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地质专业英语翻译与地质科技情报研究的关系探讨

地质专业英语翻译与地质科技情报研究的关系探讨
地质专业英语翻译与地质科技情报研究的关系探讨

地质专业英语翻译与地质科技情报研究的关系探讨

摘要:本文论述了地质专业英语的翻译特点和地质科技情报研究的特点以及地质科技英语翻译与地质科技情报研究的关系。

关键词:地质专业英语;地质科技情报研究;翻译技巧

1 引言

我国翻译事业的发展源远流长。今天,在科学技术飞速发展的信息时代,翻译事业已遍及各行各业,对我国文化、艺术、教育、科技等方面的发展作出了重要贡献,有力地推动着我国社会和经济的发展。在地学界,地质科技情报研究发挥着巨大的作用,而地质专业英语翻译到底与地质科技情报研究有什么关系呢?笔者仅根据自己十多年来在中国地质调查局水文地质环境地质调查中心信息情报室从事地质专业翻译的工作的经验谈谈地质专业英语翻译与地质科技情报研究的关系。

2地质专业英语的特点

地质专业英语作为一门比较独特的课程,既不同于地质专业课,也不同于大学基础英语,它有自己的特点,可以概括为以下三方面:

(1)专业英文论文中专业性词汇量大

专业性词汇量大是专业性论文的特点之一。如在专业论文中,专业词汇所占比例可达30%以上。大约需要掌握5000条左右的词汇才能比较顺畅地阅读专业文章。地质专业英语词汇可以分为两大类:一类是从未接触过的具有纯粹地质专业含义的词,这些词仅仅出现在专业论文中,如granite(花岗岩)其所占比例较小;另一类是我们在大学英语中常见的普通词汇,由于在特定的专业背景中而被赋予特定的专业含义,如fault(断层),joint(节理)。

(2)缩略语较多

随着现代科技的进步,英语缩略语已经成为英语中发展最快的语言现象。人们为了避免使用那些又长又难记忆的专业英语词汇,普遍采用简洁、精炼的缩略语,这在地质专业英语中表现得尤为明显,如TTI---Time-Temperature Index(时间-温度指数)。

(3)复杂长句多

由于地质专业文章要求叙述准确、客观、结构严谨,逻辑清晰,因此,大量使用含有很多限定和修饰成分的复杂长句及非谓语动词。

3地质专业英语翻译的基本原则和特殊翻译方法

翻译是一个理解与表达的过程,地质专业英语也是如此。语言作为传输科技信息的中介时,为了达到交流的目的必须不遭损失地传输信息,因此,在理解的过程中,首先要求译者对地质专业有深入的了解,专业知识掌握得越丰富越全面,对待译的原文就会理解得越透彻;其次在逐句翻译时,对原文用词的词义以及用句的语法必须有准确的把握。至于在表达的过程中,则必须从吃透原文的理解阶段里“跳出来“,即不受原文语法与文体的束缚,又能按照汉语的语法规律和语言习惯,用通顺、确切的语句表达。理解与表达两者之间的关系是辩

证统一的关系,只有理解透彻才能表达正确,而在表达过程中又会更深入地理解。

3.1地质专业英语翻译的基本原则

在进行地质专业英语翻译时,译者既要表达出原文内涵,又要尽量保留原文风格。所以,译者要遵循三条翻译原则:(1)译作要完全复写出原作的思想;(2)译作的风格和手法应与原作属同一性质;(3)译作应具备原作所具有的通顺性。中国近代翻译家严复先生提出了“信、达、雅”的翻译原则,其中“信”就是指译文要忠实原文,“达”就是指译文的通顺达意,“雅”则指译文的用词造句要文雅。忠实原文,就是指在译文里,原文作品内容不可少,同时也不要擅自增加译者个人的意思,更不能误译。

3.2地质专业英语的特殊翻译方法

在地质专业英语翻译过程中要注意各种不同的翻译技巧与方法。

3.2.1 地质专业术语的翻译方法

在论述地球科学的文章中,通常会出现大量的本学科专业使用的专门术语,而这些专业词汇若按照它们的构成方式来分一般可分为:①本专业特有的词汇,如geology(地质学),mineral(矿石),fossil(化石),dinosaur(恐龙),idiogenite(同生矿床)等。它们是地质专业特有的词汇,这些词很少出现于其他专业文章中。②与其他专业学科共有的词汇,如reservoir(水力专业译为“水库”,石油地质学科译为“储油层”),pulse(医学专业中译为“脉搏”,电子学专业译为“脉冲”,还可译为“小束地震波”),platform (交通专业译为“站台”,地质构造专业译为“地台或台地”),spring(机械专业译为“弹簧”、水文地质专业译为“泉水”)等。对于这类词汇,在翻译时应根据专业学科辨别其词义。③普通日常生活同专业共用词汇,如fault(日常生活中译为“缺点、过失”,地质专业译为“断层”),fold(日常生活中译为“折叠”,地质构造学译为“褶皱”),译者在翻译这类词汇时应特别加以注意。具体地质专业术语的翻译方法如下:

