(1) semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.
(2) truth-conditional semantics: an approach that knowing the meaning of the sentence
is the same as knowing the conditions under which the sentence is true or false, and
knowing the meaning of a word or expression is knowing the part that it plays in the
truth or falsehood of the sentence containing it.
(3) naming theory: the view that the meaning of an expression is what it refers to, or names.
(4) behaviorist theory: the view that the mea ning of a linguistic form is de?ned as observable
behaviors which is an approach drawing on psychology.
(5) use theory: the semantic theory according to which the meaning of an
expression is determined by its use in communication and more generally, in
social interaction.
(6) sense: the inherent part of an expression‘s meaning, together with the context,
determines its referent. For example, knowing the sense of a noun phrase
such as the president of the United States in 2004 allows one to determine that George
such as the president of the United States in 2004 allows one to determine that George (7) reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and the things,
actions, events and qualities they stand for. An example in English is the relationship
between the word tree and the object ―tree‖ (referent) in the real world.
(8) conceptual meaning: It means the meaning of words may be discussed in terms of
what they denote or refer to, also called denotative or cognitive meaning. It is the
essential and inextricable part of what language is and is widely regarded as the
central factor in verbal communication. For instance, the conceptual meaning of ―he‖ in English is any male person or male animal.
(9) connotative meaning: It is the communicative meaning that a word or a
combination of words has by virtue of what it refers to, over its purely conceptual
meaning. For example, the connotative meaning of ―woman‖ is emotional, frail,
inconstant, irrational, etc.
(10) semantic field: the organization of related words and expressions into a
system which shows their relationship to one another. For example, kinship terms such
as father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt belong to a semantic ?eld whose relevant
features include generation, sex, membership of the father‘s or mother‘s side of family. (11) lexical gap: the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic ?eld of a
language. For instance, in English we have brother versus sister, son versus daughter, but no separate lexemes for ―male‖ and ―female‖ cousin.
(12) componential analysis: (in semantics) an approach to the study of meaning which
analyzes a word into a set of meaning components or semantic features. For
example, the meaning of the English word boy may be shown as
[+human][+male][-adult].
(13) semantic feature: the smallest units of meaning in a word. The meaning of word
may be described as a combination of semantic components or features. For
example, the feature [+male] is part of the meaning of father, and so is the
feature [+adult], but other features are needed to make up the whole meaning of father.
Often, semantic features are established by contrast and can be stated in terms of [+] and
[-], e.g. woman has the semantic features [+human], [-male] and [+adult].
(14) synonym: the sense relations of equivalence of meaning between lexical items,
e.g. small/little and dead/deceased.
(15) antonym: the sense relation of various kinds of opposing meaning between lexical items,
e.g. big/small, alive/dead and good/bad.
(16) hyponymy: the sense relation between terms in a hierarchy, where a more
particular term (the hyponym) is included in the more general one (the superordinate): X
is a Y, e.g. a beech is a tree, a tree is a plant.
(17) meronym: the sense relation between body and its parts which are not only sections of
the body but de?ned in terms of speci?c functions. For example, the head is the part of
the body which carries the most important sense organs, i.e. eyes, ears, nose and tongue.
(18) semantic role: the way in which the referent of a noun phrase is involved in the
situation described or represented by the clause, for example as agent,
patient, or cause.
(19) entailment: the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one (the
second) is inferred from the truth of the other, e.g. Corday assassinated Marat and Marat
is dead; if the ?rst is true, the second must be true.
(20) presupposition: implicit assumptions about the world required to make an
utterance meaningful or appr opriate, e.g. ―some tea has already been taken‖ is a
presupposition of ―Take some more tea!‖
2. (1) He waited by the bank.
a. He waited by the ?nancial institution which people can keep their money in or borrow
from. b. He waited by the bank of the river.
(2) Is he really that kind?
a. Is he really that type of person?
b. Is he really that kind-hearted?
(3) We bought her dog biscuits.
a. We bought dog biscuits for her.
b. We bought biscuits for her dog.
(4) He saw that gasoline can explode.
a. He saw that gasoline container explode.
b. He saw that gasoline may explode.
(5) Fifty soldiers shot three wild foxes.
a. Fifty soldiers shot three wild foxes in total.
b. Each of the ?fty soldiers shot three wild foxes.
(6) He saw her drawing pencils.
a. He saw her pencils for drawing.
b. He saw her drawing the picture of pencils.
3. (2) (4) (5) (8) are antonyms; (1) (3) (6) (7) are synonyms.
4. charity: kindness, sympathy, church, helpful
iron: strong, brave, hard, determined
mole: traitor, betrayal, spy
snow: pure, virgin, clean
street: homeless, living hard, pitiable
5. (1) a. hoard b. scribble c. barn, method d. olfactory
(2) a. acquire b. tell c. way d. smell
(3) a. buy, win, steal. b. talk, tell c. road, way, path d. smell
These words are less marked in their sets because they are more usual and tend
to be used more frequently. They consist of only one morpheme and are easier to
learn and remember than others. They are also often broader in meaning and cannot be
described by using the name of another member ofthe same ?eld.
6. homophones: sea-see, break-brake; polysemies: sea, break, prayer, mature, trace, house
homonyms: ear.
7. In a semantic ?eld, not all lexical items necessarily have the same status. The less marked
members of the same semantic ?eld (1) are usually easier to learn and
remember than more marked members; (2) consist of only one morpheme in
contrast to more marked members; (3) cannot be described by using the name of another
member of the same ?eld; (4) tend to be used more frequently than more marked terms;
(5) broader in meaning than more marked members; (6) are not the result of the
metaphorical usage of the name of another object or concept, but more marked are.
8. (1) a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chief
b. bull, rooster, drake, ram.
The (a) and (b) words are male.
The (a) words are human.
The (b) words are animals.
(2) a. ask, tell, say, talk, converse
b. shout, whisper, mutter, drawl, holler
The (a) and (b) words are realized by sounds.
The (a) words are normal voice quality.
The (b) words are produced by modifying one‘s normal voice quality.
(3) a. walk, run, skip, jump, hop, swim
b. ?y, skate, ski, ride, cycle, canoe, hang-glide
The (a) and (b) words are sports (movement).
The (a) words are sports without instruments.
The (b) words are sports with instruments.
(1) pragmatics: a branch of linguistics that studies language in use.
(2) deixis: the marking of the orientation or position of entities and situations with
respect to certain points of reference such as the place (here/there) and time (now/then) of utterance.
