第 1 页 共 10 页 March 9, 2014 情态动词和虚拟语气
一、表能力
1．(2013·江西高考)When I was a child, I ________ watch TV whenever I wanted to.
A ．should
B ．could
C ．must
D ．need
解析：选B 考查情态动词。句意：当我还是个孩子的时候，我什么时候想看电视就可以看。根据题干中的whenever I wanted to 可知，此空应填could ，表示一般的能力，指想做就能做到。
2．(2013·湖南高考)He ________ sleep, although he tried to, when he got on such a hunt for an idea until he had caught it.
A ．wouldn't
B ．shouldn't
C ．couldn't
D ．mustn't
解析：选C 考查情态动词。句意：尽管他想睡，但仍睡不着，(因为)当时他拼命想着一个主意，一直到想出来为止他才睡去。此处couldn't 表示“不可能”，符合句意。
3．(2012·全国卷Ⅱ)I'm going to Europe on vacation together with John if I ________ find the money.
A ．can
B ．might
C ．would
D ．need
解析：选A 考查情态动词。句意：如果我能弄到钱，我就和John 一起去欧洲度假。结合前后部分的内容可知，此处表示的是能力。故用can “能，会”。
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①表示现在的能力：can ，am/is/are able to
②表示将来的能力：will be able to
③表示过去的能力：could 表示过去的能力，不表示是否成功地做了；was/were able to 表示过去有能力做而且成功地做了
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—No one can be compared with Yao Ming in playing basketball.
—Oh, you are really his big fan.(2011·湖南高考)
——在打篮球方面，无人能与姚明相媲美。——你真是姚明的铁杆粉丝。
二、表推测
1．(2013·重庆高考)—What are you doing this Saturday?
—I'm not sure, but I ________ go to the Rolling Stones concert.
A．must B．would C．should D．might
解析：选D考查情态动词。由答语中的“I'm not sure”可知，答话人对自己的安排还不能确定，因此用might，表示“可能，或许”。must表示肯定的推测，意为“必须，一定”；would表示意愿；should表示“应该”。
2．(2013·安徽高考)It ________ be the vocabulary that caused you the problem in the exercise because you know a lot of words.
A．may B．couldn't C．should D．needn't
解析：选B考查情态动词的用法。句意：你难以完成那道练习题不可能是词汇量的原因，因为你掌握了大量的词汇。根据原因状语从句because you know a lot of words可知，主句应该是否定的，A项和C项可排除；needn't表示“不必”，不符合题意。此处表示可能性，故选B。
3．(2011·江西高考)It ________be the postman at the door.It's only six o'clock.
A．mustn't B．can't C．won't D．needn't
解析：选B考查情态动词。句意：门口不可能是邮递员，(现在)才六点钟。对现在的否定推测，由It's only six o'clock.分析可知应用can't(不可能)。mustn't“禁止”，won't“不会”，needn't“不必”，均不合句意。
4．(2010·北京高考)—Good morning. I've got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department. —Ah, good morning. You ________ be Mrs. Peters.
A．might B．must C．would D．can
解析：选B考查情态动词。第一句说明和史密斯女士有约定，所以秘书判断一定是……。must 在此表示推测，意为“一定”，符合语境。
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①肯定句：can表示客观上的可能，有时会；may/might/could表示可能；must表示一定；should/ought to表示应该/按说应该
②否定句：can't/couldn't表示不可能；may not/might not表示可能不；shouldn't/oughtn't to表示应该不会
③疑问句：can/could表示惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度
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[点津]mustn't不表推测，而是表示禁止。
①It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.(2008·福建高考)
我的家乡在三月份通常很暖和，但有时候也会相当冷。
②Mr.Bush is on time for everything.How can it be that he was late for the meeting?
布什先生做什么事情都很准时，他怎么可能开会迟到呢？
③—Let's visit Tom together, Stephen.
—There's no need to do so. He can't be at home, because I saw him board the flight to Beijing this morning.
——斯蒂芬，咱们一起去拜访汤姆吧。
——没必要这样做。他一定不在家，因为今天早晨我看见他登上了飞往北京的航班。
④—It's the office！So you must know eating is not allowed here. —Oh, sorry.(2009·湖南高考)
——这是办公室！所以你一定知道这里不许吃东西。——噢，对不起。
⑤There shouldn't be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the
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driving school. 因为你在驾校训练了那么多，通过路考应该没什么困难。
三、表请求、建议、命令、允许、允诺、禁止、义务、责任
1．(2012·上海高考)The new law states that people ________ drive after drinking alcohol.
A．wouldn't B．needn't C．won't D．mustn't
解析：选D句意：新法律声明人们不准酒后驾车。mustn't“不准”，表示禁止。
2．(2012·辽宁高考)One of our rules is that every student ________ wear school uniform while at school.
A．might B．could C．shall D．will
解析：选C考查情态动词。句意：我们的一条规定是学生在校时都必须要穿校服。shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
3．(2010·辽宁高考)Doctors say that exercise is important for health, but it _____ be regular exercise.
A．can B．will C．must D．may
解析：选C考查情态动词。句意：医生说，锻炼对于健康很重要，但是必须是有规律的锻炼。情态动词must表示“必须”，符合语意。
4．(2010·四川高考)—________ I take the book out? —I'm afraid not.
A．Will B．May C．Must D．Need
解析：选B考查情态动词。句意：“我能将书带出去吗？”“恐怕不行。”may表示征求对方的许可。
5．(2009·全国卷Ⅰ)What do you mean, there are only ten tickets？There________be twelve.
A．should B．would C．will D．shall
解析：选A考查情态动词。句意：你说的是什么意思？只有10张票吗？本来应该有12张票的。情态动词should表示“应该”，符合句意。
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①请求对方允许时用May/Can/Could I/we ...?
②主动提出帮忙或提出建议时用Shall I/we ...?
③提出请求、问题、看法时用Will/Would you ...？或Shall he/she/they ...?
