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分析_翻译

分析_翻译
分析_翻译

Unit 1

1. Put the following sentences into Chinese.

1) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of the Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.

这是最美好的时期,这是最坏的时期;这是智慧的年代,这是愚蠢的年代;这是充满信仰的时代,这是顾虑重重的时代;这是光明的季节,这是黑暗的季节;这是富有希望的春天,这是充满绝望的寒冬;我们拥有一切,我们一无所有;我们正笔直走向天堂,我们正笔直走向地狱;

2) A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition.

一张小小贺卡可以温暖一颗心,握紧一双手,倾听肺腑言,轻拍友人背;它令人喜洋洋,撩得心痒痒,抹去泪汪汪;它给孩子以惊喜,给恋人以温存,给新娘以祝福,给路人以欢迎;它可用以挥手道别,高声喝彩,遥寄飞吻,也可用以弥补嫌隙,减轻痛苦,提高士气,解除忧虑,开创一种新风尚。

2. Put the following passage into Chinese.

As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.

Professional literatures have been regarded as ―intangible assets‖ of the whole world because they are, on the one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievements obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies; and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literature are records of precious research findings and academic achievements, and the crystallization of human civilization.

作为一种重要的知识储备手段,各类文献已成为宝贵的资源宝藏,大大促进了人类社会的进步。

专业文献一向被认为是全世界的―无形财产‖。因为一方面它们是对前人的经验或研究成果的总结,概括和发现;另一方面,又是人类长期积累、世代相传的遗产。因此,从这种意义上讲,一切文献都是前人的研究发现和学术成就的宝贵记载,是人类文化的结晶。

3. Put the following passage into English.

翻译的意义是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地讲,它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一种艺术。从以上翻译的定义来看,我们知道词句的原意必须尽可能保持准确,不可有所增删。翻译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。因此,翻译有两种要素:准确性与表达性。

准确性是翻译的首要条件。译者必须谨慎地遵循原作者的意思。字词的选择与句式结构必须如实传达原作的思想。表达性是使译文易于理解。换言之,译者必须用自己的文字尽可能将原作思想清楚而有力地表达出来。准确性是使译文的意义确切无误,而表达性则是使译文生动,引人入胜。

Translation means the conversion of an expression into another language. To say plainly it is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original. From the above definition of translation, we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as exactly as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary, not the thought. In translation, therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness.

Accuracy is the first requisite of translation. The translator must stick to the author’s idea. Words selected and sentences constructed must be of such nature as will convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood. In other words, the translator must express his author’s idea as clearly and as

forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.

Unit 2 Professional Papers

Put the following passage into English.

我们知道,很多年以前人们就研究过非线性问题。但是,世界上第一个明确提出非线性问题的是钱学森的老师V onKarman。1940午,V onKarman在美国航空科学年会上作了一个报告。这个报告后来发表在美国数学学会学报上,引起了人们对非线性问题的注意。他指出:现在力学的最大缺陷是仅仅停留在线性化的基础上,而工程实际需要非线性理论。V onKarman擅长流体力学和固体力学,他全面衡量了两个学科领域的状况,提出了——些当时看来难以解决的非线性问题。他的讲话使Friedrichs搁下数学,用整整二十年的时间去研究薄板大挠度问题;也促使Rivilin因此去研究非线性材料的有限变形问题,这是非线性力学的开始。从此,力学工作者不断地向非线性力学进军。非线性力学的出现是有其工业背景和生产背景的。

As we know, the problems of nonlinearity have long been studied. But it was V on Karman, the former supervisor of Professor Qian Xuesen (H. S. Tsian), who first pinpointed the nonlinear problems. In 1940, V on Karman delivered a lecture at the Annual Meeting on American Aeronautical Sciences, later published in the Transactions of American Mathematical Society, which directed people’s attention to nonlinear problems. He pointed out that the most serious shortcoming of the current mechanics lay in the fact that its theory was still based on linear idealizations, but the engineering reality was demanding for a nonlinear theory. V on Karman, being good both at fluid mechanics and solid mechanics, after due consideration of the current status of these two fields, proposed some nonlinear problems which seemed to be beyond that time. Under the influence of that lecture, Friedrichs put aside his mathematics, and turned to the study of the large deflections of thin plates, which took him two decades of time. Under the same stimulation, Rivilin was led to study the finite deformation of nonlinear materials. That marks the onset of nonlinear mechanics. From then on, continuous conquests have been made on nonlinear mechanics by people working on mechanics. The advent of nonlinear mechanics had its industrial background.

