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英语专八英美文学作品及作者简介☆英国文学名家名著《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁·撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。
史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦，帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲；第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位，平安统治50年。
后来，他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏，老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战，杀死火龙，自己也受了致命伤。
杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ，1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。
主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。
作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。
他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层，而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格，读者广泛，对后世影响很大。
威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ，1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。
他创作了大量的作品，其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。
他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演，并为人们所普遍阅读。
莎上比亚的作品文才横溢，创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻，历久难忘。
主要作品有四大悲剧：《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear)；四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。
此外，历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲，爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）也都很受欢迎。
English drama是英国文艺复兴的主流姓名年代-生卒年国籍备注Geoffrey Chaucer 中世纪(1343-1400) 英国<The Canterbury Tales>:firsttime to use …heroic couplet‟(双韵体) by middle EnglishThe father of English poetry. (writingstyle: wisdom, humor, humanity.)尔Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞文艺复兴1552~1599英国the Fairy Queen仙后(for QueenElizabeth)Thomas More 托马斯.莫文艺复兴:(1478~1535)英国<Utopia>乌托邦是英国的空想社会主义者Oneof the greatest English humanistsFrancis Bacon 弗兰西斯.培根（1561-1626）英国Essays:<Of studies>;New InstrumentAdvancement of Learning英国唯物主义及现代实验科学之父Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛（1564~1595）英国①<The Tragical History of DoctorFaustus>浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）②<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝③<The Jew of Malta>马耳他的犹太人把blank verse无韵诗作为英语戏剧主要表达方式的开创者。
“UniversityWits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。
）Blank verse:written in unrhymed iambicpentameter.John Lyly: 约翰。
自考英美文学选读书单全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：自考英美文学选读书单：自考英美文学选读一直是自考英美文学专业的核心课程之一，对学生的文学修养和英语水平提升起着非常重要的作用。
下面给大家推荐一份【自考英美文学选读】书单，希望对大家学习和备考有所帮助。
1. 《简·爱》（Jane Eyre）- 夏洛蒂·勃朗特（Charlotte Bronte）《简·爱》是英国文学史上的经典之作，描写了主人公简·爱的一生遭遇及成长历程。
小说通过简·爱的内心世界、对生活的思考和对爱情的追求，展示了女性独立、坚强和自由的形象，被誉为女性主义文学的杰作。
2. 《傲慢与偏见》（Pride and Prejudice）- 简·奥斯汀（Jane Austen）《傲慢与偏见》是英国文学史上的又一经典之作，讲述了伊丽莎白·班奇和达西先生之间的爱情故事。
小说通过调侃社会习俗、揭示人性弱点和倡导女性独立，展现了简·奥斯汀的精湛文学功底和对人性深刻洞察的能力。
3. 《了不起的盖茨比》（The Great Gatsby）- F·司各特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）《了不起的盖茨比》是美国文学史上的代表作之一，讲述了上世纪20年代美国高盛时期的繁荣与荒诞。
小说通过主人公盖茨比的爱情故事、社会地位和金钱的探讨，揭示了美国梦的虚幻和人性的贪婪，具有较高的文学价值和社会意义。
《呼啸山庄》是英国文学史上的经典之作，描绘了希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳之间的爱恨纠葛。
小说通过家族恩怨、爱情悲剧和人性探讨，展现了勃朗特姐妹的文学才华和对人性矛盾的深刻理解。
《去吧，告诉她们，我在这里》是美国文学史上的力作之一，讲述了黑人青年约翰尼的成长经历和对信仰的追求。
小说通过种族歧视、家庭纠葛和自我认同的挣扎，反映了美国社会的种族问题和对人类命运的深刻思考。
英美文学选读自考重点英美文学选读是自考中一门重要且富有魅力的课程，它涵盖了英国和美国文学发展历程中的众多经典作品和重要作家。
对于自考生来说，掌握重点内容是顺利通过考试的关键。
以下将为您详细介绍英美文学选读自考的重点。
一、英国文学部分1、古英语时期与中世纪文学这一时期的重点是了解英国文学的起源和早期发展。
比如，《贝奥武甫》是英国文学史上第一部重要的史诗，要理解其主题、结构和语言特点。
另外，乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》也是重点，需掌握其对人物的刻画、叙事技巧以及反映的社会现实。
2、文艺复兴时期文学文艺复兴时期的英国文学成就斐然。
威廉·莎士比亚是重中之重，他的戏剧作品如《哈姆雷特》《罗密欧与朱丽叶》《麦克白》等，要深入研究其人物塑造、情节设置、主题思想以及对人性、命运、爱情等问题的探讨。
同时，还需了解这一时期其他重要作家如托马斯·莫尔的《乌托邦》。
3、 17 世纪文学这一时期的玄学派诗歌和清教徒文学是重点。
约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌以奇特的比喻和复杂的思维著称，要理解其诗歌的独特风格和思想内涵。
而弥尔顿的《失乐园》《复乐园》等作品，则要把握其宗教主题和史诗般的气魄。
4、 18 世纪文学启蒙运动时期的英国文学注重现实和理性。
丹尼尔·笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》是必读作品，要分析主人公的形象和作品所反映的殖民主义、个人奋斗等主题。
此外，乔纳森·斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》也是重点，理解其讽刺手法和对社会现象的批判。
5、 19 世纪浪漫主义文学浪漫主义时期的诗人如威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治、拜伦、雪莱和济慈的作品都需要认真研读。
了解他们各自的诗歌风格、主题以及对自然、爱情、自由等的追求。
同时，简·奥斯汀的小说《傲慢与偏见》也是常考内容，要分析其细腻的人物描写和婚姻爱情观。
6、 19 世纪现实主义文学查尔斯·狄更斯的作品在这一时期占据重要地位，如《雾都孤儿》《大卫·科波菲尔》《双城记》等，要理解其对社会现实的批判和对人性的关怀。
英美文学选读自学考试大纲一、考试简介英美文学选读自学考试旨在测试考生对于英美文学的基本概念、发展历程、重要作家及其作品的掌握程度，以及对于英美文学的基本理论和分析方法的了解和运用能力。
考试形式为闭卷笔试，考试时间为180分钟，满分为100分。
二、考试内容1、英美文学基本概念及发展历程（20%）测试考生对于英美文学的基本概念、发展历程和重要时期的了解和掌握程度。
2、英美文学重要作家及其作品（30%）测试考生对于英美文学的重要作家及其代表作品的了解和掌握程度，包括但不限于莎士比亚、简·奥斯汀、托尔斯泰、海明威等。
3、英美文学的基本理论和分析方法（30%）测试考生对于英美文学的基本理论和分析方法的了解和掌握程度，包括但不限于新批评、结构主义、后现代主义等。
4、阅读理解与写作能力（20%）测试考生的阅读理解能力和写作能力，包括对于所给文本的理解、分析、评价和论述能力。
三、考试形式及题型1、单项选择题（20分）要求考生从四个选项中选择一个最符合题意的答案。
2、多项选择题（20分）要求考生从五个选项中选择两个或以上的答案。
21、简答题（20分）要求考生用简短的语言回答问题，考查考生的理解和概括能力。
211、分析题（30分）要求考生对所给的文学作品进行分析、评价和论述，考查考生的分析能力和语言表达能力。
2111、写作题（10分）要求考生根据给定的题目和要求进行写作，考查考生的写作能力和语言表达能力。
四、自学建议系统学习英美文学基本知识：了解英美文学的发展历程、重要时期和流派，掌握基本概念和理论。
阅读重要作家作品：选择一些经典作家及其代表作品进行阅读和研究，深入了解作家的创作风格和思想内涵。
培养阅读和分析能力：通过阅读和分析文学作品，提高自己的阅读能力和分析能力，掌握基本的文学分析方法。
加强写作训练：通过写作练习，提高自己的写作能力和语言表达能力，为考试做好准备。
英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期：代表人物：莎士比亚、培根、哈姆雷特等。
英美文学流派与作家知识点整理英美文学源远流长，在其发展历程中涌现出了众多的文学流派和杰出作家，这些流派和作家的作品不仅反映了当时的社会、文化和历史背景，也展现了人类思想和情感的丰富多样性。
以下是对一些重要的英美文学流派与作家的知识点整理。
一、浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学兴起于 18 世纪末至 19 世纪初，强调个人情感、想象力和自然的重要性。
（一）英国浪漫主义作家1、威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）他是英国浪漫主义诗歌的先驱之一，其作品强调对自然的热爱和对普通人生活的关注。
代表作有《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）。
2、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）他的诗作充满奇幻的想象和神秘的元素，《古舟子咏》（The Rime of the Ancient Mariner）是其经典之作。
3、乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron）拜伦以其奔放的激情和叛逆的精神著称，作品有《唐璜》（Don Juan）等。
4、珀西·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley）雪莱的诗歌富有理想主义和革命精神，《西风颂》（Ode to theWest Wind）广为流传。
（二）美国浪漫主义作家1、华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving）他的作品具有浓厚的地方色彩和幽默风格，《瑞普·凡·温克尔》（Rip Van Winkle）是其代表作。
2、詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀（James Fenimore Cooper）以描写边疆生活和印第安人而闻名，《皮袜子故事集》（The Leatherstocking Tales）是其重要作品。
二、现实主义文学现实主义文学在 19 世纪中叶兴起，注重真实地反映社会现实和生活。
（一）英国现实主义作家1、查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）狄更斯的作品生动描绘了英国社会底层人民的生活，如《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）、《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield）。
1.Benjamin Franklin①富兰克林美国启蒙运动的发起人，是一位伟大的科学家，发明家，产业家也是美国革命的先驱。
他是美国建国元勋之一，参与起草《独立宣言》和美国宪法。
②在文学领域，他是美国独立战争前最伟大的作家之一，代表作包括《自传》、《穷理查德年鉴》③自传描写了富兰克林的个人背景，包括他早年的学习经历和日后的工作经历，以及他政治，科学，经济方面的成就。
全书充满请教主义思想，反映了作者自我教育孜孜以求的信念和他为进步事业奋斗一生的决心。
全书语言方面上讲，辞藻华丽，多长句。
④写作风格:直接，明了，风格平实，比喻通俗，措辞句法简洁，文字朴素，幽默，叙述清楚简介，使读者感到亲切，易于接受，开创了美国传记文学的传统，使传记成为一种新文学。
2.爱默生①艾默生是美国新英格兰超验主义最杰出的作家，是美国著名的散文家和诗人。
②最著名的散文包括：自然，美国学者，超灵，论自立.③自然是艾默生出版的第一部作品，体现了他对物质世界的超验主义态度。
美国学者中他号召美国学者一位遵照欧洲文学的模式，而是作为一个自由人面对新世界。
这篇散文被誉为“美国思想文化领域的独立宣言”④主要观点：超验主义最主要的元素就是“超灵”。
自然是最纯洁的，最能影响人们的道德思想。
如果人依靠自己的力量锻炼自己，使自己变的神圣，他就越来越完善，近乎完美。
每个人都要理解，通过创造世界，他同样改变了自己，而又通过创造自己，他同样创造了世界。