④should/ought to表示应该，shouldn't/oughtn't to表示不应该
⑤may/can(可以)表示允许、许可
⑥must(必须)，mustn't表示禁止
⑦shall与第二、三人称连用，用于陈述句，表示命令、警告、允诺、威胁；当宣布法律、规定时也常用shall
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①You mustn't park here! It's an emergency exit.(2010·重庆高考)
你不可以在这儿停车！这是紧急出口。
②—Will you read me a story, Mummy?
—OK. You shall have one if you go to bed as soon as possible.(2011·陕西高考)
——妈妈，给我讲个故事好吗？——好的，如果你尽快上床睡觉我就给你讲一个。
四、表必要性
1．(2012·全国卷Ⅰ)I ________ use a clock to wake me up because at six o'clock each morning the train comes by my house.
A．couldn't B．mustn't C．shouldn't D．needn't
解析：选D考查情态动词。句意：我不需要用闹钟叫自己起床，因为每天早上六点都会有一列火车经过我家门口。应选“不需要”，即needn't。
2．(2011·福建高考)—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?
—I am afraid you ________，in case he comes late for the meeting.
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A．will B．must C．may D．can
解析：选B考查情态动词。依据in case he comes late for the meeting 可知，这里用must 表示“必须”，强调提醒时间安排的变化的“必要性”。
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①must do sth.表示“必须做某事”
②needn't/don't have to表示“不必”
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You don't have to buy a gift, but you can if you want to.(2010·湖南高考)
你没必要买一个礼物，但是如果你想的话可以买一个。
五、表意愿、决心
1．(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)The door ________ open, no matter how hard she pushed.
A．shouldn't B．couldn't C．wouldn't D．mightn't
解析：选C考查情态动词。句意：无论她怎么努力去推，这扇门就是打不开。情态动词will 表示事物的倾向和特性，意为“总是，会”。因后半句用的是一般过去时，因此空处应用will的过去式would。
2．(2012·江苏高考)Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but _____ say where he was.
A．mustn't B．shouldn't C．wouldn't D．mightn't
解析：选C考查情态动词。句意：几天后，我哥哥打电话说他一切都好，但不愿意说他在哪儿。mustn't意为“禁止”；shouldn't意为“不应该”；wouldn't在此意为“不愿意”；mightn't意为“或许不”。
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will/would可与各种人称连用，表示主语的意志或决心。will表示意愿时其否定形式won't通常用于有生命体，但有时也用于无生命体，这时把无生命体拟人化了。
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①—Why didn't you come to Simon's party last night?
—I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.(2011·重庆高考)
——你昨晚为什么没有参加西蒙的聚会？
——我想去，但是妈妈不愿意让我自己在这么晚的时间出去。
②I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen.
1．(2013·辽宁高考)Harry is feeling uncomfortable.He ________ too much at the party last night.
A．could drink B．should drink
C．would have drunk D．must have drunk
解析：选D考查情态动词。根据空后面的last night可知，哈利喝酒一事是过去的事情，结合语境可知此处表示对过去的事情的肯定推测，应该用must have done结构。
2．(2013·四川高考)—Why are your eyes so red? You ________ have slept well last night.
—Yeah, I stayed up late writing a report.
A．can't B．mustn't C．needn't D．won't
解析：选A考查情态动词。句意：“你的眼睛为什么这么红？昨晚你不可能睡好觉。”“是的，我熬夜写一篇报告。”can't have done表示对过去事情的推测，表示“不可能做过某事”。
3．(2012·江西高考)We ______ have bought so much food now that Suzie won't be with us for dinner.
A．may not B．needn't C．can't D．mustn't
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解析：选B 考查情态动词表推测的用法。句意：我们本来不必买这么多食物的，因为Suzie 不与我们一起吃饭。本题要注意后面的now that 从句：Suzie 不与我们一起吃饭。所以前面是在说我们本没有必要买那么多饭。needn't have done 表示某事已经做了，但后来觉得没必要去做，因此常含有责备或遗憾之意，译成汉语通常是“本来不必……”。
4．(2012·江苏高考)—Happy birthday!
—Thank you! It's the best present I________ for.
A ．should have wished
B ．must have wished
C ．may have wished
D ．could have wished
解析：选D 考查情态动词。句意：“生日快乐！”“谢谢你！这是我所能期望的最好的礼物了。”could have wished 意为“可能希望”，符合句意。
5．(2011·全国卷Ⅰ)They ________have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.
A ．will
B ．can
C ．must
D ．should
解析： 选D 考查情态动词。 句意： 他们本应该在午饭时间到达，但是他们的航班推迟了。 should have done 表示“本应该做某事(实际却未做)”，符合句意。
6．(2011·江苏高考)—I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official. —How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone ________it.
A ．will have stolen
B ．might have stolen
C ．should have stolen
D ．must have stolen
解析：选B 考查情态动词。从对话情景可知他们在谈论过去的可能性：有人可能把手提包偷走了，因此选择might have stolen 。
7．(2009·江苏高考)He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he________it differently.
A ．could express
B ．would express
C ．could have expressed
D ．must have expressed
解析：选C 考查情态动词的用法。根据句意可知他觉得本来能够用别的方式表达的(却没有那样做)。显然是对过去的事表示遗憾，因此应该使用could have done ，表示本来可以做却未做。
—She must have gone through tough training.
——王亚平成为第二名被送入太空的中国女性。
——她肯定受过艰苦的训练。
②Mark needn't have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.(2010·天津高考) 1．(2013·天津高考)No one ________ be more generous; he has a heart of gold.
A ．could
B ．must
C ．dare
D ．need
解析：选A 考查情态动词。句意：没有人比他更慷慨；他有一颗金子般的心。could “可能”，用在否定句中表示推测；must “必须”；dare “胆敢，敢于”；need “需要”。根据句意应选A 。
2．(2012·陕西高考)I ________ thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
A．won't B．can't C．can D．will
解析：选B考查情态动词的用法。句意：当我们不在家时，你对我儿子的帮助，我对你怎样感谢也不过分。can't ... too much 表示“怎样……也不过分”。
3．(2012·重庆高考)—________ you interrupt now? Can't you see I'm on the phone?