Unit 3 reports

1. Sample Analysis

Sample I Informal Report

MEMORANDUM

TO: Audrey Rivers FROM: Kevin Young Manager, Human Resources Personnel Assistant SUBJECT: Evaluation of the Roning Group’s ―Meetings‖ Seminar

DATE: March 19, 1995

I found The Roiling Group’s ―Meetings‖ seminar to be well worth atten ding and recommend that it be made available to all supervisory employees.

The attached folder describes the seminar in detail. Its full title is ―Increasing the Effectiveness of Business Meetings,‖ and it is available in two formats: as a public seminar, such as the one I attended, and as a kit for in-house presentation. Attendance al a public seminar costs $85 per person. The kit, which contains sufficient materials to train 48 employees, costs $1200, which is equivalent to $25 per person.

The seminar I attended was held at the downtown Holiday Inn from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. yesterday, March

18. You asked me to attend se that I could evaluate its suitability for company adoption.

During the morning the seminar leader demonstrated techniques for improving meeting performance and then assigned us to two groups and gave us roles to play as meeting participants.

In the afternoon:

For the first hour, group one held a meeting and group two evaluated the meeting participants’ performance on a one-to-one basis.

Fo r the second hour, the groups’ roles were reversed.

The seminar leader then summed up and drew attention to our strengths and weaknesses.

I found the seminar to be an excellent learning experience. The atmosphere was relaxed, the participants were actively involved for more than 75% of the time and had realistic, recognizable roles to play, and the scenarios for the two meetings were both relevant and thoroughly developed. Of particular value were the comments we could make on one another’s performance as m eeting participants.

I suggest we purchase the Roiling Group’s ―Meetings‖ kit and use it to train our managers and supervisors to hold more efficient meetings. The experience I gained at yesterday’s seminar has prepared me to rim in-house workshops.

(The signature of Kevin)

Notes:

1.(什么种类的报告,背景,报告的双方)这是一份非正式报告。人事助理Kevin在参加一次最近召开的研讨会后向人事部经理递交的—份对该会的评估报告。这种报告实际上是一种备忘录式的报告,因此叫Memorandum。To指收件人,From指报告人。

2.(Subject)Subject line主题项,它后面是报告的主要内容。有些信函使用‖Re:‖即表示with reference to (关于);‖In Re:‖即表示referring to(关于)。

3.(组成部分)这类报告一般分为以下部分:summary statement,background,description (of the seminar),evaluation (of the seminar), and outcome.

Sample 2

ROBERTSON ENGINEEERING SERVICES

INSPECTION REPORT

ALTERATLINS TO AND REDECORA TION OF NEW OFFICES FOR

THE TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS DEPARTMENT

Except for some minor deficiencies, the repair and renovation work is complete. The offices can be occupied on November I, as scheduled.

These offices were previously occupied by Nor-West Distributors, who vacated them on September 30, 1994.

A contract for renovating and redecorating the promises was let to Craven Builders Inc. on October 2; it specified the work to be done and a completion date of October 30, 1994. The contractor notified us on October 26 that the work was complete and I inspected the premises on October 27.

The contractor has done a generally good job. There are no signs that the previous temporary walls existed or have been removed, and the new temporary walls look like permanent structures. Decorating quality is very good.

The following deficiencies were noted and must be corrected by the contractor:.

1. The rubber underlay needs to be relaid under parts of the fitted carpet in the northeast corner of the main office. Currently it is bunched in seven or eight places.

2. The pelmets over all four windows need to be extended to the specified 78-inch width. Currently they are only 64 inches wide.

3. The door to the manager’s office needs to be rehung so that it closes fully and the lock engages.

4. Four of the lighting fixtures need to be maligned so that they are all at the same level.

5. The cove needs to be installed at the foot of all walls.

These deficiencies will not prevent the Technical Publications Department from occupying the offices on November I. although I suggest that furniture should not be placed in the northeast section of the main office until the carpet underlay has been relaid. All other deficiencies can be corrected without interfering with the department’s operations.

