Unit 4, 9A Name__________
一、选择填空:
( ) 1. Liu Xiang runs ________ fast. Nobody else can catch up with him.
A. too far
B. far too
C. very far
D. very too
( ) 2.In this exam, he spent ________ time and made ___________ mistakes in our class.
A. less; fewer
B. the least: the fewest
C. much; many
D. more; less ( ) 3.We didn’t believe it _________ we saw it with our own eyes.
A. until
B. after
C. when
D. while
( ) 4. Miss Gao teaches us so well that her lessons __________.
A. aren’t easily forgotten
B. are easily forgotten
C. are easy forgotten
D. aren’t
easy forgotten
( ) 5. Remember this, children. ____________careful you are, __________ mistakes you’ll make.
A. The more; the less
B. The less; the fewer
C. The less; the more
D. The more; the
more
( ) 6. As I ___________ the plan, he thought of a surprising ending.
A. was working out
B. work out
C. was working on
D. work on
( ) 7. Victor threw the remote control onto the table and it __________Nancy’s foot.
A. fall into
B. fell into
C. fall onto
D. fell onto
( ) 8. Daniel seldom watches Friendship, _______?
A. does he
B. doesn’t he
C. does she
D. doesn’t she
( ) 9. The story of Unusual Weekend goes __________ than people expected.
A. slowly
B. slow
C. more slowly
D. more slower
( ) 10.He was lying on the grass and looking at the beautiful sky ___________ he had a strange dream.
A. while
B. when
C. because D since
( ) 11. _____________ the end of the program, you won’t find out the answer.
A. Till
B. Until
C. In
D. By
( ) 12. I like watching ____ because I can learn a lot about nature, history and real-life events from them.
A. comedies
B. cartoons
C. documentaries
D. game shows
( ) 13. The boys played so ________ that they lost the basketball match.
A. careful
B. carefully
C. careless
D. carelessly
( ) 14. —You haven’t lost your library book, have you? —I hope _________.
A. not to have
B. to have not
C. so
D. not
( ) 15. What ___________ it is to go hiking in __________ weather!
A. a great fun; such fine
B. great fun; such a fine
C. great fun; such fine
D. a great fun; such a fine
( ) 16. —Why not come and join us in the game? —________. But I must finish my homework first.
A. I hope not
B. I’m very tired
C. I think so
D. I’d like to
( ) 17. This ___________ documentary takes a close look at the life of the Asian tiger.
A. two-hour
B. two hours
C. two-hours
D. two hour’s
( )18. The programme _______ different sports, such as basketball, swimming and badminton.
A. is covered
B. covers
C. covering
D. is covered with
( ) 19. Would you please ____________ my pet while I’m away?
A. to look after
B. look after
C. to take care of
D. taking care of
( ) 20. I didn’t go to see the film yesterday, because I __________ it three times.
A. had seen
B. have seen
C. saw
D. will see
( ) 21. Kitty works so _________ that she ___________ spends time playing.
A. hard; hardly
B. hard; hard
C. harder; hardly
D. hardly; hardly
( ) 22. ___________ it snows, ____________ the children feel.
A. More heavily; the happier
B. More heavily; happier
C. The more heavily; happier
D. The more heavily; the happier
( ) 23. —Where is your father? —I’m not sure. He __________ in the office.
A. must be
B. maybe
C. may be
D. perhaps
( ) 24. You can call that man _____________ 6665258 ___________more information.
A. on; about
B. at; for
C. on; for
D. at; to
( ) 25. —Who is more active, Suzy or Paul? —_________.
A. Yes, they are
B. Suzy is
C. Paul does
D. No, they aren’t
二、词形变换:
1. I like reading this kind of _________ ( week ) magazine.
2. The film is full of _____________ ( horror ) and __________( mystery ).
3. The businessman ___________ ( murder ) at home yesterday evening.
4. The Yangtze River is one of __________( long ) rivers in the world.
5. Most people think it’s far __________________ ( comfortable ) to travel by air than by train.
6. They didn’t leave school until the rain __________ ( stop ) that day.
7. ____________ ( luck ) , there was nothing wrong with him after the car accident.