—Sorry Sir, but it's urgent.
A．Can B．Should C．Must D．Would
解析：选C考查情态动词的用法。句意：“你偏要现在打扰我吗？难道你没有看到我正在打电话吗？”“对不起，先生，但是情况太紧急了。”must表示“偏要，硬要”。故选C项。
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①can的否定式与比较级连用表示最高级
②can的否定式与enough或too (much)连用表示“再……也不为过”
③must可表示“偏要，硬要”，常用于疑问句或条件状语从句
④may as well表示“最好；不妨”
⑤would可表示过去的习惯，与used to相比，前者常表示过去反复的动作，后者常表示过去的状态或习惯现在已不复存在
⑥should有时表示说话人对某事感到意外、惊奇，意为“竟然会”
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①You can't be too careful while driving. 开车时越小心越好。
②If you think the price of beef is too high, you may as well buy some pork. It depends on you.
如果你认为牛肉太贵的话，你不妨买些猪肉。你自己决定。
③If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.(2011·辽宁高考)
如果你非要走的话，至少等到暴风雨结束。
1．(2013·南昌三中模拟)—Do you think Jack will lend us a hand?
—He is the last one to help others. He ________ lend his hand, though.
A．can B．must C．should D．might
解析：选D句意：“你认为杰克会帮我们吗？”“他是最不愿帮人的一个人，但也可能他会帮我们。”表示“或许，可能”用may/might，can表示可能性常用于疑问句和否定句。
2．(2013·潍坊市高三二模)Sometimes smiles ________ be false, hiding other feelings like anger, fear or worry.
A．must B．should C．can D．would
解析：选C句意：有时微笑可能是假的，目的是隐藏像愤怒、恐惧或焦虑那样的情感。表示“有时会”用can。
3．(2013·西安市高三二模)—John looks a bit upset. Did you tell him the bad news?
—Yes, but I ________ him after his birthday party.
A．should have told B．must have told
C．shouldn't have told D．needn't have told
解析：选A句意：“约翰看起来有点伤心，你把那个坏消息告诉他了吗？”“是的，但我本应该在他生日后告诉他。”表示本应该做某事用should have done。
4．(2013·重庆一中模拟)—Who ________ be phoning us at this time of night?
—It might be your sister.
A．might B．can C．dare D．must
解析：选B句意：“晚上这个时候谁有可能给我们打电话？”“可能是你的姐姐。”在疑问句中表示可能性用can。
5．(2013·河北衡水中学模拟)Some young people these days just ________ go out of their homes to contact the real world.
A．mustn't B．won't C．mightn't D．shouldn't
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解析：选B句意：现在一些年轻人就是不想走出家门与现实世界接轨。表示意愿时应用will。
6．(2013·济南一中模拟)—Where ________ Mary have put the empty bottles?
—She ________ them away. They must be somewhere.
A．can; can't have thrown B．must; needn't
C．must; must have thrown D．can; mustn't have thrown
解析：选A句意：“玛丽可能把空瓶子放在什么地方了？”“她不可能扔掉，瓶子一定在某个地方。”第一空在疑问句中表示可能性用can；第二空表示“不可能做过某事”用can't have done，注意不能用mustn't表示推测。
1．(2013·北京高考)If we ________ a table earlier, we wouldn't be standing here in a queue.
A．have booked B．booked C．book D．had booked
解析：选D考查虚拟语气。句意：如果我们早点儿预订了餐桌，(现在)就不必在这儿站着排队等候了。本句是混合虚拟语气，从句是对过去情况的假设，主句是对现在情况的虚拟，故从句用过去完成时。
2．(2013·天津高考)If he had spent more time practising speaking English before, he ________ able to speak it much better now.
A．will be B．would be C．has been D．would have been
解析：选B考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他以前花费更多的时间练习英语口语的话，他现在就能说得更好。此题考查混合条件句中的虚拟语气，根据语境和时间状语可知，从句是对过去情况的虚拟，主句是对现在情况的虚拟，故选B。
3．(2012·安徽高考)Grace doesn't want to move to New York because she thinks if she ________ there, she wouldn't be able to see her parents very often.
A．lives B．would live C．has lived D．were to live
解析：选D考查虚拟语气。句意：Grace不想搬到纽约，因为她认为，如果她住到那里去，她就不能经常看到父母了。主句“Grace doesn't want to move to New York”说明Grace尚未搬到纽约，故此处表示的是对将来的虚拟，if引导的虚拟条件从句中可使用过去式或should＋动词原形或were to＋动词原形，D项当选。
4．(2012·浙江高考)Had they known what was coming next, they ________ second thoughts.
A．may have B．could have
C．must have had
D．might have had
解析：选D根据“Had they known ...”可知，此处是省略了if的条件句，表示与过去事实相反的假设，所以主句用should/would/could/might＋have done结构，故D项正确。
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①I should not have laughed if I had thought you were serious.(2013·江苏高考)
如果我当时认为你是认真的，我就不会笑了。
②I would have come sooner but I didn't know that they were waiting for me.(2011·天津高考)
我本该早一些到，但我不知道他们在等我。
③Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy would have been saved.(2010·浙江高考)
如果我了解这种电脑程序的话，就可以节省大量的时间和精力。
④This printer is of good quality. If it should break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.(2009·天津高考)
1．(2013·浙江高考)Eye doctors recommend that a child's first eye exam ________ at the age of six
months old.
A ．was
B ．be
C ．were
D ．is
解析：选B 考查虚拟语气。此处考查的是recommend 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，根据语法规则可知，从句中谓语动词应用“should ＋动词原形”，其中should 可以省略，故选
B 项。
2．(2011·北京高考)—Where are the children? The dinner's going to be completely ruined.
—I wish they______always late.