I suggest that a second inspection be scheduled before contractor payment is approved.

The signature of Thorvaldson

Paul Thorvaldson, P.E.

October 27, 1994 Notes:

这是一份检查报告,它比Sample l较正规,但仍属informal report。报告分以下部分:

(1) summary statement: telling readers right away what they most want to know--that the new facility is ready

(2)background:the details leading up to his inspection visit

(3)findings:conditions found + deficiencies

(4)outcome:the result of the inspection

2. The Translation of Reports

The following is a sample of Letter Report and its Chinese version.

The General Manager,

Acme Electronics Ltd.,

Canberra, ACT2600.

Dear Sir,

RENOV A TIONS, 153 HILLCREST

Y ou instructed me on 20th June, 1998 to report on the repairs and renovation needed at the Company’s premises at 153 Hillcrest. I accordingly visited the premises on 25th June and made the following observations:

1. That the walls of the Branch Office Manag er’s office need to be repainted.

2. That the air-conditioning plant needs to be serviced in the near future.

3. That the carpet in the reception hall is very worn and needs to be replaced by a new one.

4. That the lock on the rear door of the premises can very easily be forced and needs to be replaced by a stronger ―dead lock.‖

5. That an additional telephone is needed in the General Office.

I therefore recommend that the Maintenance Office be instructed to carry out the renovations l —4 above and that the Telephone Company be requested to install an additional receiver in the General Office on the same line as the existing receivers.

Yours faithfully,

C. S. Spencer

Maintenance Engineer

堪培拉,ACT2600

Acme电子有限公司

总经理

总经理先生:

您于1998年6月20日指示,要我对HILLCREST街153号公司房舍需修整翻新的事宜向您报告。为此,我于6月25日视察了该处房屋,现向您书面汇报如下:

1.分公司经理室的墙壁需要粉刷油漆。

2.空调设备需要尽快维修。

3.接待厅地毯严重磨损,需要更新。

4.房舍后门的锁很不牢实,需要更换成结实的‖单闩锁印‖。

5.公司办公室需要加装一部电话。

综上所述,请您指示公司维修部对上述前四项进行维修,并请电话公司利用现有电话线路为办公室另安装一部电话。

维修工程师

C.S.斯宾塞

Unit 4 abstracts

1. Put the following sentences into Chinese.

1 More than three thousand IPC symbols jammed into the chart. He certainly was not scanning the rows with a

magnifier.

图表中密密麻麻地排满了三千多个国际专利分类符号,他肯定不会拿着放大镜一排排往下看。

2 Although no one has yet set foot on Vesta, and no spacecraft has been near, planetary scientists have obtained

conclusive evidence during the last decade that cold, silent Vesta was once the scene of volcanic activity.

尽管从未有人登上过灶神星,也从未有过太空飞船靠近过灶神星,但是研究行星的科学工作者在最近十年中已经获得了可靠的证据证明寒冷而宁静的灶神星曾经是火山活动的场所。

3 Despite the long-standing availability of effective antibiotics, particularly penicillin, pnumococcal disease

continues to take a heavy death toll, particularly among people suffering from other chronic diseases.

尽管有效的抗菌素特别是青霉素应用已久,但肺炎球菌引起的疾病仍然造成大量死亡,尤其是对患有其他慢性病的人来说更是如此。

4 The research found a 12 per cent reduction in the patients’ blood cholesterol from a level of 349 milligrams per

100 milliliters of blood.

研究结果发现,病人的胆固醇含量从每100毫升血液含有349毫克下降了百分之十二。

5 Working at the fruit and vegetable chemistry Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., the scientists sprayed young

guayule plants with 5,000 part per million of the hormone stimulator 2- (3-4) dichloriphenoxy-triethylamine.

