文章考点信号词:
1) 举例名词扎堆处：疾病名扎堆，生物名扎堆，城市名扎堆等
2) 数字扎堆处：60% 49% 11% 5,999 thirty-one
3) 牛人观点：人名＋观点提示词suggest, say, imply, point out, indicate, view, believe, think等
4) 文章强转折处：however, but, un-
5) 年代情况：1983，1999
6) 段落高频名词：Komi / Komi / Komi / Komi / Komi
7) 实验调查：survey, research, study
8) 专有名词与机构名：UN, Kansai
练习：阅读下面的段落辨认主题句与扩展句；划出考点词；并完成后面的题
Some of the most remarkable beetles are the dung beetles, which spend almost their whole lives eating and breeding in dung.
More than 4,000 species of these remarkable creatures have evolved and adapted to the world’s different climates and the dung of its many animals. Australia’s native dung beetles are scrub and woodland dwellers, specializing in coarse marsupial droppings and avoiding the soft cattle dung in which bush flies and buffalo flies breed.
In the early 1960s George Bornemissza, then a scientist at the Australian Government’s premier research organization, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), suggested that dung beetles should be introduced to Australia to control dung – breeding flies. Between 1968 and 1982, the CSIRO imported insects from about 50 different species of dung beetle, from Asia, Europe and Africa, aiming to match them to different of climatic zones in Australia. Of the 26 species that are known to have become successfully integrated into the local environment, only one, an African species released in northern Australia, has reached its natural boundary.
Introducing dung beetles into a pasture is a simple process: approximately 1,500 beetles are released, a handful at a time, into fresh cow pats in the cow pasture. The beetles immediately disappear beneath the pats digging and tunnelling and, if they successfully adapt to their new environment, soon become a permanent, self – sustaining part of the local ecology. In time they multiply and within three or four years the benefits to the pasture are obvious.
Yes if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
No if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
Not Given if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1 Bush flies are easier to control than buffalo flies.
2 Four thousand species of dung beetle were initially brought to Australia by the CSIRO
3 Dung beetles were brought to Australia by the CSIRO over a fourteen – year period
4 At least twenty – six of the introduced species have become established in Australia.
5 The dung beetles cause an immediate improvement to the quality of a cow pasture.
总结段落理解知识大集锦
主题句的作用：1）阅读文章的首段＋各段主题句可以把握文章的行文脉络与文章的结构2）可以解决list of heading 题3）帮助后面的题型定位4）分辨出主要信息和次要信息扩展句的作用：1）帮助确认主题句2）扩展句可以略读3）扩展句可以确认考点信息
总结主题句的位置：
段一句：1）大多数情况下在段首；2）当第二句是明显的举例与扩展句时。
段二句：1）当首句是问句时；2）当第二句开头是强转折时；3）当首句是承上起下时。末句：1）段尾出现转折时；2）有明显结词：in conclusion, in a word, in brief, to sum up等没有主题句：1）与上段讲的内容一致；2）通过高频名词判断；
扩展句中常见的几种类型：
(1) 实验调查报道式（Experiment）：调查机构名,study, survey, research, indicate, reports
(2) 排序式与列举式（Sequence of Process）：first / second / after / stages / third / before / steps / next / 1,2,3,4 / a, b, c, d / first, second / also / another/ 1977 /1999
(3) 例证式（Example）: for example / like / for instance
(4) 牛人观点式（the view of expert）：人名＋indicate, suppose, intend, believe, assert
(5) 时间与年代（Time and Age）：21th century, 2001, 1990s.
(6) 城市与地点（City and Place）：New York, CS,
主题句与扩展句之间的关系：是抽象到具体的过程；扩展句是对主题句的具体解释说明
扩展句与扩展句之间的关系：是递进与顺承关系；扩展句之间含义联系非常紧密
文章考点信号词:
1) 举例名词扎堆处：疾病名扎堆，生物名扎堆，城市名扎堆等
2) 数字扎堆处：60% 49% 11% 5,999 thirty-one
3) 牛人观点：人名＋观点提示词suggest, say, imply, point out, indicate, view, believe, think等
4) 文章强转折处：however, but, un-
5) 年代情况：1983，1999
6) 段落高频名词：Komi
7) 实验调查：survey, research, study
8) 专有名词与机构名：UN, Kansai ( unit6)
总结段落理解知识大集锦
主题句的作用：1）阅读文章的首段＋各段主题句可以把握文章的行文脉络与文章的结构2）可以解决list of heading 题3）帮助后面的题型定位4）分辨出主要信息和次要信息扩展句的作用：1）帮助确认主题句2）扩展句可以略读3）扩展句可以确认考点信息
总结主题句的位置：
段一句：1）大多数情况下在段首；2）当第二句是明显的举例与扩展句时。
段二句：1）当首句是问句时；2）当第二句开头是强转折时；3）当首句是承上起下时。末句：1）段尾出现转折时；2）有明显结词：in conclusion, in a word, in brief, to sum up等没有主题句：1）与上段讲的内容一致；2）通过高频名词判断；
扩展句中常见的几种类型：
(1)实验调查报道式（Experiment）：调查机构名,study, survey, research, indicate, reports
(2)排序式与列举式（Sequence of Process）：first / second / after / stages / third / before /
steps / next / 1,2,3,4 / a, b, c, d / first, second / also / another/ 1977 /1999
(3)例证式（Example）: for example / like / for instance
(4)牛人观点式（the view of expert）：人名＋indicate, suppose, intend, believe, assert
(5)时间与年代（Time and Age）：21th century, 2001, 1990s.
(6)城市与地点（City and Place）：New York, CS,
主题句与扩展句之间的关系：是抽象到具体的过程；扩展句是对主题句的具体解释说明
扩展句与扩展句之间的关系：是递进与顺承关系；扩展句之间含义联系非常紧密
文章考点信号词:
1) 举例名词扎堆处：疾病名扎堆，生物名扎堆，城市名扎堆等
2) 数字扎堆处：60% 49% 11% 5,999 thirty-one
3) 牛人观点：人名＋观点提示词suggest, say, imply, point out, indicate, view, believe, think等
4) 文章强转折处：however, but, un-
5) 年代情况：1983，1999
6) 段落高频名词：Komi
7) 实验调查：survey, research, study
8) 专有名词与机构名：UN, Kansai ( unit6)
雅思考试十大题型
独孤九剑定位词：绝名陌级，数大缩标，中文最简化
1）绝对词2）名词3）陌生词，稀有词4）比较级/最高级
5）数字6）大写7）缩写8）特殊标点
同义重现的三种方式：1.原词重现 2.AB重现 3.关系重现
1）其中原词重现的词：数字（1943），专有名词（New York），缩写（UN），稀有词或陌生词（stereoscopic）
2）AB重现的常见词：
1 表上升，进步，增加等正态度词：improve, develop, grow, climb, increase, upgrade, high, rise, arise, soar, fly.
2 表下降，落后，减少等负态度词：de开头的单词，decrease, degrade, reduce, low, decline.
3 表损失，破坏，毁灭，灾难等负态度词：loss, damage, devastate, catastrophic, destroy.
4 表好，积极，有益等正态度的词：good, benefit, positive, available, valuable, better, optimistic, powerful, priority, vividly, robust, favor, advantage.
5 表影响等词：effect, impact, threat, cause, danger, extinct.