A ．weren't
B ．hadn't been
C ．wouldn't be
D ．wouldn't have been
解析：选A 考查虚拟语气。根据问句句意“孩子们现在在哪里？” 可知wish
后的宾语从句应用动词的过去式，表示与现在事实相反的愿望，故答案为A 。
1．wish
我希望我是一只小鸟，能在天空自由飞翔。
2．表示主张、命令、建议、要求等词后的宾语从句和同位语从句中常用“(should ＋)动词原形”结构。
[点津]当insist表示“坚持认为；坚持说”；suggest表示“暗示，表明”时后面的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
①The young man insisted that he did nothing wrong and should be set free at once.
这个年轻人坚持认为他没有做错，应该马上被释放。
②The girl's pale face suggested that she was ill and I suggested that she go to see the doctor at once.
这个女孩苍白的脸色表明她病了，我建议她马上去看医生。
③Teachers recommend parents not allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.(2010·福建高考)
1．(2012·辽宁高考)Jack is a great talker. It's high time that he ___ something instead of just talking.
A．will do B．has done C．do D．did
解析：选D考查动词时态。在句型“It's high time that ...”中，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时或should do，所以选D项。
2．(2012·北京高考)Don't handle the vase as if it ________ made of steel.
A．is B．were C．has been D．had been
解析：选B考查虚拟语气。句意：不要把花瓶像它似乎是钢制的一样来拿。as if表示“似乎，好像”，引导的从句通常用虚拟语气，再结合主句的时态可知是对现在事实的虚拟，所以用一般过去时were。
3．(2010·江苏高考)George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I'd rather he ________ more on its culture.
A．focus B．
focused C．would focus D．had focused
解析：选B考查虚拟语气。would rather后的从句中谓语动词用过去式表示对现在或将来事实的虚拟。
1．would rather所接从句时，表示与现在或将来事实相反时从句用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反时从句用过去完成时。
My brother spends most of time on computer games. I'd rather he devoted himself to his study.
我弟弟的大部分时间都用在玩电脑游戏了，我宁愿他全身心投入到学习中。
2．It's (high/about) time (that) ...句型中，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时或should＋动词原形(其中should不可省略)，句意为“确实到了……的时候了”。
It's high time that measures should be taken to prevent air pollution.
是时候采取措施防止空气污染了。
3．虚拟语气在as if引导的状语从句中的应用
表示与现在事实相反用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
He stood up and offered her his seat, as if he had read her mind.
他站起来给她让座，他好像读懂了她的心思。
4．虚拟语气在if only感叹句中的应用
if only后面的谓语动词常用一般过去时(对现在虚拟)或过去完成时(对过去虚拟)与过去将来时(对将来虚拟)，表示强烈的愿望。
①It's really a good chance. If only I could go there!
真是个好机会。我能去那儿该多好啊！
②Look at the trouble we are in. If only we had taken our teacher's advice!
看看我们所处的困境，要是我们当初听从老师的建议该有多好！
第9 页共10 页March 9, 2014
第 10 页 共 10 页
March 9, 2014 1．(2013·陕西师大附中模拟)If we had taken such effective measures much earlier, the river
________ so seriously now.
A ．is not polluted
B ．would not be polluted
C ．had not been polluted
D ．would not have been polluted
解析：选B 句意：如果我们早采取有力措施，现在河水就不会污染这么严重。主句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，用would 加动词原形。
2．(2013·天津南开中学高三二模) ________ it rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A ．Were
B ．Should
C ．Would
D ．Will
解析：选B 句意：如果明天下雨，我们应该推迟参观杨浦桥。从句表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，用一般过去时、should 加动词原形或were to 加动词原形，且should 或were 可以提前。
3．(2013·成都七中考前模拟)We were stuck on the way to the scenic spot, otherwise we ________ lots of fun there.
A ．had had
B ．have had
C ．could have had
D ．could have
解析：选C 句意：我们在去景点的路上堵车了，否则的话，我们就会在那里玩得很愉快。本题为含蓄条件句，otherwise 前面相当于表示与过去事实相反的从句，后面相当于与过去事实相反的主句，故用could have done 。
4．(2013·辽宁师范大学附中模拟)Fortunately it happened at night. If the hurricane ________ during the daytime, there ________ more deaths.
A ．had happened; would have been
B ．happened; would be
C ．had happened; would be
D ．happened; would have been
解析：选A 句意：幸运的是，飓风发生在夜晚，如果发生在白天，将会造成更多人的死亡。此处表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用过去完成时，主句用would have done 。
5．(2013·哈师大附中高三二模)If only I ________ more confidence in the English speech contest held last week!
A ．would have
B ．had
C ．had had
D ．have
解析：选C 句意：我要是在上周的英语演讲比赛中再自信些该有多好！if only 相当于wish ，表示与过去事实相反时用过去完成时。
6．(2013·广西桂林中学高三二模)—Can you come to attend our party tonight?
—Sorry, but I do wish I ________.