直译法,即在翻译时,保持原文的语言形式,包括字、词、句和修辞手段等,语言通顺明了,使译文读者与原文读者感受相同。

意译法,即根据原词的实际含义译成对应的汉语术语,读者容易理解新术语的确切意义,是比较理想的一种方法。这种翻译方法广泛运用于地质科技术语的翻译,具有概念明确、易懂易记的优点。例如:persistent residue 持久性残留;ozone layer 臭氧层;particulate matter 大气颗粒物;photochemical reaction 光化学反应;methylmercury 甲基汞;sustainable development 可持续发展;homeostatic mechanisms自调节机理; inorganic chemicals 无机化学;limestone 石灰石等都是采用意译的方法翻译的。

音译法,即按照原词的英语发音译成相应的汉语,这种方法是不得已而为之,无法揭示词汇的真正意译。随着新术语的出现,对不少词汇已用这种方法代替。计量单位一般用音译如bit 译为比特等;近年来所采用的新材料,一般音译。

半音半意法,即音译与意译的结合方法。如Nerest eqution 能斯特方程等。

形译法,即用英文字母或单词描述事物的外形的译法。用汉语词汇表达形状,如T-square(人字尺);有时保留型号、牌号、商标不译,如Fermalite(法国制造的铁氧体软磁材料)。

缩写替代法,即有一部分单词由于使用广泛,直接写出其英文缩写便可知其含义,所以,这类单词不用翻译,可以直接引用。

特殊含义译法,即有个别单词在地质科技英语中所选的词义是与非专业英语不同的特殊含义。

词性调整,英语单词的词性有10种,一个词往往有若干个词性,不同的词性语法功能也不一样,在翻译中,为了符合汉语语言习惯,必要时,对词性可以加以调整。

非谓语动词的翻译法,为了叙述简洁明了,科技英语大量使用非谓语动词,包括过去分词、动名词和动词不定式。非谓语动词使句子结构严谨、逻辑性强,但也加深了理解和翻译的难度,遇到这类句子时一定要理清脉络,分析清楚其成分,才能准确理解句意,正确进行翻译。科技英语虽然结构复杂,但结构通常很严谨,一般主、谓、宾都齐全,所以,我们首先就要分清哪些是主语部分,哪些是谓语和宾语部分,特别是从句套从句,词组叠词组,定语中有定语的情形,因而我们首先就要把主、谓、宾定位。其次,在明确主、谓、宾之后,把主语、宾语的修饰语句或词组归位,搞清楚哪些是主语的定语,哪些是宾语的定语,哪些是状语。最后,准确理解专业英语词汇,并完整地翻译成中文。

3.2.2地质专业文章中句子的翻译技巧

鉴于地质专业英语句法及篇章结构的复杂性,其论说文中往往长句和复杂句使用较多,翻译时要遵循化繁为简的原则。要翻译准确,就必须分析句子结构,弄清楚各种成分之间的关系,然后运用一些翻译技巧,如省词、加词、重复、词类转换、句子成分转换、全句转译、将长句切分成若干短句、以及将主句或者从句译成词组等,最后重新组织句子结构,注意行文逻辑,用恰当的汉语把意思表达出来。

3.2.2.1 将名词性短语扩展成分或转换成动宾结构

大量的应用名词短语可以使文章变得简洁,表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实,而非某一行为。但在翻译中我们要注意将名词性短语扩展成分句或是改变其结构顺序,使其译成中文的语句逻辑准确,表达清楚。

3.2.2.2 将定语成分转换成独立句、状语分句等

由于专业英语要求准确简练的原则,所以,为了明确表示和描述对象,常常需要较多地使用非限定性动词作定语,句子中常使用非限定性词性构成的各种短语来替代从句或分句,翻译的时候要注意将其转换成独立的句子或是状语分句,提到所修饰的词之前,以符合汉语的语序。