8. His train ride is really short, but his memory of the ___________ ( please ) trip will last long.
9. There are few ____________( nature ) habitats for animals on Earth.
10. It’s said that sports meeting ___________( hold ) next week.
11. Do you feel ___________( bore ) with the _______________( bore ) book?
12. Do you know Charlie Chaplin is one of the most popular ___________( comedy ) actors in the
world?
13.I think the time ____________( spend ) in watching TV every day is too long for you.
14. His parents always ____________( agree ) with each other and quarrel about little things.
15. I looked at him until he ____________ ( appear ) in the distance.
16. Could you tell me where the 28th Olympic Games ___________( hold )?
17. This year’s Beijing Music Awards ____________ ( cover ) live tonight.
18. It’s raining even ____________ ( heavy ) . I really don’t know what to do.
19. —Kate, didn’t you hear the loud knock at the door?
—Sorry, I _____________( chat ) with my e-friend.
20. While we ____________ ( clean ) the classroom, the teacher came in.
21. I’m not in the habit of ____________( let ) strangers into my home.
22. If you get _____________( scare ) easily, do not watch Murder in a Country House.
23. Whenever he thinks of his pet’s ____________( die ) ,he feels very sad.
24. If you aren’t interested in sports programmes, you’ll find it ________________( disturb ).
25. He’s going abroad for _____________( far ) study. Do you agree with him?
Unit 4, 9A
一、选择填空: BBAAC, CDACB, BCDCC, DABBA, ADACB
二、词形变换:
1. weekly
2. horror, mysteries
3. was murdered
4. the longest
5. more comfortable
6. stopped
7. Luckily
8. pleasant
9. natural 10. will be held
11. bored, boring 12. comedy 13. spent 14. disagree 15. disappeared
16. was held 17. will be covered 18. more heavily 19. was chatting 20. were cleaning 21. letting 22. scared 23. death 24. disturbing 25. further
苏教版英语九年级下册第一单元单元测试9B Unit1（C卷） 一、单项填空 1. He can hardly stay awake because he is so tired,________ ? A. does he B. isn’t he C. can’t he D. can he 2.When I was young，I _______ in the country. A. used to live B. was used to live C. used to living D. was used to living 3. Kunming is a beautiful city _______ the southwest of China. A. on B. in C. to D. at 4. Guilin is famous _______ its natural landscapes. A. for B. as C. with D. in 5. I hope _______ to my birthday party next Sunday. A. your come B. you to come C. you can come D. you came 6. I am writing to you _______ I’m afraid to talk about it face to face. A. because B. though C. until D. unless 7. She _______ down because she had a headache. A. lay B. lied C. lies D. lie 8. Tony gets up _______ early _______ he can be the first one to get to his classroom. A. so; that B. such; that C. too; to D. enough; to 9. There are _______ things in your room. Stop buying anything until you can clean up your room. A. so many B. less C. too much D. so much 10. You have to be _______ and wait until I finish my work. A. patient B. strict C. honest D. active 11. Now teenagers are very busy with their schoolwork and they have _______ time to do exercise. A. few B. little C. a few D. a little 12. Read it aloud _______ the class can hear you. A. so that B. if C. when D. although 13.—I really hope to keep in touch with Lily. —Sorry. I don’t know ________. A. what her name is B. what her job is C. what her number is D. when she left 14.Rick has learned a lot about Chinese culture________he came to China. A. before B. when C. until D. since 15. He _______ every Saturday morning _______ in an animal hospital. A. spends; working B. spends; to work C. pays; working D. pays; to work 二、完形填空 Have you ever been to Hong Kong? When you travel in Hong Kong, you must 1 of the traffic rules, because they are different from those of the interior （内地）of China, and the traffic keeps to 2 . Before 3 the street, you must look to the right and then to the left. If the traffic lights turn 4 , the traffic must stop, and people can cross the zebra line. If the traffic lights turn 5 , the traffic can go, but people 6 cross the road. In the morning and in the evening, when people go to or come from 7 , the streets are very busy. The traffic is 8 . When you go somewhere by bus in Hong Kong, you must be careful, 9 .Always remember the traffic keeps to the left. Have a look first, or you may go to the wrong way. In Hong Kong, there are a lot of big buses 10 two floors. You may sit on the second floor. From there you can watch the city very well.