A ．had
B ．can
C ．will
D ．could
解析：选D 句意：“你今晚能参加我们的宴会吗？”“抱歉，但是我多么希望能去。”wish 后表示与将来相反的虚拟语气，用could/would 等＋动词原形。
高中英语虚拟语气详细讲解 虚拟语气 什么是虚拟语气？是的，我们要学习虚拟语气就必须先弄明白它的概念。 虚拟语气包含两种：一种指与事实相反或不可能发生。“虚拟条件句+虚拟主句”的结构都属于这一类；even if、even though、as if、as though引导的状语中如果需要用到虚拟语气也属于这一类；wish、would rather后面接的宾语从句表示不可能实现的愿望，还是属于这一类。 另一种指与事实实际是否发生没有直接关系。如和suggest、order、demand等表示建议、命令、要求等相关的名词性从句都属于这一类。 大家知道以上两类虚拟语气后，我们就从从句的角度来系统学习虚拟语气。紧跟小简老师的步伐哦！ 一. 虚拟条件句中的虚拟语气 1、表示与现在事实相反的情况 从句：If+主语+did(be动词用were) 主句：主语+ should/would/might/could+do
If I were you,I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你） If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you. 如果我知道他的，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道） If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水) 2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 从句：If+主语+had+done 主句：主语+should/would/might/could+have done If I had got there earlier,I should/would have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了） If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话） 3、表示与将来事实相反的情况
情态动词与虚拟语气 (1)情态动词的基本用法：①can与be able to的区别；②must与have to的区别；③shall的用法；④should的用法；⑤used to与would的用法；⑥may与might 的用法；⑦need与dare的用法； (2)情态动词表推测：①对现在和将来情况的推测；②对过去情况的推测； (3)虚拟语气的用法：①条件从句及含蓄条件引出的虚拟语气(but for, without, otherwise等)；②wish后跟宾语从句中的虚拟语气；③if only, as if/though, would rather, It's high time后跟从句中的虚拟语气；④表示“建议，要求，命令，坚持”等词后跟从句中的虚拟语气。 注意几个考点： must“非得，偏要”, 用于疑问句或条件从句中； shall用于第二、三人称表示警告、命令、威胁、允诺、规定等； should“竟然” cannot...too/enough表示“无论……也不过分”；“越……越好” May you succeed！祝你成功！ may/might as well＋动词原形”意为“最好，倒不如” must强调主观方面的必须否定形式是needn't/don't have to have to表示“不得不，必须”，强调客观因素所迫而必须去做的事情 would可以表示过去的习惯性动作，比used to正式，但没有“现已无此习惯”的含义 ※shall的用法 (1)用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。 Shall I go out for a walk after supper? 晚饭后我可以散散步吗？ (2)用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁，或用于正式法律、条规中。 —Will you read me a story, Mummy? —OK. You shall have one if you go to bed as soon as possible.[摘自2011·陕西高考] ——妈妈，给我讲个故事好吗？ ——好的，如果你尽快上床睡觉我就给你讲一个。 ※should的用法 (1)表示一种“义务或职责”，通常理解为“应该”。 You should take the medicine with a full glass of water. 你应该用满满一杯水来服这种药。 (2)表示惊奇、赞叹、不满等情绪。 It never occurred to me that she should lie to me again. 我从来没有想到她竟然又骗我。
情态动词与虚拟语气 【语法要点】 情态动词 所谓情态动词是指它含有一定的含义，可以表达某种感情和说话的语气，但是它不可以单独使用 作谓语动词。学习情态动词主要学习英语国家的语言习惯和表达法，特别是在口语中不要过分追求原理，更不要不根据说话场合而进行推理，编造出一些语法结构正确的中文式英语。 一、情态动词的类型 1.只作情态动词的有：must、can、could、may、might、ought to 2.既可作情态动词又可作实义动词的有：need、dare 3.既可作情态动词又可作助动词的有：shall、should、will、would 二、情态动词的特征 1.表示说话人的情感态度，不能单独作谓语，与行为动词或连系动词一起作谓语。 2.情态动词没有人称和数的变化，后接动词原形。 3.具有助动词的特征：可用来构成否定句、疑问句或简短答语。 三、情态动词的用法 1.表示能力 （1）表示现在的能力，用can 或be able to。表示一般的能力时多用can，表示“经过努力成功 的做成某事”用be able to。 （2）表示过去的能力，用could或was/were be able to。区别同上。 （3）表示将来的能力，用will be able to。 2.表示推测、可能性 （1）can 用在肯定句中表示客观的可能性，而不表示具体事情实际发生的可能性。 例如：Accidents can happy on such rainy days. （2）表示具体事情实际发生的可能性的情态动词，其表示可能性的层次如下表： 情态动词肯定式否定式疑问式 must 必定、必然、一定 will 很可能、大概不会、不该会,,吗？ would 可能性较will 小不会、不该（较won’t 弱）会,,吗？（较will 弱） should 应该会、理应（表示合乎理想的情况或结果） ought to 与should 同义 can 一定不会、不可能（否定推测）有可能吗？ could 可疑的可能不可能（与can’t 同义）有可能吗？（较can 弱）may 或许、可能、说不定可能不 might 或许、可能（较may 弱）可能不（较may not 弱） 注意→（1）may，must 常用于肯定句，一般不用于否定句和疑问句。 （2）can 常用于否定句，疑问句和感叹句中，表示疑惑、惊讶或不相信等意思。could 既可用于肯定句，又可用于否定句、疑问句中。
@ 情态动词和虚拟语气 1. Jack descried his father, who ________a brave boy many years ago, as a strong-wiled man A. would be B. would have been C. must be D. must have been ） 2. —Good morning. I've got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department. —Ah, good morning. You _______ be Mrs. Peters. A. might B. must C. would D. can recommend parents _______ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. ~ A. not allow B. do not allow C. mustn’t allow D. couldn’t allow 4. You_______ buy a gift, but you can if you want to. A. must B. mustn't C. have to D. don't have to 5. —I haven’t got the reference book yet, but I’ll have a test on the subject next month. —Don’t worry. You________ have it by Friday. A. could B. shall C. must D. may w_w w. k#s 6. I have told you the truth I keep repeating it A. Must B. Can C. May D. Will ~ 7. Doctors say that exercise is important for health, but it _______ be regular exercise. A. can B. will C. must D. may 8. Just be patient. You ________ expect the world to change so soon. A. can’t B. needn’t C. may not D. will not 9. I’m afraid Mr. Harding ________ see you now. He’s busy. A. can’t B. mustn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t 10. I _______ have watched that movie—it’ll give me horrible dreams. A. shouldn’t B. needn’t C. couldn’t D. mustn’t < 11. –May I take this book out of the reading room –No, you . You read it in here. A. mightn’t B. won’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t 12. —Sorry, Professor Smith. I didn't finish the assignment yesterday. — Oh, you _________ have done it as yesterday was the deadline. A. must B. mustn't C. should D. shouldn't 13. — _______ I take the book out —I'm afraid not. *
虚拟语气 第一节语气 英语的动词一般可带有三种不同的语气：陈述语气（Indicative Mood），祈使语气(Imperative Mood)和虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）。不同的语气用动词的不同形式（有的还借助句法形式）来表示。 第二节虚拟语气的概念 虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。 第三节虚拟语气在条件句中 １．当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为：错综时间条件句“，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整． If you had followed my advice , you would be better now. 如果你听我的建议，你现在就会痊愈了． ２．在条件句中，可省略 if，把were ,had, should 提到句首，变为倒装句式． If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Had you come earlier, you would have met him.