6 表范围，多样性，特点的词：kinds, range, various, variety, diversity, wide, types, traits, feature,
3）常见关系重现的词或者词组有：
因果关系：because, for, since,breed, contribute to, bring about, result in, lead to, give rise to,
并列关系：as well as, both…and…, or, and, not only…but also…rather than,
比较关系：as…as, like, similar, paralle l, compare with,more than, less than, unlike
转折关系：unluckily, unfortunately, but, however, on the other hand,though, although, while,
雅思题目答案在文章中的出现顺序:
1）A1 A2 A3 A4 A5B1 B2 B3 B4 B5C1 C2 C3 C4
2）A1 A2 A3A4A5C1 B1 B2 C2 B3 C3 B4 C4 B5
3）A1B1C1B2 A2 A3C2B3C3A4C4 B4 A5B5
Faith can move mountains!!!
附件（1）：前缀
表示否定，负态度的前缀：
a-: 无，不，非
acentric amoral asocial asexual atypical apolitical asymmetry ahistorical adynamic
ab-: 离去，相反，不
abnormal abuse abduct ablacatation abaxial absorb
an-: 无，不
anonymous anoxia anechoic anhormonic anelectric anarchism
de-: 否定，非，相反，除去，取消，毁，离开，向下，降低，减少
destruction demobilize decompose decolonize desalt decode depress devalue
dif-:分开，否定，不
diffluence differ diffident diffuse
di, dis-:不，无，相反，取消，除去，毁，分开，离，散
disport dispirit digress dishonest discomfort disagree disorder disbelieve disapper
dys-: 不良，恶，困难
dysfunction, dysphonia, dyspepsia, dysgenesis dyspathy
hyper-: 超过，过多，太甚
hypermilitant hypersensitive hypersexual hyperslow hyersuspicious hypercriticism hyperactive il-:不，无，非
illegal illogical illimitable illiberal illocal
im-:不，无，非
impossible, imperfect, impure, impolite, immovable, imbalance
in-:不，无，非
incorrect inhuman injustice informal insensible incapable
ir-:不，无
irregular irrational irrelative irresolute
mal-: 恶，不良，失，不
maltreat malpractice malnutrition malediction malformation maldevelopment malcontent mis-: 误，错，恶，不
misspell misread misunderstand mispolicy misfortune mistrust mistreat
un-: 不，无，非，未，取消，除去，弄出
unreal unhappy unclean unfortunate unfriendly uncomfortable unjust
under-: 不足，少
underpay underestimate underwork underpopulated
表示肯定的前缀：
ac / ad / af / ag / ap / ar / as / at / a：表加强，肯定
bene-: 善，好
benevolent benediction beneficent benefaction
eu-: 优，善，好
eugenics eulogize euphemism euphonic eupepsia euthenics
表示反对，相反的前缀：
contra-:反对，相反，相对
contra-missile contraclockwise contradict contraposition
counter-:反对，相反
counterrevolution counterattack countermarch countermove counterplot
anti-:反对，相反，防止
antiwar antitank anti-imperialist antiforeign antislavery antinoise antifat
附件2：雅思常见词根表
acu == sharp acute 敏锐的；尖锐的acumem 敏锐；聪明acupuncture 针灸
alti == high altitude 高度altimeter 高度计exalt 提高；提升
ambula == walk ambulance 救护车ambulant 流动的ambulate 行走、移动
ann == year anniversary 周年纪念annual 每年的annals 编年史
anthro == man anthropoid 似人类的；类人猿anthropology 人类学anthroposociology 人类社会学
arch == ruler monarch君主anarchism 无政府主义patriarch 家长、族长
aster/astr == star astrology 占星术astronomy 天文学asterisk 星号，星标
audi == hearing audience 听众audible 听得见的audiphone 助听器
auto == self automation 自动化autobiography 自传autosuggestion 自我暗示
bio == life biology 生物学biography 传记biocide 杀虫剂
brevi == short brief 简短的brevity 简洁
equ == same;equal equality 平等equivalence 对应物equator 赤道
faci == easy facile 易得到的，不花力气的facilitate 使...容易
fact == make;do manufacture 制造factory 工厂benefactor 恩人，施恩者
fer == carry;bring ferry 轮渡transfer 搬运，转移interfere 干预
fin == end;limit finalize 使...了结infinite 无限的define 限定，下定义
flect/flex == bend reflect 反射，反映flexible 易弯曲的reflexctor 反射镜
flu == flow influence 影响fluent 流利fluid 流动的；液，流体
form == shape reform 改革conform 符合
frag == break fragile 易碎的fragment 碎片fracture 骨折
gen == produce generate 产生genetics 遗传学genesis 起源，创始
geo == land;earth geology 地理学geometry 几何学geocide 地球末日
leg == law illegitimate 非法的legislate 立法legislature 立法机关
literat == letter literature 文学illiterate 文盲semiliterate 半文盲的
loc == place location 地点allocate 分配localism 地方主义
lumi == light;bright illuminate 照明illuminance 照明度luminary 发光体，杰出人物magni == big;great magnificent 宏大的magnify 放大magnitude 巨大，广大
man(u) == hand manufacture 生产，加工manage 管理manuscript 手稿
mar == sea submarine 潜艇maritime 海事的，海运的mariner 海员
meter/metri == measure thermemeter 温度计altimeter 高度计
mit/miss == send emit 放射vomit 呕吐transmission 播送，传送
mort == death mortal 致命的immortal 不朽的postmortem 死后的
nomin == name nominal 名义上nominate 提名innominate 无名的，匿名的
nounce == proclaim acupuncture 针灸punctual 准时的，精确的
rupt == break corruption 腐败interrupt 打断bankrupt 破产
scop == see;look at microscopic 微观的macroscopic 宏观的
scope == instrument for observing microscope 显微镜telescope 望远镜
scribe/script == write;writing;look at describe 描述prescription 处方
sequ == follow consequence 后果sequence 次序sequel 结局，续集
sens/sent == sense;feeling sentimental 多愁善感的sensitivity 灵敏度consent 赞同simil == like similarity 共性simile 明喻similar 类似的
sol == alone sole 唯一的solitary 单独的soliloquy 独白
soph == wise philosopher 哲学家sophisticated 老练的，尖端的pansophic 无所不知的spec(t) == see;look at inspect 视察expect 盼望retrospect 回顾abbreviate 缩写
capit == head capital 首都decapitate 斩首capitation 人头税；按人收费
ced == go;move recede 后退；引退unprecedented 史无前例的precede 先行，居先cess == go;move access 通路process 进展
chron == time chronology 年表，年代学chronic 慢性的synchronal 同步的，同时发生的cide == kill;cut suicide 自杀insecticide 杀虫剂bactericide 杀菌剂
confid == trust confidential 机密的confide 吐露(秘密)
cord == heart accordance 一致，调和concord 协调，同意discord 不和，不一致
cred == trust;belief credit 信用；信任incredible 难以置信的credulous 轻信的
cur == run;move current 潮流excurse远足，旅行incursion 入侵，进入
cycl == circle;wheel bicycle 自行车tricycle 三轮车hemicycle 半圆的
dic/dict == say;speak indicate 指示，暗示
grad == go;step graduate 毕业gradual 逐步的degrade 退化，堕落
graph/gram == write;writing telegraph 电报program 节目，说明书diagram 图表
grate/grati == thanks grateful 衷心感谢的gratitude 感谢
