类和句子成分 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。一个 句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。 学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要 了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。 词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类： 1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。
《英语语法大全》 1.名词 名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词(Common Nouns）. 专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。 普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等，普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns） 物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。 归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：
1.2其它名词复数的规则变化 1)以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数： 如：two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 比较：层楼：storey---storeys story---stories 2)以o结尾的名词，变复数时： a.加s，如：photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos； b.加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c.均可，如：zero---zeros/zeroes 3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时： a.加s，如：belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs； b.去f,fe加ves，如：half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves； c.均可,如：handkerchief:
初二期末英语必考的十二大语法点 一. 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级 1. 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则 （1）单音节词和少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节单词，比较级在后面加-er，最高级在后面加-est。 ①单音节单词 small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest ②少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节单词 clever→cleverer→cleverest
narrow→narrower→narrowest （2）以不发音e结尾的单音节单词，比较级在原形后加-r，最高级在 原级后加-st。 large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest （3）以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节（即：辅音＋元音＋辅音）单词中，先双写末尾的辅音字母，比较级加-er，最高级加-est。 big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest （4）以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的双音节词，把y改为i，比较级加-er，最高级加-est。 easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest
busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest （5）其他双音节词和多音节词，比较级在前面加more，最高级在前面加most。 beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful different→more different→most different easily→more easily→most easily （6）有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，必须熟记。 good→better→best well→better→best bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst old→older/elder→oldest/eldest many/much→more→most little→less→least far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest
代词用法 一、代词分类 人称代词物主代词反身代词指示代词不定代词疑问代词连接代词关系代词 I me my mine self this some who 名词从句定语从句 二、人称代词：谁主格宾格 并列人称代词的排列顺序：单数人称第二人称—第三人称—第一人称you,he and I 复数人称第一人称—第二人称—第三人称we,you and they 三、物主代词：表示所有关系谁的形容词性名词性my mine 形容词性物主代词与own连用表示强调I saw it with my own eyes. 用定冠词the代替形容词性物主代词表示身体的某个部位 Touch sb on the head hit sb on the nose strike sb in the face take/catch/pull sb by the arm/head on 表面的，很硬by 顺手牵羊in 内部的，软的部位 名词性物主代词做主语、表语、宾语 四、反身代词表示自己self（自己） 做同位语，表强调（自己，亲自），要重读在名词或代词之后或句末My mother made the shoes herself. 固定搭配：take care of oneself 保重enjoy oneself by oneself 单独地of oneself 自动地for oneself 给自己in oneself 本性、本身between ourselves 天知地知你知我知among themselves 在…之间help youself 五、指示代词这个那个这些那些this that these those 六、疑问代词who whom whose which what 谁介词之后用whom What which 前者指人，后者指物；which是在有限的范围内选择，而what泛指哪一类Which book do you like best? What books do you like best? 七、连接代词引导名词性从句，主语、宾语、表语和定语who, whom ，whose, what ,which Who will teach you English is still unknown. 八、关系代词引导定语从句，又在从句中担任某种成分：作用：1、引导定语从句，修饰一个名词或代词（即先行词）, 2、代替先行词在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语或表语 九、不定代词不确定而笼统地表示某些人、某些事物的代词 Both either neither all none every(每一个，侧重整体) each（侧重个体） Other another every other line every other day （每隔） * Every student should study hard. Each student has a book.. (人手一本书) few a few little a little many much a lot lots of many a (第三人称单数) 相互代词each other one another 形容词性与名词性 Others another the other(两者中的另一个) the others some others
