附录
附录1
英文原文：
High-speed cutting processing in mold manufacture
application
A.J.G. Nuttall *, G. Lodewijks
Abstract
The current mold application is widespread, also had the very big development with it related die making technology. At present, used the high-speed cutting production mold already to become the die making the general trend. In some mold Manufacturer, the high speed engine bed big area substitution electrical discharge machine, the high-speed cutting production mold already gradually became the die making the general trend. It can improve mold's size, the shape and the surface roughness, reduces even omits the manual sharpening, thus reduces production cost and the reduction manufacturing cycle. This article through to the traditional mold processing craft and the high speed mold processing craft's contrast, elaborated the high-speed cutting processing superiority. In the article also briefly introduced the high-speed cutting processing in the processing craft aspect key technologies.
Keywords High-speed cutting Grinding tool Grinding tool processing Process technology
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
Along with the advance in technology and the industry swift development, the mold already became in the industrial production to use the extremely widespread main craft to equip now. The mold takes the important craft equipment, in Industry sectors and so on consumable, electric appliance electron, automobile, airplane manufacture holds the pivotal status. The manufactured products components rough machining 75%, the precision work 50% and the plastic parts 90% will complete by the mold. At present the Chinese mold market demand has reached 50,000,000,000 Yuan scales, our country die making market potential is huge. The mold is one kind of special-purpose tool, uses in forming () each metal or the nonmetallic material needs the components the shape product, this kind of special-purpose tool general designation mold. The mold is in the industrial production the most foundation equipment, is realizes the few cuttings and the non-cutting essential tool. The mold has widely used in the industrial production each domain, like the automobile, the motorcycle, the domestic electric appliances, the instrument, the measuring appliance, the electron and so on, in them 60%~80% components need the mold to carry on the manufacture; The highly effective production in enormous quantities's, bolt, nut and gasket standard letters and so on plastic also need the mold to produce; The engineering plastics, the powder metallurgy, the rubber, the alloy compression casting, the glass formation and so on need to use the mold to take shape.
1.2 High-speed cutting process technology
As the name suggests, the high-speed cutting, first is the high speed, namely must have the high spindle speed, for instance 12000r/min, 18000r/min, 30000r/min, 40000r/min, even also had a higher rotational speed still in the experiment; On the other hand, should also have the bigger to feed quantity, like 30000mm/min, 40000mm/min, even 60000mm/min; Has is after again the rapid traverse, trades fast the knife, the main axle trade the knife, from the static state arrives its needs rotational speed rise time and so on, only then achieved the above standards to be able to call it high speed.
Next is must aim at the different processing object, the different degree of hardness, the different material quality, the different shape to choose the corresponding reasonable parameter, but cannot pursue constantly to be high speed and be high speed, regarding the die space processing, the shape is specially complex, but the cutting tool diameter is also small time, because cutting tool's path is not the simple translation, but is the curve, even has right angle corner time, technological parameter rational especially important, if because wants to maintain the identical
feed rate carries on the orthogonal cutting, will not be able to do well will cause as a result of the engine bed moving part's huge inertia the cutting tool will make when the bend angle movement to break suddenly, but the variable motion can, becauseMovements and so on acceleration and deceleration create the thickness of cutting the instantaneous change, but causes the cutter change to enable the work piece surface to have cuts, from this causes the processing drop in quality, therefore, in view of the different processing object, needs the programmers to choose the reasonable cutting tool path, optimized cutting parameter; On the other hand, according to needs to choose the suitable cutting velocity, only then can display the high-speed cutting truly like the strong point.
The high-speed cutting (HSC) is an advanced technique of manufacture which for the past ten years rapidly rises. Because the high-speed cutting technology has the cutting efficiency to be high, the processing quality high, can process the hard steel stock and the good efficiency directly, causes profession and so on aviation, mold, automobile, light industry and information production efficiencies and the manufacture quality obviously enhances, and causes the processing craft and the equipment corresponding renewal. Therefore is similar to the numerical control technology is the same, the high-speed cutting and the high speed processing have become in the 21st century a machine-building industry influence profound technological revolution. At present, adapts the HSC request high speed machining center and other high speed numerically-controlled machine tool has assumed the popularization tendency in the developed country, our country recently is also speeding up the development.
The high-speed cutting processing is faces for the 21st century a high technology and new technology, it is one kind is different with the traditional processing processing way. Compares with it, the high-speed cutting processing main axle rotational speed high, cuts high for the speed, the cutting quantity is small, but in the unit time material excises the quantity to increase 3 ~ 6 times actually. It take the high efficiency, the high accuracy and the high surface quality as the basic characteristic, in profession and so on in automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacture and instrument measuring appliance has obtained the increasingly widespread application, and has obtained the significant technology economic efficiency, is the contemporary advanced manufacture technology important constituent.
When with traditional way processing mold, often uses the electric spark machining, but the electrode design and makes itself is the technological process which time-consuming takes the trouble. But after uses the high-speed cutting processing, because the narrow and small region processing realization and the high grade superficial result, let the electrode the utilization ratio reduce greatly. Moreover, makes the electrode with the high speed mill also to be possible to make
the production efficiency to enhance to a new scale.
The major part mold may use the high-speed cutting technology to process, like the forging die, the compression casting mold, cast with the blow molding mold and so on. Hammers the cavity body shallowly, the cutting tool life is long; Compression casting mold size moderate, the productivity is high; Casts with the blow molding mold general size small, quite is economical.
2 the high-speed cutting processing mold relative tradition
processes the mold the superiority
2.1 Enhances the productivity
In the high-speed cutting the main axle rotational speed and enters for the speed enhancement, may enhance material removing rate. At the same time, the high-speed cutting may process the hard components, a many Cmmponents attipe clamps may complete thick, half essence and the precision work and so on the complete working procedure, also may meet the components surface quality requirements directly to the complex profile processing, therefore, the high-speed cutting craft often may save the electric spark Machining, manually rub repairs and so on the working procedure, reduces the craft route, then enhances the processing productivity greatly.