grav == heavy;serious gravity 重力；严重性grave 严重的gravimeter 比重计，测重器gress == go;walk progress 进步aggressive 侵略的congress 会议
herb == grass herbal 草本植物的；草药书herby 长满草的，似草的
humid == wet humidity 湿度，湿气humidify 使湿润
hydr == water;liquid hydroelectric 水电的hydroplane 水上飞机hydrospace 海洋世界ject == throw eject 喷射；逐出inject 注射reject 拒绝
juven == young juvenile 青少年rejuvenate (使)返老还童juvenilia 少年文艺读物
just/jur == just justify 证明正确jurist 法学家jury 陪审团
ortho == straight;correct orthodox 正统的orthopaedy 矫正术
pater/patr == father paternal 父亲般的patriarch (男性)族长patricide 弑父；杀父者pathy == feeling sympathy 同情antipathy 反感empathy 移情
ped == foot pedestrain 行人expedition 远征(队) pedal 足的；踏板
pel/pulse == push;drive expel 驱逐impulse 冲动dispel 驱散
pend/pens == use up;hang expense 花费expenditure 开支suspend 悬浮；使悬而未决phon == sound headphone 耳机symphony 交响乐microphone 麦克风
plic = fold duplicate 二倍的，副本complication 综合症；并发症；复杂implicit 含蓄的port == carry porter 脚夫export 出口passport 护照
pose == put;place propose 建议dispose 处理expose 使暴露，揭发
spect == look suspect 怀疑prospect 展望respect 尊敬
spir == breathe respiration 呼吸perspire 出汗expire 死亡断气
struct == build constructive 富有建设性的superstructure 上层建筑destruction 毁灭
stup == be motionless stupid 愚蠢stupefy 使麻木；使呆若木鸡stupor 昏迷，麻木
sum == use up;take consumption 消费assume 自以为resume 继续进行
tain == hold maintain 维持attain 获得abstain 放弃，戒，禁
the(o) == god theology 神学theist 有神论者atheism 无神论
thermo == heat thermometer 温度计thermonuclear 热核的thermos 热水瓶
tract == draw tractor 拽引机，拖拉机attract 吸引distract 分散
vent == come advent 来到，出现convention 会议contravention 违反，抵触
verb == word verbal 词语的，动词的hyperverbal 说话太多的
vert/vers == turn dictate 口授diction 措词
domin == rule;control dominate 主宰indomitable 不屈不挠的
duce/duct == lead;take introduce 介绍induce 引诱conduct 指导
labor == work laborious 费力的collaborate 合作，协作
later == side;party bilateral 双边的unilateral 单方的equilateral 等边的
prim == initial;first primary 初级的primitive 原始的prime 首要的，最初的
psych == mind psychology 心理学psychoanalysis 心理分析
punct == point punctuate 加标点convert 转移version 译本subvert 推翻，颠覆
vid/vis == see vision 视力，视觉invisible 看不见的visibility 能见度viv == life vivid 生动的revive 复活survive 幸存，逃生
附件3：雅思常见后缀
1. 名词后缀
(1) 具有某种职业或动作的人
1)-an, -ain, 表示"……地方的人，精通……的人”American, historian,
2)-al, 表示"具有……职务的人" principal,
3)-ant,-ent, 表示"……者” merchant, agent, servant, student,
4)-ar, 表示"……的人” scholar, liar, peddler
5)-ard, -art, 表示"做……的人”coward, laggard, braggart(夸张者)
6)-arian, 表示"……派别的人，……主义的人”humanitarian, vegetarian
7)-ary, 表示"从事……的人" secretary, missionary
8)-ant, 表示"具有……职责的人" candidate, graduate
9)-ator, 表示"做……的人" educator, speculator(投机者)
10)-crat, 表示"某种政体，主义的支持者" democrat, bureaucrat
11)-ee, 表示"动作承受者" employee, examinee
12)-eer, 表示"从事于……人" engineer, volunteer
13)-er, 表示"从事某种职业的人, 某地区，地方的人" banker, observer, Londoner, villager
14)-ese, 表示" ……国人，…..地方的人”Japanese, Cantonese
15)-ess, 表示"阴性人称名词，actress, hostess, manageress
16)-eur, 表示"……家” amateur, littérateur
17)-ian, 表示"……地方人，信仰…….教的人，从事……职业的人”Christian, physician(内科医生)，musician
18)-ician, 表示"精通者，……家，”electrician, magician, technician
19)-icist, 表示"……家，…….者, …….能手”physicist, phoneticist, technicist
20)-ic, 表示"……者，……师" mechanic, critic
21)-ie, 表示"爱，指小" dearie, auntie, lassie(小姑娘)
22)-ier, 表示"从事……职业” cavalier, clothier, brazier(黄铜匠)
23)-ine, ian, 表示"阴性人称" heroine, ballerina
24)-ist, 表示"从事……研究者，信仰……主义者" pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist
25)-ive, 表示"动作者，行为者” native, captive
26)-logist, 表示"……学家，研究者" biologist, geologist(地质学家)
27)-or, 表示"……者" author, doctor, operator,
28)-ster, 表示"做…….事情的人”youngster, gamester(赌徒)，songster
29)-yer, 表示" 从事……职业者” lawyer
(2). 构成，具有抽象名词的含义
1)-acy, 表示"性质，状态，境遇" accuracy, diplomacy
2)-age, 表示"状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称" courage, storage, marriage
3)-al, a) 表示"事物的动作，过程”refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approval
b) 表示具体的事物manual, signal, editorial, journal
4)-ance, -ence表示"性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度” endurance, importance, diligence, difference, obedience
5)-ancy, -ency, 表示"性质，状态，行为，过程" frequency, urgency, efficiency,
6)-bility, 表示"动作，性质，状态" possibility, feasibility,
7)-craft, 表示"工艺，技巧” woodcraft, handicraft, statecraft（治国策）
8)-cracy, 表示"统治，支配" bureaucracy, democracy
9)-cy, 表示"性质，状态，职位，级别" bankruptcy(破产)，supremacy
10)-dom, 表示"等级，领域，状态" freedom, kingdom, wisdom
11)-ery, -ry, 表示"行为，状态，习性" bravery, bribery, rivalry
12)-ety, 表示"性质，状态” variety, dubiety(怀疑)
13)-faction, -facture, 表示"作成，……化，作用" satisfaction, manufacture
14)-hood, 表示"资格，身份, 年纪，状态" childhood, manhood, falsehood
15)-ice, 表示"行为，性质，状态" notice, justice, service
16)-ine, 表示"带有抽象概念" medicine, discipline, famine
17)-ing, 表示"动作的过程，结果" building, writing, learning
18)-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示"行为的过程，结果，状况" action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression_r_r, correction
19)-ise, 表示"性质，状态” exercise, merchandise(商业)
20)-ism, 表示"制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为" socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism
21)-ity, 表示"性质，状态，程度” purity, reality, ability, calamity
22)-ment, 表示"行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument
23)-mony, 表示"动作的结果，状态" ceremony, testimony
24)-ness, 表示"性质，状态，程度" goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness
25)-or, -our, 表示"动作，性质，状态" favor, error,
26)-osity, 表示"动作，状态” curiosity
27)-ship, 表示"情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业” hardship, membership, friendship
28)-th, 表示"动作，性质，过程，状态" depth, wealth, truth, length, growth
29)-tude, 表示"性质，状态，程度" latitude, altitude(海拔)
30)-ure, 表示"行为，结果" exposure, pressure, failure, procedure(手续)，