第四节虚拟语气在名词从句中的运用 一、虚拟语气在主语从句中 A.在句型“It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... ”中，表示某事 重要、奇怪、自然、必要等；that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形（should 可以省略）例如： It’s important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。 这类的形容词还有advisable（可取的），appropriate（适当的），compulsary（必须的），crucial （关键的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），important(重要的)，possible（可能的），preferable（更好的），probable（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（急迫的），vital（极为重要的）等。 B. 在It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required/recommended/requested/required/. that-clause句型中从句用(should )+动词原型，表示愿望，建议，请求等主观意愿等。 It is demanded that we should work out a plan. C. 在It is a pity/a shame/ no wonderproposal/recommendation/suggestion/surprise/advice that…..句型中从句也常用(should )+动词原型,表示建议，命令，请求，道歉，怀疑，惊奇等。 It’s a pity that you (should) miss a good chance. 二、用于宾语从句 用于表示命令、建议、要求等一类词后面的宾语从句。 insist, suggest, order, command, advise, propose, require, request, demand, desire etc. 注意：suggest 当表示“暗示、表明“讲时，insist 表示”坚持认为“之意时，应用陈述语气。 The teacher suggested that we should clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。 The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work. 他脸上的表情表明他对我们的工作很满意． He insisted that all of us be there on time by any means. 他坚持要求我们大家想尽办法按时去那里。 The man insisted that he had never stolen the money. 那个人坚持说他没有偷钱． 三、用于表语从句和同位语从句 在suggestion / proposal / order / plan / advice / idea / request /desire/ recommendation/resolution 等名词后的表语和同位语从句中要用“should＋动词原形” should可以省略． My advice is that you should practice speaking English as often as possible. 我的建议是你要尽可能经常地练习说英语。 The suggestion that the mayor should present the prizes was accepted by everyone. 每个人都接受由市长颁发奖金这一建议。 第五节虚拟语气在其他从句中 1. It is (high / about ) time that…从句中的谓语动词用过去式或should＋动词原形，should 不能省略．
情态动词与虚拟语气 常考考点一情态动词+have done 情态动词+have done 表示对过去的虚拟
1.I have watched that movie it’ll give me horrible dreams. A.Shouldn’t ’t ’t ’t 2.Mark have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early. ’t ’t ’t ’t , Professor Smith. I didn’t finish the assignment yesterday. -----Oh, you have done it as yesterday was the deadline. 、 ’t ’t
have been Tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one with a car. 5. He didn’t regret saying what he did but felt that he it differently. express B. would express have expressed have expressed 6. -----I’m sorry. I at you the other day. ------Forget it, I was a bit out of control myself. ’t shout ’t have shouted is my dictionary I remember I put it here yesterday. # -------You it in the wrong place. A.must put B. should have put put have put 8. The weather turned out to be fine yesterday, I the trouble to carry my umbrella with me. have taken have taken ’t have taken D. mustn’t have taken 9. As you worked late yesterday, you have come this morning. ’t ’t ’t ’t did you do on the driving test ---------Not so well. I much better, but I was too nervous. do have done ’t have done D. should do
专题六情态动词和虚拟语气 1.【2015·北京】29．—Can’t you stay a little longer? —It’s getting late. I really _____go now, My daughter is home alone. A .may B .can C . must D .dare 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：句意：——你不能再多待会儿吗?——很晚了，我必须得走了.我女儿一个人在家.A. may可能，可以，也许；B. can能，会；C. must必须，必然要，必定会；D. dare敢，胆敢.结合句意，故选C. 【考点定位】考查情态动词辨析 【名师点睛】本题是考查情态动词，这里考查的是语气的强度，在这里结合语境是“一定”的意思，所以要做好此类辨析题需掌握情态动词选项的语气并结合语境. 2.【2015·北京】34. If I _____it with my own eyes ,I wouldn’t have believed it. A . didn’t see B. weren’t seeing C. wouldn’t see D. hadn’t seen 【答案】D 【解析】 试题分析：句意：如果不是我亲眼看到，我不会相信.根据后半句wouldn’t have believed 可以判断是对过去的虚拟.所以从句是if+主语+ had+done的形式.故选D. 【考点定位】虚拟语气 【名师点睛】条件句中有if引导时,首先要根据句意和句子结构判断是真实条件句还是虚拟条件句,如果符合虚拟的结构,就可以根据句子中的时间和语意判断应该用哪种虚拟语气. 3.【2015·重庆】7. Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway____ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms. A.d idn’t write B. hadn’t written C. wouldn’t write D. wouldn’t have written 【答案】D 【解析】 试题分析：句意：没有他战时的经验，海明威就不可能写出著名的小说永别了武器.根据without his wartime experience没有战时的经历，可知表示对于过去的否定猜测，故主句