The high-speed cutting processing permission use big to feed rate, enhances 5~10 times compared to the convention machining, the unit interval/unit time material excision rate may enhance 3~6 times, the process period may reduce greatly. This may use in processing needs to excise the metal massively the components, specially has the very vital significance regarding the aviation industry.
2.2 Improvement processing precishon and surface qualhty
The high rpeed engine bed must have high performance and so on rigidity and high accuracy, at the same time because cutting force low, the work piece thermal deformation reduces, the cutting tool distorts slightly, the high-speed cutting processing precision Is very high. Depth of cut small, but enters for the speed quickly, the processing surface roughness is very small, cuts when the aluminum alloy may reach Ra0.4 ~ 0.6, when cutting steel stock may reach Ra0.2 ~ 0.4.
Compares with the conventional cutting, when high-speed cutting processing the cutting force may reduce 30% at least, this may reduce the processing regarding the processing rigidity bad components to distort, causes some thin wall class fine work piece the machining into possible. Because revolves high speed time the cutting tool cuts the excitation frequency is far away from the craft system's forced oscillation, has guaranteed the good processing condition. Because the cutting force is too small, cut the hot influence to be small, causes the cutting tool, the work piece distortion to be small, maintained the size accuracy, moreover also caused the friction between the cutting tool work piece changes is small, the cutting destruction level thinned, the residual stress was small, has realized the high accuracy, the low roughness processing.
2.3 The reduced cutting produces quantity of heat
Because the high-speed cutting processing is the shallow cutting, simultaneously the feed rate
is very quick, the knife edge and the work piece contact length and the contact duration were short, reduced the knife edge and the work piece heat conduction, has avoided when the traditional processing met everywhere in the cutting tool and the work piece to have the big calorimetry shortcoming, guaranteed that the cutting tool worked under the temperature not high condition, lengthened cutting tool's service life. As shown in Figure 1, A is time the high-speed cutting processing heat conduction process, B is the traditional processing heat conduction process.
Fig.1 high speed processing and traditional processing heat conduction
The high-speed cutting processing process is extremely rapid, 95% above cutting quantity of heat are extremely few, components not because the temperature rise will cause the warp or the inflation distortion. The high-speed cutting is suitable specially for the processing easy thermal deformation components. Is low regarding the processing melting point the metal which, easy to oxidize (for example magnesium), the high-speed cutting has certain significance.
2.4 advantageoued in the processing thin wall components
Time high-speed cutting's cutting force is small, has the high stability, but the high quality processes the thin wall components. Uses as shown in Figure 2 the lamination down milling the processing method, but high-speed cutting wall thickness 0.2mm, wall high 20mm thin wall components. This time, the knife edge and the work piece contact duration was short, has avoided the sidewall distortion.
Figure.2 high-speed cutting thin wall components
2.5 change the part substitutes certain crafts, like electric spark machining, abrasive machining and so on
High strength and the high degree of hardness's processing is also a high-speed cutting major characteristic, at present, the high-speed cutting has been possible the work hardness to reach HRC60 the components, therefore, the high-speed cutting can process after the heat treatment hardens the work piece. In the tradition processes in mold's craft, before the precision work, hardens the work piece after the heat treatment to carry on the electric spark machining, may omit in the die making craft with the high-speed cutting processing substitution tradition cutting's processing method the electric spark machining, simplified the processing craft and the cost of investment.
the mold's size, the shape and the surface roughness are very important, if after processing the mold cannot meet the requirements the quality precision, needs the massive handworks to rub repairs the work, the handwork rubs repairs can obtain the good surface quality, but it will affect mold's size and the shape precision. Therefore must omit as far as possible in the mold processing rubs manually repairs, improves the mold quality, reduces the production cost and the manufacturing cycle.
Figure 3 is the traditional mold processing process: The semifinished materials -> rough machining -> semi-finishing -> heat treatment hardens -> the electric spark machining -> precision work -> to rub manually repairs. Figure 4 is the high speed mold processing process: Hardened semifinished materials -> rough machining -> semi-finishing -> precision work.
Figure.3 the traditional mold processes process
Figure 4 the high speed mold processes process
in Figure 4, in the high speed mold machining process reduced two technological processes,
probably reduces the process period 30%~50%. In the traditional processing craft's electric spark machining forms the hardened level easily in the melting processing surface layer, degree of hardness may reach 1000Hv, brings the difficulty for the following machining and the abrasive machining. The electric spark machining also easy to cause the surface layer fatigue cracking and cutting tool's breakage.
2.6 Economic efficiency remarkable enhancement
Synthesis above all sorts of merits, namely: The comprehensive efficiency will improve, the quality enhances, the working procedure simplifies, the engine bed investment and the cutting tool investment as well as the maintenance cost increase and so on, will use the high-speed cutting craft to cause the synthesis economic efficiency remarkable enhancement.
3 high-speed cutting processing craft essential technology
The high speed engine bed and the high speed cutter are the realization high-speed cutting premise and the basic condition, has the strict request in the high-speed cutting processing to the high speed engine bed performance and the cutting tool material choice.
In order to realize the high-speed cutting processing, uses the high flexible high speed numerical control engine bed, the processing center generally, also some use special-purpose high speed mills, drilling machine. At the same time the engine bed has the high speed main axle to be systematic and the high rapid advance or progress gives the system, the high main axle rigidity characteristic, the high accuracy localization function and the high accuracy insert makes up the function, specially the circular arc high accuracy inserts makes up the function.
The high-speed cutting cutting tool and ordinary processes the cutting tool the material to have is very greatly different. The main use cutting tool material has the hard alloy, the crystal combination diamond (PCD), the crystal combination cube boron nitride (PCBN) and the ceramics and so on.
