目录
2000 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (3)
2000 MCM A: Air Traffic Control (3)
2000 MCM B: Radio Channel Assignments (3)
2000 ICM: Elephants: When is Enough, Enough? (5)
2001 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (7)
2001 MCM A: Choosing a Bicycle Wheel (7)
2001 MCM B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...). (8)
2001 ICM: Our Waterways - An Uncertain Future (10)
2002 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (14)
2002 MCM A: Wind and Waterspray (14)
2002 MCM B: Airline Overbooking (14)
2002 ICM: Scrub Lizards (15)
2003 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (19)
2003 MCM A: The Stunt Person (19)
2003 MCM B: Gamma Knife Treatment Planning (19)
2003 ICM: Aviation Baggage Screening Strategies: To Screen or Not to Screen, that is the Question (20)
2004 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (24)
2004 MCM A: Are Fingerprints Unique? (24)
2004 MCM B: A Faster QuickPass System (24)
2004 ICM: To Be Secure or Not to Be? (24)
2005 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (25)
2005 MCM A: Flood Planning (25)
2005 MCM B: Tollbooths (25)
2005 ICM: Nonrenewable Resources (25)
2006 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (27)
2006 MCM A: Positioning and Moving Sprinkler Systems for Irrigation (27)
2006 MCM B: Wheel Chair Access at Airports (27)
2006 ICM: Trade-offs in the fight against HIV/AIDS (28)
2007 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (32)
2007 MCM A: Gerrymandering (32)
2007 MCM B: The Airplane Seating Problem (32)
2007 ICM: Organ Transplant: The Kidney Exchange Problem (33)
2008 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (38)
2008 MCM A: Take a Bath (38)
2008 MCM B: Creating Sudoku Puzzles (38)
2008 ICM: Finding the Good in Health Care Systems (38)
2009 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题 (40)
2009 MCM A: Designing a Traffic Circle (40)
2009 MCM B: Energy and the Cell Phone (40)
2009 ICM: Creating Food Systems: Re-Balancing Human-Influenced Ecosystems41 2010年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM、ICM 试题 (42)
2010 MCM A: The Sweet Spot (42)
2010 MCM B: Criminology (43)
2010 ICM: The Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch (44)
2011年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM、ICM 试题 (45)
2011 MCM A: Snowboard Course (45)
2011 MCM B: Repeater Coordination (45)
2011 ICM: Environmentally and Economically Sound (46)
2012年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM、ICM 试题 (48)
2012 MCM A: The Leaves of a Tree (48)
2012 MCM B: Camping along the Big Long River (50)
2012 ICM: Modeling for Crime Busting (51)
2013年美国大学生数学建模竞赛 MCM、ICM 试题 (59)
2013 MCM A: The Ultimate Brownie Pan (59)
2013 MCM B: Water, Water, Everywhere (61)
2013 ICM: NetworkModeling of Earth's Health (62)
2000 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题2000 MCM A: Air Traffic Control
To improve safety and reduce air traffic controller workload, the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) is considering adding software to the air traffic control system that would automatically detect potential aircraft flight path conflicts and alert the controller. To that end, an analysit at the FAA has posed the following problems.
Requirement A: Given two airplanes flying in space, when should the air traffic controller consider the objects to be too close and to require intervention? Requirement B: And airspace sector is the section of three-dimensional airspace that one air traffic controller controls. Given any airspace sector, how do we measure how complex it is from an air traffic workload perspective? To what extent is complexity determined by the number of aircraft simultaneously passing through that sector
1.at any one instant?
2.during any given interval of time?
3.during a particular time of day?
How does the number of potential conflicts arising during those periods affect complexity? Does the presence of additional software tools to automatically predict conflicts and alert the controller reduce or add to this complexity? In addition to the guidelines for your report, write a summary (no more than two pages) that the FAA analyst can present to Jane Garvey, the FAA Administrator, to defend your conclusions.
2000 MCM B: Radio Channel Assignments
We seek to model the assignment of radio channels to a symmetric network of transmitter locations over a large planar area, so as to avoid interference. One basic approach is to partition the region into regular hexagons in a grix (honeycomb-style), as shown in Figure 1, where a transmitter is located at the center of each hexagon.
An interval of the frequency spectrum is to be alloted for transmitter frequencies. The interval will be divided into regularly spaced channels, which we represent by integers 1,2,3, … . Each transmitter wil be assigned one positive integer channel. The same channel can be used at many locations, provided that interference from nearby transmitters is avoided.
Our goal is to minimize the width of the interval in the frequency spectrum that is needed to assugn channels subject to some constraints. This is achieved with the concept of a span. The span is the minimum, over all assignments satisfying the constraints, of the largest channel used at any location. It is not required that every channel smaller than the span be used in an assignment that attains the span.
Let s be the length of a side of one of the hexagons. We concentrate on the case that there are two levels of interference.
Requirement A: There are several contrainsts on the frequency assignments. First, no two transmitters within distance 4s of each other can be given the same channel. Second, due to spectral spreading, transmitters within distance 2s of each other must not be given the same or adjacent channels: Their channels must differ by at least 2. Under these contraints, what can we say about the span in Figure 1?
Requirement B: Repeat Requirement A, assuming the grid in the example spreads arbitrarily far in all directions.
Requirement C: Repeat Requirements A and B, except assume now more generally that channels for transmitters within distance 2s differ by at least some given integer k, while those at distance at most 4s must still differ by at least one. What cna we say about the span and about efficient strategies for designing assignments, as a function of k?
Requirement D: Consider generalizations of the problem, such as several levels of interference or irregular transmitter placements. What other factors may be important to consider?
Requirement E: Write an article (no more than 2 pages) for the local newspaper explaining your findings.
2000 ICM: Elephants: When is Enough, Enough?
“Ultimately, if a habitat is undesirably changed by elephants, then their removal should be considered -even by culling.”National Geographic (Earth Almanac) –December 1999 A large National Park in South Africa contains approximately 11,000 elephants. Management policy requires a healthy environment that can maintain a stable herf of 11,000 elephants. Each year park rangers count the elephant population. During the past 20 years whole herds have been removed to keep the population as close to 11,000 as possible. The process involved shooting (for the most part) and occasionally relocating approximately 600 to 800 elephants per year.
Recently, there has been a public outcry against the shooting of these elephants. In addition, it is no longer feasible to relocate even a small population of elephants each year. A contraceptive dart, however, has been developed that can prevent a mature elephant cow from conceiving for a period of two years.
Here is some information about eh elephants in the Park:
?There is very little emigration of immigration of elephants.
?The gender ratio is very close to 1:1 and control measures have endeavored to maintain parity.
?The gender ratio of newborn calves is also about 1:1. Twins are born
average, a calf every 3.5 years until they reach an age of about 60.
Gestation is approximately 22 months.
?The contraceptive dart causes an elephant cow to come into oestrus every month (but not conceiving). Elephants usually have courtship only once in 3.5 years, so the monthly cycle can cause additional stress.
? A cow can be darted every year without additional detrimental effects. A mature elephant cow will not be able to conceive for 2 years after the
last darting.
?Between 70% and 80% of newborn calves survive to age 1 year.
Thereafter, the survival rate is uniform across all ages and is very high
(over 95%), until about age 60; it is a good assumption that elephants
die before reading age 70.
There is no hunting and negligible poaching in the Park.
The park management has a rough data file of the approximate ages and
2 years. This data is available on website: icm2000data.xls. Unfortunately no data is available for the elephants that have been shot or remain in the Park.
Your overall task is to develop and use models to investigate how the contraceptive dart might be used for population control. Specifically:
Task 1: Develop and use a model to speculate about the likely survival rate for elephants aged 2 to 60. Also speculate about the current age structure of the elephant population.
Task 2: Estimate how many cows would need to be darted each year to keep the population fixed at approximately 11,000 elephants. Show how the uncertainty in the data at your disposal affects your estimate. Comment on any changes in the age structure of the population and how this might affect tourists. (You may want to look ahead about 30-60 years.)
Task 3: If it were feasible to relocate between 50 and 300 elephants per year, how would this reduce the number of elephants to be darted? Comment on the trade-off between darting and relocation.
large number of elephants (due to disease or uncontrolled poaching), even if darting stopped immediately, the ability of the population to grow again would be seriously impeded. Investigate and respond to this concer.