一、细胞内膜泡运输的概况、类型及其主要功能 膜泡运输是蛋白质分选的一种特有的方式，普遍存在于真核细胞中。在转运过程中不仅涉及蛋白质本身的修饰、加工和组装，还涉及多种不同的膜泡靶向运输及其复杂的调控过程。主要分为一下三种类型： COPⅠ包被小泡：负责回收、转运内质网逃逸蛋白返回内质网。 COPⅡ衣被小泡：介导内质网到高尔基体的物质运输。 网格蛋白衣被小泡：介导质膜→胞内体、高尔基体→胞内体、高尔基体→溶酶体、植物液泡的物质运输 二、试述物质跨膜的种类及其特点 主要有三种途径： （一）被动运输： 指通过简单扩散或协助扩散实现物质由高浓度向低浓度方向的跨膜转运。动力来自物质的浓度梯度，不需要细胞提供代谢能量。 1、简单扩散：也叫自由扩散（free diffusion）。特点：①沿浓度梯度（或电化学梯度）扩散； ②不需要提供能量；③没有膜蛋白的协助。 2、促进扩散：特点：①比自由扩散转运速率高；②运输速率同物质浓度成非线性关系； ③特异性；④饱和性。 （二）主动运输: 是由载体蛋白所介导的物质逆浓度梯度或电化学梯度由浓度低的一侧向高的一侧进行跨膜转运的方式。 主动运输的特点是：①逆浓度梯度（逆化学梯度）运输；②需要能量；③都有载体蛋白。（三）吞排作用 真核细胞通过胞吞作用和胞吐作用完成大分子与颗粒性物质的跨膜运输。 三、试述Na+—K+泵的工作原理 Na+—K+ATP酶通过磷酸化和去磷酸化过程发生构象的变化，导致与Na+、K+的亲和力发生变化。在膜内侧Na+与酶结合，激活ATP酶活性，使ATP分解，酶被磷酸化，构象发生变化，于是与Na+结合的部位转向膜外侧；这种磷酸化的酶对Na+的亲和力低，对K+的亲和力高，因而在膜外侧释放Na+、而与K+结合。K+与磷酸化酶结合后促使酶去磷酸化，酶的构象恢复原状，于是与K+结合的部位转向膜内侧，K+与酶的亲和力降低，使K+在膜内被释放，而又与Na+结合。总的结果是每一循环消耗一个ATP；转运出3个Na+，转进2个K+。 四、试述胞间通信的主要类型 1）、细胞间隙连接 细胞间隙连接：是一种细胞间的直接通讯方式。两个相邻的细胞以连接子相联系。连接子中央为直径1.5nm的亲水性孔道。 2）、膜表面分子接触通讯 是指细胞通过其表面信号分子（受体）与另一细胞表面的信号分子（配体）选择性地相互作用，最终产生细胞应答的过程，即细胞识别。 3）、化学通讯 细胞分泌一些化学物质（如激素）至细胞外，作为信号分子作用于靶细胞，调节其功能，这种通讯方式称为化学通讯。根据化学信号分子可以作用的距离范围，可分为以下3类：内分泌、旁分泌、自分泌
7B Unit3 Welcome to Sunshine Town单元测试卷 一、选择题(每小题1分，共15分) ( )1．Yi Jianlian，______ NBA star，will continue_______match this season． A an；the B．an；a C．a；the D．the：a ( )2．The boys don’t．have to go far if they need help_________ the homework．A．do B．with C．about D．doing ( )3．一How far is your family from here 一It’s about ten________walk．A．minute’s，B．minute C．minutes’D．minutes ( )4．一What shall we do tomorrow 一Why ________to the cinema A．don’t go B．not go C．don’t going D．not going ( )5．一_______meat do you want to buy 一six kilos，please． A．How many B．How much C．What D．How ( )6．Will you please______us________ your city A．take；visit B．take；visiting C．show；to visit D．show；around ( )7．一_________do the calendars belong to A．Whose；Mine B．Who；Me C．Whose；Me D．Who；Mine ( )8．一How much________would you like —three loaves，please．A．apple B．apples C．bread D．meats ( )9．The post office is _______from our school． A．ten metres far B．ten metres away C．ten metres far away D．ten metre away ( )10．You call ________in the park． A．walking B．walks C．go walking D．are walking ( )l1．When will you________in Shanghai tomorrow A．get B．arrive C．reach D．take ( )l2．Millie lives on_________floor in a tall building． A．five B．fifth C．the fifth D．the five ( )13．I can’t swim．What_________you A．about B．can C．are D．is ( )14．The light is still on．Mr Li________in the office． A．can be B．must be C．mustn’t be D．can’t be ( )15．Tom has ________house to live in in the city． A．no B．not C．none D．some 二、完形填空(每小题1分，共10分) Uncle Wang has 1 big farm at the foot of Mount Tai(泰山)．2 name is Red Star Farm．Uncle Wang lives there 3 his family．There are many tall trees 4 bamboos(竹子)there．Uncle Wang grows vegetables on the farm，SHCII as carrots，potatoes， 5 and so