The high-speed cutting craft technology also is carries on the high-speed cutting processing the key. The cutting method chooses is improper, can make the cutting tool to intensify the attrition, cannot achieve the high speed processing completely the goal. The practice proved, if only then the high speed engine bed and the cutting tool but do not have the good craft technology to make the instruction, the expensive high-speed cutting processing equipment cannot fully play the role. The high-speed cutting processing craft essential technology mainly includes the cutting method and the cutting parameter choice optimization.
a. Cutting way choise
In the high-speed cutting processing, should select the down milling processing as far as possible, because in down milling time, the cutting tool just cut into the thickness of chip which the work piece produces to a big way, afterward reduces gradually. When up milling, the cutting tool just cut into the thickness of chip which the work piece produces to be smallest, afterward the accumulation, increased the cutting tool and the work piece friction like this gradually, has the big calorimetry on the knife edge, therefore produces in the up milling quantity of heat when down milling are more than, the radial force also greatly increases. Meanwhile in the down milling, the knife edge main compression stress, but when the up milling the knife edge tension stress, the stressful condition is bad, reduced cutting tool's service life, the down milling and the up milling the cutting tool cuts into the work piece the process, as shown in Figure 5.
Figure.5 the cutting tool cuts into the work piece the process hint
b. Maintains constant metal removing rate
The high-speed cutting processing is shallowly suitable for shallowly to cut the depth, the depth of cut should not surpass 0.2/ 0.2mm (ae/Ap), this is for avoids the cutting tool the position deviation, guarantees processes the mold the geometry precision. Maintains constant metal removing rate, guaranteed adds on the work piece the cutting load is constant, by obtains following several good processing effect: (1) may maintain constant cutting load; (2) may maintain the scrap size constant; (3) has the good hot shift; (4) the cutting tool and the work piece maintain at the cold condition; (5) does not need skilled to operate for the quantity and the main axle rotational speed;
(6) may lengthen the cutting tool the life; (7) can guarantee the good processing quality and so on.
c.choice of the Feeds way
Regarding has opens the mouth die space the region, feeds as far as possible from material outside, by real-time analysis material cutting condition. But regarding does not have the die space enclosed area, selects the screw feed method, cuts into the local region.
d. As far as possible reduced cutting tool's commutation rapidly
Reduces the cutting tool as far as possible the rapidly commutation, because the zigzag pattern mainly applies in the traditional processing, mainly chooses the return route or the sole way cutting in the high-speed cutting processing. This is because in commutation time the NC engine bed must stop (urgently changing down) immediately then the again execution next step of operation. As a result of engine bed acceleration limitation, but is easy to create the time the waste, stops anxiously or whips then can destroy the surface roughness, also has the possibility because has cut but produces the broach or in the outside undercut. Chooses the sole way cutting pattern to carry on the down milling, does not sever the cutting process and the cutting tool way as far as possible, reduces the cutting tool to cut into as far as possible cuts the number of times, by obtains the relatively stable cutting process.
For example, in the cutting mold corner processing, the traditional processing method is uses
the translation (G1), when the cutting tool cuts to the fillet place, the velocity of movement reduces speed, at the same time when enters for the commutation the cutting tool movement is not continuously, can have the massive friction and the quantity of heat in the intermittent process, if processes the aluminum alloy or other light metal alloys, produces the quantity of heat will damage the work piece surface quality.
If uses the high-speed cutting processing the method, the use is smaller than the cutting mold corner radius cutting tool, the use high speed engine bed high accuracy circular arc inserts makes up the function (G2, G3) processes the mold corner, the high speed engine bed circular arc inserts makes up the movement is the continuous process, cannot have the cutting tool intermittent motion, thus reduced the cutting tool and the mold contact length and the time, avoids having the massive heat.
e In Z direction cutting continual plane
The traditional processing die space's method uses the profile milling, this processing way increased the cutting tool to cut into, to cut the work piece the number of times, has affected the work piece surface quality, has limited the engine bed and the cutting tool formidable function display. In the high-speed cutting processing, often uses the Z direction cutting continual plane. Uses step pitch which is smaller than the convention, thus reduces each tooth cutting elimination quantity, the improvement processing surface's quality, reduced the process period.
4 High-speed cutting process technology in die making
application
The high-speed cutting process technology has a series of characteristics and the production benefit aspect's great potential, already becomes country competition research and so on Germany, US and Japan important areas of technology. Now, US, Germany, Japan, France, Switzerland, Italy produce the different specification's each kind of commercialization high speed engine bed already entered the market, applies in the airplane, the automobile and the die making.
Along with the high-speed cutting process technology introduction mold industry, has had the very tremendous influence to the traditional mold processing craft, changed the mold processing technical process. Because the mold profile is the very complex free surface generally, and degree of hardness is very high, uses conventional the machining method to satisfy the precision and the shape request with difficulty. The conventional processing method is after the annealing carries on the milling processing, then carries on the heat treatment, the grinding or the electric spark machining, finally the manual polish, polishing, cause the processing cycle to be very long like this. Specially the manual process period, must account for the entire processing cycle to be very big a part. HSC may achieve the accuracy requirement which the mold processes, reduced has even cancelled the manual processing, because and new cutting tool material (for example PCD, PCBN, cermet and so on) the appearance, HSC may the work hardness achieve HRC60, even degree of hardness higher work piece material, after might process hard mold, substitution electric spark machining and abrasive machining.
The high speed milling processing has the highly effective high accuracy in the die making as well as may process the high hard material the merit, already obtained the widespread application in the industrially advanced country. The high-speed cutting process technology introduction mold industry, mainly applies in the following several aspects:
1) hard mold die space direct processing. After using the high-speed cutting to be possible to process the hard material the characteristic direct processing hard mold die space, improved the quality which and the efficiency the mold processes, may substitute for the electric spark machining.
(2) EDM (electric spark) electrode processing. Applied the high-speed cutting technology processing electrode to raise the electric spark machining efficiency to play the very major role. The high-speed cutting electrode improved electrode's surface quality and the precision, reduced the following working process.
3) fast sample workpiece manufacture. Uses the high-speed cutting processing efficiency
high characteristic, may use in processing the plastic and the aluminum alloy model. After the CAD design produces the 3D full-scale mockup fast, is higher than the fast prototype manufacture efficiency, the quality is good.