(3) reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and the things, actions, events,
and qualities they stand for.
(4) anaphora: a process where a word or phrase (anaphor) refers back to another word or
phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.
(5) presupposition: implicit assumptions about the world required to make an
utterance meaningful or appropriate, e.g. ―some tea has already been taken‖ is a
presupposition of ―Take some more tea!‖
(6) Speech Act Theory: The theory was proposed by J. L. Austin and has been developed
by J. R. Searle. Basically, they believe that language is not only used to inform or to describe things, it is often used to ―do things‖, to perform acts. In saying
―Sorry‖, you are performing an act of apology.
(7) indirect speech act: an utterance whose literal meaning (location) and
intended meaning (illocution) are different. For example, Can you pass the salt?
is literally a yes/no question but is usually uttered as a request or polite directive for
action.
(8) the Cooperative Principle: a principle proposed by the philosopher Paul Grice
whereby those involved in communication assume that both parties will
normally seek to cooperate with each other to establish agreed meaning. It is composed of
4 maxims: quality, quantity, relation and manner.
(9) the Politeness Principle: politeness is regarded by most interlocutors as a means
or strategy which is used by a speaker to achieve various purposes, such as
saving face, establishing and maintaining harmonious social relations in conversation.
This principle requires speakers to ―minimize the expression of impolite beliefs‖. It is
composed of 6 maxims: Maxims of Tact, Generosity, Approbation, Modesty, Agreement
and Sympathy.
(10) conversational implicature: the use of conversational maxims in the Cooperative
Principle to produce extra meaning during conversation.
2. Deictic expressions: I, now, you, that, here, tomorrow.
3. Anaphoric expressions: she, him, it.
4. (1) He bought the beer.
(2) You have a watch.
(3) We bought a car.
5. Direct acts: (1)/(5); Indirect acts: (2)/(3)/(4)
6. (a) The Maxim of Quality: (1) Do not say what you believe to be false; (2) Do not say that
for which you lack adequate evidence.
(b) The Maxim of Quantity: (1) Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the
current purpose of the exchange); (2) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
(c) The Maxim of Relation: Be relevant.
(d) The Maxim of Manner: Be perspicuous (1) Avoid obscurity of expression; (2) Avoid
ambiguity; (3) Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity); (4) Be orderly.
7. The speaker is particularly careful about the maxim of Agreement in PP. The
response begins with ―well‖ rather than ―no‖ in order to minimize disagreement between the speaker and hearer.
8. It is an indirect speech act. Carol invites Lara to a party, but Lara wants to decline the
invitation. To be polite, she doesn‘t choose a direct refusal, inst ead she says “I‘ve got an exam tomorrow‖ as a reasonable excuse to decline the invitation. In this way, she minimizes the expression of impolite beliefs, thus the utterance conforms to PP
(1) discourse: a general term for examples of language use, i.e. language
pro-duced as the result of an act of communication. It refers to the larger units of language such as paragraphs, conversations and interviews.
(2) discourse analysis: the study of how sentences in written and spoken
language form larger meaning units such as paragraphs, conversations and interviews.
(3) given information: the information that the addresser believes is known to
the addressee.
(4) new information: the information that the addresser believes is not known to the
addressee.
(5) topic: the main center of attention in a sentence.
(6) cohesion: the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elements of
a text. This may be the relationship between different sentences or different parts of a
sentence.
(7) coherence: the relationship that links the meanings of utterances in a
discourse or of the sentences in a text.
(8) discourse marker: the technical term for all the items that are used to help
construct discourse, such as signifying the beginning or ending of a paragraph or
a turn in conversation. They are commonly used in the initial position of an utterance and
are syntactically detachable from a sentence, such as well, I mean, now, then, ?rst, second, ?nally.
(9) adjacency pair: a set of two consecutive, ordered turns that ―go together‖ in a adjacency
pair: a set of two consecutive, ordered turns that ―go together‖ in a acceptance,
criticism/denial.
(10) preference structure: in the conversations there can be several second parts
related to one ?rst part, but they are not of equal status. The structural likelihood is called preference, and this likely structure is the preference structure that divides second parts
into preferred and dispreferred. The former is the structurally expected and the
latter unexpected. In answering the question “Have you got a light?‖, the reply ―Here you are‖ is preferred and ―Sorry, no, I don‘t smoke‖ is dispreferred.
(11 presequence: the opening sequences that are used to set up some special potential actions,
such as greetings before formal conversations. ―What are you doing tonight?‖ can be used as a presequence if it is followed by ―If nothing special, come over and have dinne r with us please.‖
(12) critical discourse analysis: the analysis of language use directed at, and committed to,
discovering the concealed ideological bias, injustice, inequality in the power
relations among speakers and hearers.
2. In the study of discourse, cohesion refers to the grammatical and/or lexical relationships
between the different parts of a text. This may be the relationship between different
sentences or different parts of a sentence. It concerns the question of how sentences are
explicitly linked together in a discourse by different kinds of overt devices. Such cohesive
devices include reference, substitution, ellipses, conjunction and lexical cohesion.
5. It is not a coherent discourse. Although it has connection words such as a Ford a car and black –– Black, which look like cohesive devices, they refer to entirely different things. There is a total lack of internal relation among the sentences. A text can‘t be only based on super?cial connections between the words to pursue coherence; there must be some relationship that links the meanings of the sentences in a text, too. This text is not in line with our real experience of the way the world is. Thus, we can‘t make sense of it directly unless we are laborious to create meaningful connections which are not actually expressed by the words and sentences. So it‘s not a coherent discourse.
6. Coherence is the relationship that links the meanings of utterances in a discourse or of the
sentences in a text. This extract is coherent. All the sentences (questions in fact) are
organized around the topic ―interview‖, and they are arranged from the gene ral to the more speci?c in a logical order so that the text is easy to follow.
(1) sociolinguistics: the study of the relationship between language and society, that is,
how social factors in?uence the structure and use of language.
(2) standard language: the variety of a language which has the highest status in a community
or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.
(3) dialect: a language variety characteristic of a particular social group; dialects can be
characteristic of regional, social, temporal, occupational or gender groups.
(4) register: a language variety associated with a particular situation of use, e.g. baby talk
and legal language.
(5) pidgin: a variety of language that is not a native language of anyone, but is
learned in contact situations.