被动语态 现在范畴一般现在时am/is/are made 现在进行时am / is /are being made 现在完成时has/have been made 过去范畴一般过去时was/were made 过去进行时was/werebeingmade 过去完成时had been made 将来范畴一般将来时shall/will be made 将来完成时shall/will have been made 过去将来时should/would be made 过去将来完成时should/would have been made 1. 被动语态的各种时态 被动语态（The Passive Voice）是动词的一种形式，表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。被动 语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍以及景物描写。被动语态没有将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时形式。 (1) 一般现在时的被动语态 I am not so easily deceived. 我不会轻易上当受骗的。 Computers are widely used in the world. 计算机在世界范围内得到广泛应用。 (2) 一般过去时的被动语态 The car was seriously damaged. 汽车受到严重损坏。 Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。 (3) 现在进行时的被动语态 The question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题现在正在会上讨论。 The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子们现在正由其姑妈照看。 (4) 过去进行时的被动语态 When I called, tea was being served. 当我来访时，正值上茶之际。 When they arrived，the experiments were being made. 他们到达时，实验正在进行。
英语语法大全总结 专题一：定语从句 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 which 指物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略) who 指人在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 whom 指人在从句中作宾语 whose 指人或物在从句中作定语 as 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 but 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 注意：指物时，whose+名词=the+名词+of which或 of which+the+名词 2、as 的用法 (1)常用于下列结构：such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as 注意：the same…as 表示同一类，不同一个 the same…that 表示同一个 (2)as与which的区别 a、位置不同 as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间;which只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如，正像”。 Which相当于并列句，可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事’”。 注意：as常用于下列结构：as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。 c、在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。 二、只用that不用which的情况 1、.先行词为 all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时
资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西）eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名
第三节写作中真正实用的英语语法 据考证，“语法”一词源于希腊语“Grammatike”，意指体现于写作过程中的“文字的技巧”，它是语言运用的规则，构建句子的框架，遣词造句的黏合剂，也是英语各项技能的基础，尤其在写作过程中起着举足轻重的作用。 但四、六级考试改革中对语法题目的减少使很多人误以为语法的地位被削弱，加之近年来重视综合技能的各类语言理论的出现，使得一部分考生在写作复习过程中完全摈弃对语法部分的准备，久而久之，形成了“轻语法，重语感”的习惯。而另一部分考生则缺乏必要的语法运用能力，他们可以准确解答语法题目，却不能在作文中灵活运用语法写出漂亮句子。这些考生文章的共同特点就是只有其意，不见其形。 语言是思维的外衣，准确的语法是高分作文的重要必备条件。如果考生能在写作中娴熟地运用语法技巧，就可以使文章逻辑严密，形神兼备。 鉴于语法体系庞大繁杂而备考时间有限，此节内容无法涵盖整个语法体系，只能选择写作中出现频率较高的语法进行重点讲解，如状语前置、倒装、虚拟语气、强调句等，并辅以例句讲解，希望能够帮助考生扫除写作中的语法障碍，轻松闯关。 状语前置 一般而言，英语句子中，状语成分的位置是可前可后的。但状语的前置是六级作文中常用的句式。所谓状语前置，就是把修饰动词的状语结构，如分词短语，介词短语，动词不定式结构等放到句首。 这一句式的最大优点就是断句自然，让单调的句子有跳跃的节奏感。请看下面句子： 1）With the expansion of industrialization, requirement for energy all over the world is on the rise.（随着工业化进程的发展，全世界的能源需求都在增加。） 2）Once lushly forested, this region has seen more than 80% of its original vegetation cut down or burned. (这个地区曾经丛林密布，但现在80% 的原生植被被砍伐或焚烧。) 3）To reach millions of people who watch television, advertisers are willing to pay big money. (为了能抓住千千万万的电视观众，广告商们不惜花费巨额资金。) 在以上例句中，状语的前置使得句子结构分明，避免了后置的平庸化，尤其是第二个句子中的状语部分，既简洁又有力，本身就是一个出彩的表达，如果放置到句尾就不会出现这种效果了。而第三句中不定式目的状语的前置还在一定程度上起到了强调的作用。 倒装 倒装又分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did等,并将其置于主语之前。倒装的作用是为了强调或平衡句子结构。 倒装本身是较复杂的高级结构，如果在六级写作中能加以正确运用，就特别