(4) mold's fast repair. The mold often needs to repair in the use process, lengthens the service life, in the past was mainly completes depending on the electrical finishing, now uses the high speed processing to be possible to complete this work quickly, moreover might use the original NC procedure, did not need to establish.
5 Conclusion
The high-speed cutting processing uses the high cutting velocity and the feed rate, the small radial direction and the axial depth of cut, the cutting force is small, the processing surface roughness is very small, cutting tool life enhancement; With the high-speed cutting processing way substitution tradition processing way processing mold, might omit the electric spark machining and rub manually repairs, raised the productivity which the mold processed, reduced the production cost, reduced the processing cycle; When research high-speed cutting processing, must unify closely with the high-speed cutting processing technology, realizes the high efficiency, the high accuracy truly and the redundant reliable goal.
The high-speed cutting process technology is the advanced technique of manufacture, has the broad application prospect. Replaces EDM with the high-speed cutting processing (or majority of replaces) speeds up the mold development speed, realizes the craft update major step. The promoted application high-speed cutting process technology applies in the mold manufacturing industry, not only may enhance the machine-finishing large scale the efficiency, the quality, reduces the cost, moreover may lead a series of high technology and new technology industry the development. Therefore, current strengthens the high-speed cutting technology the basic research, establishes the high-speed cutting database, the high-speed cutting safety work standard, enhances the engine bed and tool profession development innovation ability, speeds up the high-speed cutting cutting tool system, the high-speed cutting engine bed system's research development and the industrial production, already was the urgent matter.
References
[1] A.C. Low, J.W. Kyle, Grinding tool technology recent development, The Mechanical Engineers Association, London, 1986. High-speed cutting and grinding tool manufacture
[2] K.L. Johnson, High-speed cutting and grinding tool manufacture, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985.
[3] W.DMay, E.L. Morris, D. Atack, new using of Cutting technology, Applied Physics 30 (1959) 1713–1724.
[4] S.C. Hunter, Grinding tool manufacture, Applied Mechanics 28 (1961) 611–617.
[5] G. Lodewijks, Dynamics of Belt Systems, Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 1995.
[6] A.N. Gent, High-speed cutting outline, Carl Hanser Verslag, 2001.
中文翻译
高速切削加工在模具制造中的新应用
A.J.G. Nuttall *, G. Lodewijks
摘要
当前模具应用广泛，与之相关的模具制造技术也有了很大的发展。目前，采用高速切削生产模具已经成为模具制造的大趋势。在一些模具生产厂家，高速机床大面积取代电火花机床，高速切削生产模具已经逐渐成为模具制造的大趋势。它能改善模具的尺寸、形状和表面粗糙度，减少甚至省去手工修磨，从而降低生产成本和缩短制造周期。本文通过对传统模具加工工艺和高速模具加工工艺的对比，阐述了高速切削加工的优势。文中还简要介绍了高速切削加工在加工工艺方面的关键技术。
关键字高速切削；磨具；磨具加工；加工技术
1 绪论
1.1 引言
随着科技进步和工业的飞速发展，模具已经成为当今工业生产中使用极为广泛的主要工艺装备。模具作为重要的工艺装备，在消费品、电器电子、汽车、飞机制造等工业部门中占有举足轻重的地位。工业产品零件粗加工的75%，精加工的50%及塑料零件的90%将由模具完成。目前中国模具市场需求已达500亿元的规模，我国模具制造市场潜力巨大。模具是一种专用工具，用于成形(型)各种金属或非金属材料所需要零件的形状制品，这种专用工具统称模具。模具是工业生产中最基础的设备，是实现少切削和无切削的不可缺少的工具。模具已广泛用于工业生产中的各个领域,如汽车、摩托车、家用电器、仪器、仪表、电子等,它们中60%～80%的零件都需要模具来进行制造；高效大批量生产的塑料件、螺钉、螺母和垫圈等标准件也需要模具来生产；工程塑料、粉末冶金、橡胶、合金压铸、玻璃成型等更需要用模具来成型。
1.2 高速切削加工技术概述
顾名思义，高速切削，首先是高的速度，即要有高的主轴转速，比如12000r/min、18000r/min、30000r/min、40000r/min，甚至还有更高的转速仍在试验中；另一方面，又应有更大的进给量，如30000mm/min、40000mm/min，甚至60000mm/min；再有就是快速移动、快速换刀、主轴换刀后从静态到达其所需转速的加速时间等等，只有达到了上述标准才能称之为高速。