(6) creole: a language that begins as a pidgin and eventually becomes the ?rst
language of a speech community through its being learned by children.
(7) language planning: planning, usually by a government or government agency,
concerning choice of national or of?cial language(s), ways of spreading the use of a language, spelling reforms, the addition of new words to the language, and other language problems.
(8) diglossia: a situation when two distinct varieties of the same language are
used, side by side, for two different sets of functions.
(9) bilingualism: the use of at least two languages either by an individual or by a group of
speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.
(10) code-switching: the movement back and forth between two languages or dialects
within the same sentence or discourse.
(11) taboo: a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from general use.
(12) euphemism: a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or is used to avoid reference to
certain acts or subjects, e. g. ―powder room‖ for ―toilet‖.
2. Idiolects are varieties of a language used by individual speakers, with peculiarities of
pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary.
3. A president who did not have an accent may refer to a president who speaks the standard
language. The standard language is a particular variety of a language that is of?cially given a status higher than any other, and therefore a dominant or prestigious variety. The standard language is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language and is generally used in government documents,
education, broadcasting and printing. A good president is expected to speak the
prestigious variety of his language.
4. Language planning is usually done by a government or government agency which
concerns the choice of national or of?cial l anguage(s), ways of spreading the use of the
language(s), spell reforms, the addition of new words to the language, and other language problems. In order to carry it out effectively, the of?cial attempt may concentrate on either the status of a language with regard to some other language or variety or its internal condition with a view to changing it. Language planning usually involves two aspects: status planning and corpus planning. Status planning changes the function of a
language or a variety of a language and the right of those who use it. And corpus planning seeks to develop a variety of language or a language, usually to standardize it, that is, to
provide it with the means for serving most language functions in society. Governments may take both sides into consideration.
5. A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by
people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. Pidgin arose from a blending of several languages such as Chinese dialects and English. Typically
pidgins have a limited vocabulary and a much reduced grammatical structure
charact erized by the loss of in?ections, gender and case. When a pidgin has become the
primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech
community as their native language, it is said to have become a creole. The
structu re of the original pidgin is expanded to enable it to ful?ll its new
functions. The vocabulary is vastly enriched, and new syntactic-semantic concepts
developed. Notable examples of creole are the English-based creole of Haiti.
6. There are man y euphemisms for toilet, such as WC, powder room, Men‘s room, Ladies‘
room, Gentlemen, bathroom, restroom and so on. In many cultures, people avoid referring to this place by ―toilet‖ or ―lavatory‖ because they are unpleasant to the ear. The use of
euphe misms re?ects social attitudes or social customs. We choose the words or expressions of euphemism because they are more polite or pleasant to use without embarrassing others.
7. There are two possible reasons. One reason is that women are usually more
status-conscious than men and they are aware of their lower status in society and as a
result, they may use more standard speech forms in their attempt to claim
equality or even achieve a higher social status. The other reason might be attrib-uted to the education. Women are educated to behave ―like a lady‖ when they are little girls, and
such education may in?uence their speech as well. (The answers are quite open) (1) psycholinguistics: the study of the relation between language and mind: the mental
structures and processes which are involved in the acquisition, comprehension and
production of language.
(2) language production: the process involved in creating and expressing meaning through
language, such as the four successive stages provided by Levelt (1989):
conceptualization, formulation, articulation and self-regulation.
(3) language comprehension: From a psycholinguistic point of view, we store a great deal of
information about the properties of the language, and retrieve this information when we understand language. Besides, language comprehension can be treated in four
levels: sound, word, sentence and text comprehensions.
(4) Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: It refers to the view that the language system could in?uence or
even determine one‘s thought, and a particular language imposes particular ideas of nature or beliefs of one‘s culture.
(5) linguistic determinism: One‘s language structure determines his cognitive structure.
That is, learning a language may change the way a person thinks or perceives the objective world.
(6) linguistic relativity: As one‘s language influences one‘s cognitive system,
speakers of different languages perceive the world differently.
2. Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually
investigates the psychological states and mental activities associated with the use of
language. Most problems in psycholinguistics are comparatively more concrete,
involving the study of language acquisition especially in children and
linguistic performance such as producing and comprehending utterances or
sentences among adults. However, theoretical linguistics is more objective. It usually
investigates the existing phenomena about languages and its investigations are usually
carried out in the branches of microlinguistics: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Psycholinguistics is an interdisciplinary study of language and
psychology, with structural linguistics and cognitive psychology as itsroots while
theoretical linguistics solely focuses on aspects of language.
3. (1) The correct form is ―They swam across the lake‖, which is caused by
exchange. (2) The correct form is ―The spy was bound and gagged‖ , which is caused by exchange. (3) The correct form is ―I will see you in the park‖, which originates from substitution.
4. The slip-of-the-tongue phenomenon described above can be explained by the
parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach in word comprehension. The PDP approach holds that people use several separate and parallel processes at the same time to understand spoken or written language. In the slip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, people have alread y conceptualized his/her idea (thought), but can not ?nd a proper word to express the idea. This shows that thought precedes language. According to
linguistic determinism, language shapes one‘s thought. If there isn‘t language, there should be no thought. Thus, this phenomenon goes against linguistic determinism and
shows that thought can exist with or without language.
5. The fact mentioned here ?ies at the face of linguistic determinism which says that one‘s
language structure determines one‘s cognitive structur e. That‘s to say, a particular language can not shape one‘s world view. Language changes al ong social changes. And social
changes can lead to the changes of people‘s view. At the same time, one‘s world view can affect a particular language. For example, Xiaojie was used to refer to the daughter of rich and important families before 1949. Then, since 1949, great changes have
taken place in China. The world view of Chinese people has changed radically but the
language has changed little. During the Cultural Revolution, Xiaojie became very much
culturally loaded —young women not belonging to ?the revolutionary rank‘ and people not to be politically trusted. After 1979, it gradually became popular again, and now it has taken on a derogatory meaning (hooker). As it is mentioned above, it is social
changes that shape one‘s world view, and it is cognitive structure that affects language.