31)-y, 表示"行为的结果，状态，性质” glory, history, victory, inquiry
(3) 带有场所，地方的含义
1)-age, 表示"住所，地点" village, cottage
2)-ary, 表示"住所，场地" library, granary (谷仓)
3)-ery, ry, 表示"工作场所，饲养所，地点" laundry, nursery, surgery(手术室)
4)-ory, 表示"工作场所，住处" factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory (4) 带有学术，科技含义
1)-grapy, 表示"……学，写法” biography, calligraphy, geography
2)-ic, ics, 表示"……学……法" logic, mechanics, optics, electronics
3)-ology, 表示"……学……论”biology, zoology, technology(工艺学)
4)-nomy, 表示"……学……术" astronomy, economy, bionomy(生态学)
5)-ery, 表示"学科，技术" chemistry, cookery, machinery
6)-y, 表示"……学，术，法” photography, philosophy
(5) 表示人和事物的总和，集合含义
1)-age, baggage, tonnage
2)-dom, newspaperdom(新闻界)
3)-hood, neighbourhood, womanhood
4)-ery, cavalry, ministry(内阁)
5)-ure, legislature, judicature
(6) 表示物品和物质名称的含义
1)-ant, ent, solvent, constant
2)-al, signal, pictorial(画报)
3)ar, collar, pillar(石柱)
4)- er, boiler, computer, washer, cooker
5)-ery, drapery(绸缎)
6)-ing, clothing, matting,
7)-ment, instrument, equipment, attachment
(7) 表示“细小”的含义
1)-cle, particle,
2)-cule, molecule(分子)
3)-el, parcel
4)-en, chicken, maiden
5)-et, pocket, ticket
6)-etta, -ette, etto, cigarette, essayette(短文)
7)-kin, napkin
8)-ling, duckling,
9)-let, booklet
10)-y, baby, doggy
2. 形容词后缀
（1）带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义
1)-able, -ible, movable, comfortable, applicable, visible, responsible
2)-al, natural, additional, educational
3)-an, ane, urban, suburban, republican
4)-ant, -ent, distant, important, excellent
5)-ar, similar, popular, regular
6)-ary, military, voluntary
7)-ice, -atie, ical, politic, systematic, historic, physical,
8)-ine, masculine, feminine, marine
9)-ing, moving, touching, daring
10)-ish, foolish, bookish, selfish
11)-ive, active, impressive, decisive
12)-ory, satisfactory, compulsory
13)-il, -ile, -eel, fragile, genteel(文雅的)
(2) 表示“相象，类似”的含义
1)-ish, boyish, childish
2)-esque, picturesque
3)-like, manlike, childlike
4)-ly, manly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly
5)-some, troublesome, handsome
6)-y, milky, pasty
(3) 表示“充分的”含义
1)-ful, beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful
2)-ous, dangerous, generous, courageous, various
3)-ent, violent,
(4) 表示由某种物质形成，制成或生产的含义
1)-en, wooden, golden, woolen
2)-ous, gaseous
3)-fic, scientific
(5) 表示方向的含义
1)-ern, eastern, western
2)-ward, downward, forward
(6) 表示“倍数”的含义
1)-ble, double, treble
2)ple, triple
3)-fold, twofold, tenfold
(7) 表示“数量关系”的含义
1)-teen, thirteen
2)-ty, fifty
3)-th, fourth, fiftieth
(8) 表示国籍，语种，宗教的含义
1)-an, Roman, European
2)-ese, Chinese,
3)-ish, English, Spanish
(9) 表示“比较程度”的含义
1)-er, greater
2)-ish, reddish, yellowish
3)-est, highest
4)-most, foremost, topmost
(10)其他的含义
-less, 表示否定，countless, stainless, wireless
3. 动词后缀
1)-ize, ise, 表示"做成，变成，……化“modernize, mechanize, democratize, organize
2)-en, 表示"使成为，引起，使有” quicken, weaken, soften, harden
3)-fy, 表示"使……化, 使成”beautify, purify, intensify, signify, simplify
4)-ish, 表示"使，令” finish, abolish, diminish, establish
5)-ate, 表示“成为……，处理，作用” separa te, operate, indicate
4. 副词后缀（ably, -ally, -ibly, ly, -ce, -fold, -wards）
1)-ly, possibly, swiftly, simply
2)-ward, -wards, upward向上的，朝上downward 向下的，朝下
3)-ways, cornerways 对角的，斜
4)-wise, crosswise 交叉coastwise 沿海岸
附件5:扩展句常见的形式
附件分类式标志词汇：categories / classification / groups / parts / types / characteristics / elements / kinds / sorts / ways / classes / features / numbers
排序式的4种类型：时间顺序/ 空间顺序/ 主次顺序/ 过程分析
排序式标志词汇：first / now / later / second / after / stages / third / before / steps / next / finally / then / most important / furthermore / when / last
例举式标志词汇：1,2,3,4 / a, b, c, d / first, second / also / another / in addition / moreover / next / then / 小黑点
比较式标志词汇：compare / in comparison / in the same way / like / alike / likewise / parallels / resembles / similar / similarly
对比式标志词汇：although / however / on the other hand / as opposed to / but / conversely / difference / however / in contrast to / instead / nevertheless / on the contrary / on the other hand / rather than / unlike / whereas / yet / look at another side
表原因标志词汇：because / cause / due to / for this reason / on account of / since / why
表结果标志词汇：as a result / consequently / hence / therefore / thus / results in / in effect / the outcome is / contribute to / give rise to / trigger / lead to / bring about
下定义标志词汇：define / is / is defined as / known as / that is (i.e) / the term means / we mean / we can state
举例子标志词汇：具体的名词/for example / like / such as / for instance / case / as the case of / in the case of / to illustrate / specifically
表实验调查词汇：survey, research, indicate
牛人观点：人名＋think, say, point out, indicate, suppose, intend, believe, assert, claim, pronounce, announce, regard
附件六: 同义重现的三种方式
1.原词重现
2.AB重现
3.关系重现
（1）其中原词重现的词一般是：数字（1943），专有名词（New York），缩写（UN），稀有词或陌生词（stereoscopic）
（2）AB重现的常见词有：
1 表上升，进步，增加等正态度词：improve, develop, grow, climb, increase, upgrade, high, rise, arise, soar, fly.
2 表下降，落后，减少等负态度词：de开头的单词，decrease, degrade, reduce, low, decline.
3 表损失，破坏，毁灭，灾难等负态度词：loss, damage, devastate, catastrophic, destroy.
4 表好，积极，有益等正态度的词：good, benefit, positive, available, valuable, better, optimistic, powerful, priority, vividly, robust, favor, advantage.
5 表不好，消极等负态度的词：bad, terribly, negative, worse, pessimistic, drawback, shortcoming, disadvantage.
6 表发生，产生等词：happen, occur, produce, birth.
7 表导致等词：contribute to, lead to, give rise to, cause, result in, make.
8 表影响等词：effect, impact, threat, cause, danger, extinct.
9 表数量多的量词：amount of, a great number of, a great deal of, a large number of, big, plenty of, mass of .