Task 5: The management in the Park is skeptical about modeling. In particular, they argue that a lack of complete data makes a mockery of any attempt to use models to guide their decision. In addition to your technical report, include a carefully crafted report (3-page maximum) written explicitly for the park management that responds to their concerns and provides advice. Also suggest ways to increase the park managers confidence in your model and your conclusions.
Task 6: If your model works, other elephant parks in Africa would be interested in using it. Prepare a darting plan for parks of various sizes (300-25,000 elephants), with slightly different survival rates and transportation possibilities.
2001 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题2001 MCM A: Choosing a Bicycle Wheel
Cyclists have different types of wheels they can use on their bicycles. The two basic types of wheels are those constructed using wire spokes and those constructed of a solid disk (see Figure 1) The spoked wheels are lighter, but the solid wheels are more aerodynamic. A solid wheel is never used on the front for a road race but can be used on the rear of the bike.
Professional cyclists look at a racecourse and make an educated guess as to what kind of wheels should be used. The decision is based on the number and steepness of the hills, the weather, wind speed, the competition, and other considerations. The director sportif of your favorite team would like to have a better system in place and has asked your team for information to help determine what kind of wheel should be used for a given course.
Figure 1: A solid wheel is shown on the left and a spoked wheel is shown on the right.
The director sportif needs specific information to help make a decision and has asked your team to accomplish the tasks listed below. For each of the tasks assume that the same spoked wheel will always be used on the front but there is a choice of wheels for the rear.
Task 1. Provide a table giving the wind speed at which the power required for a solid rear wheel is less than for a spoked rear wheel. The table should include the wind speeds for different road grades starting
from zero percent to ten percent in one percent increments. (Road
grade is defined to be the ratio of the total rise of a hill divided by the
length of the road. If the hill is viewed as a triangle, the grade is the sine of the angle at the bottom of the hill.) A rider starts at the bottom of the hill at a speed of 45 kph, and the deceleration of the rider is proportional
to the road grade. A rider will lose about 8 kph for a five percent grade over 100 meters.
?Task 2. Provide an example of how the table could be used for a specific time trial course.
?Task 3. Determine if the table is an adequate means for deciding on the wheel configuration and offer other suggestions as to how to make this decision.
2001 MCM B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...)
Evacuating the coast of South Carolina ahead of the predicted landfall of Hurricane Floyd in 1999 led to a monumental traffic jam. Traffic slowed to a standstill on Interstate I-26, which is the principal route going inland from Charleston to the relatively safe haven of Columbia in the center of the state. What is normally an easy two-hour drive took up to 18 hours to complete. Many cars simply ran out of gas along the way. Fortunately, Floyd turned north and spared the state this time, but the public outcry is forcing state officials to find ways to avoid a repeat of this traffic nightmare.
The principal proposal put forth to deal with this problem is the reversal of traffic on I-26, so that both sides, including the coastal-bound lanes, have traffic headed inland from Charleston to Columbia. Plans to carry this out have been prepared (and posted on the Web) by the South Carolina Emergency Preparedness Division. Traffic reversal on principal roads leading inland from Myrtle Beach and Hilton Head is also planned.
A simplified map of South Carolina is shown. Charleston has approximately 500,000 people, Myrtle Beach has about 200,000 people, and another 250,000 people are spread out along the rest of the coastal strip. (More accurate data, if sought, are widely available.)
The interstates have two lanes of traffic in each direction except in the metropolitan areas where they have three. Columbia, another metro area of around 500,000 people, does not have sufficient hotel space to accommodate the evacuees (including some coming from farther north by other routes), so some traffic continues outbound on I-26 towards Spartanburg; on I-77 north to Charlotte; and on I-20 east to Atlanta. In 1999, traffic leaving Columbia going northwest was moving only very slowly. Construct a model for the problem to investigate what strategies may reduce the congestion observed in 1999. Here are the questions that need to be addressed:
1.Under what conditions does the plan for turning the two coastal-bound
lanes of I-26 into two lanes of Columbia-bound traffic, essentially
turning the entire I-26 into one-way traffic, significantly improve
evacuation traffic flow?
2.In 1999, the simultaneous evacuation of the state's entire coastal region
was ordered. Would the evacuation traffic flow improve under an
alternative strategy that staggers the evacuation, perhaps
county-by-county over some time period consistent with the pattern of how hurricanes affect the coast?
3.Several smaller highways besides I-26 extend inland from the coast.
Under what conditions would it improve evacuation flow to turn around traffic on these?
4.What effect would it have on evacuation flow to establish more
temporary shelters in Columbia, to reduce the traffic leaving Columbia?
5.In 1999, many families leaving the coast brought along their boats,
campers, and motor homes. Many drove all of their cars. Under what
conditions should there be restrictions on vehicle types or numbers of
vehicles brought in order to guarantee timely evacuation?
6.It has been suggested that in 1999 some of the coastal residents of
Georgia and Florida, who were fleeing the earlier predicted landfalls of
Hurricane Floyd to the south, came up I-95 and compounded the traffic problems. How big an impact can they have on the evacuation traffic
flow? Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to
compare strategies. Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.
Clearly identify what measures of performance are used to compare strategies. Required: Prepare a short newspaper article, not to exceed two pages, explaining the results and conclusions of your study to the public.
2001 ICM: Our Waterways - An Uncertain Future
Zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, are small, fingernail-sized, freshwater mollusks unintentionally introduced to North America via ballast water from a transoceanic vessel. Since their introduction in the mid 1980s, they have spread through all of the Great Lakes and to an increasing number of inland waterways in the United States and Canada. Zebra mussels colonize on various surfaces,
such as docks, boat hulls, commercial fishing nets, water intake pipes and valves, native mollusks and other zebra mussels. Their only known predators, some diving ducks, freshwater drum, carp, and sturgeon, are not numerous enough to have a significant effect on them. Zebra mussels have significantly impacted the Great Lakes ecosystem and economy. Many communities are trying to control or eliminate these aquatic pests. SOURCE: Great Lakes Sea Grant Network https://www.doczj.com/doc/a1225716.html,/.
Researchers are attempting to identify the environmental variables related to the zebra mussel infestation in North American waterways. The relevant factors that may limit or prevent the spread of the zebra mussel are uncertain. You will have access to some reference data to include listings of several chemicals and substances in the water system that may affect the spread of the zebra mussel throughout waterways. Additionally, you can assume individual zebra mussels grow at a rate of 15 millimeters per year with a life span between 4 - 6 years. The typical mussel can filter 1 liter of water each day.
Requirement A: Discuss environmental factors that could influence the spread of zebra mussels.
Requirement B: Utilizing the chemical data provided at:
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a1225716.html,ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeAChem1.xls, and the mussel population data provided at:
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a1225716.html,ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeAPopulation 1.xls model the population growth of zebra mussels in Lake A. Be sure to review the Information about the collection of the zebra mussel data. Requirement C: Utilizing additional data on Lake A from another scientist provided at :
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a1225716.html,ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeAChem2.xls and additional mussel population data provided at:
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a1225716.html,ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeAPopulation 2.xls corroborate the reasonableness of your model from Requirement B. As a result of this additional data, adjust your earlier model. Analyze the performance of your model. Discuss the sensitivity of your model. Requirement D: Utilizing the Chemical data from two lakes (Lake B and Lake C) in the United States provided at
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a1225716.html,ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeB.xls and https://www.doczj.com/doc/a1225716.html,ap/undergraduate/contests/icm/imagesdata/LakeC.xls determine if these lakes are vulnerable to the spread of zebra mussels. Discuss your prediction.
Requirement E: The community in the vicinity of Lake B (in requirement D) is considering specific policies for the de-icing of roadways near the lake during
the winter season. Provide guidance to the local government officials regarding a policy on “de-icing agents.”In your guidance include predictions on the long-term impact of de-icing on the zebra mussel population. Requirement F: It has been recommended by a local community in the United States to introduce round goby fish. Zebra mussels are not often eaten by native fish species so they represent a dead end ecologically. However, round gobies greater than 100 mm feed almost exclusively on zebra mussels. Ironically, because of habitat destruction, the goby is endangered in its native habitat of the Black and Caspian Seas in Russia. In addition to your technical report, include a carefully crafted report (3-page maximum) written explicitly for the local community leaders that responds to their recommendation to introduce the round goby. Also suggest ways to help reduce the growth of the mussel within and among waterways.