社会统计学课程期末复习题 一、填空题(计算结果一般保留两位小数） １、第五次人口普查南京市和上海市的人口总数之比为 比较 相对指标;某企业男女职工人数之比为 比例 相对指标；某产品的废品率为 结构 相对指标；某地区福利机构网点密度为 强度 相对指标。 2、各变量值与其算术平均数离差之和为 零 ;各变量值与其算术平均数离差的平方和为 最小值 。 3、在回归分析中，各实际观测值y 与估计值y ?的离差平方和称为 剩余 变差。 4、平均增长速度＝ 平均发展速度 —1（或100%）。 5、 正J 形 反J 形 曲线的特征是变量值分布的次数随变量值的增大而逐步增多; 曲线的特征是变量值分布的次数随变量值的增大而逐步减少。 6、调查宝钢、鞍钢等几家主要钢铁企业来了解我国钢铁生产的基本情况，这种调查方式属于 重点 调查。 7、要了解某市大学多媒体教学设备情况，则总体是 该市大学中的全部多媒体教学设备 ；总体单位是 该市大学中的每一套多媒体教学设备； 。 8、若某厂计划规定A 产品单位成本较上年降低6%,实际降低了7%，则A 产品单位成本计划超额完成程度为 100%7% A 100% 1.06%100%6% -=-=-产品单位成本计划超额完成程度 ;若某厂计划规定B 产品产量较上年增长5％,实际增长了1０％，则B 产品产量计划超额完成程度为 100%10% 100% 4.76%100%5% +=-=+B 产品产量计划超额完成程度 。 9、按照标志表现划分,学生的民族、性别、籍贯属于 品质 标志;学生的体重、年龄、成绩属于 数量 标志。 １0、从内容上看，统计表由 主词 和 宾词 两个部分组成;从格式上看，统计表由 总标题 、 横行标题 、 纵栏标题 和 指标数值（或统计数值）; 四个部分组成。 11、从变量间的变化方向来看，企业广告费支出与销售额的相关关系，单位产品成本与单位产品原材料消耗量的相关关系属于 正 相关;而市场价格与消费者需求数量的相关关系，单位产品成本与产品产量的相关关系属于 负 相关。 12、按指标所反映的数量性质不同划分，国民生产总值属于 数量 指标；单位成本属于 质量 指标。 13、如果相关系数ｒ=0，则表明两个变量之间 不存在线性相关关系 。 二、判断题
化工热力学答案_课后总习题答案详解 第二章习题解答 一、问答题： 2-1为什么要研究流体的pVT 关系？ 【参考答案】：流体p-V-T 关系是化工热力学的基石，是化工过程开发和设计、安全操作和科学研究必不可少的基础数据。（1）流体的PVT 关系可以直接用于设计。（2）利用可测的热力学性质（T ，P ，V 等）计算不可测的热力学性质（H ，S ，G ，等）。只要有了p-V-T 关系加上理想气体的id p C ，可以解决化工热力学的大多数问题。 2-2在p -V 图上指出超临界萃取技术所处的区域，以及该区域的特征；同时指出其它重要的点、线、面以及它们的特征。 【参考答案】：1）超临界流体区的特征是：T >T c 、p >p c 。 2）临界点C 的数学特征： 3）饱和液相线是不同压力下产生第一个气泡的那个点的连线； 4）饱和汽相线是不同压力下产生第一个液滴点（或露点）那个点的连线。 5）过冷液体区的特征：给定压力下液体的温度低于该压力下的泡点温度。 6）过热蒸气区的特征：给定压力下蒸气的温度高于该压力下的露点温度。 7）汽液共存区：在此区域温度压力保持不变，只有体积在变化。 2-3 要满足什么条件，气体才能液化？ 【参考答案】：气体只有在低于T c 条件下才能被液化。 2-4 不同气体在相同温度压力下，偏离理想气体的程度是否相同？你认为哪些是决定偏离理想气体程度的最本质因素？ 【参考答案】：不同。真实气体偏离理想气体程度不仅与T 、p 有关，而且与每个气体的临界特性有 ()() () () 点在点在C V P C V P T T 00 2 2 ==?? ?
关，即最本质的因素是对比温度、对比压力以及偏心因子r T ，r P 和ω。 2-5 偏心因子的概念是什么？为什么要提出这个概念？它可以直接测量吗？ 【参考答案】：偏心因子ω为两个分子间的相互作用力偏离分子中心之间的作用力的程度。其物理意义为：一般流体与球形非极性简单流体（氩，氪、氙）在形状和极性方面的偏心度。为了提高计算复杂分子压缩因子的准确度。 偏心因子不可以直接测量。偏心因子ω的定义为：000.1)p lg(7.0T s r r --==ω ， ω由测定的对比温度为0.7时的对比饱和压力的数据计算而得，并不能直接测量。 2-6 什么是状态方程的普遍化方法？普遍化方法有哪些类型？ 【参考答案】：所谓状态方程的普遍化方法是指方程中不含有物性常数a ，b ，而是以对比参数作为独立变量；普遍化状态方程可用于任何流体、任意条件下的PVT 性质的计算。普遍化方法有两种类型：（1）以压缩因子的多项式表示的普遍化关系式 (普遍化压缩因子图法)；（2）以两项virial 方程表示的普遍化第二virial 系数关系式(普遍化virial 系数法) 2-7简述三参数对应状态原理与两参数对应状态原理的区别。 【参考答案】：三参数对应状态原理与两参数对应状态原理的区别在于为了提高对比态原理的精度，引入了第三参数如偏心因子ω。三参数对应态原理为：在相同的 r T 和r p 下，具有相同ω值的所有 流体具有相同的压缩因子Z ，因此它们偏离理想气体的程度相同，即),P ,T (f Z r r ω=。而两参数对应状态原理为：在相同对比温度r T 、对比压力 r p 下，不同气体的对比摩尔体积r V （或压缩因子z ） 是近似相等的，即(,) r r Z T P =。三参数对应状态原理比两参数对应状态原理精度高得多。 2-8总结纯气体和纯液体pVT 计算的异同。 【参考答案】： 由于范德华方程（vdW 方程）最 大突破在于能同时计算汽、液两相性质，因此，理论上讲，采用基于vdW 方程的立方型状态方程能同时将纯气体和纯液体的性质计算出来（最小值是饱和液体摩尔体积、最大值是饱和气体摩尔体积），但事实上计算的纯气体性质误差较小，而纯液体的误差较大。因此，液体的p-V-T 关系往往采用专门计算液体体积的公式计算，如修正Rackett 方程，它与立方型状态方程相比，既简单精度又高。 2-9如何理解混合规则？为什么要提出这个概念？有哪些类型的混合规则？ 【参考答案】：对于混合气体，只要把混合物看成一个虚拟的纯物质，算出虚拟的特征参数，如Tr ，
计算题例题及答案： 1、某校社会学专业同学统计课成绩如下表所示。 社会学专业同学统计课成绩表 学号成绩学号成绩学号成绩101023 76 101037 75 101052 70 101024 91 101038 70 101053 88 101025 87 101039 76 101054 93 101026 78 101040 90 101055 62 101027 85 101041 76 101056 95 101028 96 101042 86 101057 95 101029 87 101043 97 101058 66 101030 86 101044 93 101059 82 101031 90 101045 92 101060 79 101032 91 101046 82 101061 76 101033 80 101047 80 101062 76 101034 81 101048 90 101063 68 101035 80 101049 88 101064 94 101036 83 101050 77 101065 83 要求： （1）对考试成绩按由低到高进行排序，求出众数、中位数和平均数。