在加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳的蔬果化学实验室工作的科学家们向银胶菊植物幼苗喷洒浓度为百万分之5000的激素催长剂2-(3-4)二氯苯氧基三乙胺。

2. Put the following passage into Chinese.

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major source of indoor air pollution. A major point stressed in both the Surgeon General’s Report and the National Academy of Science’s Report is that methods used to d etermine the exposure of the nonsmoking population to ETS must be improved. In this dissertation, a semi-real time system for monitoring ETS are proposed and compared with other systems. Several new tracers for ETS are proposed. The generalization and decay of ETS in an indoor environmental laboratory is studied. A new technique for analyzing microgram and submicrogram amount of nicotine and cotinine biological fluids is developed. A unique exposure study to ETS is to carry out wherein never-smokers are exposed to ETS.

Much evidence has accumulated that fine particulate matter in the atmosphere affects human health and atmospheric properties. To monitor airborne particles, it is necessary to separate various particle sizes in the atmosphere and to determine the chemical compositions of the particles. A new high flow rate, multichannel parallel plate denuder sampling system has been developed which is capable of determining the particle size distributions and the semi-volatile organic compounds which can be lost from particles during sampling.

香烟造成的环境烟气(ETS)足使室内空污染的主要污染源。来自(美国)军医局局长报告和国家科学院的报告都着重强调了这一点:传统的用以确定有多少非吸烟者受到ETS危害的方法必须加以改进。本文提出

了一种监控ETS的半实时系统并将该系统与其它系统进行了比较。作者建议使用一些新的跟踪器对ETS 进行监控并对ETS在室内环境实验室的一般情况及衰减问题作了研究。作者研制了一项新技术分析尼古丁和可铁宁的生物液微克和亚微克量。并将对ETS进行一项独特的曝露研究,让非吸烟者置于ETS环境进行试验。

现今业已积累的大量证据表明,大气层中的微粒影响人类健康和大气的性质。为了监控空中的微粒,很有必要将大气层中各种微粒的大小分开,并确定其化学成分。已研制出一种新的高流速率,多通道平行盘溶蚀器取样系统,它能确定微粒大小的分布,以及在取样期间从微粒失去的具有半挥发性的有机混合物。

3. Put the following passage into English.

在本《国际标准》中,―文摘‖一词的意义是:对原文献内容准确、扼要而不加解释或评论的表述。无论作者是谁,对此均不应有所不同。

In this International Standard, the term abstract signifies an abbreviated, accurate representation of the contents of a document without added interpretation or criticism and without distinction as to who wrote the abstract.

一篇文摘应该根据文献的内容与文体,使之具有尽可能多的报道性。也就是说,文摘应尽可能多的表达文献内容中包含的定量或定性的信息。报道性文摘对于叙述实验研究和主题单一的文献是较为理想的。但某些内容庞杂或冗长的文献,例如泛述、综述以及整篇或整集的专著,则允许备有一个仅仅起指示性、描述性指南作用的文摘。还有一种必不可少的融报道性与指示性于一体的综合性文摘,这类文摘适用于文摘长度受限制,或因文献类型与文体的限制,而有必要对文献的要点作报道性介绍的情况。

An abstract should be as informative as is permitted by the type and style of the document; that is, it should present as much as possible of the quantitative and/or qualitative information contained in the document. Informative abstracts are especially desirable for texts describing experimental work and documents devoted to a single theme. However, some discursive or lengthy texts, such as broad overviews, review papers, and entire monographs, may permit the preparation of an abstract that is only an indicative or descriptive guide. A combined informative-indicative abstract must often be prepared when limitations on the length of the abstract or the type and style of the document make it necessary to confine informative statements to the primary elements.

Unit 6 Conference Documents

1. Sample Analysis.

Sample 3: General Information

Stouffer Center Plaza Hotel

Only 12-minutes from Wright-putterson Air Force Base, you’ll fred the premier hotel of Dayton, Ohio, Stonffer Center Plaza Hotel. In the center of Dayton’s downtown business district, this hotel is a sky walk away from the Dayton Convention Center and 1500-car parking facility. A limousine service can be made available on request in the immediate downtown area to drive you to meetings, shopping excursions or entertainment. The amenities associated with staying at this hotel include such items as complimentary coffee and newspaper, which arrive with your wake-up call. Public limousine service runs to and from Dayton International Airport 20 minutes away.