10 表数量少的量词：few, a little, bit,
11 表范围，多样性，特点的词：kinds, range, various, variety, diversity, wide, types, traits, feature, characteristic
12 表包含的词：include, involve, comprise, contain, such as, consist of
13 表结果的词：outcome, result, consequence, so
14 表重要的词：important, significant, vital, essential, critical, crucial,
15 表研究调查的词：research, survey, study, experiment, investigation
16 表帮助，支持，提供的词：assist, aid, help, benefit, support, supply, provide, favor, bolster, prop up,
17 表目标,将来的词：goal, aim, future, target, vista, vision, insight, sight
18 表充满，实现，成功等正态度的词：successful, fulfill, achieve, accomplish, full, flawless, pregnant, peppered with
19 表缺少，失败等负态度的词：fail, lack, defect, flaw, shortcoming, drawback
20 表联系的词：connect to, link to, combine with, relate to, associate with
21 表并列的词：and, at the same time, meanwhile, as well as, rather than, 分号
22 表说明，表明的词：demonstrate, indicate, notice, point out, illustrate, explain, suggest, imply, view
23 表原因的词：because, for, since, due to, result from, reason, cause, according to
24 表牛人观点词：suppose, believe, intend, demonstrate, indicate, notice, point out, think,
admit, suggest, advise, view
25 表反应的词：react, response, answer, reflect
26 表应对，处理的词：deal with, cope with, handle with, do, make
27 表一些的量词：some, several, a number of
28 表来源的词：as a result of, as a source of, come from
29 表花费，花消，消耗的词：use, cost, spend, consume
30 表关注的词：concern on, focus on, pay attention to, pay deed to
31 表了解知道的词：know, understand, learn, grasp, aware, realize
32 表转折的词：however, but, on the other hand, look at another side, un-,
33 表取决于，依靠于的词：depend on, rely on, up to, base on
（3）常见关系重现的词或者词组有：
表示原因的词：because, for, since, due to, result from, reason, cause, according to, depend on, rely on, base on
表示结果的词：result, consequence, outcome, so
表示导致的词：breed, contribute to, bring about, result in, lead to, give rise to, produce
（各种题型中均常见）
表示肯定并列的词：as well as, both…and…, or, and, not only…but also…
表示半否定的并列词：rather than, either…or…, prefer…to…
表示全否定的并列词：neither…nor…
（summary 与简答题中常见）
表示类比关系的词：as…as, like, similar, parallel, compare with
表示反比关系的词：more than, less than, unlike, on the other hand, in contrast with, different
表示转折关系的词：unluckily, unfortunately, but, however, on the other hand, look at another side, instead of, alternatively,
表示让步关系的词：though, although, while, albeit, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, nonetheless, admittedly, look at another side
附件7题型与解题方法
题型一：T/F/NG or Y/N/NG 判断正误题
解题关键：（1）读句子，划定位词；界定法
（1）划出考点词
a.比较级与最高级
b.因果
c.数字（数字扎堆必有考点）
d.事实（需要到文中求证）
e.委婉态度词some, likely, may/maybe…
f.绝对态度词often, must, never, only…
g.常见的反以词positive/negative, good/bad
切忌：1）中文思维2）钻牛角尖
解题步骤：1。看清题目要求，答案写法
2．确切理解题目含义，不要想当然
3．划定位词和考点词
4．回原文定位，搜索解题
True: 1) 题目是原文的同义表达A-A重现
2）题目是原文几句或某一句推理而成
False: 1) 与原文直接相反
2）原文是多个条件的并举，题目是必须或非得
3）原文中包含了条件if，unless 引导的，题目中去掉了这个条件
NG：1）未提及
2）原文语气模糊，而题目语气很肯定
3）原文大范围，题目小范围
4）原文是愿望，目的，发誓。题目中成为事实。剑四P90.5
例子：4P20 4P44 4P69 3P21 3P26
题型二：Matching 配对题型（明星题型）
分类：因果配对，人名理论配对，科学规律与具体表现配对，机构与产品配对，段落信息配对，图形描述配对，综合配对。
解题方案：
1 了解配对关系
2 找人名后的观点提示词: suggest, find, show, discover, note, hold the view, harbour
3 严格重视人名理论段落的末句
4 文章经典结构三段式，如题目中出现：society, environment, government, 到原文末段寻找答案
定位原则：
（1）谁容易，就用那个定位
（2）谁少就用谁定位
（3）用题目信息定位（一般会有一个重复出现）
题型三：List of headings 小标题对应题型
解题关键：寻找主题句
（1）第一句
（2）最后一句：thus, therefore, in a word, in conclusion, in brief, in summary （3）段二句: a 首句是问句时，永远不是主题句。b 首句是承上启下的句子
C 第二句开头第一个单词是强转折
（4）段中：a转折处。b 最高级往往是考点
（5）寻找高频名词（辅助：形容词，名词）
解题步骤：
1．读标题，猜测文章大意和结构
2．划掉例子（文章，题目）
3．读备选框，划中心词
4．读段落，寻找Topic Sentence
5．中心词速配，确定答案
题型四：Summary 摘要题型
分为：部分段落的summary
全分的summary
导致对阅读的量的要求不同。如何判断是全文的summary还是段落的summary? （1）答题指引
（2）Summary的首句信息
（3）Summary的尾句信息
（4）数字定位
两种不同的题型：a选项式b填空式
（1）选项式4P30
解题方法：a先通过词性预测，排掉一部分干扰选项
b 划空格附近定位关键词
c 到文章中找答案（注意三种重现）
d 核对选项中的选项
（2）填空式4P77 4P73 4P44 4P95
解题方法：a 先看标题
b 预测空格词性
c 划定位词: 用逻辑关系转折关系辅助定位
以部分段落的summary为主，每一段对应一到两个答案
全文的summary较少，一句话对应一个段落
答案往往在各段首尾句。
题型五：主旨题
3P26 3P46 4P22
正确答案的特点：包含文章的核心概念与结构
不正确答案的特点：四大恶人（细节信息就是以偏概全）
题型六：Choice 选择题型
两种不同的题型：单项选择与多项选择
（1）单选4P48 4P67 4P91
划题干关键词＋横看第一个选项＋竖看后三个选项
干扰选项的类型: 混偏反无（四大恶人）
混淆概念，以偏概全，与原文相反，根本没有提及
（2）多选4P48 4P94
解体5方法与单选一样，答案在原文中集中出现
题型七：Short Answer Questions 简答题
4P73 4P26
解题方法：（1）画特殊疑问词
（2）画定位关键词
（3）读懂题目
（4）按顺序原则解题
题型八：Sentence Completion 完成句子题
4P90
（1）预测空格词性
（2）关键词定位
（3）注意空格前后的同义转述
（4）按顺序原则找答案
题型九：Flow Chart 流程图
两种关系：因果关系；顺序关系
（１）用独孤九剑定位
（２）预测空格词性
（３）注意前后逻辑发展关系
题型十: Table 完成表格题型
4P48 4P68 4P76 3P41 3P45
解题方法：
（1）上看下看左看右看
（2）预测空格词性
（3）层层地位: 优先用名词地位动词与副词辅助地位
雅思阅读基础班教案step3 教学目标： 1.了解判断题的注意事项； 2.熟悉判断题的出题原理并熟练典型题目； 3.了解段落题的注意事项； 4.掌握解题方法并熟练典型题目。 教学步骤： 1.了解判断题的注意事项：这里讲的是一些普遍规律。 2.熟悉出题原理：中国学生最熟悉的判断题的形式是“正/误”判断，而雅思中 加入了“未提及”，这让很多同学会产生混淆，所以需要仔细研读出题原理和判断准则。 3.熟练典型题目：判断题往往跟原文的细节和题目的提问方式紧密相连。考生 需要认真学习典型题目，确保在实际考试中发挥作用。 4.了解段落题的注意事项：很多经验之谈不可忽视。 5.掌握解题方法：学练结合。 6.熟练典型题目：从理解到实战是有距离的，所以要认真领悟，通过例题去印 证。 教学过程： I.是非判断题命题规律与解题要诀 雅思考试中的判断题有两种书写形式： TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN和YES/NO/NOT GIVEN 对考生而言，这两种书写形式其实是一种题目，在做题方法上没有任何区别。 概率：真实考试40个题目中平均12个题，多分布于两篇文章中。 难度：★★★★☆ 该题型主要考查句子理解，出题概率最高，是剑桥雅思特色题型。中国大学英语四级考试阅读中已经引进了该题型，考生易混淆FALSE(NO) 和NOT GIVEN。判断实不难，真假未提及 答案概率 有学生问：“我基础差，上了考场时间不够，题也读不懂，全靠蒙。有人说句子长的蒙TRUE;句子短的蒙FALSE;不长不短NOT GIVEN。对吗？”不会吧，我数数。 有学生说：“实在没戏，全写TRUE, 全TRUE法。”有点道理，但太极端，全TRUE法上不了5分的，没有实际意义。 让我们一起来看看《剑桥雅思》真题系列的答案统计表，找出答案概率的规律。
2012年9月1日的雅思考试过后，环球雅思也在第一时间整理了完整的2012年9月1日雅思阅读机经，在此次的雅思阅读考试的三篇文章中，其中比较典型的几个题型的TRUE\FALSE\NOT GIVEN、Complete table、多选题、Sentence completion的出题比例依旧比较稳定，可以看到判断TRUE\FALSE\NOT GIVEN还是2012年9月1日雅思阅读机经中的重头戏。 考试日期：2012年9月1日 Reading Passage 1 Title:Man and Machine Question types:段落细节信息配对题填空题summary 文章内容 回顾 关于机器人的，MIT和日本的一些研究 英文原文阅读Types of Robots Humanoid Entertainment Robots ASIMO, manufactured by Honda QRIO, by Sony HOAP(*1) Robot Series (Humanoid for Open Architecture Platform), Manufactured by Fujitsu Toyota Partner Robot, manufactured by Toyota. EMIEW, by Hitachi