牛津译林版九年级上册9A Unit3 Teenage problems词汇趣味讲解 teenage adj. 青少年的 Millie is talking with her mum about teenage problems. teenager n. 青少年 By that time, my daughter will already be a teenager. 到了哪个时候，我的女儿已经进入青少年时期了。 mark n. 分数，标记，污点 v. 做标记，做记号，使有污点Sometimes I got low marks in exams. I feel sad. mark...with... 用...表明 Mark you clothes with your name. = Mark your name on your clothes. 在你的衣服上标记你的名字 mad adj. 发疯的，生气的 比较级：madder 最高级：maddest I'll go mad if I have to wait much longer. 如果还要等更久的话，我会发疯的。 drive sb mad 使人受不了 The TV is always on at my home. The noise almost drives me mad. exam (=examination) n. 考试，测试 If you work harder, you will pass the exam. 如果你学习更努力一点，你会通过考试的。Kate's exam results were excellent. 凯特的考试成绩非常优秀。 perhaps adv. 或许，可能 Perhaps you should manage your time better and go to bed earlier. This is perhaps his best novel to date. 这也许是他迄今最好的小说。
9B Unit 1 一、根据中文写单词 1. Our earth is becoming more and more (污染). 2. Einstein was one of the greatest (科学家) in the world. 3. Our bodies become (健康) than before. 4. Chinese (药) is famous all over the world. 5. The man was (呼吸) heavily at that time. 6. The car is (专门地) designed for the president. 7. He doesn’t know how to (描述) what he looks like. 8. We will celebrate his (四十) birthday tomorrow. 9. The (条件) there is very harsh. 10. The USA is a (发达) country. 二、翻译词组 1. 照顾______________________________ 2. 越来越拥挤________________________ 3. 以……速度________________________ 4. 以许多方式、方法__________________ 5. 把……连接到……__________________ 6. 呈……形状________________________ 7. 大量、许多________________________ 8. 与……交朋友______________________ 9. 迷路______________________________ 10. 在……的表面______________________ 11. 对……有害_______________________ 12. 用……使……离开__________________ 13. 起飞，脱下_______________________ 14. 在窗户边__________________________ 15. 在火星上_________________________ 三、单项选择 ( )1. In 2100, people will by robots. A. cared for B. be looked C. be cared for D. take care of ( )2. —How do you these cats? —I like them very much. They are so lovely. A. think B. like C. think of D. want ( )3. They are getting instead of getting any better. A. a bit worst B. more badly C. even worse D. more bad ( )4. Does he want to know when you were young? A. what is the life like B. what the life was like C. how the life was like D. what the life is like ( )5. My brother ride a bike when he was only eight years old. A. could B. may C. can D. might ( )6. of the students have their own computers. A. Two eleven B. Two elevenths C. Two eleventh D. Twice elevenths ( )7. Do you believe food Mars will be the form pills? A. on; on; in B. on; in; of C. in; in; of D. in; of; in ( )8. How much time do you watching TV every day? A. spend B. cost C. take D. pay