其次是要针对不同的加工对象、不同的硬度、不同的材质、不同的形状来选择相应合理的参数，而不能一味地追求为高速而高速，特别是对于型腔加工，形状复杂而刀具直径又较小时，由于刀具的运动轨迹不是简单的直线运动而是曲线，甚至有直角拐弯的时候，工艺参数的合理性就尤为重要，因为要想保持同一进给速度进行直角切削，搞不好会由于机床运动部件的巨大惯性而导致刀具做弯角运动时突然断裂，而变速运动又会由于加速和减速等运动造成切削厚度的瞬间变化，而导致切削刀变化使工件表面有切纹，由此使加工质量下降，所以，针对不同的加工对象，需要编程人员选择合理的刀具运动轨迹，优化切削参数；另一方面，根据需要选择适合的切削速度，只有这样才能真正发挥高速切削的长处。
高速切削(HSC)是近十年来迅速崛起的一项先进制造技术。由于高速切削技术具有切削效率高、加工质量高、能直接加工淬硬钢件和良好的经济性,使航空、模具、汽车、轻工和信息等行业的生产效率与制造质量显著提高,并引起加工工艺及装备相应的更新换代。因此如同数控技术一样,高速切削和高速加工已成为21世纪机械制造业一场影响深远的技术革命。目前,适应HSC要求的高速加工中心和其他高速数控机床在发达国家已呈普及趋势,我国近来也在加快发展。
高速切削加工是面向21世纪的一项高新技术，它是一种不同于传统加工的加工方式。与之相比，高速切削加工主轴转速高、切削进给速度高、切削量小，但单位时间内的材料切除量却增加3～6倍。它以高效率、高精度和高表面质量为基本特征，在汽车工业、航空航天、模具制造和仪器仪表等行业中获得了愈来愈广泛的应用，并已取得了重大的技术经济效益，是当代先进制造技术的重要组成部分。
用传统方式加工模具时，常采用电火花加工，但电极的设计与制造本身是一个费时费力的工艺过程。而采用高速切削加工后，由于狭小区域加工的实现和高质量的表面结果，让电极的使用率大大降低。另外，用高速铣来制造电极也可以使生产效率提高到一个新的档次。
绝大部分模具均可利用高速切削技术来加工，如锻模、压铸模、注塑与吹塑模等。锻模腔体较浅，刀具寿命较长；压铸模尺寸适中，生产率较高；注塑与吹塑模一般尺寸较小，比较经济。
2 高速切削加工模具相对传统加工模具的优势
2.1 提高生产率
高速切削中主轴转速和进给速度的提高，可提高材料去除率。同时，高速切削可加工淬硬零件，许多零件一次装夹可完成粗、半精和精加工等全部工序，对复杂型面加工也可直接达到零件表面质量要求，因此，高速切削工艺往往可省却电火花加工、手工磨修等工序，缩短工艺路线，进而大大提高加工生产率。
高速切削加工允许使用较大的进给率，比常规切削加工提高5～10倍，单位时间材料切除率可提高3～6倍，加工时间可大大减少。这样可以用于加工需要大量切除金属的零件，特别是对于航空工业具有十分重要的意义。
2.2 改善加工精度和表面质量
高速机床必须具备高刚性和高精度等性能，同时由于切削力低，工件热变形减少，刀具变形小，高速切削的加工精度很高。切削深度较小，而进给速度较快，加工表面粗糙度很小，切削铝合金时可达Ra0.4～0.6，切削钢件时可达Ra0.2～0.4。
和常规切削相比，高速切削加工时切削力至少可降低30%，这对于加工刚性较差的零件来说可减少加工变形，使一些薄壁类精细工件的切削加工成为可能。因为高速旋转时刀具切削的激励频率远离工艺系统的受迫振动，保证了较好的加工状态。由于切削力太小，切削热影响小，使得刀具、工件变形小，保持了尺寸的精确性，另外也使得刀具工件间的摩擦变小，切削破坏层变薄，残余应力小，实现了高精度、低粗糙度加工。
2.3减少切削产生的热量
因为高速切削加工是浅切削，同时进给速度很快，刀刃和工件的接触长度和接触时间非常短，减少了刀刃和工件的热传导，避免了传统加工时在刀具和工件接触处产生大量热的缺点，保证刀具在温度不高的条件下工作，延长了刀具的使用寿命。如图1所示，A为高速切削加工时的热传导过程，B为传统加工的热传导过程。
图1 高速加工和传统加工的热传导
高速切削加工过程极为迅速，95%以上的切削热量极少，零件不会由于温升导致翘曲或膨胀变形。高速切削特别适用于加工容易热变形的零件。对于加工熔点较低、易氧化的
金属（如镁），高速切削有一定意义。
2.4 有利于加工薄壁零件
高速切削时的切削力小，有较高的稳定性，可高质量地加工出薄壁零件。采用如图2所示分层顺铣的加工方法，可高速切削出壁厚0.2mm，壁高20mm的薄壁零件。此时，刀刃和工件的接触时间非常短，避免了侧壁的变形。
图2 高速切削薄壁零件
2.5可部分替代某些工艺，如电火花加工、磨削加工等
高强度和高硬度的加工也是高速切削的一大特点，目前，高速切削已可加工硬度达HRC60的零件，因此，高速切削能够加工经热处理硬化后的工件。在传统加工模具的工艺中，精加工前对热处理硬化后的工件需进行电火花加工，用高速切削加工替代传统切削的加工方法可以省去模具制造工艺中的电火花加工，简化了加工工艺和投资成本。
模具的尺寸、形状和表面粗糙度很重要，如果加工后的模具不能达到要求的质量精度，就需要大量的手工磨修工作，手工磨修能够得到较好的表面质量，但是它会影响模具的尺寸和形状精度。因此在模具加工还要尽量省去手工磨修，以提高模具质量，降低生产成本和制造周期。图3为传统模具加工过程：毛坯→粗加工→半精加工→热处理硬化→电火花加工→精加工→手工磨修。图4为高速模具加工过程：硬化的毛坯→粗加工→半精加工→精加工在,图4所示的高速模具切削加工过程中减少了两个工艺过程，大约缩短加工时间30%～50%。传统加工工艺中的电火花加工容易在熔化的加工表层形成硬化层，硬度可达1000Hv，给后面的切削加工和磨削加工带来困难。电火花加工还容易引起表层疲劳裂纹和刀具的破损。
图3传统模具加工的过程
图4 高速模具加工的过程
2.6经济效益显著提高
综合上述种种优点，即：综合效率提高、质量提高、工序简化、机床投资和刀具投资以及维护费用增加等，采用高速切削工艺将使综合经济效益显著提高。
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
中英文资料对照外文翻译 机械设计 摘要： 机器由机械和其他元件组成的用来转换和传输能量的装置。比如：发动机、涡轮机、车、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机和摄影机。许多机械方面设计的原则和方法也同样适用于非机械方面。术语中的“构造设计”的含义比“机械设计”更加广泛，构造设计包括机械设计。在进行运动分析和结构设计时要把产品的维护和外形也考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域，都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实用性，现有的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需能够完全或部分代替以前人的功能，比如计算、装配、维修。 在设计的初级阶段，应该充分发挥设计人员的创意，不要受到任何约束。即使有一些不切实际的想法，也可以在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,必须提出几套设计方案,然后进行比较。很有可能在这个计划最后指定使用某些不在计划方案内的一些想法的计划。 一般当产品的外型和组件的尺寸特点已经显现出来的时候，就可以进行全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能、安全、重量、耐用性，并且成本也要考虑在内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分的平衡。 选择原材料和工艺的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如稳定和反应的能量和摩擦力的利用，动力惯性、加速度、能量；包括材料的弹性强度、应力和刚度等物理特性，以及流体的润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是一个反复与合作的过程，无论是正式的还是非正式的，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。。产品设计需要大量的研究和提升。许多的想法,必须通过努力去研究成为一种理念,然后去使用或放弃。
机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