（2）对考试成绩进行适当分组，编制频数分布表，并计算累计频数和累计频率。答案： （1）考试成绩由低到高排序： 62，66，68，70，70，75，76，76，76，76，76，77，78，79， 80，80，80，81，82，82，83，83，85，86，86，87，87，88， 88，90，90，90，91，91，92，93，93，94，95，95，96，97， 众数：76 中位数：83 平均数： =（62+66+……+96+97）÷42 =3490÷42 =83.095 （2） 按成绩 分组频数频率(%) 向上累积向下累积 频数频率(%) 频数频率(%) 60-69 3 7.143 3 7.143 42 100.000 70-79 11 26.190 14 33.333 39 92.857 80-89 15 35.714 29 69.048 28 66.667
2 习题 第1章 绪言 一、是否题 1. 孤立体系的热力学能和熵都是一定值。( 错。 和 ，如一 体积等于2V 的绝热刚性容器，被一理想的隔板一分为二，左侧状态是T ，P 的理想气体，右侧是T 温度 的真空。当隔板抽去后，由于Q ＝W ＝0， ， ，，故体系将在T ，2V ，0.5P 状态下 达到平衡， ， ， ） 2. 封闭体系的体积为一常数。（错） 3. 封闭体系中有两个相 。在尚未达到平衡时，两个相都是均相敞开体系；达到平衡时，则 两个相都等价于均相封闭体系。（对） 4. 理想气体的焓和热容仅是温度的函数。（对） 5. 理想气体的熵和吉氏函数仅是温度的函数。（错。还与压力或摩尔体积有关。） 6. 要确定物质在单相区的状态需要指定两个强度性质，但是状态方程 P=P (T ，V )的自变量中只有一个强度 性质，所以，这与相律有矛盾。（错。V 也是强度性质） 7. 封闭体系的1mol 气体进行了某一过程，其体积总是变化着的，但是初态和终态的体积相等，初态和终 态的温度分别为T 1和T 2，则该过程的 ；同样，对于初、终态压力相等的过程有 。（对。状态函数的变化仅决定于初、终态与途径无关。） 8. 描述封闭体系中理想气体绝热可逆途径的方程是（其中 ），而一位学生认 为这是状态函数间的关系，与途径无关，所以不需要可逆的条件。(错。) 9. 自变量与独立变量是一致的，从属变量与函数是一致的。（错。有时可能不一致） 10. 自变量与独立变量是不可能相同的。（错。有时可以一致） 三、填空题 1. 状态函数的特点是：状态函数的变化与途径无关，仅决定于初、终态 。 2. 单相区的纯物质和定组成混合物的自由度数目分别是 2 和 2 。 3. 封闭体系中，温度是T 的1mol 理想气体从(P ，V )等温可逆地膨胀到(P ，V )，则所做的功为 i i f f (以V 表示)或 (以P 表示)。 4. 封闭体系中的1mol 理想气体(已知 )，按下列途径由T 1、P 1和V 1可逆地变化至P ，则
2017年河南省普通高等学校 选拔优秀专科生进入本科阶段学习考试试题 病理解剖学题 一、选择题（每小题1分）在每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。 1.严重贫血所形成的虎斑心，其病变性质是（） A.萎缩 B.玻璃样变性 C.心肌脂肪变性 D.心肌脂肪浸润 2.栓塞最常见的类型是（） A.气体栓塞 B.血栓栓塞 C.羊水栓塞 D.脂肪栓塞 3.液化性坏死常发生在（） A.肠和肺 B.肝和肾 C.肾和脂肪 D.脑和脊髓 4.组织、细胞代谢障碍所引起的可逆性损伤称为（） A.变性 B.坏死 C.梗死 D.钙化 5.下列那一项属于去神经性萎缩（） A.老年男性的睾丸 B.心肌梗死后心室壁变薄 C.脊髓灰质炎患儿的下肢肌肉 D.老年女性的子宫 6.哪种疾病的病变不易发生玻璃样变性（） A.慢性肾小球肾炎 B.动脉粥样硬化 C.高血压病 D.支气管炎 7.伤寒病理变化的最主要特征是（） A.肠管发生溃疡 B.以单核巨噬细胞增生为主 C.末梢血白细胞减少 D.脾大 8.下列哪种疾病最易引起肠管狭窄（） A.肠阿米巴病 B.肠伤寒 C.肠结核 D.细菌性痢疾 9.慢性支气管炎最常见的并发症是（） A.肺炎 B.肺脓肿 C.支气管扩张和肺源性心脏病 D.肺气肿和肺源性心脏病 10.鼻咽癌转移最常见于（） A.血道转移至肺 B.血道转移至肝 C.血道转移至骨 D.同侧颈上深淋巴结转移 11.层状血栓是（） A.红色血栓 B.白色血栓 C.混合血栓 D.透明血栓 12.肿瘤的实质是指（）
A.神经组织 B.纤维组织 C.血管 D.肿瘤细胞 13.不符合淤血的描述是（） A.可引起出血 B.可引起实质细胞增生 C.可引起器官硬化 D.可引起器官水肿 14.移行细胞癌最常见的好发部位是（） A.肾盂 B.输尿管 C.膀胱三角区 D.膀胱前壁 15.葡萄胎的病理学诊断依据是（） A.子宫体积增大 B.宫腔内刮出大小不一的水泡 C.阴道无痛性流血 D.胎心音消失 16.急性弥漫性增生性肾小球肾炎的镜下主要变化是（） A.肾小球间质中结缔组织增生 B.肾小球系膜基质增生 C.肾小球内皮细胞及系膜细胞增生 D.肾小球球囊壁层上皮细胞增生 17.癌与肉瘤的最主要区别是（） A.发生部位不同 B.组织来源不同 C.发生的年龄不同 D.转移的途径不同 18.急性普通型病毒性肝炎的病变为（） A.纤维组织增生 B.桥接坏死 C.大片坏死 D.点状坏死 19.下列哪项属于癌前疾病（） A.胃溃疡 B.慢性浅表性胃炎 C.皮肤瘢痕 D.肺结核球 20.血栓形成条件，下列哪项是错误的（） A.血管内膜损伤 B.血管中层坏死 C.血流状态的改变 D.血液凝固性增高 21.白细胞向着化学刺激物做定向移动的现象称为（） A.白细胞游出 B.白细胞渗出 C.趋化作用 D.白细胞靠边 22.下列肿瘤中属于上皮组织良性肿瘤的是（） A.毛细血管瘤 B.肾母细胞瘤 C.腺瘤 D.畸胎瘤 23.慢性肺源性心脏病常见的病因是（） A.支气管哮喘 B.支气管扩张症 C.支气管肺炎 D.慢性支气管炎 24.碎片状坏死发生的部位是（） A.肝小叶中央静脉 B.肝小叶周边界板区 C.肾皮质区 D.肾髓质区 25.风湿病的特征性病变为（） A.充血、水肿 B.风湿性肉芽肿 C.黏液样变性 D.炎细胞浸润 26.动脉粥样硬化症主要发生于（） A.大、中动脉 B.细动脉 C.小动脉 D.微小动脉