Dayton’s Attractions

Dayton. Ohio is considered the birthplace of Aviation when native Daytonians Orville and Wibur Wright began testing their early aircraft here. Today five Command units of the United States Ah’ Force are located at Wright=Patterson Air Force Base. This base is critical hub which-has 33,000 employees, Adjacent to the base is the United States Air Force Museum which is internationally recognized us the world’s largest and oldest military aviation museum with l0 I/2 acres of exhibits under one roof. This fine attraction draws 1.5 million visitors

annually and includes a 600 seat IMAX theater which will afford visitors a realistic view of aviation and space flight. Admission and parking are free. Other famous attractions in the area include the Dayton Museum of Natural History, the Dayton Art Institute, the host of other sites which are s short cab chive from the hotel.

Climate and Attire

The average temperature in Dayton during the conference period is 66 degrees F with daily variation of plus or minus 12 degrees F about the average. Light clothing is recommended for all outdoor activities.

Transportation

The Dayton International Airport is a short 20 minutes drive away from the hotel and regularly scheduled transportation to and from the airport is available every 40 minutes. A taxi from the airport costs approximately $15.00 one way or an airport limo ($13.00 one way, $23.00 round trip) is also available. The Dayton airport has 225 daily departures to approximately 50 cities and is served by most carriers.

Rental cars can be obtained at the airport or are available from the conference hotel.

Notes

1. limousine service 客车服务(指车站机场等接送旅客的中客车)

2. airport limo 机场客车, limo 的复数为limos (=limousine)

2. Put the following sentences into Chinese, paying attention to the adverbial clauses.

1) 为什么如此多的美国人不能如想像中那样幸福呢?我认为原因有二,而两者之间又有深浅之分。

2)那是一个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天,美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期,黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时,当日的青年已经失去了青春,有的丧失了生命。

3)绿草萋萋,白云冉冉,彩蝶翩翩,这日子是如此清新可爱;蜜蜂无言,春花不语;海波声歇,大地音寂,这日子是如此安静。然而并非安静,因为万物各以其特有的节奏,或动,或摇,或震,或起,或伏。

4)这次周年纪念会应该是一个老老实实地评估我们过去的失误的时机,同时也应该是一个表达我们有同样决心要做好今后工作的时机。这样,我们就可以免遭挫折,并可把这次周年纪念变成一种鼓舞和成就。当我讲这番话时,我相信–今天上午我们听到的发言也使我相信–我是代表联合国每一位真诚和严肃的代表讲话的。

3. Put the following passage into Chinese.

Dear Professor Liang,

亲爱的梁教授,

The Conference Steering Committee is pleased to inform you that your abstract rifled above has been accepted for presentation at the ASEE 4th International Conference on Engineering Computer Graphics and Descriptive Geometry, to be held in Miami, Florida, USA, June 11 ~ 15, 1990.

会议筹划指导委员会高兴地通知您,您以上述标题所写的摘要已列入美国工程教育学会第四届工程计算机制图和画法几何国际会议的大会发言。会议定于1990年6月11~15日在美国佛罗里达州迈阿密市举行。

We hope you will accept our invitation to participate. To assist with program planning, please complete and return the enclosed Confirmation and Speaker Information Form by fax before December 12, 1989 so that we may include the correct information in the program and notify alternates if necessary.

希望您能接受我们的邀请参加会议。为了协助会议安排好规划,请填写好随信所附确认书及发言人通知表,并于1989年12月12日之前用传真发回,以便我们能在会议内容中填入准确的信息,必要时能及时通知替换者。

Please start writing your paper. In a separate package, you will receive the instructions on the preparation of manuscripts. You should be getting this information sometime after the first of the year. Completed manuscripts are due on March 1, 1990.

请马上开始撰写论文。您将收到另一单独邮件,内含有关稿件的准备须知。预计明年一月初您能收到这一邮件。完稿的期限为1990年3月1日。

The final program and registration information will be sent to you in early March, 1990. We look forward to working with you and to having you on the program at the Miami meeting.

最终排定的会议活动和注册须知将于1990年3月初寄给您。我们期望能与您一道工作,期望在迈阿密会议安排上见到您的大名。

If you have any questions at any time, please feel free to contact me at (305)554-2824. Our fax number is (305) 554-3582.