Mechanical engineering 1.The porfile of mechanical engineering Engingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,it studies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement. 2.The history of mechanical engineering 18th century later periods,the steam engine invention has provided a main power fountainhead for the industrial revolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznicalbiting.Thus,an important branch of a new Engineering –separated from the civil engineering tools and machines on the branch-developed together with Birmingham and the establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineers in 1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanical engineering already mainly used in by trial and error method mechanic application technological development into professional engineer the scientific method of which in the research,the design and the realm of production used .From the most broad perspective,thedemend continuously to enhance the efficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality of work,and asked him to accept the history of the high degree
普通钻床改造为多轴钻床 目前，我国中、小型企业的产品质量和生产效率都需要有一个新的提高, 但是加工手段却远远不能满足需要, 许多中小型企业都结合自己的实际对设备的技术状态进行改进，通过强化自身, 以求自我发展普通钻床为单轴机床，但安装上多轴箱就会成为多轴的钻床，改造成多轴钻床后，能大大地缩短加工时间，提高生产效率。 多轴加工应用：据统计，一般在车间中普通机床的平均切削时间很少超过全部工作时间的15%。其余时间是看图、装卸工件、调换刀具、操作机床、测量以及清除铁屑等等。使用 数控机床虽然能提高85%，但购置费用大。某些情况下，即使生产率高，但加工相同的零件，其成本不一定比普通机床低。故必须更多地缩短加工时间。不同的加工方法有不同的特点，就钻削加工而言，多轴加工是一种通过少量投资来提高生产率的有效措施。 多轴加工优势：虽然不可调式多轴头在自动线中早有应用，但只局限于大批量生产。即使采用可调式多轴头扩大了使用范围，仍然远不能满足批量小、孔型复杂的要求。尤其随着工业的发展，大型复杂的多轴加工更是引人注目。例如原子能发电站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板有15000个“ 20孔，若以摇臂钻床加工，单单钻孔与锪沉头孔就要842.5小时，另外还要 划线工时151.1 小时。但若以数控八轴落地钻床加工，钻锪孔只要171.6 小时，划线也简单，只要1.9 小时。因此，利用数控控制的二个坐标轴，使刀具正确地对准加工位置，结合多轴加工不但可以扩大加工范围，而且在提高精度的基础上还能大大地提高工效，迅速地制造出原来不易加工的零件。有人分析大型高速柴油机30 种箱形与杆形零件的2000 多个钻孔操作中，有40%可以在自动更换主轴箱机床中用二轴、三轴或四轴多轴头加工，平均可减少20%的加工时间。1975年法国巴黎机床展览会也反映了多轴加工的使用愈来愈多这一趋势。 多轴加工的设备：多轴加工是在一次进给中同时加工许多孔或同时在许多相同或不同工件上各加工一个
毕业论文（设计） 外文翻译 题目：机械加工介绍
机械加工介绍 1.车床 车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行，而且任何一种其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。由于车床还可以用来钻孔和铰孔，车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次安装中完成几种加工。因此，在生产中使用的各种车床比任何其他种类的机床都多。 车床的基本部件有：床身、主轴箱组件、尾座组件、溜板组件、丝杠和光杠。 床身是车床的基础件。它能常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铁制成。它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他基本部件都安装在床身上。通常在床身上有内外两组平行的导轨。有些制造厂对全部四条导轨都采用导轨尖朝上的三角形导轨（即山形导轨），而有的制造厂则在一组中或者两组中都采用一个三角形导轨和一个矩形导轨。导轨要经过精密加工以保证其直线度精度。为了抵抗磨损和擦伤，大多数现代机床的导轨是经过表面淬硬的，但是在操作时还应该小心，以避免损伤导轨。导轨上的任何误差，常常意味着整个机床的精度遭到破坏。 主轴箱安装在内侧导轨的固定位置上，一般在床身的左端。它提供动力，并可使工件在各种速度下回转。它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中的空心主轴和一系列变速齿轮(类似于卡车变速箱)所组成。通过变速齿轮，主轴可以在许多种转速下旋转。大多数车床有8~12种转速，一般按等比级数排列。而且在现代机床上只需扳动2~4个手柄，就能得到全部转速。一种正在不断增长的趋势是通过电气的或者机械的装置进行无级变速。 由于机床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴，因此，主轴的结构尺寸较大，通常安装在预紧后的重型圆锥滚子轴承或球轴承中。主轴中有一个贯穿全长的通孔，长棒料可以通过该孔送料。主轴孔的大小是车床的一个重要尺寸，因此当工件必须通过主轴孔供料时，它确定了能够加工的棒料毛坯的最大尺寸。 尾座组件主要由三部分组成。底板与床身的内侧导轨配合，并可以在导轨上作纵向移动。底板上有一个可以使整个尾座组件夹紧在任意位置上的装置。尾座体安装在底板上，可以沿某种类型的键槽在底板上横向移动，使尾座能与主轴箱中的主轴对正。尾座的第三个组成部分是尾座套筒。它是一个直径通常大约在51~76mm之间的钢制空心圆柱体。
机械类外文翻译 塑料注塑模具浇口优化 摘要:用单注塑模具浇口位置的优化方法，本文论述。该闸门优化设计的目的是最大限度地减少注塑件翘曲变形，翘曲，是因为对大多数注塑成型质量问题的关键，而这是受了很大的部分浇口位置。特征翘曲定义为最大位移的功能表面到表面的特征描述零件翘曲预测长度比。结合的优化与数值模拟技术，以找出最佳浇口位置，其中模拟armealing算法用于搜索最优。最后，通过实例讨论的文件，它可以得出结论，该方法是有效的。 注塑模具、浇口位臵、优化、特征翘曲变形关键词: 简介 塑料注射成型是一种广泛使用的，但非常复杂的生产的塑料产品，尤其是具有高生产的要求，严密性，以及大量的各种复杂形状的有效方法。质量ofinjection 成型零件是塑料材料，零件几何形状，模具结构和工艺条件的函数。注塑模具的一个最重要的部分主要是以下三个组件集:蛀牙，盖茨和亚军，和冷却系统。拉米夫定、Seow(2000)、金和拉米夫定(2002) 通过改变部分的尼斯达到平衡的腔壁厚度。在平衡型腔充填过程提供了一种均匀分布压力和透射电镜,可以极大地减少高温的翘曲变形的部分～但仅仅是腔平衡的一个重要影响因素的一部分。cially Espe,部分有其功能上的要求,其厚度通常不应该变化。 pointview注塑模具设计的重点是一门的大小和位臵,以及流道系统的大小和布局。大门的大小和转轮布局通常被认定为常量。相对而言,浇口位臵与水口大小布局也更加灵活,可以根据不同的零件的质量。 李和吉姆(姚开屏,1996a)称利用优化流道和尺寸来平衡多流道系统为multiple 注射系统。转轮平衡被形容为入口压力的差异为一多型腔模具用相同的蛀牙,也存