细胞生物学课后练习参考答案 作业一 ●一切活细胞都从一个共同的祖先细胞进化而来，证据是什么想像地球上生命进化的很早时期。可否假设那个原始的祖先细胞是所形成的第一个仅有的细胞 1、关于一个共同祖先的假说有许多方面的证据。对活细胞的分析显示出其基本组分有着令人惊异的相似程度，例如，各种细胞的许多新陈代谢途径是保守的，在一切活细胞中组成核酸与蛋白质的化合物是一样的。同样，在原核与真核细胞中发现的一些重要蛋白质有很相似的精细结构。最重要的过程仅被“发明”了一次，然后在进化中加以精细调整去配合特化细胞的特定需要。●人脑质量约1kg并约含1011个细胞。试计算一个脑细胞的平均大小(虽然我们知道它们的大小变化很大)，假定每个细胞完全充满着水(1cm3的水的质量为1g)。如果脑细胞是简单的正方体，那么这个平均大小的脑细胞每边长度为多少 2、一个典型脑细胞重10-8g (1000g/1011)。因为1g水体积为1 cm3，一个细胞的体积为10-14m3。开立方得每个细胞边长2.1 × 10-5m即21 μm。 ●假定有一个边长为100μm，近似立方体的细胞 (1)计算它的表面积/体积比； (2)假设一个细胞的表面积/体积比至少为3才能生存。那么将边长为100μm，总体积为1 000 000μm3的细胞能在分割成125个细胞后生存吗 3、(1) 如图1所示，该细胞的表面积(SA)为每一面的面积(长×宽)乘以细胞的面数，即SA=100 μm ×100 μm ×6 = 60 000 μm2。细胞的体积是长×宽×高，即(100 μm)3=1 000 000 μm3因而SA/体积的比率=SA/体积=60 000μm/ 1 000 000μm= 0. 06 μm-1。 (2) 分割后的细胞将不能存活。125个立方体细胞应有表面积300 000μm2, SA/体积的比率为0.3。如果要使总表面积/体积达到3，可以假设将立方体边长分割成n份，每个小方块的表面积为SA l，总面积为SA t则有： 分割后的小方块表面积为SA l = 6 × (100/n) 2(1) 总面积为SA t = 6 × (100/n) 2 × n3(2) 根据细胞存活要求SA t/V = 3 (3) 即： 6 × (100/n) 2 × n3 / 1003 = 3 (4) 由(4)可知n=50，即细胞若要存活必须将其分割成125000个小方块。 ●构成细胞最基本的要素是________、________ 和完整的代谢系统。 4、基因组，细胞质膜和完整的代谢系统 图1 边长为100μm的立方体与分割成125块后的立方体
7BUnit3基础练习附答案 班级：姓名：得分： 一、完成单词：（25%） l.She is a to go out at night. 2.There's a big supermarket in the（西」匕）of the town . 3.Tm（确信）he doesnt know the way . 4.The ____________ （抢劫犯）are running to the station . 5.Does the computer w very well ? 6.He tries again , but I think he'll f again . 7.What does the word m? 8.Pm s to see you here . 9.Turn left at the t lights . 10.S, the door opened . 1 l.Can you j so high ? 12.My father always walks a the river after supper . 13.Why don't you take differents r? 14.Therere many big h in our hometown . 15.1 put the big box in the c of the room . 16.The bird flies out t the window . 17.Take your u with you .It's going to rain . 18.It's so c.Its going to rain . 19.Take the third t on the left. 20.The farmers are working hard in the f. 2LBuy some vegetables when you walk p the shop . 22.He can answer the question（容易） 23.We all choose Chen Dan to be our m of Class 2 24.Would you please show me a one ? I don't like this one . 25.Turn left when you come to the crossroads.The e is on your right. 二、选择填空：（25%） （）1 .There any homework tonight .Shall we go to see a film ? A.isn't going to be B.isn't going to have C.aren't going to have D.aren't going to be （）2.My father often goes to the supermarket to buy things . A.in B.near C. nearby D.into