3.霍桑①霍桑是美国浪漫主义最伟大的浪漫主义作家，是清教徒的后裔，因此作品中有浓重的请教主义色彩、②主要作品：红字，有七个尖角的房子，大理石雕像，牧师的黑面纱③写作特点：1)描写社会和人性的阴暗面是霍桑作品的突出特点，这与加尔文教关于认得“原罪”和“内在堕落”理论影响是分不开的。
2)霍桑是心理小说的开创者，擅长剖析人的“内心”。
3)他着重探讨道德和罪恶的问题，主张通过善行和自忏来洗刷罪恶，净化心灵，从而得到拯救。
《英美文学》复习大纲第一部分英国文学一、课程简介本课程简要介绍英国各个历史断代的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派,主要作家; 本课程要求学生掌握英国文学史上各个时期的文学特点，出现的文学流派以及该时期一至两位重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及代表作品；并要求学生做到在掌握有关知识理论的基础上使之转换这能力，即能用有关知识和理论来分析英国文学中的相关问题。
二、课程重点章节简介：第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学1. <<贝尔武夫>>2. 乔叟及其代表作第二章: 文艺复兴时期1. 文艺复兴的定义2. 萨士比亚的戏剧及十四行诗3. 培根的代表作第三章: 十七世纪英国文学1. 弥尔顿的代表作<<失乐园>>、诗剧<<力士参孙>>的主要内容及<<失乐园>>选短第四章: 启蒙运动时期1. 新古典主义2. 伤感主义3. 笛福及代表作4. 蒲伯及代表作第五章: 浪漫主义时期1. 浪漫主义时期文学的特点2. 彭斯的创作特点及代表作3. 华兹华斯的创作特点及代表作4. 拜伦诗歌的特点及代表作第六章: 维多利亚时期1. 维多利亚时期的文学特点2. 布朗蒂姐妹的代表作第七章: 现代时期1. 现代主义文学2. 汤姆斯.哈代创作特点及代表作3. D.H.劳伦斯创作特点及代表作三、本课程重点和难点内容简介第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学：1．<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。
2．乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学做出的贡献。
3．名词解释“骑士抒情诗”第二章: 文艺复兴时期：1. 文艺复兴时期的时间界定2. “文艺复兴”的名词解释3. “人文主义”的名词解释4. 莎士比亚的“Sonnet 18”的主题5. 哈姆雷特的性格分析6. 英语解释《论学习》中的句子第三章: 十七世纪英国文学：1. 英语解释弥尔顿《失乐园》选段中的句子2. 《失乐园》的主要内容和意义3. 《失乐园》中撒旦的人物分析第四章: 启蒙运动时期：1. 启蒙运动时期的界定2. 新古典主义的基本主张和特色3. 伤感主义的名词解释4. 《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的人物分析5. 蒲伯的《论批评》的主题6. 英文解释《论批评》第五章: 浪漫主义时期：1. 浪漫主义时期的界定及文学特点2. 彭斯的诗歌的特点及其诗作“红玫瑰”3. 华兹华斯和科勒律治合作的《抒情歌谣集》的重要意义4. 华兹华斯的诗歌特点5. 英文解释华兹华斯“我如行云独自游”中的句子6. 拜伦“致希腊”的主题并用英语解释其中句子7. 雪莱“西风颂”的主题并用英语解释其中句子第六章: 维多利亚时期1. 维多利亚时期的文学特点2. 艾米莉。
C.威廉莎士比亚《威尼斯商人》《哈姆雷特》《暴风雨》十四行诗F.约翰弥尔顿《利西达斯》《失乐园》《复乐园》《力士参孙》C.丹尼尔笛福《鲁滨逊漂流记》D.乔纳森斯威夫特《格列佛游记》E.亨利菲尔丁《汤姆琼斯》A.威廉布莱克B.威廉华兹华斯E.珀比雪莱G.简奥斯汀《傲慢与偏见》A.查尔斯狄更斯《雾都孤儿》B.布朗蒂姐妹《简爱》《呼啸山庄》F.托马斯哈代《德伯家的苔丝》A.萧伯纳《华伦夫人的职业》D.T.S.艾略特《荒原》E.戴维赫伯特劳伦斯《儿子与情人》C.纳撒尼尔霍桑《红字》《小伙子布朗》D.华尔特惠特曼《草叶集》E.赫尔曼麦尔维尔《白鲸》A.马克吐温《哈克贝里费恩》B.亨利詹姆斯《黛西米勒》C.艾米莉狄金森D.西奥多德莱塞《嘉丽妹妹》B.罗伯特弗洛斯特《摘苹果后》《未选择的路》《雪夜停马在林边》D.司各特菲兹杰拉德《了不起的盖茨比》E.欧内斯特海明威《在我们的时代里》网格本下载地址《外国文学名著丛书》上海译文出版社/topics/2749655/目录:【外国文学名著丛书】·网格本【外国文学名著丛书】·网格本\【外国文学名著丛书】亨利四世(上册)[德]亨利希·曼董问樵.pdf【外国文学名著丛书】·网格本\【外国文学名著丛书】亨利四世(下册)[德]亨利希·曼董问樵.pdf【外国文学名著丛书】·网格本\【外国文学名著丛书】亨利四世(中册)[德]亨利希·曼董问樵.pdf【外国文学名著丛书】·网格本\【外国文学名著丛书】呼啸山庄[英]艾米莉·勃朗特方平.pdf【外国文学名著丛书】·网格本\【外国文学名著丛书】红与黑[法]司汤达郝运.pdf【外国文学名著丛书】·网格本\【外国文学名著丛书】红字[美]霍桑侍桁等.pdf【外国文学名著丛书】·网格本\【外国文学名著丛书】斯巴达克思.pdf【外国文学名著丛书】·网格本\【外国文学名著丛书】死魂灵[俄]果戈理满涛等.pdf【外国文学名著丛书】·网格本\【外国文学名著丛书】谁在俄罗斯能过好日子[俄]涅克拉索夫飞白.pdf 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《英美文学选读》二、考情分析（一）关于考核要求的调整考核要求中每章概述内容不作调整；“该时期的重要作家”只包括对考核知识点中保留的重要作家的相关内容的考核。
（二）大纲调整后的特点（1）新大纲加倍突出了英美各个文学时期的时期特点。
如：文艺振兴时期的戏剧和诗史，浪漫主义时期的诗歌等。
从这个意义上讲，命题的重点突出了。
（2）新大纲中考核的作家，都是每一个文学时期文学潮流的最具代表性的作家，都是对该时期文学的发展起到决定作用的作家。
从这个意义上讲，命题的核心集中了。
（3）新大纲中所保留的作家的作品大多是广大考生耳熟能详的作品，从这个意义上讲，考试的难度降低了。
三、温习方式（二）每章概述部份的温习重点在对这部份的温习中，重点关注每一个文学时期的界定和其标志性事件；另外每一个文学时期的时期特点和突出文学成绩也是考查的重点，还有本时期同时存在的文学流派的特点也是重点内容。
（三）每章重点作家的温习重点作家的文学史上的地位和贡献；作家的代表作和代表作的中心大意和所反映的社会现实；作家的写作风格和写作特点也是命题的重点。
（四）每章作品选读的温习重点作品选读前面的斜体字部份的简介和归纳；作品中的名句；作品选读中的注释部份，小说作品中的人物关系。
Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of theAnglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and othersII Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of English poetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. (0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家)[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
1.莎士比亚①莎士比亚是英国文坛上最有影响的一位作家，也是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的剧作家。
②一生共完成一生共写了37部剧，2首叙事诗和154首十四行诗。
第一个阶段：完成了大部分的历史剧和喜剧，作品包含了人文主义的乐观思想。
主要有：罗密欧与朱丽叶，威尼斯商人。
第二阶段：主要完成了四大悲剧哈姆莱特，奥赛罗，李尔王，麦克白。
还包括著名的悲喜剧《一报还一报》，这些作品都揭露了当时的社会矛盾。
第三阶段主要完成了3部悲喜剧，其中暴风雨最著名。
在最后的几部剧中，可以看出莎士比亚由原来人文主义抱有的乐观态度到乌托邦式，悲观主义的转变。
③写作特点：A.他认为文学作品应当是美、善良、和真理的结合，应当反映自然和现实，因此反映自然和现实的作品终将不朽，这些可以从他的十四行诗中发现。
b.莎士比亚作品中的人物都是代表了某一类或是一群人的。
每个角色都有自己鲜明的个性，同时，他们又互相有相似的特点。
莎士比亚通过使用心理分析法探索了角色的内心想法。
独白则反映了角色的内心的矛盾与冲突。
莎士比亚擅长描写成对的角色，使用对比将二者的不同展示的淋漓尽致，给读者带来画面感。
c.莎士比亚的戏剧因情节结构而著称。
他极少创造情节，大部分戏剧都是借用了古希腊，古罗马的戏剧或故事情节。
d.在他的戏剧中，常常用到讽刺，使不明真理的角色做出些荒谬的举动，此外，乔装也是创造戏剧讽刺的重要手法，通常是女子乔装成男子。
e.从语言上讲，莎士比亚可以以不同诗歌形式写诗，如十四行诗，无韵体，双行体等。
他的无韵体尤为强大。
此外，他的词汇量惊人，用过16000个不同的词汇。
2.约翰。
弥尔顿①弥尔顿式英国文艺复兴时期著名的诗人，也是一位虔诚的基督教徒。
②文学创作分为三个阶段：第一阶段主要是短诗，包括《雷西达斯》第二阶段主要是小册子和短文，最著名的是《论出版自由》、《为英国人申辩》、《再为英国人申辩》第三阶段是三部最伟大的作品：《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《大力士参孙》③语言：擅长用倒装和复杂的句子结构，句子很长，有时一句话十几行。
一、早期和中世纪的英国文学◆Geoffrey Chaucer ii1.简介：Geoffrey Chaucer is the founder of English poetry and a forerunner of humanism.He was regarded as the founder of English realism. 代表作：Troilus and Criseyde《特洛伊斯洛与克瑞西达》(改变于意大利)；The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》（包括：“The Prologue”《总序》；“The Wife of Bath”《巴斯妇人》）。
●The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》的影响：①It shows a true-to-life pictureof Chaucer’s time. (之所以说乔叟是The founder of realism，是因为早期英国文学歌颂英雄(Anglo-Saxon poetry)，中期英国文学歌颂骑士精神(The Romance)，之后虽然有了piers the plowman,也不曾直接写社会不公，直到乔叟真实描写中世纪及各层人民。
) ②Taking from the stand of rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and opposesthe dogma of asceticism preached by the Church. ③His tales expose and satirize theevils of his time, attack degeneration of the noble, the corruption of the Church.2.语言特色/贡献：①He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. ②Heintroduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the Heroic coupletto English poetry. ③He is good at the terza rima, which makes his language a high style.二、英国文艺复兴◆Thomas More ii1.简介：Thomas More is an English humanism churchman. 代表作：Utopia《乌托邦》。
应用必背单元Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period (2)Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period (6)Chapter3 The Romantic Period (9)Chapter 4 The Victorian Period (14)Chapter 5 The Modern Period (18)Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period1.文艺复兴的主要作家及其作品1)Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queene2)Christopher Marlowe: Dr Faustus Tamburlaine3)William Shakespeare: Henry IV; The Merchant of Venice; Hamlet; Othello;King Lear; Macbeth; Romeo and Juliet.4)John Donne: The Songs and Sonnets; The Sun Rising; Death, Be Not Proud5)John Milton: Paradise Lost; Paradise Regained; Samson Agonisttes2.文艺复兴The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.3.人文主义Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.4.玄学诗The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved, with God, or with himself.5.莎士比亚的诗歌的主题、意向Shakespeare, as a humanist of the time, is against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money. In his plays, he does not hesitate to describe the cruelty and anti-natural character of the civil wars, but he did not go all the way against the feudal rule. Shakespeare is against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money.Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality.A.Shakespeare’s views on literature:Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality. Shakespeare also states that literary works which have truly reflected nature and reality can reach immortality.B.The characteristics of Shakespeare’s characters:Shakespeare’s major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones; they are individuals representing certain types. Each character has his or her own personalities; meanwhile, they may share features with others.C.The characteristics of Shakespeare’s plot:Shakespeare’s plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction. Shakespeare seldom invents his own plots; instead, he borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.D.The characteristics of Shakespeare’s language:It is necessary to study the subtlest of his instruments—the language. Shakespeare can write skillfully in different poetic form, like the sonnet, the blank verse, and the rhymed couplet. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.3. 莎士比亚的四大悲剧：Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole action. Each hero has his weakness of nature. With the concentration on the tragic hero, we see the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society, which shows that Shakespeare is a great realist in the true sense. Hamlet the melancholic scholar; Othello’s inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old King Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.4. 邓恩诗歌的主题、意向<The Songs and Sonnets>. Love is the basic theme. Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body. The perfection of human lovers will not be made with souls alone. This thought is quite contrary to the medieval love idea which merely put stress on spiritual love. Donne’s interest lies in dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love.5.戏剧《威尼斯商人》的主题和主要人物的性格分析In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play. The most important play among the comedies is The Merchant of Venice. The sophistication derives in part from the play between high, outgoing romance and dark forces of negativity and hate. The traditional theme of this play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.Compared with the idealism of other plays, The Merchant of Venice takes a step forward in its realistic presentation of human nature and human conflict. Though there is a ridiculous touch on the part of the characters restrained by their limitations, Shakespeare’s youthful Renaissance spirit of jollity can be fully seen in contrast to the medieval emphasis on future life in the next world.6.哈姆雷特的性格分析Hamlet has none of the single-minded blood lust of the earlier revenger. It is not because he is incapable of action, but because the cast of his mind is so speculative, so questioning, and so contemplative that action, when it finally comes, seems almost like defeat, diminishing rather than adding to the stature of the here. Trapped in a night mare world of spying, testing and plotting, and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his father’s death, Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspended between fact and fiction, language and action. His life is one of constant role-playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger.The hero Hamlet in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is noted for his hesitation to take his revenge, his melancholy nature of action only to deny possibilities to do anything. He came to know that his father was murdered by his uncle who became king. He hated him so deeply that he wanted to kill him. But he loved his widowed mother who later married his uncle, and he was afraid to hurt his mother. And also, when everything was ready for him to kill his uncle, he forgave him for his uncle was praying to God for his crime. Thus he lost the good chance. Hamlet represented humanism of his time.7.诗歌《失乐园》的结构、人物性格、语言特点的分析Working through the tradition of a Christian humanism, Milton wrote Paradise Lost, intending to expose the ways of Satan and to “justify the ways of God to men.”At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty lies Milton’s fundamental concern with freedom and choice; the freedom to submit to God’s prohibition on eating the apple and the choice of disobedience made for love.Eve, seduced by Satan’s rhetoric and her own confused ambition-as well as the mere prompting of hunger- falls into sin through innocent credulity. Adam falls by consciously choosing human love rather than obeying God. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity. But man’s fall is the sequel to another and more stupendous tragedy, the fall of the angels.The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton’s creed. His poem attempts to convince us that the unquestionable truth of Biblical revelation means that an all-knowing God was just in allowing Adam and Eve to be tempted and, of their free will, to choose sin and its inevitable punishment. And, thereby, it opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period1.新古典时期的作家及其作品1)John Bunyan ：<The Pilgrim's Progress>2)Alexander Pope：<An Essay on Criticism> <The Dunciad> <TheRape of the Lock> <An Essay on Man>3)Daniel Defoe：<Robinson Crusoe>4)Jonathan Swift：<A Tale of a Tub> <The Battle of the Books> <TheDrapier's Letters> <Gulliver's Travels> <A Modest Proposal>5)Henry Fielding：<The History of Jonathan Wild the Great> <The History ofTom Jones a Foundling> <The History of Amelia>6)Samuel Johnson：<To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chester field>7)Richard Brinsley Sheridan：<The School for Scandal>8)Thomas Gray ：<Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard>2.启蒙运动The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. They seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings. Thus a polite, elegant, witty, and intellectual art developed.3.新古典主义In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to neoclassical period, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers(Homer etc) and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.4.英雄双行诗Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible; Poetry should be lyrical(抒情的), epical（叙事诗的, 英雄的, 有重大历史意义的）,didactic, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles; Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets(iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time,space and action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.5.英国现实主义小说The modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. Thus —the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century —is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and strength of the English middle class.6.《天国历程》中“名利场”的寓意The Pilgrim's Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide(v.遵守，坚持) by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. It is not only about something spiritual but also bears much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor(n寓意，隐喻)—life as a journey—is simple and familiar.7.蒲伯的文学(诗歌)批评观点及其诗歌特色An Essay on Criticism, the poem, as a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism, exert great influence upon Pope's contemporary writers in advocating the classical rules and popularizing the neoclassicist tradition in England. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence and therefore makes easy reading. Pope satirized all sorts of false learning and pedantry in literature, philosophy, science and other branches of knowledge.8.鲁滨逊漂流记的特点The all-powerful influence of material circumstances or social environment upon the thoughts and actions of the hero or the heroine is highlighted. The struggle of the poor unfortunate for mere existence, mixed with their desire for great wealth, comes into conflict with the social environment which prevents them from obtaining the goal under normal circumstances and thus forces them into criminal actions or bold adventures.In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype(n雏形，范例，原型)of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson's life on the island, Defoe glorifies(v赞美，美化) human labor and the Puritan(n清教徒) fortitude(n刚/坚毅，不屈不挠), which save Robinson from despair and are a source of pride and happiness9.《格列佛游记》的社会讽刺As a whole, the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life-socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.The exaggerated smallness in Part1 works just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in Part 2. the similarities between human beings and the Lilliputians and the contrast between the Brobdingnagians and human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of human state. Part 3, though seemingly a bit random, furthers the criticism of the western civilization and deals with different malpractices and false illusions about science philosophy, history and even immortality. The last part, where comparison is made through both similarities and differences, leads the reader to fundamental question: What on earth is a human being、10.菲尔丁“散文体史诗Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose". He adopted" the third—person narration," in which the author becomes the "all—knowing God." He "thinks the thought " of all his characters, so he is able to present not only their external behaviours but also the internal workings of their minds. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.11.格雷诗歌的主题与意象It is more or less(或多或少) connected with the melancholy event of death of Richard West, Gray's intimate friend. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the common folk with the great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance. Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc(n/v破坏，混乱) on them.His poems, as a whole, are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present. His poems are characterized by an exquisite sense of form. His style is sophisticated and allusive. His poems are often marked with the trait (n特征，特点)of a highly artificial diction and a distorted word order.Chapter3 The Romantic Period1.浪漫主义时期的作家及其作品1)William Blake: Songs of Experience Songs of Innocence2)Marriage of Heaven and Hell3)William Wordsworth: The Prelude Composed upon Westminster Bridge4)Lyrical Ballads I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud5)The Solitary Reaper6)Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Kubla Khan The Rime of the Ancient Mariner7)George Gordon Byron: Don Juan Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage8)Song for the Ludites9)Percy Bysshe Shelley: To a Skylark Men of England10)Ode to the West Wind11)John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale Ode on a Grecian Urn12)Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice2.浪漫主义Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence it designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes, and valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual’s experiences.3.浪漫主义时期文学特点的分析A.In poetry writing, the romanticists employed new theories and innovated newtechniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school.B.The romanticists not only extol the faculty off imagination, but also elevate theconcepts of spontaneity and inspiration.C.They regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominantsubject.D.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.4.浪漫主义（所选作品）的主题、意象分析A. To Wordsworth, nature acts as a substitute for imaginative and intellectual engagement with the development of embodied human beings in their diverse circumstances. It’s nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace.Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.B. Byron puts into Don Juan his rich knowledge of the world and the wisdom gained from experience. It presents brilliant pictures of life in its various stages of love, joy, suffering, hatred and fear. The unifying principle in Don Juan is the basic ironic theme of appearance and reality, ie. what things seem to be and what they actually are. Byron’s satire on the English society in the later part of the poem can be compared with Pope’s; and his satire is much less personal than that of Pope’s, for Byron is here attacking not a personal enemy but the whole hypocritical society. And the diverse materials and the clash of emotions gathered in the poem are harmonized by Byron’s insight into the difference between life’s appearance and its actuality.5. a. The Romantic MovementIt expressed a more or less negative attitude towards the existing social & political conditions that came with industrialization & the growing importance of the bourgeoisie. The Romantics felt that the existing society denied people their essential human needs, so they demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers & philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state & emphasized the special qualities of each individual's mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer.b. The Gothic novelIt is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century & was one phase of the Romantic movement, its principal elements are violence, horror & the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader's emotion. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, the Gothic form has exerted a great influence over the writer of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe & Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance.(2) Characteristics of Romantic literature in English history.The Romantic period is an age of poetry Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth & Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. They explored new theories & innovated new techniques in poetry writing. They saw poetry as a healing energy: they believed that poetry could purify both individual souls & the society. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also stress the concept of spontaneity & inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter.Wordsworth is the closest to nature.To escape from a world that had became excessively rational, as well as excessively materialistic & ugly, the Romantics would turn to other times & places, where the qualities they valued could be convincingly depicted. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets & dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules who tended to glorify Rome & rational Italian & French neoclassical art as superior to the native traditions. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the humble people & their everyday life for subjects, Romantic writers are always seeking for the Absolute, the Ideal through the transcendence of the actual. They have also made bold experiments in poetic language, versification & design, & constructed a variety of forms on original principles of structure & style.6.小说《傲慢与偏见》的主题和主要人物的性格分析Austen's main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Because of this, her novels have a universal significance. She is particularly preoccupied with the relationship between men & women in love. Stories of love & marriage provide the major themes in all her novels.1) Structure, characterization & language styleThe structure of the novel is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the highest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere. At the heart of the novelist's exploration of the marriage, property & intrigue lies the exhilarating suspense of the relationship between Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy, & Jane Austen's delicate probing of the values of the gentry. The moments of high comedy in the novel are always related to deeper issues. Elizabeth's rejection of the odious Mr. Collins suggests her independence & self-esteem, but when Collins is accepted by her friend Charlotte Lucas, we see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to a void the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood. Conversely, in the elopement of Lydia & Wickham, we are shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money. The comic characters in Pride & Prejudice are: Mr. & Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins & that monstrous snob Lady Catherine de Burgh, who make us laugh even as they parody erroneous views of marriage & class.5. 应用Characteristics of Jane Austen's novels1) Austen's novels describe a narrow range of society & events: a quiet, prosperous, middle class circle in provincial surroundings, which she knew well from her own experience2) Her subject matter is also limited, for most of her novels deal with the subject of getting married, which was in fact the central problem for the young leisure-class lady of that age, who had no other choice in her life but to find a good husband.3) Austen's interest was in human nature; in her depiction of human nature, instead of being fascinated by great waves of elevated emotion, by passion or heroic experience, she focused on the trivial & petty details of everyday living, which became very interesting through her truthful & lively description.4) Austen's novels are brightened by their witty conversation & omnipresent humor. Her language shines with an exquisite touch of lively gracefulness, elegant & refined, but never showy.6. 简奥斯丁对英国文学的伟大贡献：A．J ane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels.B．H er main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns abouthuman belief career and salient social events. This is what makes herimportant in English literature.C．J ane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of for, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and heraccurate portrayal of human individuals.D．S he describes the world from a woman’s point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women.7.Wordsworth的写作风格1)The Lyrical Ballads differs in marked ways from his early poetry,notably the uncompromising simplicity of much of the language, thestrong sympathy not merely with the poor in general but with particular,dramatized examples of them, and the fusion of natural description withexpressions of inward states of mind.2)According to subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified intotwo groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.3)To Wordsworth, nature acts as a substitute for imaginative andintellectual engagement with the development of embodied humanbeings in their diverse circumstances. It’s nature that gives him “strengthand knowledge full of peace.4)Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literaryinterest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. Hissympathy always goes to the suffering poor.5)Wordsworth’s deliberate simplicity ad refusal to decorate the truth ofexperience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no otherpoet has ever equaled.8.Romantic poets 与Romantic Age 的不同处：The poetic ideals announced by Words worth and Coleridge provided a major inspiration for the brilliant young writers who made p the second generation of English Romantic poets. Wordsworth and Coleridge both became more conservative politically after the democratic idealism. The second generation of Romantic poets are revolutionary in thinking. They set themselves against the bourgeois society and the ruling class.9.Songs of innocence 与Songs of ExperienceA.Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy andinnocent world, though not without its evils.B.Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, disease, warand repression with melancholy tone.C.The two books hold the similar subject-matter, but the tone, emphasis andconclusion differ.Chapter 4 The Victorian Period1．维多利亚时期的主要作家与作品1）Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist; The Pickwick Paper; David Copper field.;Dombey and Son; A Tale of Two Cities; Bleak House; Hard Times;Great Expectation; Our Mutual Friend.2）Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights.Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre3）Alfred Tennyson: Ulysses; In Memoriam; Break, Break, Break;Dora; Crossing the Bar; Morte d’Arthur; The Gardener’s Daughter; The Princess4）Robert Browning: The Ring and the Book; My Last Duchess5）George Eliot: The Mill on the Floss: Middlemarch: Daniel Deronda;Romola6）Thomas Hardy: Under the Greenwood Tree; Far From the Madding Crowd: The Return of the Native; The Mayor of Casterbridge: Tess of the D’Urbervilles1.宪章运动The worsening living and working conditions, the mass unemployment finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement. The English workers got themselves organized in big cities and brought forth the People's charter, in which they demanded basic rights and better living and working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.2.功利主义Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost and brought greater suffering and poverty to the working mass.。