3.2.2.3被动语态的翻译技巧

被动语态有几种翻译方法:

*将英语被动句译成汉语主动句,即被动隐含句;

*将英语被动句译成汉语的被动句;

*将英语被动句转译成汉语的判断句;

*将英语被动句译成汉语无主句;

*英语中其他形式的被动句的翻译;

(1)正式的布告、通告等习惯使用被动语态以及标题、广告、通知等常用省略的被动语态,译为汉语的主动句。

(2)英语中有几个动词多用于被动语态,很少用于主动语态。如be born, be married , be obliged等,译为汉语时却表示主动之意。

(3)有些英语句子从结构上看是主动语态,但实际上是表达被动意义,可看成隐形被动语态。翻译时常译成主动语态。主要有needs(want, require ,demand…),doing ,be worth doing, has(have) something to do,少数动词的进行时be building(printing ,cooking…) 等等。

3.2.2.4 增加词语以表示不同的时态

增加词语以表示不同的时态,从时态上看,科技英语多采用一般现在时,使表述具有“无时间性”,所以在翻译中,我们需要补充一些与时间有关的词汇,使得时态更加明显。

3.2.2.5 以“1t”引导的主语从句的翻译

这种句式在环境化学专业英语中及其常见,既突出了所要强调的部分,同时避免了句子主语过长导致头重脚轻的弊端,还可以丰富句式,使得文章中的句式不至于仅仅使用被动语态或是名词性结构,而过于单调。翻译这类句子是要注意按照汉语的顺序翻译,将主语从句部分提前。

4 什么是地质科技情报研究

在谈科技情报之前,先说说情报的定义。国内外学术界对情报还没有定论的说法。但如果要找以下共同的认识,情报是指传递着的有特定效用的知识。知识性、传递性和效用性是情报的三个基本属性。

1)情报的知识性

人们在生产和生活活动中,通过各种媒介手段(书刊、广播、会议、参观等),随时都在接收、传递和利用大量的感性和理性知识。这些知识中就包含着人们所需要的情报。情报的本质是知识,可以说,没有一定的知识内容,就不能成为情报。

2)情报的传递性

情报的传递性是说知识要变成情报,还必须经过运动。钱学森说情报是激活的知识,也是指情报的传递性。人的脑海中或任何文献上无论贮存或记载着多少丰富的知识,如果不进行传递交流,人们无法知道其是否存在,就不能成为情报。情报的传递性表明情报必须借助一定的物质形式才能传递和被利用。这种物质形式可以是声波、电波、印刷物或其它,其中最主要的是以印刷物等形式出现的文献。而科技情报专指通过公开信息渠道获取的有关科学发展\技术创新\最新动态的有用知识。钱学森对情报很有衷情, 对科技情报很有研究, 给情报作了如此定义:“ 情报是激活了的知识”被广为引用。

系统辩识是情报研究工作中最重要的一种方法。所谓高级的情报工作就是用系统辩识的方法进行的情报研究工作。搞情报研究, 不是把资料搜集起来就行了, 要进行加工。这一点很重要, 要抓住重点、要害问题, 通过分析的角度对之进行系统深入的研究。

地质科技情报研究是我国地质科技情报工作的一个重要组成部分。多年来很多的学者对地质科技情报研究的内涵进行过探讨。有学者认为地质科技情报研究应该立足于有针对性的对科技文献中和通过其他途径获得温度情报信息进行对比,分析、判断、浓缩、综合,在此基础上提出综述或者述评形式的研究报告,为各个层次决策服务。还有学者认为,地质科技情报研究的实质是分析,是识别、挖掘有用信息,从过去和现在信息中推断出未来信息,从部分信息推出总体信息。更有学者认为,地质科技情报研究是根据用户的特定需求,以现代信息技术和科学研究方法论为主要手段,以社会信息采集、选择、评价、分析和综合等系列加工为基本过程,以形成新的增值情报(信息)产品,我不同层次的科学决策服务为主要目的一类社会化的智能活动。综上所述,虽然地质情报研究包括信息的遴选、获取、整理、抽象、表示、评价等一系列的过程,但是归根结底,地质科技情报研究主要通过对各种来源的信息进行定量与定性的深度分析和判断,为人们的决策和行动提供支持。地质科技情报的深度加工,属于思想库范畴,加强地质科技情报研究,为决策科学化提供可靠根据,推动地质科技进步与经济发展,这就是不同于图书馆的显著标志。