第十二章 相关与回归分析 第一节 变量之间的相关关系 相关程度与方向·因果关系与对称关系 第二节 定类变量的相关 双变量交互分类（列联表）·削减误差比例（PRE ）·λ系数与τ系数 第三节 定序变量的相关分析 同序对、异序对和同分对·Gamma 系数·肯德尔等级相关系数（τa 系数、τb 与τc 系数）·萨默斯系数（d 系数）·斯皮尔曼等级相关（ρ相关）·肯德尔和谐系数 第四节 定距变量的相关分析 相关表和相关图·积差系数的导出和计算·积差系数的性质 第五节 回归分析 线性回归·积差系数的PRE 性质·相关指数R 第六节 曲线相关与回归 可线性化的非线性函数·实例分析（二次曲线指数曲线） 一、填空 1．对于表现为因果关系的相关关系来说，自变量一般都是确定性变量，依变量则一般是（ 随机性 ）变量。 2．变量间的相关程度，可以用不知Y 与X 有关系时预测Y 的全部误差E 1，减去知道Y 与X 有关系时预测Y 的联系误差E 2，再将其化为比例来度量，这就是（ 削减误差比例 ）。 3．依据数理统计原理，在样本容量较大的情况下，可以作出以下两个假定：（1）实际观察值Y 围绕每个估计值c Y 是服从（ ）；（2）分布中围绕每个可能的c Y 值的（ ）是相同的。 4．在数量上表现为现象依存关系的两个变量，通常称为自变量和因变量。自变量是作为（ 变化根据 ）的变量，因变量是随（ 自变量 ）的变化而发生相应变化的变量。 5．根据资料，分析现象之间是否存在相关关系，其表现形式或类型如何，并对具有相关关系的现象之间数量变化的议案关系进行测定，即建立一个相关的数学表达式，称为（ 回归方程 ），并据以进行估计和预测。这种分析方法，通常又称为（ 回归分析 ）。 6．积差系数r 是（ 协方差 ）与X 和Y 的标准差的乘积之比。 二、单项选择 1．当x 按一定数额增加时，y 也近似地按一定数额随之增加，那么可以说x 与y 之间 存在（ A ）关系。 A 直线正相关 B 直线负相关 C 曲线正相关 D 曲线负相关
第 1 页/共 12 页 1、下表是某保险公司160名推销员月销售额的分组数据。书p26 按销售额分组（千元） 人数（人） 向上累计频数 向下累计频数 12以下 6 6 160 12—14 13 19 154 14—16 29 48 141 16—18 36 84 112 18—20 25 109 76 20—22 17 126 51 22—24 14 140 34 24—26 9 149 20 26—28 7 156 11 28以上 4 160 4 合计 160 —— —— （1） 计算并填写表格中各行对应的向上累计频数； （2） 计算并填写表格中各行对应的向下累计频数； （3）确定该公司月销售额的中位数。 按上限公式计算：Me=U- =18-0.22=17,78 2、某厂工人按年龄分组资料如下：p41 工人按年龄分组（岁） 工人数（人） 20以下 160 20—25 150 25—30 105 30—35 45 35—40 40 40—45 30 45以上 20 合 计 550 要求：采用简捷法计算标准差。《简捷法》 3、试根据表中的资料计算某旅游胜地2004年平均旅游人数。P50 表：某旅游胜地旅游人数 时间 2004年1月1日 4月1日 7月1日 10月1日 2005年1月1 日 旅游人数（人） 5200 5000 5200 5400 5600 4、某大学2004年在册学生人数资料如表3-6所示，试计算该大学2004年平均在册学生人数. 时间 1月1日 3月1日 7月1日 9月1日 12月31日 在册学生人数（人） 3408 3528 3250 3590 3575
化工热力学复习题 一、选择题 1. T 温度下的纯物质，当压力低于该温度下的饱和蒸汽压时，则气体的状态为（ C ） A. 饱和蒸汽 超临界流体 过热蒸汽 2. 纯物质的第二virial 系数B （ A ） A 仅是T 的函数 B 是T 和P 的函数 C 是T 和V 的函数 D 是任何两强度性质的函数 3. 设Z 为x ，y 的连续函数，，根据欧拉连锁式，有（ B ） A. 1x y z Z Z x x y y ?????????=- ? ? ?????????? B. 1y x Z Z x y x y Z ?????????=- ? ? ?????????? C. 1y x Z Z x y x y Z ?????????= ? ? ?????????? D. 1y Z x Z y y x x Z ?????????=- ? ? ?????????? 4. 关于偏离函数M R ，理想性质M *，下列公式正确的是（ C ） " A. *R M M M =+ B. *2R M M M =- C. *R M M M =- D. *R M M M =+ 5. 下面的说法中不正确的是 ( B ) （A ）纯物质无偏摩尔量 。 （B ）任何偏摩尔性质都是T ，P 的函数。 （C ）偏摩尔性质是强度性质。 （D ）强度性质无偏摩尔量 。 6. 关于逸度的下列说法中不正确的是 ( D ) （A ）逸度可称为“校正压力” 。 （B ）逸度可称为“有效压力” 。 （C ）逸度表达了真实气体对理想气体的偏差 。 （D ）逸度可代替压力，使真实气体的状态方程变为fv=nRT 。 （E ）逸度就是物质从系统中逃逸趋势的量度。 7. 二元溶液，T, P 一定时,Gibbs —Duhem 方程的正确形式是 ( C ). a. X 1dlnγ1/dX 1+ X 2dlnγ2/dX 2 = 0 b. X 1dlnγ1/dX 2+ X 2 dlnγ2/dX 1 = 0 ` c. X 1dlnγ1/dX 1+ X 2dlnγ2/dX 1 = 0 d. X 1dlnγ1/dX 1– X 2 dlnγ2/dX 1 = 0 8. 关于化学势的下列说法中不正确的是( A ) A. 系统的偏摩尔量就是化学势 B. 化学势是系统的强度性质 C. 系统中的任一物质都有化学势 D. 化学势大小决定物质迁移的方向 9．关于活度和活度系数的下列说法中不正确的是 ( E ) （A ）活度是相对逸度，校正浓度,有效浓度；(B) 理想溶液活度等于其浓度。 （C ）活度系数表示实际溶液与理想溶液的偏差。（D ）任何纯物质的活度均为1。 （E ）r i 是G E /RT 的偏摩尔量。 10．等温等压下，在A 和B 组成的均相体系中，若A 的偏摩尔体积随浓度的改变而增加，则B 的偏摩尔体积将（B ） A. 增加 B. 减小 C. 不变 D. 不一定 " 11．下列各式中，化学位的定义式是 ( A ) 12．混合物中组分i 的逸度的完整定义式是（ A ）。 A. d G ___i =RTdln f ^i , 0lim →p [f ^i /(Y i P)]=1 B. d G ___i =RTdln f ^i , 0lim →p [f ^ i /P]=1 C. dG i =RTdln f ^i , 0lim →p f i =1 ； D. d G ___i =RTdln f ^i , 0lim →p f ^ i =1 j j j j n nS T i i n T P i i n nS nV i i n nS P i i n nU d n nA c n nG b n nH a ,,,,,,,,])([.])([.])([.])([.??≡??≡??≡??≡μμμμ