Androids Androids are robots designed to strongly resemble humans. Actroid, a realistic female robot demonstrated most prominently at Expo 2005 in Japan Hanako, a humanoid robot designed for dentist training HRP-4C, a humanoid robot with a realistic head and the average figure of a young Japanese female Animal (four legged) robots Aibo playing with kids AIBO is a commercial robotic dog manufactured by Sony Electronics. Social robots PaPeRo Paro, a robot baby seal intended for therapeutic purposes Wakamaru Guard robots Guardrobo D1 is manufactured by Sohgo Security Services. Banryu, manufactured by Sanyo and TMSUK. Domestic robots SmartPal V, manufactured by Yaskawa Electric
雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析（2）
Next Year Marks the EU's 50th Anniversary of the Treaty A. After a period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief，continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan-European institution-building in . Whether the European public will welcome a return to what voters in two countries had rejected so short a time before is another matter. B. There are several reasons for Europe’s recovering self-confidence. For years European economies had been lagging dismally behind America (to say nothing of Asia)， but in the large continental economies had one of their best years for a decade， briefly outstripping America in terms of growth. Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag，’s improvement in economic growth will have its impact in ， though the recovery may be ebbing by then. C. The coming year also marks a particular point in a political cycle so regular that it almost seems to amount to a natural law. Every four or five years， European countries take a large stride towards further integration by signing a new treaty： the Maastricht treaty in 1992， the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997， the Treaty of Nice in . And in they were supposed to ratify a European constitution， laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudely shattered by French and Dutch voters. But the political impetus to sign something every four or five years has only been interrupted，not immobilised， by this setback. D. In the European Union marks the 50th anniversary of another treaty—the Treaty of Rome， its founding charter. Government leaders have already agreed to celebrate it ceremoniously， restating their commitment to “ever closer union” and the basic ideals of European unity. By itself， and in normal circumstances， the EU’s 50th-birthday greeting to itself would be fairly meaningless， a routine expression of European good fellowship. But it does not take a Machiavelli to spot that once governments have signed the declaration (and it seems unlikely anyone would be so uncollegiate as to veto
Topics of Task 2 （2008～2009.11.21) 一、教育（共25题，占%） 1. In countries where there is a high rate of unemployment, most pupils should be offered only primary education. There is no point in offering secondary education to those who have no hope of finding a job. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? (08.01.26) 不同意： 中学教育是一个重要的德育阶段，如果在这个时候中断，带来的不仅仅是失业这样的问题，还有青少年犯罪等社会问题vital stage for moral education. If it was interrupted, numerous of social problems/headaches may create as juvenile delinquency. (正如马克吐温说：你每关闭一所学校，你就必须开设一座监狱。Every time you stop a school, you will have to build a jail ） 教育能够帮助培养个人素质；提高劳动力的素质，从而提高生产效率，推动社会发展，从根本上解决失业的问题。do a favor to/be beneficial（advantageous, preferable) to personal quality, enhance/boost/promote the quality of the labor force, thereby increase production efficiency, social development, solve the problem of unemployment 从长远来看，如果受过更高的教育，则有更多的机会找到好的工作。In a long run／term, if pupils could receive better education, they may have far more opportunities to find better jobs. 教育的作用不仅仅应当局限在找工作，而是为了将来更好的发展。The function of education should be not only focused on \limited in job hunting, but also for a better development. ＊＊失业的原因是综合的comprehensive/complicated，例如经济原因：经济衰退或者不景气economy recession/depression，就业岗位剧减，导致市场对于劳动力的需求整体下降 a fall in the overall demand for labor;社会原因，个人原因等 2. Most countries spend much money on education, as they start to realize the importance of education. In your opinion which subject is the most important for young people and which one is the least important? Subjects: Literature Sports Mathematics Economy Physics History Music Geography (08.03.01) 整个题目可以分为理论科目和实践科目两种： 理论科目的好处：智的角度 实践科目（音乐、体育）的好处：美、体、劳的角度 E.g.: What does sports benefits your academic? Any sport will have a positive effect on academic performance simply because exercise is good for the brain, and teamwork and strategy that are focal to most sports are applicable as well to many academic areas. 理论科目的坏处：枯燥、单调、需要长时间的学习、结合实践时较为困难 体育、音乐的坏处：需要天赋；需要大量时间和金钱的投入；就业范围小，职业生涯短 3. Schoolteachers used to be the source of information, however, some people argue that teachers are not as important as before as the increasing variety of information resources. What is your opinion? (08.0 4.24) 和以前一样重要：（也就是说老师的重要性） 学校教育更加有利于学生的道德培养，尤其对于年龄较小的学生。老师可以帮助学生建立自信心，培养能力，塑造良好的性格最终成为一个有利于社会的人。Teachers could help the students to build up confidence, shape upright character and ultimately grow a full man beneficial to the society. 通过老师的讲解，能够更加容易接受知识。By lectures, students are more easily to receive knowledge.可以根据学生的需要而改变teach students in accordance with their own characteristics and differences 学生在学校里能够参加体育锻炼，有利于身体的健康和成长 学校教育给了学生一个交流、沟通、合作的机会，有利于团队精神team spirit、合作精神cooperation、创新能力innovation的培养foster/cultivation。 其他信息途径的好处（远程教育的好处） 提供了一种更为新颖有效的教育形式an original and effective educational model；增加人们接受教育的机会increase the opportunities of being educated;提高参与者的科技能力develop technology competencies、拓展技术面broaden skill set,从而提高就业机会job opportunity。 为地处偏远和行动不便的人、工作时间不稳定的人提供了受教育的机会those with restricted mobility, such as elderly, disabled, injured, irregular work schedule. 可以同时和全国各地甚至全世界各地的人进行交流和学communicate and interact with students all over the country or even the world 文档和资料容易储存、易提取、打印和阅读documents and materials are easily recorded, retrieved, printed and read 远程教育的缺点： 缺乏和老师面对面的交流lack of in-person contact with faculty members很难及时接受到老师的反馈wait for a long time before receiving feedback about assignments 不能像传统教育那样和同学之间更多地接触，没有机会提高口头交流能力和合作能力等have no chance to enhance oral communication skills and cooperation skills 精力和注意力会被很多东西分散many distractions at home 并不是所有的行业都承认网络教育的学历，缺乏就业认可。not all work industries acknowledge online degrees 4.Schools should teach children some academic subjects, which will be beneficial to their future careers. Therefore, other subjects such as music and sports are not important. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? (08.0 5.22) 同第2题 5.University students always focus on one specialist subject, but some people think universities should encourage their students to study a range of subjects in addition to their own subject. To what