新大纲规定的英语专业自考英美文学重点要记的作家有: William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚1564-1616John Milton约翰.弥尔顿1608-1674Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛弗1660-1731Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特1667-1745Henry Fielding亨利.菲尔丁1707-1754William Blake威廉.布莱克1757-1827William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯1770-1850Percy Bysshe Shelley铂.比.雪莱1792-1822Jane Austen简.奥斯汀1775-1817Charles Dickens查尔斯.狄更斯1812-1870The Brontë SistersCharlotte Brontë (1816-1855),Emily Brontë (1818-1848),Anne Brontë (1820-2849)布郎帝姐妹Thomas Hardy托马斯.哈代137240324481840-1928George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳1856-1950T. S. EliotT.S.艾略特1888-1965D. H. Lawrence戴维.赫伯特.劳伦斯1885-1930Nathaniel Hawthorne纳萨尼尔.霍桑1804-1864Walt Whitman华尔特.惠特曼1819-1892Herman Melville赫尔曼.麦尔维尔1819-1891Mark Twain马克.吐温1835-1910Henry James亨利.詹姆斯1843-1916Emily Dickinson艾米莉.狄金森1830-1886Theodore Dreiser西奥多.德莱塞1871-1945Robert Lee Frost罗伯特.弗罗斯特1874-1963F. Scott Fitzgerald弗.斯科特.菲茨杰拉德1896-1940Ernest Hemingway厄内斯特.海明威1899-1961 William Faulkner威廉.福克纳1897-1962祝你考试成功!这是广外知名老师的PPT的WORD版,我们上课就用这个,感觉比较其它的简洁,讲得更精炼,对考试更有效,内容也没那么多.我有PPT的,不过太大了,我不知道如何上传,WORD版内容一样,希望对大家有帮助,你们的考试都是他们批卷,我知道的几个原则,1.答题作者人名,可以差一个两个这母,只要大体相同.2.用自己的话答题,不用原文,没有问题,只要成句子通顺,不要是单词.3.背大题的内容要答点,答不出来,就答那一时期的也给部分数.4.不要空,都知道自考不容易,老师们都会尽量找点分给你,空了没办法.5.实在不会,从前的选择题看一下,有时会被用来答后边大题.例,我考试时,前边的选择题,是下列那个不是四大悲剧,单选题.后边的大题是四大悲剧是什么,哈哈,起码你能答出来三个,而且有直接的英文抄.想到这了,希望有帮助,认识BUS里的朋友,有动力,希望一起进步,实现愿望!!英美文学选读》应用English LiteratureChapter One The Renaissance PeriodI. Shakespeare’s sonnets1. With a few exceptions, Shakespeare writes his sonnets in the popular English form of three quatrains and a couplet. The couplet usually ties the sonnet to one of the general themes, leaving the quatrains free to develop the poetic intensity.2. The sonnet’s most common themes concern the destructive effects of time, the quickness of physical decay, and the loss of beauty, vigor, and love. Although the poems celebrate life, they are always with a keen awareness of death.3. His sonnet 18 expresses that beautiful things can rely on the force of literature to reach eternity. Literature is created by man, thus it declares man’s eternity. The poem shows the mighty self-confidence ofthe newly class. The vivid, variable and rich images reflect the lively and adventurous spirits of those who were opening new world.II. Shakespeare’s A Merchant of Venice1. Theme(1) Justice vs. mercy: Shakespeare suggests that all men should be merciful. There is a further aspect of justice—the injustice revealed in the Christians’ treatment of the Jews.(2) Appearance vs. reality: e.g. superficial or external beauty vs. moral or spiritual beauty or truth (in the case of three caskets); the letters of law vs. the spirit of the law.(3) Commercial or material values vs. love: True love is much more worthwhile than money and material values. Antonio epitomizes true love in his friendship for Bassanio.2. The character analysis of ShylockShylock is a Jewish usurer, and he is a tragic-comic character.He is comic because he finally becomes the one punished by his own evil deed. He is avaricious. He accumulates as much wealth as he can and he even equates his lost daughter with his lost money. He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.He is tragic, because he is the victim of the society. As a Jew, he is not treated equally by the society. The law is harsh to him. He has to make as much money as he can in order to protect him. He is abused by Antonio, so he wants to get revenge.III. The character analysis of HamletHamlet is a scholar and a warrior. His father has been killed by his uncle, Claudius, who then take the throne and marries his mother. Hamlet is informed by the ghost of his father to take revenge, but the weakness of indecisiveness or indetermination in his character always delay his action, and finally leads to his tragic fall of death. Hamlet is not a man of action, but a man of thinking at first. He hesitates at some crucial moments. At last when he is forced to take some actions, he does kill Claudius gloriously, but he also sacrifices his own life.V. Milton’s Paradise Lost :1.Structure: The story is taken from the Old Testament. It extends chronologically from the exaltation of Christ before the creature of universe to the second coming of Christ. Geographically, it ranges over the entire world.2. The character analysis of Satan:He has the strength, the courage and the capacity for leadership, but he devoted all those qualities to evil. His defiance of God shows his egoistic pride, his false conception of freedom, and his alienation from all good. His own evil and damnation give him potentially tragic dimensions. Therefore, Satan is enveloped in dramatic irony because he fight in ignorance of the unshakable power of God and goodness.3.Features: Parallel and contrastThe central conflict and contrast between good and evil are intensified by the contrast between heaven and hell, light and darkness, love and hate, reason and passion, etc.Chapter Two The Neo-classical PeriodIII. The social satire of Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s TravelsThe account of Lilliputian life, especially the games for people at court, alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks in the English government. The description of the competition in the games before the royal members leads to the fact that the success of those government officials such as the Prime Minister lies not in their being any wiser or better but in their being more dexterous in the game. This alludes to the practices in England. And the pompous words singing of the Lilliputian emperor ridicule the aristocratic arrogance and vanity.IV. Henry Fielding and his Tom JonesIt is a good example of “comic epic in prose”. Fielding describes the fight between Molly and the villagers and her fistfight with Goody Brown in the grand style of the Homeric epic. He first of all calls on the Muses to assist him in recounting the fight as if it were of great historical importance. Like Homer who would list names of gods involved in the battle, he lists the names of the villagers. He treats Molly as a great hero at battle, an “Amazonian heroine”.Besides, he uses a mock-epic tone and seems very solemn about what he is describing. He uses formal words andrefined language. Finally, he makes use of different figures of speech, particularly, irony and hyperbole.Chapter Three The Romantic PeriodI. Wordsworth and his “I wandered lonely as a cloud”The poem is crystal clear and lucid. Below the immediate surface, we find that all the realistic details of the flowers, the trees, the waves, the wind, and all the realistic details of the active joy, are absorbed into an over-all concrete metaphor, the recurrent image of the dance. The flowers, the stars, the waves are units in this dancing pattern of order in diversity, of linked eternal harmony and vitality. Through the revelation and recognition of his kinship with nature, the poet himself becomes as it were a part of the whole cosmic dance.II. Shelley and his “Ode to the West Wind”In the poem, Shelley eulogizes the west wind as a powerful phenomenon of nature that is both destroyer and preserver. The wind enjoys boundless freedom and has the power to spread messages far and wide. The keynote in the poem is Shelley’s ever-present wish for himself and his fellow men to share the freedom of the west wind, remembering meanwhile his own and common human miseries. And the dominant mood