第10章认知语言学 10.1 复习笔记 本章要点: 1. Cognitive linguistics 认知语言学 2. Categorization and categories 范畴化与范畴 3. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy 概念隐喻与转喻 4. Iconicity and grammaticalization 象似性与语法化 常考考点： 认知语言学定义；范畴化与范畴定义分类等；概念隐喻与转喻的定义，层次分类；象似性的分类以及语法化等。 本章内容索引： I. Definition of cognitive linguistics II. Categorization and categories
1. Definition of categorization 2. The classical theory 3. The prototype theory 4. Levels of categorization III. Conceptual metaphor and metonymy 1. Conceptual metaphor 2. Conceptual metonymy IV. Iconicity 1. Iconicity of order 2. Iconicity of distance 3. Iconicity of complexity V. Grammaticalization I. Definition of cognitive linguistics (认知语言学定义) 【考点：名词解释】 Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information. 认知语言学是一种研究自然语言的方法，集中研究语言组织，处理与传达信息的作用。 II. Categorization and categories (范畴化与范畴) 1. Definition of categorization and categories (定义)
《病理学》2012年秋季期末考试试卷（本科）班级学号姓名分数 1.血管壁玻璃样变性常见于（） A.大静脉 B.大动脉 C.小静脉 D.毛细血管 E.细动脉 2.坏疽与其他类型坏死最重要的区别是（） A.组织轮廓是否保存 B.坏死范围大小 C.坏死边界是否清楚 D.发生部位不同 E.有无腐败菌感染 3.骨化性肌炎时的骨组织形成属于（） A.化生 B.钙化 C.改建 D.再生 E.增生 4.下列没有实质细胞脂肪变性的是（） A.糖衣脾 B.脂肪肝 C.虎斑心 D.槟榔肝 E.酒精肝 5.再生能力强，经常更新的细胞是（） A.造血细胞 B.肝细胞 C.成纤维细胞 D.平滑肌细胞 E.心肌细胞 6.肉芽组织和肉芽肿光镜下的区别在于（） A.局部是否有淋巴细胞浸润 B.病灶内是否有巨噬细胞浸润 C.局部是否有巨噬细胞构成的结节状病灶 D.是否含有毛细血管 E.病灶内是否有纤维细胞 7.菌痢病变主要累及（） A.回肠下段 B.乙状结肠和直肠 C.空肠和回肠 D.十二直肠 E.横结肠 8.引起肺褐色硬化的疾病是（） A.肺动脉栓塞 B.二尖瓣狭窄 C.大叶性肺炎 D.肺动脉狭窄 E. 三尖瓣狭窄 9.混合血栓通常见于（） A.静脉血栓尾部 B.毛细血管内 C.心瓣膜闭锁缘 D.动脉血栓头部 E.静脉血栓体部 10.肾梗死区的坏死多为（） A.液化性坏死 B.凝固性坏死 C.纤维素样坏死 D.坏疽 E.干酪样坏死 11.绒毛心是（） A.假膜性炎 B.化脓性炎 C.变质性炎 D.纤维素性炎 E.出血性炎 12.具有吞噬作用的炎症细胞主要是（） A.中性粒细胞 B.巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞 C.巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞 D.巨噬细胞、嗜酸性细胞 E.巨噬细胞、嗜碱性细胞 13.白细胞游出血管后，主动向某些化学刺激物所在部位作单一定向的移动，称为（） A.吞噬作用 B.趋化作用 C.吸附作用 D.阿米巴样运动作用 E.细胞渗出 14.蜂窝织炎是指（） A.深部组织的弥漫性化脓性炎症 B.蜂窝组织的化脓性炎症 C.蜂窝组织的弥漫性化脓性炎症 D.疏松组织的弥漫性化脓性炎症 E.疏松组织的局灶性化脓性炎症 15.下列疾病没有炎性肉芽肿形成的是（） A.风湿病 B.伤寒 C.细菌性痢疾 D.结核病 E.梅毒 16.确定良恶性肿瘤的主要依据是（） A.肿瘤的大小 B.肿瘤的数目 C.肿瘤的异型性 D.肿瘤的形状 E.肿瘤的生长部位 17.下列哪种病变不是肿瘤（）
西安交大统计学考试试卷 一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分） 1.在企业统计中，下列统计标志中属于数量标志的是（ C） A、文化程度 B、职业 C、月工资 D、行业 2.下列属于相对数的综合指标有（B ） A、国民收入 B、人均国民收入 C、国内生产净值 D、设备台数 3.有三个企业的年利润额分别是5000万元、8000万元和3900万元，则这句话中有（ B）个变量 A、0个 B、两个 C、1个 D、3个 4.下列变量中属于连续型变量的是（A ） A、身高 B、产品件数 C、企业人数 D、产品品种 5.下列各项中，属于时点指标的有（A ） A、库存额 B、总收入 C、平均收入 D、人均收入 6.典型调查是（B ）确定调查单位的 A、随机 B、主观 C、随意 D盲目 7.总体标准差未知时总体均值的假设检验要用到（ A ）： A、Z统计量 B、t统计量 C、统计量 D、X统计量 8. 把样本总体中全部单位数的集合称为（A ） A、样本 B、小总体 C、样本容量 D、总体容量 9.概率的取值范围是p（D ） A、大于1 B、大于－1 C、小于1 D、在0与1之间 10. 算术平均数的离差之和等于（A ） A、零 B、 1 C、－1 D、2 二、多项选择题（每小题2分，共10分。每题全部答对才给分，否则不计分） 1.数据的计量尺度包括（ ABCD ）： A、定类尺度 B、定序尺度 C、定距尺度 D、定比尺度 E、测量尺度 2.下列属于连续型变量的有（ BE ）： A、工人人数 B、商品销售额 C、商品库存额 D、商品库存量 E、总产值 3.测量变量离中趋势的指标有（ ABE ） A、极差 B、平均差 C、几何平均数 D、众数 E、标准差 4.在工业企业的设备调查中（ BDE ） A、工业企业是调查对象 B、工业企业的所有设备是调查对象 C、每台设备是 填报单位 D、每台设备是调查单位 E、每个工业企业是填报单位 5.下列平均数中，容易受数列中极端值影响的平均数有（ ABC ） A、算术平均数 B、调和平均数 C、几何平均数 D、中位数 E、众数 三、判断题（在正确答案后写“对”，在错误答案后写“错”。每小题1分，共10分） 1、“性别”是品质标志。（对） 2、方差是离差平方和与相应的自由度之比。（错） 3、标准差系数是标准差与均值之比。（对） 4、算术平均数的离差平方和是一个最大值。（错） 5、区间估计就是直接用样本统计量代表总体参数。（错） 6、在假设检验中，方差已知的正态总体均值的检验要计算Z统计量。（错）