9A 复习Unit 3 Teenage problems 1. People feel __more tired__(tire) easily than any other season(季节). 2. An ant(蚂蚁) has two _stomachs____(stomach). ’t you think the radio is too __noisy__(noise) (be + adj.) too much is _unhealthy____(health) for you. should have more _communication_(communicate) with parents _to improve___(improve) you're your relationship(关系). to do 表目的 shop opens at 9 . and __closes (close) at 7 .（ close v.关闭） students kept___talking___ (talk) until the teacher ___came______(come) into the room. ~ 一直做某事 keep doing until后面的从句与主句时态一致 8. The noise always drives me __mad(mad), please keep __quiet___(quiet). 保持安静 keep quiet 使得某人发疯 drive sb mad 9 Would you please _not turn____(not turn) on the TV 你愿意不….吗 Would you please not do Would you like ___to tell_______(tell) students __do_____(do ) more sport. 想要做某事 would like to do 让某人做某事 let sb do 10. I have no __choice_(choose) but __to finish __(finish) my work. * 除了…外别无选择 have no choice but to do Last year I _was chosen __(choose) to be the monitor of the class. 某人被选为… sb be chosen to be homework must __be handed___(hand) in on time. Homework做主语，用被动情态动词 +be done 12.. I hope the film is worth _watching___(watch). 值得被…. be worth doing 13. Everyone needs a_close___(close) friends to talk to. (close adj.亲密的) The shop is __closed____(close) at this time of the day. It is _open______(open) after eight every morning. （closed adj.关着的 open adj.开着的） - 14. The man lived __alone_______. He felt very _lonely________. (alone, lonely) alone adv.独自 = by oneself= on on e’s own lonely adj.孤独的
9B Unit1测试卷 姓名班级得分 第I 卷（选择题共60分） 一、听力（共20分） 第一部分听对话回答问题（计10分） 本部分共有10道小题，每小题你将听到一段对话，每段对话听两遍。在听每段对话前，你将有5秒钟的时间阅读题目；听完后，你还有5秒钟的时间选择你认为最合适的备选答案。在听到“嘀”的信号后，进入下一小题。 ( ) 1. What are they talking about? A. B. C. ( ) 2. Which place wo n’t the boy go to today? A. B. C. ( ) 3. What are they talking about? A. B. C. ( ) 4. What is the boy doing? A. B. C.
( ) 5. What does the woman say Mr Zhang can do in France? A.Talk with the local people. B.Learn French. C.Teach French. ( ) 6. Why is Millie going to visit Hutongs in Beijing? A.Because she wants to live in a Hutong. B.Because she wants to learn more about Beijing. C.Because Hutongs are very famous in China. ( ) 7. Why is the woman moving house? A.She needs a quiet place. B.The new house is cheaper. C.She wants to live next to a singer. ( ) 8. What does the man like? A. Thailand. B. Travelling. C. Spending holidays. ( ) 9. What are they talking about? A. Weather. B. Seasons. C. The rain. ( ) 10. Where is George’s company? A. In America. B. In Japan. C. In China. 第二部分听对话和短文回答问题（计10分） 你将听到一段对话和两篇短文，各听两遍。听每段对话或短文前，你将有时间阅读相关小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，每小题你仍有5秒钟时间选择你认为最合适的备选答案。 听一段对话，回答第11–12小题。答题完毕，请等待“嘀”的信号，进入第一篇短文。 ( ) 11. What is the man reading? A. A magazine. B. A Chinese book. C. A newspaper. ( ) 12. Where are they going at the weekend? A. Beijing Theatre. B. Beihai Park. C. Beihai Cinema. 听第一篇短文，回答第13–15小题。请根据短文内容，选择正确答案，完成信息记录表。答题完毕，请等待“嘀”的信号，进入下一篇短文。