高考英语语法重点精华：固定搭配用法总结 1.It’sthe first time that……….(从句中用现在完成时) It wasfor the first time that………(强调句，对状语for the first time进行强调) It’s(high) time that……..(从句中用过去时或should do) 2.It’sthe same with sb. / So it is with sb.表示某人也如此(用于前句中既有肯定又有否定或两个不同类的谓语动词) 3. …beabout to do / be doing……when…….正要做/正在做……就在那时……. 4.A istwice / three times as +原级+as B A是B的两倍/三倍 A istwice / three times the n. of B. A的…是B的两倍/三倍 A istwice / three times +比较级+than B A比B多两倍/三倍 5.It’s awaste of time / money doing / to do…做……浪费时间/金钱 It’s nouse / good doing……… 做……是没有用的 It’spossible / probable / (un) likely that………. 很可能…… It makesgreat / no sense to do……做某事很有/没意义 6. There’sno use / good doing……. 做……没有用 There’s no sense / point (in) doing…… 做……没有意义 There is no need for sth. / to do……. 没有过必要做…… There is (no) possibility that…………(同位语从句)很可能/没可能…… 7.The+比较级……..,the+比较级………越…….., 越……. 注意：前半句为从句，用一般现在时代替将来时; 8.Itseems / appears ( to sb. ) that sb…….在某人看来某人……… = Sb.seems / appears to be / to do / to be doing / to have done…….. It seems / looks as if……….好象/似乎…….. 9.It (so)happened that sb. ……..某人碰巧…….. = Sb. happened to be / to do / to be doing /to have done….. 10.It issaid / thought / believed / hoped / supposed …….that sb……… =Sb. issaid to be / to do / to be doing / to have done……….(注意：这种句型里如带动词hope则不能变成简单句，因为无hopesb. to do结构)[要学习网一直在为调动你的学习积极性而努力] 12.…….such…….that…….如此…….以致于(引导结果状语从句) …….such……..as……像……..的这种……(as为关系代词，引导定语从句，在从句里充当主、宾、表) 13. Doyou mind if I do sth.? / Would you mind if I did sth.? 你介意我做……吗? 14. Thechance is that……../ (The )Chances are that……….很可能……. 15.Check/ Make sure / See to it / See that……..(从句中常用一般现在时) 确信/务必…….. 16.depend on it that……..取决于 see to it that…….负责/设法做到……. 注意：除了except / but / in等介词可以直接接that从句，其它介词后必须用it 做形式宾语; 17.It is/ was +介词短语/ 从句/ 名词/代词等+that………
多音节词在前面加 most ，女口 "the most difficult 英语的基本 语序为SVO ，且基本上不能任意变换语序，除了在少数诗词以外； 另一方面， 有时英语会使用 OSV 的语序。(注： S : Subject ［主语］; V : phrase ［谓语］;O ： Object ［宾语］) 英语中所有的词可分成十大类，每一类词在句子中都有其特定的位置和作用。这 十大词类是： 一、名 词： 表示人或事物的名称的词。 二、形容词： 表示人或事物的特征的词。 三、副 词： 修饰动词、形容词和 副词的词。 四、代 词： 是代替名词、形容词和 数词的词。 五、数 词： 表示数量和顺序的词。 六、动 词： 表示动作和状态的词。 七、冠 词： 与名词连用，其说明人或事物的作用。 八、介 词： 通常置于名词和代词之前，表示名词和代词与其他词的关系。 九、连 词： 连接词 与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的词。 十、感叹词： 表示说话人感情或语气的词。 英语的时态 英语共有十六个时态、 四个体。(注：四个体为 行。) 英语中的四个体相当于法语、西班牙语以及所有印欧语系 直陈 式，命令式等。 (1) 一般现在时 英语语法大全下载 1、所有格：He is Fred's best friend. (-'s ) 2、 动词现在时的第三人称单数 ：Alfredo works. (-s ) 3、 动词过去式：Fred worked . (-ed )，但亦有不规则变化。 4、 现在分词/进行时态：Fred is 节为辅音结尾的闭音节，则须双写末辅音， 5、 过去分词:The car was stolen working . ( -ing )(［注］如果动词的末音 女口 running ) .(-en )； Fred has talked to the police. (-ed )，但亦有不规则变化。 6、 动名词：Working 7、 名词的复数：Fred has is good for two blue eyes . the soul. (-ing ) (-s )(［注］如果动词的尾字是 s, sh,x,ch ，则需加-es ，女口 dishes 8、 形容词的比较级:Fred 音节在前面"加more ,如"more 9、 形容词的最高级：Fred is smarter than difficult "。 has the fastest Rick. (-er )形容词末尾加 car. ( -est )形容词末尾加 -er ，多 -est , II 。 Verbal 般、进行、完成、完成进 罗曼语族中的式，如:
英语语法大全 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。 如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或 代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如： Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。 通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我 的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词
最新《英语语法手册》电子版 在实用英语备受青睐的现在，大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时，总是把听说读写放在首位，诚然，学习语言重在实践。但是，请不要忽视语法的作用，特别是在阅读和写作中，他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构，准确抓住句子的要点，更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。 以下为你整理《英语语法手册》全集，不需背诵记忆，只要静下心阅读一遍，就能有所收获！ 宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里. [英语语法手册]关于词类和句子成分 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。一个句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。 学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。 词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类： 1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，
English(英语)，life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。 5)动词(verb，缩写为v)表示动作和状态，如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)。 6)副词(adverb，缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词，如quickly(快)，often(经常)，very(很)。 7)冠词(article，缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词，如a，an(一个)，the(这，那)。 8)介词(preposition，缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系，如from(从)，in(在…内)，between(在…之间)。 9)连词(conjunction，缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词，如and(和)，because(因为)，if(假如)。 10)感叹词(interjection，缩写为int.)表示感情，如。oh(噢)，aha(啊哈)，hush(嘘)。 [注一]属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义，