附录1 中文名称：机械加工中心英文名称：machining center 其他名称：自动换刀数控机床 定义：能自动更换工具，对一次装夹的工件进行多工序加工的数控机床。机械加工中心,简称cnc，是由机械设备与数控系统组成的使用于加工复杂形状工件的高效率自动化机床。加工中心又叫电脑锣。加工中心备有刀库，具有自动换刀功能，是对工件一次装夹后进行多工序加工的数控机床。加工中心是高度机电一体化的产品，工件装夹后，数控系统能控制机床按不同工序自动选择、更换刀具、自动对刀、自动改变主轴转速、进给量等，可连续完成钻、镗、铣、铰、攻丝等多种工序，因而大大减少了工件装夹时间、测量和机床调整等辅助工序时间，对加工形状比较复杂，精度要求较高，品种更换频繁的零件具有良好的经济效果。按控制轴数可分为：（1）三轴加工中心 （2）四轴加工中心 （3）五轴加工中心。 项目二机械加工中心设备技术分类加工中心的品种、规格较多，这里仅从结构上对其作一分类。 一、立式加工中心指主轴轴线为垂直状态设置的加工中心。其结构形式多为固定立柱式，工作台为长方形，无分度回转功能，适合加工盘、套、板类零件。一般具有三个直线运动坐标，并可在工作台上安装一个水平轴的数控回转台，用以加工螺旋线零件。立式加工中心装夹工件方便，便于操作，易于观察加工情况，但加工时切屑不易排除，且受立柱高度和换刀装置的限制，不能加工太高的零件。立式加工中心的结构简单，占地面积小，价格相对较低，应用广泛。 二、卧式加工中心指主轴轴线为水平状态设置的加工中心。通常都带有可进行分度回转运动的工作台。卧式加工中心一般都具有三个至五个运动坐标，常见的是三个直线运动坐标加一个回转运动坐标，它能够使工件在一次装夹后完成除安装面和顶面以外的其余四个面的加工，最适合加工箱体类零件。卧式加工中心调试程序及试切时不便观察，加工时不便监视，零件装夹和测量不方便，但加工时排屑容易，对加工有利。与立式加工中心相比，卧式加工中心的结构复杂，占地面积大，价格也较高。
机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels. Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing
中国地质大学长城学院 本科毕业论文外文资料翻译 系别：工程技术系 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 姓名：郝晓蒂 学号： 05211429 2015年 4 月 3 日
History Of The Snowblower So who did invent the snowblower or snowthrower? We need to begin by qualifying that question since there are a number of answers depending on your interest. Some notable firsts would be: ●The first machine to clear snow by throwing or blowing it ●The first fully mobile snow clearing machine? ●The first domestic walk-behind snow blower The latter is the one people generally think of and have the most interest in. It is also the one that has the most elusive answer. Chapter 1 So where did it all begin? Looking back in time we need to consider where would there be a need to remove snow while having a source of power available? The need and the enabling power were found on the railways of the U.S. snowbelt and in Canada. The earliest documented art belongs to a Toronto dentist known as J/W Elliot. His 1869 patent #390 design was never built. The story next takes us to Orangeville Ontario, Canada where we find Orange Jull, a gristmill operator and inventor. In 1884 he applied for a patent and was subsequently granted patent #18506. Jull did not have the means to build and commercialize his invention so he contracted the local Leslie brothers to build the machines. The Jull/Leslie machines were self powered but not self propelled. A locomotive was used to move the machine. The Jull design consisted of 2 large inline fans rotating in opposite directions. The lead fan chewed into and pulverized the snow while blowing it back into the discharge fan, which propelled it into the sky. Due to clogging problems it was simplified to a single fan. Further changes to effectively control the discharge were made including a movable deflector and pitching impeller blades. Production was moved to the Cook locomotive works in several locations. Additional machines were built under license. Finally 5 machines were "home built" by end users with the last one finished in 1971. In all 146 were built. Later work consisted of fortifying the design to deal with the hazards of the unknown. Tracks were often blocked with fallen trees and other debris that were concealed in the snow. Legend has it that in one case a herd of cattle were trapped and buried under the snow on the rail bed. As the rotary snowplow progressed forward beefsteaks were flying. They remained in production into the 1950s and a few are still in service today. Many survive as museum pieces with an occasional demonstration. Following his collaboration with the Leslie Brothers Orange Jull went on to create a next generation machine. This design utilized a screw auger to collect the snow. It was not as effective,