Information about the collection of the zebra mussel data
The developmental state of the Zebra mussel is categorized by three stages: veligers (larvae), settling juveniles, and adults. Veligers (microscopic zebra mussel larvae) are free-swimming, suspended in the water for one to three weeks, after which they begin searching for a hard surface to attach to and begin their adult life. Looking for zebra mussel veligers is difficult because they are not easily visible by the naked eye. Settled juvenile zebra mussels can be felt on smooth surfaces like boats and motors. An advanced zebra mussel infestation can cover a surface, even forming thick mats sometimes reaching very high densities. The density of juveniles was determined along the lake using three 15×15 cm settling plates. The top plate remained in the water for the entire sampling season (S - seasonal) to estimate seasonal accumulation. The middle and bottom plates are collected after specific periods (A –alternating ) of time denoted by “Lake Days”in the data files.
The settling plates are placed under the microscope and all juveniles on the undersides of the plate are counted and densities are reported as juveniles/m^2.
2002 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题2002 MCM A: Wind and Waterspray
An ornamental fountain in a large open plaza surrounded by buildings squirts water high into the air. On gusty days, the wind blows spray from the fountain onto passersby. The water-flow from the fountain is controlled by a mechanism linked to an anemometer (which measures wind speed and direction) located on top of an adjacent building. The objective of this control is to provide passersby with an acceptable balance between an attractive spectacle and a soaking: The harder the wind blows, the lower the water volume and height to which the water is squirted, hence the less spray falls outside the pool area. Your task is to devise an algorithm which uses data provided by the anemometer to adjust the water-flow from the fountain as the wind conditions change.
2002 MCM B: Airline Overbooking
You're all packed and ready to go on a trip to visit your best friend in New York City. After you check in at the ticket counter, the airline clerk announces that your flight has been overbooked. Passengers need to check in immediately to determine if they still have a seat.
Historically, airlines know that only a certain percentage of passengers who have made reservations on a particular flight will actually take that flight. Consequently, most airlines overbook-that is, they take more reservations than the capacity of the aircraft. Occasionally, more passengers will want to take a flight than the capacity of the plane leading to one or more passengers being bumped and thus unable to take the flight for which they had reservations. Airlines deal with bumped passengers in various ways. Some are given nothing, some are booked on later flights on other airlines, and some are given some kind of cash or airline ticket incentive.
Consider the overbooking issue in light of the current situation: Less flights by airlines from point A to point B Heightened security at and around airports Passengers' fear Loss of billions of dollars in revenue by airlines to date
Build a mathematical model that examines the effects that different overbooking schemes have on the revenue received by an airline company in order to find an optimal overbooking strategy, i.e., the number of people by which an airline should overbook a particular flight so that the company's revenue is maximized. Insure that your model reflects the issues above, and
consider alternatives for handling “bumped”passengers. Additionally, write a short memorandum to the airline's CEO summarizing your findings and analysis.
2002 ICM: Scrub Lizards
The Florida scrub lizard is a small, gray or gray-brown lizard that lives throughout upland sandy areas in the Central and Atlantic coast regions of Florida. The Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants classified the scrub lizard as endangered.
You will find a fact sheet on the Florida Scrub Lizard at
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a1225716.html,/undergraduate/contests/mcm/contests/2002/problem s/icm2002data/scrublizard.pdf
The long-term survival of the Florida scrub lizard is dependent upon preservation of the proper spatial configuration and size of scrub habitat patches.
Task 1: Discuss factors that may contribute to the loss of appropriate habitat for scrub lizards in Florida. What recommendations would you make to the state of Florida to preserve these habitats and discuss obstacles to the implementation of your recommendations?
average fecundity of adult lizards); Sj (the survivorship of juvenile lizards- between birth and the first reproductive season); and Sa (the average adult survivorship).
Table 1
Summary data for a cohort of scrub lizards captured and followed for 4 consecutive years. Hatchling lizards (age 0) do not produce eggs during the summer they are born. Average clutch size for all other females is proportional to body size according to the function y = 0.21*(SVL)-7.5, where y is the clutch size and SVL is the snout-to-vent length in mm.
Year Age Total Number
Living
Number of Living
Females
Avg. Female Size
(mm)
1 0 97
2 495 30.3
2 1 180 92 45.8
3 2 20 11 55.8
4 3 2 2 56.0
Task 3: It has been conjectured that the parameters Fa , Sj , and Sa , are related to the size and amount of open sandy area of a scrub patch. Utilize the data provided in Table 2 to develop functions that estimate Fa, Sj , and Sa for different patches. In addition, develop a function that estimates C, the carrying capacity of scrub lizards for a given patch.
Table 2
Summary data for 8 scrub patches including vital rate data for scrub lizards. Annual female fecundity (Fa), juvenile survivorship (Sj), and adult survivorship (Sa) are presented for each patch along with patch size and the amount of open sandy habitat.
Patch Patch Size (ha) Sandy Habitat (ha) Fa Sj Sa Density (lizards/ha)
a 11.31 4.80 5.6 0.12 0.06 58
b 35.54 11.31 6.6 0.16 0.10 60
c 141.76 51.55 9.5 0.17 0.13 75
d 14.65 7.55 4.8 0.15 0.09 55
e 63.24 20.12 9.7 0.17 0.11 80
f 132.35 54.14 9.9 0.18 0.14 82
g 8.46 1.67 5.5 0.11 0.05 40
h 278.26 84.32 11.0 0.19 0.15 115
Task 4: There are many animal studies that indicate that food, space, shelter, or even reproductive partners may be limited within a habitat patch causing individuals to migrate between patches. There is no conclusive evidence on why scrub lizards migrate. However, about 10 percent of juvenile lizards do migrate between patches and this immigration can influence the size of the population within a patch. Adult lizards apparently do not migrate. Utilizing the data provided in the histogram below estimate the probability of lizards surviving the migration between any two patches i and patch j.
Table 3
Histogram
Migration data for juvenile lizards marked, released, and recaptured up to 6 months later. Surveys for recapture were conducted up to 750m from release sites.
Task 5: Develop a model to estimate the overall population size of scrub lizards for the landscape given in Table 3. Also, determine which patches are suitable for occupation by scrub lizards and which patches would not support a viable population.
Patch size and amount of open sandy habitat for a landscape of 29 patches located on the Avon Park Air Force Range. See:
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a1225716.html,/undergraduate/contests/icm/2002problem/map.jpg for a map of the landscape.
Patch Identification Patch Size (ha) Sandy Habitat (ha)
1 13.66 5.38
2 32.74 11.91
3 1.39 0.23
4 2.28 0.76
5 7.03 3.62
6 14.4
7 4.38
7 2.52 1.99
8 5.87 2.49
9 22.27 8.44
10 19.25 7.58
11 11.31 4.80
12 74.35 19.15
13 21.57 7.52
14 15.50 2.82
15 35.54 11.31
16 2.93 1.15
17 47.21 10.73
18 1.67 0.13
19 9.80 2.23
20 39.31 7.15
21 2.23 0.78
22 3.73 1.02
23 8.46 1.67
24 3.89 1.89
25 1.33 1.11
26 0.85 0.79
27 8.75 5.30
28 9.77 6.22
29 13.45 4.69
TASK 6: It has been determined from aerial photographs that vegetation density increases by about 6% a year within the Florida scrub areas. Please make a recommendation on a policy for controlled burning.
2003 年美国大学生数学建模竞赛MCM、ICM 试题2003 MCM A: The Stunt Person
An exciting action scene in a movie is going to be filmed, and you are the stunt coordinator! A stunt person on a motorcycle will jump over an elephant and land in a pile of cardboard boxes to cushion their fall. You need to protect the stunt person, and also use relatively few cardboard boxes (lower cost, not seen by camera, etc.).
Your job is to:
?determine what size boxes to use
?determine how many boxes to use
?determine how the boxes will be stacked
?determine if any modifications to the boxes would help
?generalize to different combined weights (stunt person & motorcycle) and different jump heights
Note that, in “Tomorrow Never Dies”, the James Bond character on a motorcycle jumps over a helicopter.
2003 MCM B: Gamma Knife Treatment Planning
Stereotactic radiosurgery delivers a single high dose of ionizing radiation to a radiographically well-defined, small intracranial 3D brain tumor without delivering any significant fraction of the prescribed dose to the surrounding brain tissue. Three modalities are commonly used in this area; they are the gamma knife unit, heavy charged particle beams, and external high-energy photon beams from linear accelerators.