5 地质专业英语翻译工作与地质科技情报研究

前面讨论了地质专业英语翻译工作不同于普通的英语翻译工作,对翻译人员的要求也不同于普通英语翻译工作的要求。地质科技情报研究所要求的人员首先要从事地质行业工作或

者懂地学领域中某个领域的专业,有很强的业务能力,熟悉掌握计算机等学习工具,注重知识的积累和信息的储备,其次是有过硬的英语基础,特别是地质专业英语的基础;再次是必须有足够的语言表达能力、综述能力以及对信息资料的敏感能力等。地质科技情报研究的结果是为社会和政府提供决策性、前瞻性科技情报服务的。地质科技情报研究使用的方法是调查研究法、文献调查法、比较研究法、内容分析法、技术预测法、德尔非法、层次分析法、专利分析法、技术预见、头脑风暴法、趋势外推法、文献计量学法。在运用这些方法进行工作之前,首先必须获得足够的信息,而获得国外信息的首要手段就是翻译工作。如果没有过硬的翻译功底,就无法获得真实、实时、可靠的信息。信息资源的不准确,科技情报研究的结果就可想而知了。

6 结语

地质专业翻译工作是一项艰苦的工作。要想成为一名优秀译者应该做到以下几点:首先,要认真学习地质专业知识和其它相关专业知识,对地质领域的基础知识要有所了解,不懂的东西要主动请教,勤于动手,经常查阅工具书和地质词典,以丰富自己的知识体系。这里特别说明,应该经常查阅纸介质地质词典。有些译者喜欢使用网络和电子词典,当然,我不反对使用,但是这些都没有纸介质的词典词汇丰富,例句解释到位;第二,要努力做到理论与实践相结合。译者要尽可能多地学习翻译理论,充分把握英汉语言的差异,在翻译实践中,要及时善于总结一些带有规律性的东西,多学习掌握一些技巧,这样可以使翻译少走弯路,使文章译的更快更好;第三,要灵活运用翻译技巧。学仅仅是为了知道和了解,将所得的知识灵活运用在翻译实践中才更为重要。不会用翻译技巧则说明这些技巧仍是人家的经验,会用才将其真正变成了自己的东西;第四,要善于总结提高。通过大量的翻译实践工作,总结出适合地质专业英汉翻译的技巧,在翻译实践中灵活运用这些技巧以不断提高自身的翻译水平和译作的质量。提高地质科技英语翻译的能力绝非一日之功,对译者的文化素养和专业知识的要求都很高,只有通过大量阅读,反复实践,才能有所成。

地质专业英语翻译工作是进行地质科技情报研究工作的前期基础工作,对做好地质科技情报研究发挥着至关重要的作用,成为影响地质科技情报研究的发展的主体。如果没有这个前提,做好国外地学领域的科技情报研究工作就是一句空话;如果这个前期工作没有做好,地质科技情报研究工作报告的质量就无法保障,错误的信息导致错误的结论,科学决策服务就更是纸上谈兵。

随着政府和社会对地质科技情报研究提供的决策服务的需求的增加,对从事地质科技情报研究的地质专业翻译工作的要求也日益增加,特别是20世纪80年代开始的科技体制改革和20世纪90年代互联网的出现和发展对地质科技情报机构的管理体制、运行机制、业务结构和业务方向产生了较大的影响。由此对从事这些研究工作的地质专业翻译工作也提出了巨大的挑战,因此,地质专业翻译工作是地质科技情报研究工作的奠基基础,是地质科技情报研究工作的手段和载体。要想搞好地质科技情报研究,就必须有一个精良的具有良好的地质专业翻译水平和多学科综合分析能力的团队。

参考文献

[1] 郑彦宁,我国科技情报行业创新发展的关键问题[J],情报学报,2008(6):946-950.

[2] 郑彦宁等,我国科技情报机构情报研究业务发展现状调查,情报学报,2010(7).

[3] 姜山,等,情报研究和学科化服务协同工作机制初探[J].情报学报,2008(6):

7-9.

A discussion of the correlation between translation for professional English of geology and research for science

technology information of geology

YUAN-huiming;GE Xin-zhen

(Center for Hydrogeology and Enmironmental

Geology ,CGS,baoding 071051, China)

Abstract:This paper discuss the characteristics of professional English of geology, its translation skills ,characteristics of research for science technology information of geology and correlation between translation for professional English of geology and research for science technology information of geology.