is that of hope rather than despair, as the poet is hoping for the realization of the freedom and joy. The optimism expressed in the last two lines show the poet’scritical attitude toward the ugly social reality and his faith in a bright future for humanity.IV. The character analysis of Elizabeth in Jane Austen’s Pride and PrejudiceElizabeth is a beautiful young lady in the Bennets. She is intelligent, contrasting her empty-minded, snobbish and vulgar mother. She is a women of distinct character. She is not passive, but pursue her true love bravely. She turns down Mr. Collin’s marriage proposal and seeking her happiness with Darcy, the one she possesses true affection for her. She is also courageous. When Darcy’s aunt lady comes to force her into a promise of never consenting to marry Darcy, she boldly challenges her authority, contempt and arrogance. On the whole, Elizabeth is a typical image of the good, attractive lady in the 19th century.Chapter Four The Victorian PeriodI. The features of Charles Dickens1. His critical realism: While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, he carried the duty to the criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2. He is a master storyteller. With his first sentence, he engages the reader’s attention and holds it to the end.3. What he writes is mainly the middle and lower-middle class life in London.4. He is a master of language with a large vocabulary and an adeptness with the vernacular.5. He is a great humorist as well as a great painter of pathos. He always mingles the two to make his fictional world realistic.6. His characters are not only true to life but also large than life. There are both individual characters and type characters.II. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre1. Theme: The novel sharply criticizes the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions like Lowood School, where girls are trained to be humble slaves. It rebukes the social discrimination and false convention about love and marriage. Besides, the novel is a moral fable. It tells us that people have to go through all kinds of physical or moral tests to obtain their final happiness.2. The character analysis of Jane Eyre: Jane Eyre is an orphan child witha fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved. She is poor and plain, but she dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, as a little governess. She is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him. She cuts a completely new women image. She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.III. Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Height1. The novel is an extraordinary moving love story: the passion between Heathcliff and Catherine is the most intense, beautiful, and the most horrible passions ever found among human beings.2. It is also a work of critical realism. Heathcliff is abused, rejected and distorted by the society only because he is a poor orphan of obscure parents. He suffers all kinds of inhuman treatment after the death of his benefactor. He loves Catherine dearly but forced to be separated from her. So, Heathcliff’s cruel revenge upon his enemies is justified ina way.3. The author makes clear that it is wrong to discriminate on the basis of social status, and it is cruel and destructive to break genuine, natural human passions. Although Catherine and Edgar’s marriage is ideal in the eyes of the whole neighborhood, her love for Heathcliff is hard and everlasting.Chapter Five The Modern PeriodI. The features of Shaw’s plays:1. Problem plays: He took the modern social issues as his subject with the aim of directing social reforms. Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, or religious problems.2. In his characterization, he makes the tricks of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another. His characters are the representatives of ideas, which shift and alter during the play.3. The strong sense of comedy in his play are achieved through his witty dialogues, sharp satires, and vivid portrayal of characters.II. The theme of Shaw’s Mrs. Warren’s profession1. The play is not only moral, but also has a strong realistic theme. The guilt for prostitution lies more upon the social system than immoral woman. He shows all human sufferings are consequences of the economic exploitation.2. The play is a spiritual triumph for Vivie who experiences a journey from illusion to reality. At first, she is ignorant of the evil, and through a series of temptations, she understands the capitalist world better.IV. T. S. Eli ot’s“The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock”Written in the form of monologue, the poem is the song of a being divided between passion and timidity. It is about the impotence and futility of a modern everyman and his existence. Prufrock is an interesting tragic figure. He is a man caught in a sense of defeated idealism and tortured by unsatisfied desire. He does not dare to seek love because even if he could find it, it would not satisfy his needs. He compares himself with Hamlet. As a result of his timidity he has become incapable of action of any sort.V. D.H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers1. Theme: Sociologically, it is a novel about modern civilization, the “sickness of a whole civilization”.Psychologically, it is a case study of the Oedipus complex theory, for it deals with a son who loves the mothertoo dearly and hates the father too despisingly. The psychic conflict (between dark self and white self) in human relationships is the central theme of the novel.2. The character analysis of Paul Morel:He is a light, quick, slender boy. From his childhood, he is especially sensitive, artistic and imaginative, and he becomes extraordinarily dependent on his mother. When he gets older, his distorted relationship with his mother prevents him from loving girls as fully as he feels he should. Besides, Paul is also an artist, and a likeable young man adored by many girls.VI. The features of stream of consciousness1. The unspoken thoughts and feelings of their characters are described without resorting to objective description or conventional dialogue.2. The flux of a character’s thoughts, impressions, emotions are often shown without logical sequence or syntax.American LiteratureChapter one : The romantic periodII. Hawthorne’s Puritanism and his black vision of man:1. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puristans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the church of England.2. his black vision of man—by the Calvinistic concept of original sin, he believed that human being are evil natured and sinful, and this sin is ever present in human heart and will pass one generation to another.3. Young Goodman Brown—it shows that everyone has some evil secrets. The innocent and naïve Brown is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and then he becomes distrustful and doubtful. Brown stands for everyone ,who is born pure and has no contact with the real world ,and the prominent people of the village and church. They cover their secrets during daily lives, and under some circumstances such as the witch’s Sabbath, they become what they are. Even his closed wife, Faith, is no exception. So Brown is aged in that night.III. The symbolism of Melville’s Mobby-Dick1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.IV. Whitman and his Leaves of Grass :1. Theme: sing of the “en-mass”and the self / pursuit of love, happiness, and sexual love / sometimes about politics (Drum taps)2. Whitman’s originality first in his use of the poetic form free verse(i.e. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme),by means of which he becomes conversational and casual.3.He uses the first person pronoun “I” to stress individualism, and oral language to acquire sympathy from the common reader.Chapter two : The realistic periodI. The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn in Adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Mark TwainHuck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in essence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. At first, he stands by slavery, for he clings to the idea that if he lets go the slave, he will be damned to go to hell. And when the “King” sells Jim for money, Huck decides to inform Jim’s master. After he thinks of the past good time when Jim and he are on the raft where Jim shows great care and deep affection for him, he decide to rescue Jim. And Huck still thinks he is wrong while he is doing the right thing.Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the lifeon the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization.II. Daisy Miller by Henry James1. Theme: The novel is a story about American innocence defeated by the stiff, traditional values of Europe. James condemns the American failure to adopt expressive manners intelligently and point out the false believing that a good heart is readily visible to all. The death of Daisy results from the misunderstanding between people with different cultural backgrounds.2. The character analysis of Daisy: She represents typical American girl, who is uninformed and without the mature guidance. Ignorance and parental indulgence combine to foster he assertive self-confidence and fierce willfulness. She behaves in the same daring naive way in Europe as she does at home. When someone is against her, she becomes more contrary. She knows that she means no harm and is amazed that anyone should think she does. She does not compromise to the European manners.3. The character analysis of Winterbourne: He is a Europeanized American, who has live too long in foreign parts. He is very experience and has a problem understanding Daisy. He endeavors to put her in sort of formula, i.e. to classify her.III. Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser:1. Theme: The author invented the success of Carrie and the downfall of Hurstwood out of an inevitable and natural judgment, because the fittestcan survive in a competitive, amoral society according to the social Darwinism.2. The character analysis of Carrie: She follows the right direction toa pursuit of the American dream, and the circumstances and her desire for a better life direct to the successful goal. But she is not contented, because with wealth and fame, she still finds herself lonely. She is a product of the society, a realization of the theory of the survival of the fittest.3. The character analysis of Hurstwood: He is a negative evidence of the theory of the survival of the fittest. Because he is still conventional and can not throw away the social morals, he is not fitted to live in New York.Chapter three : The Modern PeriodI. Ezra Pound and his theory of Imagism1. The principles: a. direct treatment of the thing; b. to use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation; c. to compose in the sequence of the musical; d. to use the language of common speech and the exact word; e. to create new rhythms; f. absolutely freedom in the choice of subject.2. Imagism is to present an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time. An imagistic poem must present the object exactly the way the thing is seen. And the reader can form the image of the object through the process of reading the abstract and concrete words.II. Frost and his poetry on nature:Frost is deeply interested in nature and in men’s relationship to nature. Nature appears as an explicator and a mediator for man and serve as the center of reference of his behavior. Peace and order can be found in Frost’s poetical natural world. With surface simplicity of his poems, the thematic concerns are always presented in rich symbols. Therefore his work resists easy interpretation.III. F. Scott Fitzgerald and his The Great Gatsby1. Theme: Gatsby is American Everyman. His extraordinary energy and wealth make him pursue the dream. His death in the end points at the truth about the withering of the American Dream. The spiritual and moral sterility that has resulted from the withered American Dream is fully revealed in the article. However, although he is defeated, the dream has gave Gatsby a dignity and a set of qualities. His hope and belief in the promise of future makes him the embodiment of the values of the incorruptible American Dream .2. The character analysis of Gatsby: Gatsby is great, because he is dignified and ennobled by his dream and his mythic vision of life. He has the desire to repeat the past, the desire for money, and the desire for incarnation of unutterable vision on this material earth. For Gatsby, Daisy is the soul of his dreams. He believe he can regain Daisy and romantically rebels of time. Although he has the wealth that can match with the leisured class, he does not have their manners. His tragedy lies in his possession of a naive sense and chivalry.IV. Ernest Hemingway’s artistic features:1. The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure:They have seen the cold world ,and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever is the result is, the are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevail because of their indestructible spirit and courage.2.The iceberg technique:Hemingway believe that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth the is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.V. The character analysis of Emily in A Rose for Emily:Emily is a symbol of old values, standing for tradition, duty and past glory. But she is also a victim to all those she cares and embrace. The source of Emily’s strangeness is from her born pride and self-esteem, the domineering behavior of her father and the betrayal of her lover. Barricaded in her house, she has frozen the past to protect her dreams. Her life is tragic because the defiance of the community, her refusal to accept the change and her extreme pride have pushed her to abnormality and insanity.《英美文学选读自学考试大纲》的考核知识点与考核要求（一）关于考核知识点的调整考核知识点中的各章概述内容仍为考核内容；对知识点中的作家只保留对如下主要作家的考核。