第八章细胞信号转导 1、名词解释 细胞通讯:指一个细胞发出的信息通过介质传递到另一个细胞并与其受体相互作用，产生特异性生物学效应的过程。 受体:指能够识别和选择性结合某种配体（信号分子）的大分子。多数为糖蛋白，少数为糖脂或二者复合物。 第一信使:由信息细胞释放的，经细胞外液影响和作用其它信息接收细胞的细胞外信号分子 第二信使:第一信使与受体作用后在胞内最早产生的信号分子称为第二信使。 2、细胞信号分子分为哪两类？受体分为哪两类？ 细胞信号分子：亲脂性信号分子和亲水性信号分子； 受体：细胞内受体：位于细胞质基质或核基质，主要识别和结合脂溶性信号分子; 细胞表面受体：主要识别和结合亲水性信号分子（三大家族;G蛋白耦联受体，酶联受体，离子通道耦联受体） 3、两类分子开关蛋白的开关机制。 GTPase开关蛋白:结合GTP活化,结合GDP失活。鸟苷酸交换因子GEF引起GDP从开关蛋白释放，继而结合GTP并引起G蛋白构象改变使其活化；随着结合GTP水解形成GDP和Pi，开关蛋白又恢复成失活的关闭状态。GTP水解速率被GTPase促进蛋白GAP和G蛋白信号调节子RGS所促进，被鸟苷酸解离抑制物GDI所抑制。 普遍的分子开关蛋白:通过蛋白激酶使靶蛋白磷酸化和蛋白磷酸酶使靶蛋白去磷酸化活性调节蛋白质活性。 4、三类细胞表面受体介导的信号通路各有何特点？ （1）离子通道耦联受体介导的信号通路特点：自身为离子通道的受体，有组织分布特异性，主要存在与神经、肌肉 等可兴奋细胞，对配体具有特异性选择，其跨膜信号转导无需中间步骤，其信号分子是神经递质。 （2）G蛋白耦联受体介导的信号通路特点：信号需与G蛋白偶联，其受体在膜上具有相同的取向，G蛋白耦联受体一 般为7次跨膜蛋白，会产生第二信使，G蛋白在信号转导过程中起着分子开关的作用。 （3）酶连受体信号转导特点：a.不需G蛋白，而是通过受体自身的蛋白酶的活性来完成信号跨膜转换；b.对信号的 反应较慢，且需要许多细胞内的转换步骤；c.通常与细胞生长、分裂、分化、生存相关。 5、试述cAMP信号通路。 信号分子→G蛋白耦联受体(Rs)→G蛋白(Gs)→腺苷酸环化酶(C)→ cAMP →cAMP依赖的蛋白激酶A（PKA）→细胞质中靶蛋白→细胞反应 →基因调控蛋白→基因表达 6、试述磷脂酰肌醇信号通路。 胞外信号分子→G蛋白耦联受体→Gq蛋白→磷脂酶C(PLC )→PIP2 →IP3→胞内Ca2+浓度升高→Ca2+结合蛋白(如钙调蛋白CaM)→靶酶（如CaM蛋白激酶）→细胞反应 →靶蛋白→细胞反应 →DAG→激活PKC →抑制蛋白（磷酸化）→基因调控蛋白→调控基因表达 →MAPK（磷酸化）→基因调控蛋白→调控基因表达 7、试述RTK-Ras信号通路及其主要功能。 细胞外信号→RTK二聚体化和自身磷酸化→接头蛋白（如GRB2）→GEF（如Sos）→Ras与GTP结合并活化→ MAPKKK（即Raf）活化→MAPKK(即MEK)磷酸化并活化→MAPK（即ERK）磷酸化并活化，进入细胞核→其他激酶或转录因子磷酸化修饰→基因表达→细胞应答和效应 8、比较cAMP信号通路和磷脂酰肌醇信号通路的异同点。 相同点：都由G蛋白耦联受体，G蛋白和效应器三部分构成 不同点：产生的第二信使不同，CAMP信号通路主要通过蛋白激酶A激活靶酶和开启基因表达；磷脂酰肌醇信号通路是胞外信号被膜受体接受后，同时产生两种胞内信使，分别启动IP3/Ca2+和DAG/PKC两个信号传递途径。 第九章细胞骨架 1.名词解释 细胞骨架：是细胞内以蛋白纤维为主要成分的网架结构包括微丝、微管和中间丝。 分子发动机：是一类利用ATP供能产生推动力，进行细胞内物质运输或运动的蛋白。 2.细胞质骨架由哪几种结构组成？各结构分别具有哪些功能？ 微管主要分布在核周围,并呈放射状向胞质四周扩散；支架作用、细胞内物质运输的轨道、鞭毛和纤毛的运动、参与细 胞分裂
Reading (课文阅读) 一、请在课文中找出表示下列意思的新词语。 1. a place you can watch plays or films _________________ 2. not noisy, have no sound _________________ 3. a very short time later _________________ 4. known by a lot of people _________________ 5. in the area near where you live _________________ 二、翻译下列词组 1．呆在一个幽静的小镇_______________________ 2．乘地铁_______________________ 3．新鲜的空气_______________________ 4．青山_______________________ 5．离市中心不远_______________________ 6．大多数东西_______________________ 7．许多西餐馆_______________________ 8．当地的剧院_______________________ 9．唱京剧_______________________ 10．期盼见到你_______________________ 11. 为家人买礼物________________________ 12. 喜欢慢跑________________________ 三、根据句意及提示写出句中所缺单词。 1.We can’t drink sea water, but there is not enough f____________ water for us on the earth. 2.--Where is the hotel? -- It’s _________ (not near) from here. You’d better take a taxi. 3.It ___________ (花费) him about two hours to do his homework every day. 4.The writer isn’t so ______________ (著名的), but I like reading his works. 5.My uncle lives in Canada, but he doesn’t like W____________ food. He likes Chinese food. 6.I can’t make a paper plane. Can you ___________ (教)me?