The gamma knife unit delivers a single high dose of ionizing radiation emanating from 201 cobalt-60 unit sources through a heavy helmet. All 201 beams simultaneously intersect at the isocenter, resulting in a spherical (approximately) dose distribution at the effective dose levels. Irradiating the isocenter to deliver dose is termed a “shot.”Shots can be represented as different spheres. Four interchangeable outer collimator helmets with beam channel diameters of 4, 8, 14, and 18 mm are available for irradiating different size volumes. For a target volume larger than one shot, multiple shots can be used to cover the entire target. In practice, most target volumes are treated with 1 to 15 shots. The target volume is a bounded, three-dimensional digital image that usually consists of millions of points.
The goal of radiosurgery is to deplete tumor cells while preserving normal structures. Since there are physical limitations and biological uncertainties involved in this therapy process, a treatment plan needs to account for all those limitations and uncertainties. In general, an optimal treatment plan is designed to meet the following requirements.
1.Minimize the dose gradient across the target volume.
2.Match specified isodose contours to the target volumes.
3.Match specified dose-volume constraints of the target and critical organ.
4.Minimize the integral dose to the entire volume of normal tissues or
organs.
5.Constrain dose to specified normal tissue points below tolerance doses.
6.Minimize the maximum dose to critical volumes.
In gamma unit treatment planning, we have the following constraints:
1.Prohibit shots from protruding outside the target.
2.Prohibit shots from overlapping (to avoid hot spots).
3.Cover the target volume with effective dosage as much as possible. But
at least 90% of the target volume must be covered by shots.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a1225716.html,e as few shots as possible.
Your tasks are to formulate the optimal treatment planning for a gamma knife unit as a sphere-packing problem, and propose an algorithm to find a solution. While designing your algorithm, you must keep in mind that your algorithm must be reasonably efficient.
2003 ICM: Aviation Baggage Screening Strategies: To Screen or Not to Screen, that is the Question
Transportation Security Administration (TSA), responsible for the Midwest Region of the United States. New laws will soon mandate 100% screening of all checked bags at the 429 passenger airports throughout the nation by explosive detection systems (EDSs; see Figure 1). EDSs use computed tomography (CT) technology to scan checked bags, similar to how CAT scans are used in hospitals. Using multiple x-rays of each bag, EDSs create three-dimensional images of a bag’s content, showing the density of each item. This information is utilized to determine whether an explosive device is present. Experimentation with EDSs indicate that each device is operational about 92% of the time and each device can examine between 160 and 210 bags per hour.
The TSA has been actively purchasing EDSs and deploying them at airports throughout the nation. Given that these devices cost nearly $1 million each, weigh as much as eight tons, and cost several thousand dollars to install in an
比赛论文格式要求： 1、论文用白色A4纸打印，上下左右各留出2.5厘米的页边距。 2、论文第一页为泉州师范学院大学生数学建模竞赛承诺书，具体内容和格式见附件1，参赛队必须在竞赛承诺书上签名。 3、论文题目和摘要写在论文第二页上，从第三页开始是论文正文。 4、论文从第二页开始编写页码，页码必须位于每页页脚中部，用阿拉伯数字从“1”开始连续编号。 5、论文不能有页眉，论文中不能有任何可能显示答题人身份的标志。 6、论文题目用3号黑体字、一级标题用4号黑体字，并居中。论文中其他汉字一律采用小4号黑色宋体字，行距用单倍行距。图形应绘制在文中相应的位置，比例适当。 7、提醒大家注意：摘要在整篇论文评阅中占有重要权重，请认真书写摘要（最好在300字以内，注意篇幅不能超过一页）。评阅时将首先根据摘要和论文整体结构及概貌对论文优劣进行初步筛选。 8、引用别人的成果或其他公开的资料 (包括网上查到的资料) 必须按照规定的参考文献的表述方式在正文引用处和参考文献中均明确列出。正文引用处用方括号标示参考文献的编号，如[1][3]等；引用书籍还必须指出页码。参考文献按正文中的引用次序列出：（1）参考书籍的表述方式为： [编号] 作者，书名，出版地，出版社，出版年。 （2）参考期刊杂志论文的表述方式为： [编号] 作者，论文名，杂志名，卷期号，起止页码，出版年。 （3）参考网上查到的资料的表达方式： [编号] 作者，资源标题，网址，访问时间（年月日）。 比赛流程： 参赛队伍利用2013.5.11到2013.5.13三天的时间利用所学的知识解决实际问题，由老师根据参赛队伍提交的论文，根据评奖标准评选出一等奖、二等奖、三等奖，评出的优秀队伍将送去参加全国性的比赛。注意：比赛规则与赛场纪律： 1、每个参赛队队员不得超过三名，参赛队队员应是具有泉州师范学院正式学籍的本、专科生，参赛队允许参赛队员跨年级跨专业跨学院组成，三人之间分工明确、协作完成。比赛期间参赛队不得任意换人，若有参赛队队员因特殊原因退出，则缺人比赛。 2、教师可以从事赛前辅导及有关组织工作，但在比赛期间不得以任何形式对参赛队员进行指导或参与讨论。 3、比赛以相对集中的形式进行，比赛期间，参赛队队员可以利