如果有什么问题,请随时打电话(305)554-2824与我联系。我们的电传号码是(305)554-3582.

Sincerely,

Oktay Ural, Ph.D.P.E.

Conference Chairman

Unit 7 Reviews

1. Put the following technical terms into Chinese.

ball bearing(滚珠轴承)

test bed(试验台)

carrier rocket(运载火箭)pneumatic cushion(气压式缓冲器)tractor shoe(拖拉机履带片)monkey driver(锤式打桩机)

ball cock(球阀)

automatic pecker(自动穿孔器)worm auger(螺旋钻)

decay daughter(裂变产物)

sister metal(同类金属)

foreign tissue(异体组织)

getter pump(抽气泵)

ghost image(叠影)

heel block(垫板)I-bar(工字梁)

O-ring(环形圈)

T-square(丁字尺)octahedron(八面体)zigzag chain(Z形链)gable roof(人字屋顶)cross stitch(十字缝)

set square(三角尺)

arch dam(拱坝)

cam shaft(凸轮轴)

cone buoy(锥形浮标)

U-bolt(U形螺栓)

plastic stockings(玻璃丝袜)nose cap(防毒面具)

2. Put the following passage into Chinese.

The history of computing began with an analog machine. In 1623 German scientist Wilhelm Schikard invented a machine that used 11 complete and 6 incomplete sprocketed wheels that could add and, with the aid of logarithm tables, multiply and divide.

French philosopher, mathematician, and physicist Blaise Pascal invented a machine in 1642 that added and subtracted, automatically carrying and borrowing digits from column to column. Pascal built 50 copies of his machine, but most served as curiosities in parlors of the wealthy. Seventeenth-century German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz designed a special gearing system to enable multiplication on Pascal's machine.

In the early 19th century French inventor Joseph-Made Jacquard devised a specialized type of computer: a loom. Jacquard's loom used punched cards to program patterns that were output as woven fabrics by the loom. Though Jacquard was rewarded and admired by French emperor Napoleon I for his work, he fled for his life from the city of Lyon pursued by weavers who feared their jobs were in jeopardy due to Jacquard's invention. The loom prevailed, however: When Jacquard passed away, more than 30,000 of his looms existed in Lyon. The looms are still used today, especially in the manufacture of fine furniture fabrics..

计算器的历史起始于一台模拟机。1623年德国科学家Wilhelm Schikard首创了一台模拟机,该机器利用11个完整的、6个不完整的链轮进行加法运算,并能借助对数表进行乘除运算。

法国哲学家、数学家、和物理学家帕斯卡于1642年发明了用机器进行加减运算,该机器可以自动进行竖式借位运算。帕斯卡将机器复制了50部,但其中的大多数成了富有人家客厅中引入好奇的摆设。17世纪德国数学家Gottfried Leibniz设计了一种特殊齿轮传动装置,能在帕斯卡的机器上进行乘法运算。

19世纪初,法国发明家Joseph Marie Jacquard设计出一种专用计算机:织机。Jacquard的织机利用打了孔的卡片为图样编制程序,而输出的是织好的布匹。尽管Jacquard的发明受到法国皇帝拿破伦一世的奖赏和赞许,但为了躲避织布工匠的追捕,他逃离了里昂城,亡命他乡——因为工匠们害怕他的发明会砸了大家的饭碗。然而,织机最终还是越来越流行。Jacquard逝世时,里昂市的织机总量已超过30,000台。织机沿用至今,在精美家具布帘(垫)制造业尤甚。

翻译目的论研究综述

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(英语)高中英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题及解析