Birthday traditions in different countries Birthdays are celebrated all over the world. Some traditions are fairly similar from country to country: candles, cakes and birthday wishes, birthday games and pinches for good luck. Other customs are quite different. Here are a few. Argentina–In Argentina, as in many Latin American countries, one of the most important birthday parties is a girl’s fifteenth. When girls turn 15, they have a huge party and dance the waltz first with their father, and then the boys at the party. China– The birthday child pays respect to the parents and receives a gift of money. Friends and relatives are invited to lunch, and noodles are served to wish the birthday child a long life. Denmark– A flag is flown outside a window to show that someone who lives in that house is having a birthday. Presents are placed around the child’s bed while they are sleeping so they will see them immediately when they wake up. The Netherlands– Special year birthdays such as 5, 10, 15, 20, 21 are called “crown” years and the birthday child receives an especially large gift. The family also decorates the birthday child’s chair with flowers or paper streamers, paper flowers and balloons. India – Usually Indian children wear white to school. However, on their birthday children wear coloured clothes to school and give out chocolates to everyone in the class. Their best friend helps them to do this. Japan– The birthday child wears new clothes to mark the occasion. Certain birthdays are more important than others and these are celebrated with a visit to the local shrine. These are the third and seventh birthdays for girls and the fifth for boys. Questions 1-5 Match the countries in the box with their descriptions. 1 A country where longevity is celebrated by a special dish ________ 2 A country where candies are distributed among peers ________ 3 A country where the birthday is made known to the community ________ 4 A country where the household is full of birthday ornaments ________ 5 A country where religious worship is sometimes involved ________
雅思阅读机经类5
考试日期： 8月25日 Reading Passage 1 Title: Dirty But Clean River ---(FLOOD) Question types: TRUE\FALSE\NOT GIVEN 9题 Complete table 5题 文章内容回顾flood对生态群系的重要性，但某处flood愈发减少以致人们不得不模拟flood。 问flood or fire对森林更有害，后面问自从1663年t鱼就开始减少，还有flood最多可到3500每秒，1996的人造flood开始被认为成功了，cube鱼的减少是因为t鱼的引入，人造flood比天然的大，以前flood含有干净的水。 题型难度分析难度偏低，本文只有两种题型，且都是有顺序的题目，降低了做题难度。是非无判断的题量较大，在一定程度上降低了定位的难度。在表格填空题中，还有两道是时间（数字）的定位，难度降低。 题型技巧分析是非无判断题： 解题思路： 1. 关键词定位到原文中与题目出现重复的段落 2. 判断方式不包含任何逻辑推理 TRUE: 是原文中同义近义改写 FALSE: 对于原文信息的直接改写 NOT GIVEN: 原文没有信息，或经过原文信息不能直接推理出来3. 书写应该规范，大写全拼 剑桥雅思推荐原文练习剑桥5-3-2 Disappearing Delta 话题相似剑桥6-2-3 题型相似 Reading Passage 2 Title: graffiti（涂鸦） Question types: Which paragraph contains the following information? 5题连续两个5选2 （4题） Sentence completion 4题 文章内容回顾 graffiti（涂鸦）是艺术还是犯罪，主要讲各种去除涂鸦的方法，不足之处和注意事项 等。 英文原文阅读Graffiti (singular: graffito; the plural is used as a mass noun) is writing or drawings scribbled, scratched, or sprayed illicitly on a wall or other surface in a public place. Stickers and other adhesives are not considered graffiti, apparently because they are less common. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire.[2] In modern times, paint, particularly spray paint, and marker pens have become
2019年雅思IELTS考试备考资料模拟试题及答案14 The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain. Even in its most primitive form this cord and its attached nerves are the result of evolutionary specialization, and their further evolution from lower to higher vertebrate classes is a process that is far from fully understood. Nevertheless, the basic arrangements are similar in all vertebrates, and the study of lower animals gives insight into the form and structure of the nervous system of higher animals. Moreover, for any species, the study of the embryological development of the nervous system is indispensable for an understanding of adult morphology. In any vertebrate two chief parts of the nervous system may be distinguished. These are the central nervous system (the nerve cord mentions above), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, consisting of the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves, together with their motor and sensory endings. The term "autonomic nervous system" refers to the parts of the central and peripheral systems that supply and regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and many glands. The nervous system is composed of many millions of nerve and glial cells, together with blood vessels and a small amount of connective tissue. The nerve cells, or "neurons", are characterized by many processes and are specialized in that they exhibit to a great degree the phenomena of irritability and conductivity. The glial cells of the central nervous system are supporting cells collectively termed
雅思写作基础段课程 补充讲义资料 赵光伟
雅思写作审题词汇：名词性词汇
雅思写作基础词汇翻译练习(有提示版) 001. 现在，越来越多的孩子都是从小学开始学习外语，而不是中学。 002. 在许多国家，青年人通常要用四年时间完成本科学习，两年以上时间完成研究生学习。