数学中国MCM/ICM参赛指南翻译（2014版） MCM:The Mathematical Contest in Modeling MCM：数学建模竞赛 ICM:The InterdisciplinaryContest in Modeling ICM：交叉学科建模竞赛ContestRules, Registration and Instructions 比赛规则，比赛注册方式和参赛指南 (All rules and instructions apply to both ICM and MCMcontests, except where otherwisenoted.)（所有MCM的说明和规则除特别说明以外都适用于 ICM） 每个MCM的参赛队需有一名所在单位的指导教师负责。 指导老师：请认真阅读这些说明，确保完成了所有相关的步骤。每位指导教师的责任包括确保每个参赛队正确注册并正确完成参加MCM/ ICM所要求的相关步骤。请在比赛前做一份《参赛指南》的拷贝，以便在竞赛时和结束后作为参考。 组委会很高兴宣布一个新的补充赛事（针对MCM/ICM 比赛的视频录制比赛）。点击这里阅读详情！ 1.竞赛前
A．注册 B．选好参赛队成员 2.竞赛开始之后 A．通过竞赛的网址查看题目 B．选题 C．参赛队准备解决方案 D．打印摘要和控制页面 3.竞赛结束之前 A.发送电子版论文。 4.竞赛结束的时候, A. 准备论文邮包 B．邮寄论文 5.竞赛结束之后 A. 确认论文收到 B．核实竞赛结果 C．发证书 D．颁奖 I. BEFORE THE CONTEST BEGINS:（竞赛前）A.注册 所有的参赛队必须在美国东部时间2014年2月6号（星期四）下午2点前完成注册。届时，注册系统将会自动关闭，不再接受新的注册。任何未在规定时间
2011年东三省数学建模竞赛暨大连大学第11届数学建模竞赛 赛题论文格式规范 1.论文（答卷）用白色A4纸，上下左右各留出 2.5厘米的页边距。（文件--- 页面设置） 2.论文题目和摘要写在论文第一页上，从第二页开始是论文正文。（题目与摘 要间不可有空行，可调段后距离。格式——段落） 3.论文从正文开始编写页码，页码必须位于每页页脚中部，用阿拉伯数字从“1” 开始连续编号，注意，论文一律要求从左侧装订。（插入——页码） 4.论文不能有页眉，论文中不能有任何可能显示答题人身份的标志，打印时应 尽量避免彩色打印。 5.论文题目用三号黑体字、一级标题用四号黑体字，并居中。论文中其他汉字 一律采用小四号宋体字，行距用单倍行距。（格式——段落） 6.工具栏里绘图、符号及其他的显示。（视图——工具栏/工具——自定义）在 不用公式编辑器的情况下上标，下标的显示。 7.项目符号 8.论文表、图、公式均居中，表名置于表上，图名置于图下。表名、图名均为 五号黑体字。(图、表、公式示例) 9.提请大家注意：摘要应该是一份简明扼要的详细摘要，（包括关键词，关键 词需加粗），在整篇论文评阅中占有重要权重，请认真书写（字数大概为一 页的三分之二） 引用别人的成果或其他公开的资料(包括网上查到的资料) 必须按照规定的参考文献的表述方式在正文引用处和参考文献中均明确列出。正文引用处用方括号标示参考文献的编号，如[1][2]等；引用书籍还必须指出页码。参考文献按正文中的引用次序列出，其中， 参考文献中书籍的表述方式为： [编号] 作者，书名，出版地：出版社，出版年。 参考文献中期刊杂志论文的表述方式为： [编号] 作者，论文名，杂志名，卷期号：起止页码，出版年。 参考文献中网上资源的表述方式为： [编号] 作者，资源标题，网址，访问时间（年月日）。 10. 数学建模论文格式要求 2009-04-24 10:45:59 ●题名。字体为常规，黑体，二号。题名一般不超过 20 个汉字，必要时可加 副标题。 ●摘要。文稿必须有不超过300字的内容摘要，摘要内容字体为常规，仿宋， 五号。摘要应具备独立性和自含性，应是文章主要观点的浓缩。摘要前加“[摘要]”作标识，字体为加粗，黑体，五号。
数学模型的组队非常重要，三个人的团队一定要有分工明确而且互有合作，三个人都有其各自的特长，这样在某方面的问题的处理上才会保持高效率。 三个人的分工可以分为这几个方面： 数学员：学习过很多数模相关的方法、知识，无论是对实际问题还是数学理论都有着比较敏感的思维能力，知道一个问题该怎样一步步经过化简而变为数学问题，而在数学上又有哪些相关的方法能够求解，他可以不能熟练地编程，但是要精通算法，能够一定程度上帮助程序员想算法，总之，数学员要做到的是能够把一个问题清晰地用数学关系定义，然后给出求解的方向； 程序员：负责实现数学员的想法，因为作为数学员，要完成大部分的模型建立工作，因此调试程序这类工作就必须交给程序员来分担了，一些程序细节程序员必须非常明白，需要出图，出数据的地方必须能够非常迅速地给出；ACM的参赛选手是个不错的选择，他们的程序调试能力能够节约大量的时间，提高在有限时间内工作的工作效率； 写手：在全文的写作中，数学员负责搭建模型的框架结构，程序员负责计算结果并与数学员讨论，进而形成模型部分的全部内容，而写手要做的。就是在此基础之上，将所有的图表，文字以一定的结构形式予以表达，注意写手时刻要从评委，也就是论文阅读者的角度考虑问题，在全文中形成一个完整地逻辑框架。同时要做好排版的工作，最终能够把数学员建立的模型和程序员算出的结果以最清晰的方式体现在论文中。一个好的写手能够清晰地分辨出模型中重要和次要的部分，这样对成文是有非常大的意义的。因为论文是评委能够唯一看到的成果，所以写手的水平直接决定了获奖的高低，重要性也不言而喻了。 三个人至少都能够擅长一方面的工作，同时相互之间也有交叉，这样，不至于在任何一个环节卡壳而没有人能够解决。因为每一项工作的工作量都比较庞大，因此，在准备的过程中就应该按照这个分工去准备而不要想着通吃。这样才真正达到了团队协作的效果。 比赛流程：对于比赛流程，在三天的国赛里，我们应该用这样一种安排方式：第一天：定题+资
眼看一年一度的美国高中生数学建模竞赛就要到来了，聪明机智的你准备好了吗？ 今年和码趣学院一起去参加吧！ 什么是HiMCM HiMCM(High School Mathematical Contest in Modeling)美国高中生数学建模竞赛，是美国数学及其应用联合会（COMAP）主办的活动，面向全球高中生开放。 竞赛始于1999年，大赛组委将现实生活中的各种问题作为赛题，通过比赛来考验学生的综合素质。
HiMCM不仅需要选手具备编程技巧，更强调数学，逻辑思维和论文写作能力。这项竞赛是借鉴了美国大学生数学建模竞赛的模式，结合中学生的特点进行设计的。 为什么要参加HiMCM 数学逻辑思维是众多学科的基础，在申请高中或大学专业的时候（如数学，经济学，计算机等），参加了优质的数学竞赛的经历都会大大提升申请者的学术背景。除了AMC这种书面数学竞赛，在某种程度上数学建模更能体现学生用数学知识解决各种问题的能力。
比赛形式 注意：HiMCM比赛可远程参加，无规定的比赛地点，无需提交纸质版论文。重要的是参赛者应注重解决方案的设计性，表述的清晰性。 1.参赛队伍在指定17天中，选择连续的36小时参加比赛。 2.比赛开始后，指导教师可登陆相应的网址查看赛题，从A题或B题中任选其一。 3.在选定的36小时之内，可以使用书本、计算机和网络，但不能和团队以外的任何人 员交流（包括本队指导老师） 比赛题目 1.比赛题目来自现实生活中的两个真实的问题，参赛队伍从两个选题中任选一个。比赛 题目为开放性的，没有唯一的解决方案。 2.赛事组委会的评审感兴趣的是参赛队伍解决问题的方法，所以不太完整的解决方案也 能提交。 3.参赛队伍必须将问题的解决方案整理成31页内的学术论文（包括一页摘要），学术 论文中可以用图表，数据等形式，支撑问题的解决方案 4.赛后，参赛队伍向COMPA递交学术论文，最终成果以英文报告的方式，通过电子 邮件上传。 表彰及奖励 参赛队伍的解决方案由COMPA组织专家评阅，最后评出： 特等奖（National Outstanding) 特等奖提名奖（National Finalist or Finalist） 一等奖（Meritorious)
全国大学生数学建模竞赛论文格式规范 （全国大学生数学建模竞赛组委会，2019年修订稿） 为了保证竞赛的公平、公正性，便于竞赛活动的标准化管理，根据评阅工作的实际需要，竞赛要求参赛队分别提交纸质版和电子版论文，特制定本规范。 一、纸质版论文格式规范 第一条，论文用白色A4纸打印(单面、双面均可)；上下左右各留出至少2.5厘米的页边距；从左侧装订。 第二条，论文第一页为承诺书，第二页为编号专用页，具体内容见本规范第3、4页。 第三条，论文第三页为摘要专用页（含标题和关键词，但不需要翻译成英文），从此页开始编写页码；页码必须位于每页页脚中部，用阿拉伯数字从“1”开始连续编号。摘要专用页必须单独一页，且篇幅不能超过一页。 第四条，从第四页开始是论文正文（不要目录，尽量控制在20页以内）；正文之后是论文附录（页数不限）。 第五条，论文附录至少应包括参赛论文的所有源程序代码，如实际使用的软件名称、命令和编写的全部可运行的源程序（含EXCEL、SPSS等软件的交互命令）；通常还应包括自主查阅使用的数据等资料。赛题中提供的数据不要放在附录。如果缺少必要的源程序或程序不能运行（或者运行结果与正文不符），可能会被取消评奖资格。论文附录必须打印装订在论文纸质版中。如果确实没有源程序，也应在论文附录中明确说明“本论文没有源程序”。 第六条，论文正文和附录不能有任何可能显示答题人身份和所在学校及赛区的信息。 第七条，引用别人的成果或其他公开的资料(包括网上资料)必须按照科技论文写作的规范格式列出参考文献，并在正文引用处予以标注。 第八条，本规范中未作规定的，如排版格式（字号、字体、行距、颜色等）不做统一要求，可由赛区自行决定。在不违反本规范的前提下，各赛区可以对论文增加其他要求。 二、电子版论文格式规范 第九条，参赛队应按照《全国大学生数学建模竞赛报名和参赛须知》的要求提交以