一．情态动词 1.---Could I borrow your dictionary? ----Yes,of course you_____. A.might B. will C. can D. should 2.---Shall we go skating or stay at home? ----Which _____do yourself? A.do you rather B.would you rather C.will you rather D.should you rather 3.It’s nearly seven o’clock.Jack ___be here at any moment. A. must B need C should D can 4.A computer __think for itself ,it must be told what to do. A. can’t B couldn’t C may not D might 5. Johnny,you ___play with the knife.You ___hurt yourself. A.won’t ;can’t B. mustn’t; may C. shouldn’t; must D. can’t; shouldn’t 6.—Shall I tell John about it? -----No,you _____.I’ve told him already. A. needn’t B.wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t 7.---Don’t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. ----______. A.I don’t B.I won’t C.I can’t D.I haven’t 8.He ____you more help,even though he was busy. A.might have given B.might give C.may have given D.may give 9.----There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well. ---It ___a comfortbable journey. A.can’t be B.shouldn’t be C.mustn’t have been D.couldn’t have been 10.I told Sally how to get there ,but perhaps I ___for her. A.had to write it out B.must to have written it out C.should have written it out D.ought to write it out 11.---When can I come for photos?I need them tomorrow afternoon. ---They ___be ready by 12:00. A.can B. should C might D need 12.---I stayed at a hotel while in New York. ----Oh,did you?You ____with Barbara. A.could have stayed B.could stay C.would stay D.must have stayed 13.-----Alice, you feed the bird today.____? -----But I fed it yesterday. A.do you B.will you C.didn’t you D.don’t you 14.The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ____get out. A.had to B.would C.was able to D.could
高考英语虚拟语气知识点经典测试题及解析 一、选择题 1．I insisted he______ back the wallet to the lady, but he insisted he______it. A．handed; didn’t steal B．hand; hadn’t stolen C．hand; not steal D．handed; hadn’t stolen 2．Recent years have seen a growing increase in the emergence of cyber terms, without which our life _____ so colorful nowadays. A．won’t be B．hadn’t been C．wouldn’t be D．can’t be 3．This winter vacation, my family are going to visit the Great Wall, but I would rather we ________ to Shanghai Disneyland. A．go B．had gone C．would go D．went 4．The requirement of the government is that the citizens not set off fireworks from January 1, 2019 on. A．shall B．should C．can D．may 5．What do you think of the proposal that improvement ____ in the type of vacuum cleaner? A．be made B．will be made C．would be made D．has to be made 6．I wish I ________ an architect because then I ________ be able to design my own house. A．am, will be B．were, would C．will be, could D．was, could 7．How I wish I ______ my mouth before I shouted at my mum! A．shut B．have shut C．had shut D．would shut 8．That was not the first time he ____ us. I think it's high time we ____ strong actions against him. A．betrayed, take B．had betrayed, took C．has betrayed, took D．has betrayed, take 9．Studies show that historical barriers on women acceptance in organizational environments, the development of the company would already be way ahead. A．were it not for B．if there being no C．hadn't it been for D．if it is not for 10．The board thought it urgent that these files _____ right away. A．printed B．had been printed C．would been printed D．be printed 11．What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he ___________ it better. A．need have done B．must have done C．can have done D．might have done 12．If penicillin available, many people from sickness or even small wounds in World WarⅡ.
百度文库版权所有，侵权必究 【11年高考】2004-2014年全国各地高考英语试题分类汇编：情态动词、虚拟语气 2014全国高考汇编之虚拟语气+情态动词 一（2014安徽卷）30．People are recycling many things which they away in the past. A. had thrown B. will be throwing C. were throwing D. would have thrown 【考点】考察情态动词用法 【答案】D 【解析】句义：人们作者回收利用他们过去常常会扔掉的东西。Would have done过去常常做某事；是对过去发生的事情的推测。如果不适应情态动词，可以使用一般过去时threw。故D正确。 【举一反三】I ______ sooner but I didn’t know that they were waiting for me. A. had come B. was coming C. would come D. would have come 【答案】D 【考点】考查虚拟语气的用法。 【解析】句意为“我本来可以早点来，但我真不知道他们在等我。”but I didn’t know表示了过去时间，因此前句是对过去的虚拟，用主语+should / would / could / might + have done表达，故选D。 二（2014北京卷）27. ________ I have a word with you? It won’t take long. A. Can B. Must C. Shall D. Should 【考点】考察情态动词词义辨析 【答案】A 【解析】本题考察的是情态动词基本意义辨析。Can能够，可能；must必须，一定；非得；shall将要；should应该；句意：我可以和你谈谈吗？不会花很多时间的。根据句意可知本题使用can I…？表示询问对方是否允许。如：Can I use your dictionary?我可以使用你的字典吗？故A正确。 三（2014北京卷）34. We __________ back in the hotel now if you didn’t lose the map. A. are B. were C. will be D. would be 【考点】考察虚拟语气 【答案】D 【解析】本题考察的是if条件状语从句的虚拟语气。表示与现在事实相反时，条件句中使用“一般过去时/were”，主句使用“情态动词+动词原形”。句意：如果你没有把地图丢了，我们现在就会在宾馆里了。根据从句的did可知本句是与现在事实相反，故D正确。 【试题延伸】条件句的虚拟语气是考查的重点。如果过去事实相反，条件句中使用过去完成时，主句使用“情态动词+have done”;如果主句与现在事实相反，条件句中使用过去时，be动词使用were,主句中使用“情态动词+动词原形”；如果与将来事实相反，条件句中有三种：过去时；were to do ;should+动词原形，主句使用“情态动词+动词原形”；要特别注意如果省略了if，句子要使用部分倒装的形式，把助动词，be动词，情态动词提之主语前。 【举一反三】Grace doesn't want to move to New York because she thinks if she there, she wouldn't be able to see her parents very often. A. lives B. would live C. having asked D. Were to live