004. 大学的课程总体是由必修课和选修课组成的。 005. 诸如经济学(economics)之类的科目是大学商科类(business)课程的重要组成部分。 006. 大学应当为学生同时提供理论性知识和实践性知识。 007.在大学的第一年学习中，学生主要获取公共基础知识，而不是专业知识。 008. 有优秀(excellent)学习成绩的学生通常都对基础的理论和原理有比较好的掌握。 009. 以学生为中心的教学方法很关注学生的实际需求(real needs)。 010. 教师应当鼓励学生积极地(actively)参与到课堂活动中来。 011.网络资源(online resources)可以有效(effectively)激励学生对学习外语的兴趣。 012. 各个学校应当尽最大努力(make every effort to)培养孩子们的全面发展。 013. 孩子们的身心健康和他们的学习成绩是同等重要的(of equal importance)。(倒装结构) 014. 鼓励独立思考(independent thinking)能帮助培养孩子们的创造力和解决问题的能力。 015. 道德教育能帮助孩子们形成(shape)积极的(positive)性格特征。 016. 雄心，热情和坚持是我们事业成功的三个重要因素(important factors to)。 017. 对于应当培养(foster)孩子们的合作意识(a sense of )还是竞争意识一直存在争论(there exists a debate)。018. 家长和学校应当一齐努力(make a concerted effort to)教育孩子们分辨是非。 019. 被家长溺爱的孩子会在长大后缺乏(without)对他人的尊重。 020. 家长也应该为孩子设立适当的行为准则，以防止(prevent)行为问题(behavioral problems)的发生。 021．老师应当多关注(pay more attention to)一下那些缺乏自律性的学生。 022．糟糕的家庭教育会导致孩子产生各种行为问题(behavioral problems)。 023．家长应当给予孩子更多情感的关怀与支持，而不是以物质的方式(in material ways)满足(meet)他们的需要。024．学校有责任(have a responsibility for)教育(educate)学生成为良好的社会成员。 025．大学的基本功能(basic function)之一是教授与工作相关的知识和技能。
第三章 一基础句型 （1）S+V Nobody went out. The children are playing. (2) S+V+O We love our country. Granny looks after the baby carefully. They put up a new hospital. He dreamed a horrible dream last night. (3) S+V+O+O He gave his sister the piano. He bought his wife a fur coat. The old man gave a story book to the boy. (4) S+V+O+C I found the book easy. They held him hostage. I heard him singing. (5) S+L+P Trees are green. The milk tastes sour. She became a lawyer. 感观动词：seem，appear，look，taste，smell ，sound ，feel 变化过程动词：become，get，grow，turn，go，come ，fall 保持状态动词：be，stay，remain，keep，continue，stand 二句子成分 主语谓语宾语定语状语补语表语同位语 Samuel Pepys , the famous writer of the test，was most sorry for the fact that many famous buildings were destroyed. 同位语从句 独立成分：与句子的其他成分没有语法上的联系 如：感叹语呼语插入语 Hi , Tracy, you look tired. What’s more, their parents allow them to stay out. As a result, it became a success in the US. 三动名词：含义 （1）做主语：According to the writer of the test, imaging the future will serve the interests of the present and future generations. It’s no use buying a lot of books without reading them. (2) 做表语：His job is teaching physics. Seeing is believing. (3) 做宾语：Our monitor suggested having a discussion of this subject. We are looking forward to visiting your country. (4)做定语：There is a swimming pool at the back of the garden 四分词：动词的另一种形式，是谓语动词
10月24 号最新雅思阅读机经 10月刚过去，对于11月将要考雅思的同学来说，10月的雅思真题机经很重要，多了解最近的考试趋势和考试形式有助于考试成绩的提高，郑州培雅雅思培训专注雅思培训多年，对于考试的趋势和预测把握很深，欢迎各位河南地区的同学前来免费咨询。 一、考试概述： 本次考试三篇文章两旧一新，第一篇内容关于娃娃的发展起源，第二篇为人们工作中所接触到的压力，第三篇介绍的是关于一种蜥蜴。对于历史发展类，工作类和生物类的文章大家可以参考剑桥系列中C8T1P1，C10T1P3和C7T3P1进行复习。 二、具体题目分析 Passage 1： 题目：Doll 内容：娃娃的发展起源，材料及制作过程 题型：填空题7+判断题6 参考答案： 1-7 Completion 2000BC 埃及坟墓里经常可以发现由平整的木头制成的娃娃，“头发”由1. clay或木珠子制成，可以追溯到公元前2000多年。 600BC 希腊和罗马，女孩长到不再适合玩娃娃的年纪时，她们就会把娃娃奉献给女神们2. goddesses;公元前600年前娃娃已经有了可活动四肢3. movable limbs和可拆服装。 16-17th century 德国Grodnertal生产许多4. peg wooden dolls(木制挂钩娃娃),这种娃娃有着非常简单的挂钩关节，类似于衣夹。 1700-1800 除了木质娃娃，蜡质娃娃在17和18世纪也很流行。第一个以婴儿为模板的蜡质5.wax娃娃产于19世纪初的英国。
1800-1900 木材的替代品是1800年代发展起来的。纸浆木或纸张6.pulped wood or paper混合而成的合成物被用来制造娃娃的头和身体。 Mid of the 19th 19世纪40年代，德国，法国和丹麦开始制造瓷质娃娃头。19世纪60年代，陶制bisque娃娃取代了7.china娃娃头。 8-13 True/False/Not Given 8. 法国的dolls比德国的bisque dolls more costly—TRUE 9. The first rag doll 是在1850s制造出来的—NOT GIVEN 10. 赛璐璐celluloid娃娃容易掉色easily fade away—TRUE 11. only开头的判断题—FALSE 12. plastic与此前的材料resembled但是can last a longer time—TRUE 13. 待补充 Passage 2： 题目：Stress Level 内容：人类压力 题型：配对题5+选择题3+单选题6 参考文章(仅供参考)： Stress of Workplace A How busy is too busy? For some it means having to miss the occasional long lunch; for others it means missing lunch altogether. For a few, it is not being able to take a "sickie" (病假) once a month. Then there is a group of people for whom working every evening and weekend is normal, and frantic is the tempo of their lives. For most senior executives, workloads swing between extremely busy and frenzied. The vice-president of the management consultancy AT Kearney and its head of telecommunications for the Asia-Pacific region, Neil Plumridge, says his work weeks vary from a "manageable" 45 hours to 80 hours, but average 60 hours. B Three warning signs alert Plumridge about his workload: sleep, scheduling and family. He knows he has too much on when he gets less than six hours of sleep for three consecutive nights;
Section I Words A.Match the words with the same meaning.W rite down the letters on you answer sheet. (1(1’’*6) 1.epidermic 2.motivate 3.assume 4.appealing 5.controversy 6expertise A.skill or knowledge in a particular area B.dispute,argument C.attractive D.an outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and widely E.to provide with an incentive;impel . F.to take for granted,suppose B.Fill in the blanks with proper forms of words given in the box,one word can be used more than once.(1(1’’*10) evolve prepare propose minimum peer through cheat weep address exploit except 1.Not surprisingly,his was not well received,even though it seemed to agree with the scientific information available at the time.. 2.The little girl with disappointment when she learned that her favourite Barbie Dolls were sold out. 3.The price is her,she refuses to lower it any further. 4.Apes,monkeys and many other primates have fairly elaborate systems of calls for communicating with other members of their species. 5.Some melodies are quite manipulative,working on our emotions very effectively,and composers have often this to the full. 6.I realized I’d been when I saw the painting on sale for half the price I paid for it. 7.To this problem,Counter Intelligence built a kitchen of its own and started making gagets to fill it with. 8.Most birds don’t have a good sense of smell,but fish-eaters such as petrels and shearwaters are significant. 9.Why bother a clear door,when you can put a camera in the oven to broadcast snapshots of the activities in the oven to a screen in another room? 10.Exploration will allow us to make suitable for dealing with any dangers that we might face,and we may be able to find physical resources such as minerals. SectionⅡ.Translation A.Translate the following sentences into English.(3(3’’*5) 1.Despite the hardship he encountered,Mark never (放弃对知识的追求) 2.由于缺乏对这种病的了解，许多人依然认为HIV受害者都是自作自受。(owing to; ignorance)