PROBLEM A: The Ultimate Brownie Pan When baking in a rectangular pan heat is concentrated in the 4 corners and the product gets overcooked at the corners (and to a lesser extent at the edges). In a round pan the heat is distributed evenly over the entire outer edge and the product is not overcooked at the edges. However, since most ovens are rectangular in shape using round pans is not efficient with respect to using the space in an oven. Develop a model to show the distribution of heat across the outer edge of a pan for pans of different shapes - rectangular to circular and other shapes in between. Assume 1. A width to length ratio of W/L for the oven which is rectangular in shape. 2. Each pan must have an area of A. 3. Initially two racks in the oven, evenly spaced. Develop a model that can be used to select the best type of pan (shape) under the following conditions: 1. Maximize number of pans that can fit in the oven (N)
2.竞赛开始之后 A．通过竞赛的网址查看题目 B．选题 C．参赛队准备解决方案 D．打印摘要和控制页面 3.竞赛结束之前 A.发送电子版论文。 4.竞赛结束的时候, A. 准备论文邮包 B．邮寄论文 5.竞赛结束之后 A. 确认论文收到 B．核实竞赛结果 C．发证书 D．颁奖 1．您必须在在美国东部时间2014年2月6日（星期四）晚上8点大赛开始以前选择好您的参赛队的队员。一旦比赛开始，您将不能增加或是改变任何一个参赛队队员（但是如果参赛队员本人决定不参加比赛，您可以把他/她从队员名单中删除）。 2．每个参赛队最多都只能由3名学生组成。 3．一个学生最多只能参加一个参赛队。 4．在比赛时间段内，参赛队成员必须是在校学生，但可以不是全日制学生。参赛队成员和指导教师必须来自同一所学校。 2.竞赛开始之后 A.通过网站的得到赛题 ! 美国东部时间2014年2月6日（星期四）晚上8点竞赛开始时，可以通过竞赛网站得到题目。 1.赛题会于美国东部时间2014年2月6日（星期四）晚上8点公布：所有的参赛队员可以通过访问https://www.doczj.com/doc/a1225716.html,/undergraduate/contests/mcm.得到赛题。无须任何密码，仅通过网页链接就可以得到赛题。 2、美国东部时间2014年2月6日晚7点50分，比赛题目也会同步发布于一下镜像网站：
https://www.doczj.com/doc/a1225716.html,/mcm/index.html https://www.doczj.com/doc/a1225716.html,/mcm/index.html https://www.doczj.com/doc/a1225716.html,/mcm/index.html https://www.doczj.com/doc/a1225716.html,/mcm/index.html B．选题 每个参赛队可以从三个题目中任选一个题目作答： MCM的参赛队可以选择赛题 A 或 B； MCM的参赛队只要提交两个问题之一的解决方案就可以。MCM参赛队不得选择赛题C。 ICM的参赛队可以选择赛题C。ICM参赛队除了赛题C别无其它选择，不能选择赛题A或者B。C．参赛队准备解决方案： 1. 参赛队可以利用任何非生命提供的数据和资料——包括计算机，软件，参考书目，网站，书籍等，但是所有引用的资料必须注明出处，如有参赛队未注明引用的内容的出处，将被取消参赛资格。 3.部分解决方案是可接受的。大赛不存在通过或是不通过的分数分界点，也不会有一个数字形式的分数。MCM /ICM的评判主要是依据参赛队的解决方法和步骤。 4.摘要 摘要是 MCM 参赛论文的一个非常重要的部分。在评卷过程中，摘要占据了相当大的比重，以至于有的时候获奖论文之所以能在众多论文中脱颖而出是因为其高质量的摘要。 好的摘要可以使读者通过摘要就能判断自己是否要通读论文的正文部分。如此一来，摘要就必须清楚的描述解决问题的方法，显著的表达论文中最重要的结论。摘要应该能够激发出读者阅读论文详细内容的兴趣。那些简单重复比赛题目和复制粘贴引言中的样板文件的摘要一般将被认为是没有竞争力的。 Besides the summary sheet as described each paper shouldcontain the following sections: 除了摘要页以外每篇论文还需要包括以下的一些部分： l Restatement and clarification of theproblem: State in your own words what youare going to do. 再次重述或者概括问题——用你自己的话重述你将要解决的问题。
全国大学生数学建模竞赛论文格式规范 ●本科组参赛队从A、B题中任选一题，专科组参赛队从C、D题中任选一题。（全国评奖时，每个 组别一、二等奖的总名额按每道题参赛队数的比例分配；但全国一等奖名额的一半将平均分配给本组别的每道题，另一半按每道题参赛队比例分配。） ●论文用白色A4纸单面打印；上下左右各留出至少2.5厘米的页边距；从左侧装订。 ●论文第一页为承诺书，具体内容和格式见本规范第二页。 ●论文第二页为编号专用页，用于赛区和全国评阅前后对论文进行编号，具体内容和格式见本规 范第三页。 ●论文题目、摘要和关键词写在论文第三页上，从第四页开始是论文正文，不要目录。 ●论文从第三页开始编写页码，页码必须位于每页页脚中部，用阿拉伯数字从“1”开始连续编号。 ●论文不能有页眉，论文中不能有任何可能显示答题人身份的标志。 ●论文题目用三号黑体字、一级标题用四号黑体字，并居中；二级、三级标题用小四号黑体字， 左端对齐（不居中）。论文中其他汉字一律采用小四号宋体字，行距用单倍行距。打印文字内容时，应尽量避免彩色打印（必要的彩色图形、图表除外）。 ●提请大家注意：摘要应该是一份简明扼要的详细摘要（包括关键词），在整篇论文评阅中占有重 要权重，请认真书写（注意篇幅不能超过一页，且无需译成英文）。全国评阅时将首先根据摘要和论文整体结构及概貌对论文优劣进行初步筛选。 ●论文应该思路清晰，表达简洁（正文尽量控制在20页以内，附录页数不限）。 ●在论文纸质版附录中，应给出参赛者实际使用的软件名称、命令和编写的全部计算机源程序（若 有的话）。同时，所有源程序文件必须放入论文电子版中备查。论文及程序电子版压缩在一个文件中，一般不要超过20MB，且应与纸质版同时提交。 ●引用别人的成果或其他公开的资料(包括网上查到的资料) 必须按照规定的参考文献的表述方 式在正文引用处和参考文献中均明确列出。正文引用处用方括号标示参考文献的编号，如[1][3]等；引用书籍还必须指出页码。参考文献按正文中的引用次序列出，其中书籍的表述方式为： ●[编号] 作者，书名，出版地：出版社，出版年。 ●参考文献中期刊杂志论文的表述方式为： ●[编号] 作者，论文名，杂志名，卷期号：起止页码，出版年。 ●参考文献中网上资源的表述方式为： ●[编号] 作者，资源标题，网址，访问时间（年月日）。 ●在不违反本规范的前提下，各赛区可以对论文增加其他要求（如在本规范要求的第一页前增加 其他页和其他信息，或在论文的最后增加空白页等）；从承诺书开始到论文正文结束前，各赛区不得有本规范外的其他要求（否则一律无效）。 ●本规范的解释权属于全国大学生数学建模竞赛组委会。 ●[注] 赛区评阅前将论文第一页取下保存，同时在第一页和第二页建立“赛区评阅编号”（由各 赛区规定编号方式），“赛区评阅纪录”表格可供赛区评阅时使用（各赛区自行决定是否在评阅时使用该表格）。评阅后，赛区对送全国评阅的论文在第二页建立“全国统一编号”（编号方式由全国组委会规定，与去年格式相同），然后送全国评阅。论文第二页（编号页）由全国组委会评阅前取下保存，同时在第二页建立“全国评阅编号”。 全国大学生数学建模竞赛组委会 2017年修订
如何准备美赛 数学模型：数学模型的功能大致有三种：评价、优化、预测。几乎所有模型都是围绕这三种功能来做的。比如，2012年美赛A题树叶分类属于评价模型，B题漂流露营安排则属于优化模型。 对于不同功能的模型有不同的方法，例如 评价模型方法有层次分析、模糊综合评价、熵值法等； 优化模型方法有启发式算法（模拟退火、遗传算法等）、仿真方法（蒙特卡洛、元胞自动机等）； 预测模型方法有灰色预测、神经网络、马尔科夫链等。 在数学中国、数学建模网站上有许多关于这些方法的相关介绍与文献。 软件与书籍： 软件一般三款足够：Matlab、SPSS、Lingo，学好一个即可。 书籍方面，推荐三本，一本入门，一本进级，一本参考，这三本足够： 《数学模型》姜启源谢金星叶俊高等教育出版社 《数学建模方法与分析》Mark M. Meerschaert 机械工业出版社 《数学建模算法与程序》司守奎国防工业出版社 入门的《数学模型》看一遍即可，对数学模型有一个初步的认识与把握，国赛前看完这本再练习几篇文章就差不多了。另外，关于入门，韩中庚的《数学建模方法及其应用》也是不错的，两本书选一本阅读即可。如果参加美赛的话，进级的《数学建模方法与分析》要仔细研究，这本书写的非常好，可以算是所有数模书籍中最好的了，没有之一，建议大家去买一本。这本书中开篇指出的最优化模型五步方法非常不错，后面的方法介绍的动态模型与概率模型也非常到位。参考书目《数学建模算法与程序》详细的介绍了多种建模方法，适合用来理解模型思想，参考自学。 分工合作：数模团队三个人，一般是分别负责建模、编程、写作。当然编程的可以建模，建模的也可以写作。