情态动词和虚拟语气 情态动词的用法要点 一、表能力 Can Am/is/are able to 表现在的能力 Will be able to 表将来的能力 could Was/were able to 表过去得能力 Could have+过去分词：表示过去有能力做但未做 二、表推测（可能性） 1.可能性可分为客观的可能性和具体事情实际发生的可能性两种。所谓客观的（理论的）可能性即并不涉及 具体某事是否会发生，此种用法常常可以说明人或事物的特征。情态动词can可用于肯定句中表示客观的（理论的）可能性，而表示具体事情实际发生的可能性时，can一般不用于肯定句。 Accidents can happen on such rainy days. We may go to the cinema tonight, but we are not sure yet. 2.表示具体事情实际发生的可能性： （2）表示具体事情实际发生的可能性时，may, must 常用于肯定句，一般不用于否定句和疑问句（may not 表示“可能不”）；can常用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中，表示疑惑、惊讶或不相信等意思；could既可用于肯定句又可用于否定句、疑问句中。 This can’t/ couldn’t be done by him. This may not be done by him. He could be on his way home now. Can this be done by him? Mr Mush is on time for everything. How can it be that he was late for the opening ceremony? I didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep. ---Are you coming to Jeff’party? ---I’m not sure. I might go to the concert instead. (3) would, could, should, might 并不一定与过去时间有关，而表示可能性弱于它们相应的现在时形式。 This may/ might be done by him. (4)should 表推测时，表示确定或可能有的未来或期望，即合乎理想的情况或结果 He ought to/ should be here on time---he started early enough. We should arrive before dark. The roads should be less crowded today. 三、表示请求、允许、允诺 1.当对方是决策者时，你代表你（们）自己（I, we），或代表第三者（he she they）向对方（you）请示或提 出建议时用：
㈠课程说明 教学目标： 虚拟语气是高考的重点，且难度较大。本次课程通过对虚拟语气知识点的复习讲解，总结概括，让学生知道虚拟语气是用来表示人的主观的愿望和假想，达到学生对知识点的熟练运用，在脑海中形成具有条理性的知识框架的目的。 教材分析： 虚拟语气是高考英语重点和难点，掌握好虚拟语气的重要性对每个参加高考的学生不言而喻。这次课程是高三第一轮复习时对虚拟语气的再次讲解和梳理，全部的知识都经过了高度的总结合概括，均是高考考点。 学生特征分析： 辅导的学生是高三年级，刻苦努力，理解能力较强，有一定的基础。基本知识掌握一般，且很多重要的知识点已经遗忘。 教学重点难点： 1、真实条件句和非真实条件句的用法。 2、虚拟语气用在主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句，定语从句中 的用法。 3、情态动词+ have + done的用法。 ㈡课前准备： 教学方法： 一对一辅导，面对面答疑，培养学生对英语的理解表达和思维的
能力，同时安排适当的练习，保证学生能够当堂消化所讲内容。 教学器材： 黑板，粉笔，草稿纸，教案，给学生的资料，如果有条件可以适当运用多媒体。 时间分配： 讲课40分钟，做练习题20分钟。 ㈢课程设计： 一、导入： If you were to succeed, everything would be all right. If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. （这两个句子是什么形式？之前学过还有印象吗？通过提问问题激发学生的思考能力，再次对学生的知识掌握能力进行了解。） 二、讲解虚拟语气基本知识 Ⅰ什么是虚拟语气？ 虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义。虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。 Ⅱ虚拟语气在真实条件句非真实条件句中 真实条件句：表示现实或可能变为现实的条件。 非真实条件句：表示非现实的，或不可能，或不大可能变为现实的条件。 （老师举例说明真实条件句和非真实条件句。）
1．(2016·新课标Ⅱ)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby. 2．(2015·新课标Ⅰ)We must found ways to protect our environment. 3．(2015·四川)If you are me，would you talk to them? 1．(2016·浙江，15)________(have)the governments and scientists not worked together，AIDS-related deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005. 2．(2016·浙江，17)George can't ________(go)too far.His coffee is still warm. 3．(2016·北京，34)Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week？If you ________(tell)me，I could have helped. 4．(2015·北京，29)—Can't you stay a little longer? —It's getting late.I really ________go now.My daughter is home alone. 5．(2015·福建，27)—Sorry，Mum！I failed the job interview again. —Oh，it's too bad.You ________have made full preparations. 6．(2015·陕西，23)Ellen is a fantastic dancer.I wish I ______(dance)as well as her. 7．(2015·天津，7)I ________ have worried before I came to the new school，for my classmates here are very friendly to me. 8．(2015·天津，13)I wish I ________(be)at my sister's wedding last Tuesday，but I was on a business trip in New York then. 9．(2015·重庆，12)You ________ be Carol.You haven't changed a bit after all these years. 10．(2014·湖南，25)—I've prepared all kinds of food for the picnic. —Do you mean we ________ not bring anything with us? 11．(2014·福建，32)______(be)there no modern telecommunications, we would
要点一情态动词的基本用法 ,could 【温馨提示】 can有时也用于肯定句,表示理论上的可能性或一时的情况。常译为“有时会”。 ,might 【温馨提示】 may表示请求许可时,其否定回答一般用mustn’t。may not意为“可能不”,而can’t意为“不可能”。 ,would 【温馨提示】 would表示过去的习惯时仅指动作,而且不与现在作对比;used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态,而且与现在作对比,说明现在这种动作或状态已经不存在。
,should,ought to ,have to 【温馨提示】 (1)在回答must的问句时,否定回答通常用needn’t或don’t have to。(2) mustn’t表示“禁止;不许”;而don’t have to表示“不必”。(3) must只有一种形式,而have to有人称、时态的变化。 的用法 的用法
【温馨提示】 (1)dare用作情态动词有dare,dared两种形式。 (2)dare用作实义动词,后接不定式,不定式符号to可省去,但dare以动词-ing形式出现时,不定式符号to不能省略。 要点二“情态动词+have done ”的用法 have done表示对过去已发生的事情进行肯定的推断,只用于肯定句中,意为“一定,必定”,其否定形式为:can’t/cannot have done。 It must have rained last night,for the road was quite wet. 昨晚肯定下雨了,因为路面十分潮湿。 I saw Mr Wang just can’t have gone abroad. 刚刚我还看见王先生了,他不可能已经出国了。 have done意为“本来可以……,本来能够……”,表示虚拟语气。 You could have made greater progress,but you didn’t try your best. 你本来可以取得更大的进步,但是你没有努力。 might have done表示对过去已发生的事情进行推断,意为“可能/或许已经……”。其否定形式为: may/might not have done意为“可能没有做……”。 It’s no use going to his may not have gone may have gone somewhere else. 去他家没用。他可能没有回家,可能已经去了别的地方。 ought to have done表示本应该做某事,却没有做,含有责备或后悔之意。其否定形式为should not/ought not to