中考英语总复习练习（9A Unit3） 一、词汇检测(13分) 1. Simon has a habit of being (醒着)at night，worrying about things. 2. (也许)they have been here before, or they can't know the place so well. 3.Your (建议)seem to be of great help to me. I will take them. 4. Do you know the (原因)of the accident? 5. A scream broke the (寂静)of the night. 6. We have reasons to believe that (进步)can be made through our effort. 7. He seems to be very (担心的).Do you know what's the matter with him? 8. Can you (想象)what our school will be like in 20 years? 9. The letter "b" is not (发音)in the word "climb". 10. For me, friendship seems more (宝贵的)and I feel comfortable being with my friends. 11. to the traffic law, people under 18 can't get a driving license. 12. —What did you do last night? You seem so sleepy. —I up late to see the basketball game. 13.—Thank you so much. I can't imagine how I could finish this task without you. —Don't it. I just did what I should. 二、单项填空(20分) ( )1. Never the people in trouble. We should try to help them instead. A. laugh at B. agree with C. care about D. worry about ( )2.—What's the of her sadness? She is usually a cheerful girl. —It's the death of her loved cat. A. reason B. idea C. cause D. mistake ( )3. Fred loved Maths, but believe it or not, he passed the last exam. A. only B. easily C. almost D. hardly ( )4. It was so late at night, but the lights were still in my parents' bedroom. A. open B. closed C. on D. off ( )5 .Your son just has a cold, Madam. There is nothing . A. worried B. to worry C. to be worried D. to worry about ( )6. share you photos in the USA with us? A. How about B. Why not C. Why not you D. Would you like ( )7. They had no choice but more people part in charity activities. A. encourage; to take B. to encourage; to take C. to encourage; take D. encourage; take ( )8.—Thank you for your on my plan for the summer holiday. —You're welcome. I hope they are worth . A. advice; to take B. suggestions; taking C. advice; taking D. suggestions; to take ( )9. We must ourselves and our work. A. strict in; with B. be strict in; with C. be strict with; in D. strict with; in ( )10. that the old man has a lot of money. A. It seemed B. He seemed C. It seems D. He seems ( )11.—Have you prepared for your coming entrance exam well yet? —Not really. I'm still my lessons carefully. A. catching up with B. going over C. getting on with D. insisting on ( )12. I never doubt . A. if he can deal with these problems B. whether can he deal with these problems C. whether he can deal with these problems or not D. that he can deal with these problems ( )13. The young wine to some countries. A. isn't allowed buying B. isn't allowed to buy C. doesn't allowed buying D. are not allowed to buy ( )14. The maths problem is difficult. Can you ? A. do with it B. work it out C. deal it with D. work out it