这个要视具体情况来定，但这三样必须要有人擅长，这样才能保证团队最大发挥出潜能。 这三个人中负责建模的人是核心，要起主导作用，因为建模的人决定了整篇论文的思路与结构，尤其是模型的选择直接关系到了论文的结果与质量。 对于建模的人，首先要去大量的阅读文献，要见识尽可能多的模型，这样拿到一道题就能迅速反应到是哪一方面的模型，确定题目的整体思路。 其次是接口的制作，这是体现建模人水平的地方。所谓接口的制作就是把死的方法应用到具体问题上的过程，即用怎样的表达完成程序设计来实现模型。比如说遗传算法的方法步骤大家都知道，但是应用到具体问题上，编码、交换、变异等等怎么去做就是接口的制作。往往对于一道题目大家都能想到某种方法，可就是做不出来，这其实是因为接口不对导致的。做接口的技巧只能从不断地实践中习得，所以说建模的人任重道远。 另外，在平时训练时，团队讨论可以激烈一些，甚至可以吵架，但比赛时，一定要保持心平气和，不必激烈争论，大家各让3分，用最平和的方法讨论问题，往往能取得效果并且不耽误时间。经常有队伍在比赛期间发生不愉快，导致最后的失败，这是不应该发生的，毕竟大家为了一个共同的目标而奋斗，这种经历是很难得的。所以一定要协调好队员们之间的关系，这样才能保证正常发挥，顺利进行比赛。 美赛特点：一般人都认为美赛比国赛要难，这种难在思维上，美赛题目往往很新颖，一时间想不出用什么模型来解。这些题目发散性很强，需要查找大量文献来确定题目的真正意图，美赛更为注重思想，对结果的要求却不是很严格，如果你能做出一个很优秀的模型，也许结果并不理想也可能获得高奖。另外，美赛还难在它的实现，很多东西想到了，但实现起来非常困难，这需要较高的编程水平。 除了以上的差异，在实践过程中，美赛和国赛最大的区别有两点： 第一点区别当然是美赛要用英文写作，而且要阅读很多英文文献。对于文献阅读，可以安装有道词典，
2012 MCM Problems PROBLEM A:The Leaves of a Tree "How much do the leaves on a tree weigh?" How might one estimate the actual weight of the leaves (or for that matter any other parts of the tree)? How might one classify leaves? Build a mathematical mode l to describe and classify leaves. Consider and answer the following: ? Why do leaves have the various shapes that they have? ? Do the shapes “minimize” overlapping individual shadows that are cast, so as to maximize exposure? Does the distribution of leaves within the “volume” of the tree and its branches effect the shape? ? Speaking of profiles, is leaf shape (general characteristics) related to tree profile/branching structure? ? How would you estimate the leaf mass of a tree? Is there a correlation between the leaf mass and the size characteristics of the tree (height, mass, volume defined by the profile)? In addition to your one page summary sheet prepare a one page letter to an editor of a scientific journal outlining your key findings. “多少钱树的叶子有多重？”怎么可能估计的叶子（或树为此事的任何其他部分）的实际重量？会如何分类的叶子吗？建立了一个数学模型来描述和分类的叶子。考虑并回答下列问题：?为什么叶片有，他们有各种形状？?请勿形状的“最小化”个人投阴影重叠，以便最大限度地曝光吗？树叶树及其分支机构在“量”的分布效应的形状？说起型材，叶形（一般特征）有关的文件树/分支结构？你将如何估计树的叶质量？有叶的质量和树的大小特性（配置文件中定义的高度，质量，体积）之间的关系吗？除了你一个页面的汇总表，准备一页纸的信中列出您的主要结果的一个科学杂志的编辑. PROBLEM B:Camping along the Big Long River Visitors to the Big Long River (225 miles) can enjoy scenic views and exciting whi t e water rapids. The river is inaccessible to hikers, so the only way to enjoy i t is to take a river trip that requires several days of camping. River trips all start at First Launch and exi t the river at Final Exit, 225 miles downstream. Passengers take either oar- powered rubber rafts, which travel on average 4 mph or motorized boats, which travel on average 8 mph. The trips range from 6 to 18 nights of camping on the river, start to finish.. The government agency responsible for managing this river wants every trip to enjoy a wilderness experience, with minimal contact wi t h other groups of boats on the river. Currently, X trips travel down the Big Long River each year during a six month period (the rest of the year it is too cold for river trips). There are Y camp sites on the Big Long River, distributed fairly uniformly throughout the river corridor. Given the rise in popularity of river rafting, the park managers have been asked to allow more trips to travel down the river. They want to determine how they might schedule an optimal mix of trips, of varying duration (measured in nights on the river) and propulsion (motor or oar) that will utilize the campsites in the best way possible. In other words, how many more boat trips could be added to the Big Long River’s rafting season? The river managers have hired you to advise them on ways in which to develop the best schedule
2015年美国大学生数学建模竞赛赛题翻译 2015年美国大学生数学竞赛正在进行，比赛时间为北京时间：20１5年2月６日(星期五)上午9点—２月10日上午9点.竞赛以三人(本科生）为一组，在四天时间内,就指定的问题，完成该实际问题的数学建模的全过程,并就问题的重述、简化和假设及其合理性的论述、数学模型的建立和求解(及软件)、检验和改进、模型的优缺点及其可能的应用范围的自我评述等内容写出论文。 2０15 ＭＣM/ICM Ｐｒｏblems 总计4题，参赛者可从MＣM Pｒoｂlｅm A, MＣM Problem B，ICM Pｒoblem C oｒICM Ｐｒｏbｌem D等四道赛题中自由选择。 201５Contest Proｂｌems MCM ＰROBLEMS PROBLEM A: Erａdiｃating Ebｏla The wｏrｌｄmedical assoｃiatiｏn has ａnnounced that ｔheｉｒneｗmｅdiｃatioｎcouｌd stop Ｅbola anｄcｕｒｅｐａtｉents ｗhose dｉsease ｉs not aｄｖanced. Ｂuild a realistｉc, sensｉblｅ, ａnｄusefｕｌmodel thaｔｃｏnsiders not onlｙｔhｅsｐｒead of the dｉsease，ｔｈｅqｕaｎtｉｔy of ｔhｅmedｉcine needed，ｐｏｓsｉble ｆeasible delivｅｒy sysｔemｓ（seｎdiｎg ｔhe meｄiｃine to where iｔis neｅdｅｄ), （gｅｏgrａphiｃal）loｃatioｎs of ｄelｉvery，ｓｐeed of mａｎufacturing of tｈe ｖa ｃcine ｏｒｄruｇ, but also ａｎy oｔheｒcriticａl factors your ｔeam cｏnｓidｅrs ｎecessaｒｙas ｐarｔｏf thｅｍodel to ｏpｔimize thｅerａdicaｔioｎoｆEｂola，oｒａt lｅａｓt ｉts current sｔrain. Iｎadd ｉtion ｔo your ｍodｅling apprｏach fｏr thｅcontest, prepare ａ１—2 page ｎon-teｃｈnical ｌettｅr for ｔhe wｏrld ｍｅｄicaｌａｓsocｉation ｔｏuse ｉｎtheir announｃｅmｅｎt． 