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翻译的程序与基本翻译过程

翻译的程序与基本翻译过程 翻译的程序 在理想的情况下(不过理想的情况很少),翻译程序包括背景资料的准备和实际翻译过程。不过,首先需要明确是个人翻译还是小组翻译。 理想情况是指有充裕的时间和足够的资料来源(图书和参考资料)来研读需要翻译的文本并把所有的问题记录下来。这样,在实际操作翻译之前,这些属于理解或转换方面的问题就可以得到解决。如果同一文本已有其它译本,也应该仔细加以研究,以确定对各种问题的处理办法。在有些情况下,译前对原文和潜在问题的研究实际上要花费比翻译过程本身更多的时间,特别是当译者需要大量阅读同一作者的其它著作以及同一时期其他作者就同一主题撰写的著作和文章时,情况就更是如此。 实际翻译程序可以归纳如下: 1.快速翻译,侧重文体。有些译者认为口述的译文更新颖、更流畅。但无论译者是口述、打字、还是手写,重要的是要使译文节奏流畅; 2.初稿应该搁置一旁约一周左右。这样,修订译稿时就可以获得全新的感受,排除翻译初稿时留在耳边的余音,更加客观地评估译文; 3.认真检查译文内容,特别着重译文的准确性和连贯性。删除不必要的增补词语和补充初稿中的疏漏。特别要注意关键概念在翻译上的一致性,理顺拗口的词句; 4.修改后的译稿要再搁置几天; 5.从文体上检查译文。其实,这一步骤应该反复进行多次。朗读译文是一个非常重要的办法,因为听觉对连贯性和节奏感方面的问题比视觉要敏锐得多; 6.检查译文拼写、标点符号和格式。有些译者错误地认为,对译文内容、文体和正字法这三方面的检查可以合并起来一次完成,这种看法是大错特错的。对译文上述三个方面的检查应该分别进行; 7.译文送交编辑或出版商审阅。有时,在译文送审之前还须经过译文未来读者代表对译文进行检验; 8.采纳编辑或出版商提出的建议,尽管有些建议需要进一步考查和讨论。译者不应该被不了解文本全貌的片面意见所左右,要坚持自己对文本完整性的理解,特别是译文需要署名时更是如此。 不过,在绝大多数情况下,负责任的出版社的编辑会提出十分中肯的意见,对这些意见应该加以认真考虑。 上述翻译程序的八个步骤,说的是一系列符合理想的情形,但在绝大多数情况下,翻译时间很紧,需要尽快脱稿。驾轻就熟的译者往往可以把几个步骤合并在一起,但首先应该拿出一个在文体上符合要求的译稿,然后才能就准确性、连贯性和正字法对译稿进行审校。这是一条进行有效翻译的基本原则。一篇逐词直译过来的蹩脚译文,几乎无法进行重组来达到文体上的要求,但文体上合意的译文就可以很容易地"规整起来",使之更为准确。 小组翻译一般来说是一个完全不同的过程,它所涉及的程序也十分不同,这就要看小组成员是在编译部里合作进行翻译,还是他们各自先译出初稿,然后定期开会,讨论出一个"一致审定"的译稿。 编译部往往拥有大量的词典和百科全书、完备的词库和若干名通晓同一译语并熟谙翻译内容所涉及的专门知识的人才。另外,大多数编译部为每个翻译小组都安排有一名经验丰富的组长,遇有特殊问题,可以直接请教。在这种情况下,通常由一位译者负责初稿,后由另一位或几位译者进行校订。 许多个体职业译者几乎拥有编译部的全部有利条件,他们可以接触各种专业词典和百科

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farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. 结构分析:句子的框架是it was the farthest that…。但It was…that…在本句中不是强调句型。it是指上句中所提到的150亿年前形成的巨大云团(a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth);that引导的应是一个定语从句,修饰先行词the farthest。for引导的是表示原因的分句,分句中还有that引导的定语从句,修饰the patterns and structure。译文:但更重要的是,这是科学家们所能观测到的有关过去的最为遥远的景象,因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形

状和结构。 2. Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor,tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers,with their wives and children,were forced into the cities in search of work,and any work, under any condition,that would keep them alive. 结构分析:句子的框架是it happened that…。it做形式主语,that引导的从句做 真正的主语。主语从句中,又有一个由when引导的时间状语从句,主句为tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers…were forced…,时间状语从句中从句主语the new factories又

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附录1 外文资料 Typically, an image-processing application consists of five steps. First, an image must be acquired. A digitized representation of the image is necessary for further processing. This is denoted with a two-dimensional function I(x,y)that is described with an array. X marks a column and y a row of the array. The domain for x and y depends on the maximal resolution of the image. If the image has size n ?m, whereby n represents the number of rows and m the number of columns, then it -holds for x that 0 ≤x

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