Key words:Professional English of geology; research for science technology information geology; translation skills

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广告英语翻译常用词汇 产品远销英国、美国、日本、意大利和东南亚,深受消费者欢迎和好评Our products are sold in Britain, America, Japan, Italy and South East Asia and well appreciated by their purchasers. 畅销全球 selling well all over the world 典雅大方 elegant and graceful 定型耐久 durable modeling 方便顾客 making things convenient for customers 方便群众 making things convenient for the people; to suit the peo ple's convenience 方便商品 convenience goods 方便生活 bringing more convenience to the people in their daily life; prov iding amenities for the people; making life easier for the popula tion 各式俱全 wide selection; large assortment

顾客第一 Customers first 顾客是我们的皇帝 We take customers as our Gods. 规格齐全 a complete range of specifications; complete in specific ations 花样繁多 a wide selection of colours and designs 货色齐全 goods of every description are available. 客商第一,信誉第一 clients first, reputation first 款式多样 a great variety of models 款式活泼端庄 vivid and great in style 款式齐全 various styles 款式新颖 attractive designs; fashionable(in) style; novel (in) de sign; up-to-date styling 款式新颖众多 diversified latest designs 美观大方 elegant appearance 美观耐用 attractive and durable 品质优良,疗效显著,誉满全球,欢迎选购 excellent quality, evident effect, good reputation over the world, orders are welcome. 品种多样 numerous in variety 品种繁多 great varieties 品种齐全 complete range of articles; a great variety of goods

土木地质岩土工程专业毕业英文翻译原文和译文

Failure Properties of Fractured Rock Masses as Anisotropic Homogenized Media Introduction It is com monly ack no wledged that rock masses always display disc on ti nu ous surfaces of various sizes and orie ntatio ns, usually referred to as fractures or joi nts. Si nee the latter have much poorer mecha ni cal characteristics tha n the rock material, they play a decisive role in the overall behavior of rock structures,whose deformati on as well as failure patter ns are mai nly gover ned by those of the join ts. It follows that, from a geomecha ni cal engin eeri ng sta ndpo int, desig n methods of structures inv olvi ng joi nted rock masses, must absolutely acco unt for such ‘‘ weakness' ' surfaeesahalysis. The most straightforward way of deali ng with this situati on is to treat the joi nted rock mass as an assemblageof pieces of in tact rock material in mutual in teracti on through the separat ing joint in terfaces. Many desig n-orie nted methods relat ing to this kind of approach have been developed in the past decades, among them,the wedlnown ‘‘ block theory, ' ' which attempts to ide ntify pote n- tially unstable lumps of rock from geometrical and kinematical considerations (Goodman and Shi 1985; Warburton 1987; Goodman 1995). One should also quote the widely used distinet element method, originating from the works of Cundall and coauthors (Cundall and Strack 1979; Cundall 1988), which makes use of an explicit ?nite-difference numerical scheme for computing the displacements of the blocks considered as rigid or deformable bodies. In this con text, atte nti on is primarily focused on the formulatio n of realistic models for describ ing the joint behavior. Since the previously men ti oned direct approach is beco ming highly complex, and the n numerically untractable, as soon as a very large number of blocks is involved, it seems advisable to look for alter native methods such as those derived from the con cept of homogenization. Actually, such a concept is already partially conveyed in an empirical fashion by the famous Hoek and Brown ' s criterion (Hoek and Brown 1980; Hoek 1983). It stems from the in tuitive idea that from a macroscopic point of view, a rock mass in tersected by a regular network of joint surfaces, may be perceived as a homogeneous continuum. Furthermore, owing to the existence of joint preferential orientations, one should expect such a homoge ni zed material to exhibit ani sotropic properties. The objective of the present paper is to derive a rigorous formulation for the failure criteri on of a joi nted rock mass as a homoge ni zed medium, from the kno wledge of the joi nts and rock material respective criteria. In the particular situation where twomutually orthogonal joint sets are con sidered, a closed-form expressi on is obta in ed, giving clear evide nce of the related stre ngth ani sotropy. A comparis on is performed on an illustrative example betwee n the results produced by the homogenization method,making use of the previously determined criterion, and those obtained by means of a computer code based on the distinct element method. It is show n that, while both methods lead to almost ide ntical results for a den sely fractured rock mass, a ‘‘ size ' ' or ‘‘ scale effect ' ' is observed in the case of a joints. The second part of the paper is then devoted to proposing a method which attempts to capture such a scale effect, while still tak ing adva ntage of a homoge ni zati on tech niq ue. This is achieved by resorting to a micropolar or Cosserat continuum description of the fractured rock mass,

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