中文翻译： 问题一：根除埃博拉病毒 世界医学协会已经宣布他们的新药物能阻止埃博拉病毒并且可以治愈一些处于非晚期疾病患者。建立一个现实的,合理的并且有用的模型，该模型不仅考虑了疾病的蔓延,需要药物的量,可能可行的输送系统,输送的位置,疫苗或药物的生产速度，而且也要考虑其他重要的因素，诸如你的团队认为有必要作为模型的一部分来进行优化而使埃博拉病毒根除的一些因素，或者至少考虑当前的状态。除了你的用于比赛的建模方法外，为世界医学协会准备一份１-２页的非技术性的信,方便其在公告中使用。 PＲＯBLEＭB: Sｅａrchinｇfoｒａloｓt pｌａne Recａll the loｓｔMalａysian flight MH370．Build ａgeneriｃmaｔheｍatｉcaｌmｏｄel ｔｈat coｕld assist "seａrｃhers" ｉn plaｎninｇa useful seａrch ｆｏｒ a loｓt plaｎｅfeａred to hａｖe cｒａshed in ｏpｅn ｗatｅr sucｈas the Ａｔlantic, Paｃific，Iｎdian, Sｏuthｅrｎ，or Arcｔic Oceａn ｗｈil ｅｆlyinｇfrom PoinｔA to Poiｎt B. Ａｓsume thａt there are no sigｎals ｆroｍthe ｄowｎｅd pｌane。Your moｄel should recogｎiｚe thaｔｔherｅarｅmaｎy dｉfｆerｅnt ｔyｐes ｏf plaｎｅs ｆoｒｗ
东北大学数学建模竞赛论文格式规范和规则 参赛队从A、B题中任选一题。 １.论文用白色A4纸单面打印；上下左右各留出至少2.5厘米的页边距；从左侧装订。２.论文的第一页为封面页（本文档最后一页），根据中心安排的参赛编号填写参赛编号和选择题目，保留你选择的题目前的√号即可。 ３.论文题目和摘要写在论文第二页上，从第三页开始是论文正文。 ４.论文从第三页开始编写页码，页码必须位于每页页脚中部，用阿拉伯数字从“1”开始连续编号。 ５.论文不能有页眉，论文中不能有任何可能显示答题人身份的标志。 ６.论文题目用三号黑体字、一级标题用四号黑体字，并居中。论文中其他汉字一律采用小四号宋体字，行距用单倍行距，打印时应尽量避免彩色打印。 ７.提请大家注意：摘要应该是一份简明扼要的详细摘要（包括关键词），在整篇论文评阅中占有重要权重，请认真书写（注意篇幅不能超过一页，且无需译成英文）。评阅时将首先根据摘要和论文整体结构及概貌对论文优劣进行初步筛选。 ８.引用别人的成果或其他公开的资料(包括网上查到的资料) 必须按照规定的参考文献的表述方式在正文引用处和参考文献中均明确列出。正文引用处用方括号标示参考文献的编号，如[1][3]等；引用书籍还必须指出页码。解答过程中使用的数据不得引用文献类型（１）（２）（３）（４）中出现的数据，引用数据必须表明出处。 各类文献的表述格式如下（其它类型文献不得引用）： （1）专著格式： 序号. 编著者1，编著者2，编著者3等. 书名[M]. 出版地：出版社，年代：页码. （2）期刊论文格式： 序号. 编著者1，编著者2，编著者3等. 论文名称[J]. 期刊名称，年度，卷（期）：起止页码. （3）会议论文格式： 序号. 编著者1，编著者2，编著者3等. 论文名称[C]//会议名称，会议举办地，年度，起止页码. （4）学位论文格式： 序号. 编著者1，编著者2，编著者3等. 学位论文名称[D]. 发表地：学位授予单位，年度：页码. （5）电子文献格式： 序号. 作者. 电子文献题名(电子文献及载体类型标识). 电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期。只考虑两种电子文献： ［DB/OL］—联机网上数据库(database online) ［EB/OL］—网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 样例： [1]Peitgen H O, Jurgens H, Saupe D. Chaos and fractals[M]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992:202-213. [2]Zhao Shi, Wang Yi-ding, Wang Yun-hong. Extracting hand vein patterns from low-quality images: a new biometric technique using low-cost devices[C]// Fourth International Conference on Image and Graphics. Sichuan, 2007:667-671.
优化和评价的收费亭的数量 景区简介 由於公路出来的第一千九百三十，至今发展十分迅速在全世界逐渐成为骨架的运输系统，以其高速度，承载能力大，运输成本低，具有吸引力的旅游方便，减少交通堵塞。以下的快速传播的公路，相应的管理收费站设置支付和公路条件的改善公路和收费广场。 然而，随着越来越多的人口密度和产业基地，公路如花园州公园大道的经验严重交通挤塞收费广场在高峰时间。事实上，这是共同经历长时间的延误甚至在非赶这两小时收费广场。 在进入收费广场的车流量，球迷的较大的收费亭的数量，而当离开收费广场，川流不息的车辆需挤缩到的车道数的数量相等的车道收费广场前。因此，当交通繁忙时，拥堵现象发生在从收费广场。当交通非常拥挤，阻塞也会在进入收费广场因为所需要的时间为每个车辆付通行费。 因此，这是可取的，以尽量减少车辆烦恼限制数额收费广场引起的交通混乱。良好的设计，这些系统可以产生重大影响的有效利用的基础设施，并有助于提高居民的生活水平。通常，一个更大的收费亭的数量提供的数量比进入收费广场的道路。 事实上，高速公路收费广场和停车场出入口广场构成了一个独特的类型的运输系统，需要具体分析时，试图了解他们的工作和他们之间的互动与其他巷道组成部分。一方面，这些设施是一个最有效的手段收集用户收费或者停车服务或对道路，桥梁，隧道。另一方面，收费广场产生不利影响的吞吐量或设施的服务能力。收费广场的不利影响是特别明显时，通常是重交通。 其目标模式是保证收费广场可以处理交通流没有任何问题。车辆安全通行费广场也是一个重要的问题，如无障碍的收费广场。封锁交通流应尽量避免。 模型的目标是确定最优的收费亭的数量的基础上进行合理的优化准则。 主要原因是拥挤的
美国大学生数学建模竞赛等级评审标准 评审要点 ?是否对赛题给出了满意的解读方式，并对赛题中可能出现的概念给予了必要的澄清； ?是否明确列出了建模用到的所有条件及假设，并对其合理性给出了解释或论证； ?是否通过对赛题的分析给出了建模的动机或论证了建模的合理性； ?是否设计出了能有效地解答赛题的模型； ?是否对模型给出了稳定性测试； ?是否讨论了模型的优缺点，并给出了清晰的结论； ?是否给出了圆满的摘要。 没有全部完成解答的论文不但是可接受的，而且如果在某些方面有创新并有独到之处，仍然可能获得较好的评审结果。 等级划分 参赛论文如果没有按要求讨论赛题，或违反了竞赛规则，则会被定为不合格论(Unsuccessful Participants) 。其余参赛论文根据评审标准按质量分为5 个级别，由低到高分别为合格论文(Successful Participants)、乙级论文(Honorable Mention)、甲级论文(Meritorious)、特级提名论文(Finalist)、特级论文(Outstanding Winner) (也称为优胜论文)。任何论文只要对赛题进行了适当的讨论，没有违反竞赛规则，就是合格论文。只有建模和写作都最优秀的论文才可能评为特级论文。每个级别的论文所占的百分比如下：?合格论文，大约50% 的论文属于这个级别。 ?乙级论文，大约30% 的论文属于这个级别。 ?甲级论文，大约10% 到15% 的论文属于这个级别。 ?特级提名论文，大约1% 的论文属于这个级别。 ?特级论文，大约1% 的论文属于这个级别。 除了给论文评级外，MCM/ICM 竞赛还设有INFORMS 奖、SIAM 奖、MAA 奖及Ben Fusaro 奖等4 个奖项，奖励优秀论文。 INFORMS 奖是由美国运筹及管理学协会(the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences) 设立的。评审委员会在解答A 题、B 题及C 题的特级论文中各选一篇(或者不选) 授予INFORMS 奖。 SIAM 奖是由美国工业与应用数学学会会(the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics) 设立的。评审委员会在解答A 题、B 题及C 题的特级论文中各选一篇(或者不选) 授予SIAM 奖。 MAA 奖是由美国数学会(the Mathematical Association of America) 设立的。评审委员会在解答A 题及B 题的特级论文中各选一篇论文授予MAA 奖。 Ben Fusaro 奖是由COMAP 设立的。评审委员会通常在特级提名论文中选出一篇具有特殊创意和独特见解的论文授予Ben Fusaro 奖。 评审流程 论文评审的方式是盲评，通常在竞赛结束三个星期后的第一个周末进行。所有参赛论文均用唯一给定的编号统一识别，这个编号称为控制编号(Control Number)。论文的作者姓