Machine design theory The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question. Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly. A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends
近几年，我厂和英国、西班牙的几个公司有业务往来，外商传真发来的图纸都是英文标注，平时阅看有一定的困难。下面把我们积累的几点看英文图纸的经验与同行们交流。 1标题栏 英文工程图纸的右下边是标题栏（相当于我们的标题栏和部分技术要求），其中有图纸名称（TILE）、设计者（DRAWN）、审查者（CHECKED）、材料（MATERIAL）、日期（DATE）、比例（SCALE）、热处理（HEAT TREATMENT）和其它一些要求，如： 1)TOLERANCES UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIAL 未注公差。 2)DIMS IN mm UNLESS STATED 如不做特殊要求以毫米为单位。 3)ANGULAR TOLERANCE±1°角度公差±1°。 4)DIMS TOLERANCE±0.1未注尺寸公差±0.1。 5)SURFACE FINISH 3.2 UNLESS STATED未注粗糙度3.2。 2常见尺寸的标注及要求 2.1孔（HOLE）如： （1）毛坯孔：3"DIAO+1CORE 芯子3"0+1; （2）加工孔：1"DIA1"; （3）锪孔：锪孔(注C＇BORE=COUNTER BORE锪底面孔); （4）铰孔：1"/4 DIA REAM铰孔1"/4; （5）螺纹孔的标注一般要表示出螺纹的直径，每英寸牙数（螺矩）、螺纹种类、精度等级、钻深、攻深，方向等。如： 例1.6 HOLES EQUI-SPACED ON 5"DIA (6孔均布在5圆周上（EQUI-SPACED=EQUALLY SPACED均布） DRILL 1"DIATHRO＇ 钻1"通孔（THRO＇=THROUGH通） C/SINK22×6DEEP 沉孔22×6 例2.TAP7"/8-14UNF-3BTHRO＇ 攻统一标准细牙螺纹，每英寸14牙，精度等级3B级 （注UNF=UNIFIED FINE THREAD美国标准细牙螺纹） 1"DRILL 1"/4-20 UNC-3 THD7"/8 DEEP 4HOLES NOT BREAK THRO钻 1"孔，攻1"/4美国粗牙螺纹，每英寸20牙，攻深7"/8,4孔不准钻通（UNC=UCIFIED COARSE THREAD 美国标准粗牙螺纹）
机械专业英语词汇 陶瓷ceramics 合成纤维synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis 悬架suspension 转向器redirector 变速器speed changer 板料冲压sheet metal parts 孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop 工程技术人员engineer 气动夹紧pneuma lock 数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing 尺寸标注size marking 技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker
Visualization of PLC Programs using XML Abstract - Due to the growing complexity of PLC programs there is an increasing interest in the application of formal methods in this area. Formal methods allow rigid proving of system properties in verification and validation. One way to apply formal methods is to utilize a formal design approach in PLC programming. However, for existing software that has to be optimized, changed, or ported to new systems .There is the need for an approach that can start from a given PLC program. Therefore, formalization of PLC programs is a topic of current research. The paper outlines a re-engineering approach based on the formalization of PLC programs. The transformation into a vendor independent format and the visualization of the structure of PLC programs is identified as an important intermediate step in this process. It is shown how XML and corresponding technologies can be used for the formalization and visualization of an existing PLC program.
利用CAD / CAM/ CAE系统开发操纵机器人 H.S.李*，S.E.张 华为技术学院，电力机械工程，云林，台湾，中国 摘要 在这项研究中，需要开发用于机器人操作臂的CAD/CAE/CAM集成系统。通过变换矩阵，利用D-H坐标系变换方法对机器人的位姿进行分析，我们使用MATAB软件对其进行计算。一般来说，利用PRO/E对机械臂的参数进行实体化建模，用Pro / Mechanical软体模拟动态仿真和工作空间，MasterCAM用来实现切削模拟仿真，而最终的模型用CNC数控铣床制造出来。这样，一个用于机器人操作臂的CAD/CAE/CAM集成系统便开发出来了。我们用一个范例来验证这种设计，分析以及制造的结果的正确性。该集成系统不仅促进机器人的生产自动化功能，而且还简化了机械臂的CAD / CAE / CAM的分析过程。这种集成系统是用于开发一个实用的计算机辅助机构设计课程的教学辅助工具。 ?2003由Elsevier B.V.出版 关键词：CAD / CAE/ CAM;机械臂;Denavit，Hartenberg坐标系变换 引言 许多研究已涉及到的CAD / CAE/ CAM集成系统的原理。吕[1]讨论了平面五杆受电弓的运动学分析并设计制造了基于此弓的机械手。通过研究五杆受电弓的运动性能，设计出一款简单的控制器来对机械手进行控制。 李某和陈某[2]描述了一个自动升降轮椅固定装置内的全尺寸货车的开发。 开发的过程中，包括机制的概念设计，运动仿真，工程分析，原型开发和测试。周[3]使用参数化CAD系统的实体模型表达设计理念。首先开发的是模具，其次是基于CAM系统的模型。通过与产业界的合作，对试模调整，粉末形成，烧结，烧结后处理在专业的粉末冶金工厂进行了实验。徐[4]在UG2通用CAD / CAM系统的基础上通过将注塑模具的CAD/CAM软件与注塑模具CAE软件集成建立了一个注塑用CAD / CAE/ CAM系统。现在，许多研究已经涉及到了机器人与网络控制的原理。黎[5]使用交互式菜单驱动机械手的运动学和逆运动学，学习如何使变换矩阵操纵友好的方法来开发计算机辅助教学软件。黄等[6] 通过互联网得的远程计算控制功能提出了一种五轴联动机器人交流伺服与TCP/ IP协议。在机器人的运动期间，通过配备在实 验室服务器上的CCD相机可以在主页上显示出来机器人的运动轨迹。远程计算机可以通过浏览器远程监控机器人的运动。为了满足并行工程的要求，我们使用的D-H的坐标变换方法进行机器人的位置分析；导入设计，分析和制造模拟实际的力学模型;制造机器人样机；以及提供一个用于机器人设计与分析的综合性网站。本文不仅可以促进机械臂自动化功能，简化机器人的设计，分析和制造工艺，而且还可以作为教育用途的补充工具，用于大专计算机辅助机制的设计课程。 2系统分析