欢迎分享~ 注明出处！ 离考试还有一周，估计大家的真题都做的差不多了。在冲刺阶段，你会发现自己的IS的正确率渐渐稳定，但ISE依然让人头疼，尤其是No error(E)选项，这一贴帮你搞定真题的所有选E的题目。 【真题中E选项】 1.18道ISE中E的数量平均3道，但从1到6不等，，所以考试时不要计算E选项的总数！ 2.从没出现过2道连选E的情况，若考试时连选，一定要仔细检查！ 3.貌似选E的题号上有一点规律，但题目本身比题号重要！ 4.切记，“看着别扭”永远不能作为ISE中选择的理由，再别扭但不会改或不知道考点，就选E。 【此贴的使用方法】 1.做完真题，只看该选E却没敢选E的题目。 2.对照下面的表格，找到症结所在，搞清易错选项的考点，并自己把相关的薄弱知识点总结。 3.把44道E选项的汇总题目打印出来，一起看，增加选E的感觉。 【最后一周语法复习】 1.语法考查的就是对考点的熟悉程度，所以再把强化班、单项班的笔记复习一遍。 2.不需要做新题，尤其别做真题和OG以外的题。（OC较难，考前做纯粹跟自己过不去） 3.100%关注真题！其他的参考书可以先扔一边去。 4.反复看自己总结的错题和语法点。 最后一周，全力以赴！
1. The iris, the colored part of the eye, contains delicate patterns that are unique to each person, offering a powerful means of identification. （06.1-13） 2. In English literature James Boswell is the prime example of a biographer who, by ensuring the immortality of another author, has achieved immortality for himself. （06.1-16） 3. Only by tapping their last reserves of energy were the team members able to salvage what was beginning to look like a lost cause. （06.1-19） 4. Charles Dickens' Great Expectations is a novel in which the main character becomes so obsessed with the idea of becoming a gentleman that his moral judgment is temporarily affected. (06.5-13) 5. Because his experience in the naval medical corps had been rewarding. Bob applied to medical school after he was discharged from the navy. (06.5-20) 6. Plants grown for their flowers should be treated with a low-nitrogen fertilizer because excessive nitrogen promotes the growth of leaves at the expense of flowers. (06.5-22) 7. At the reception were the chattering guests, the three-tiered cake, and the lively music that have become characteristic of many wedding celebrations. (06.5-29) 8. From about A.D. 700 to 1600, sculptors created nearly 1,000 colossal rock statues on the remote. and tiny Easter Island. (06.10-13) 9. According to some demographers, the number of United States citizens aged 65 or older is likely to rise to 87 million by 2050.(06.10-20) 10. Contrary to what many people believe, heat lightning is not lightning caused by heat; it is ordinary lightning that occurs at too great a distance for its accompanying thunder to be audible. (06.10-22)
英语语法 1.名词 1.1名词复数的规则变化 1.2其他名词复数的规则变化 1.3名词复数的不规则变化 1.4不可数名词量的表示 1.5定语名词的复数 1.6不同国家的人的单复数 1.7名词的格 2.冠词和数词 2.1不定冠词的用法 2.2定冠词的用法 2.3零冠词的用法 2.4冠词与形容词+名词结构 2.5冠词位置 2.6数词 3.代词 3.1人称代词的用法 3.2人称代词之主、宾格的替换 3.3代词的指代问题 3.4并列人称代词的排列顺序 3.5物主代词 3.6双重所有格 3.7反身代词 3.8相互代词 3.9指示代词 3.10疑问代词 3.11关系代词 3.12every , no, all, both, neither, nor 3.13none, few, some, any, one, ones 3.14代词比较辩异 one，that 和it 3.15one/another/the other 3.16“the”的妙用 3.17anyone/any one；no one/none；every/each 3.18both, either, neither, all, any, none 3.19many, much 3.20few, little, a few, a little 4.形容词和副词 4.1形容词及其用法 4.2以-ly结尾的形容词 4.3用形容词表示类别和整体 4.4多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 4.5副词及其基本用法 4.6兼有两种形式的副词
4.7形容词与副词的比较级 4.8as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 4.9比较级形容词或副词 + than 4.10可修饰比较级的词 4.11many,old 和 far 4.12the + 最高级 + 比较范围 4.13和more有关的词组 5.动词 5.1系动词 5.2什么是助动词 5.3助动词be的用法 5.4助动词have的用法 5.5助动词do的用法 5.6助动词shall和will的用法5.7助动词should和would的用法5.8短语动词 5.9非谓语动词 6.动名词 6.1动名词作主语、宾语和表语6.2Worth的用法 7动词不定式 7.1不定式作宾语 7.2不定式作补语 7.3不定式主语 7.4It's for sb.和 It's of sb. 7.5不定式作表语 7.6不定式作定语 7.7不定式作状语 7.8用作介词的to 7.9省to 的动词不定式 7.10动词不定式的否定式 7.11不定式的特殊句型too…to… 7.12不定式的特殊句型so as to 7.13不定式的特殊句型Why not 7.147不定式的时态和语态 7.15动名词与不定式 8.特殊词精讲 8.1stop doing/to do 8.2forget doing/to do 8.3remember doing/to do 8.4regret doing/to do 8.5cease doing/to do 8.6try doing/to do 8.7go on doing/to do