化工热力学习题集(附标准答案)
————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：
模拟题一 一．单项选择题（每题1分，共20分） 本大题解答（用A 或B 或C 或D ）请填入下表： 1. T 温度下的纯物质，当压力低于该温度下的饱和蒸汽压时，则气体的状态为（C ） A. 饱和蒸汽 B. 超临界流体 C. 过热蒸汽 2. T 温度下的过冷纯液体的压力P （ A ） A. >()T P s B. <()T P s C. =()T P s 3. T 温度下的过热纯蒸汽的压力P （ B ） A. >()T P s B. <()T P s C. =()T P s 4. 纯物质的第二virial 系数B （ A ） A 仅是T 的函数 B 是T 和P 的函数 C 是T 和V 的函数 D 是任何两强度性质的函数 5. 能表达流体在临界点的P-V 等温线的正确趋势的virial 方程，必须至少用到（ ） A. 第三virial 系数 B. 第二virial 系数 C. 无穷项 D. 只需要理想气体方程 6. 液化石油气的主要成分是（ A ） A. 丙烷、丁烷和少量的戊烷 B. 甲烷、乙烷 C. 正己烷 7. 立方型状态方程计算V 时如果出现三个根，则最大的根表示（ B ） A. 饱和液摩尔体积 B. 饱和汽摩尔体积 C. 无物理意义 8. 偏心因子的定义式（ A ） A. 0.7lg()1 s r Tr P ω==-- B. 0.8lg()1 s r Tr P ω==-- C. 1.0lg()s r Tr P ω==- 9. 设Z 为x ，y 的连续函数，，根据欧拉连锁式，有（ B ） A. 1x y z Z Z x x y y ???? ?????=- ? ? ?????????? B. 1y x Z Z x y x y Z ????????? =- ? ? ?????????? C. 1y x Z Z x y x y Z ????????? = ? ? ?????????? D. 1y Z x Z y y x x Z ????????? =- ? ? ?????????? 10. 关于偏离函数M R ，理想性质M *，下列公式正确的是（ C ） A. *R M M M =+ B. *2R M M M =- C. *R M M M =- D. *R M M M =+ 11. 下面的说法中不正确的是 ( B ) （A ）纯物质无偏摩尔量 。 （B ）任何偏摩尔性质都是T ，P 的函数。 （C ）偏摩尔性质是强度性质。（D ）强度性质无偏摩尔量 。 12. 关于逸度的下列说法中不正确的是 ( D ) （A ）逸度可称为“校正压力” 。 （B ）逸度可称为“有效压力” 。 （C ）逸度表达了真实气体对理想气体的偏差 。 （D ）逸度可代替压力，使真实气体 的状态方程变为fv=nRT 。 （E ）逸度就是物质从系统中逃逸趋势的量度。 题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 答案 题号 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 答案
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第4章练习题参考答案Chapter 4 Syntax 1. What is syntax? Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 2. What is phrase structure rule? The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP →(Det) N (PP) ... VP →(Qual) V (NP) ... AP →(Deg) A (PP) ... PP →(Deg) P (NP) ... We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P. 3. What is category? How to determine a word's category? Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. 若详细回答，则要加上： Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meanings associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives. For example, when we say that pretty lady, we are attributing the property ‘pretty’ to the lady designated by the noun. Similarly, the properties and attributes of the actions, sensations and states designated by verbs can typically be denoted by adverbs. For example, in Jenny left quietly the adverb quietly indicates the manner of Jenny's leaving. The second criterion to determine a word's category is inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as work and help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix -ing. And adjectives like quiet and clever take comparative affix -er and superlative affix -est. Although inflection is very helpful in determining a word's category, it does not always suffice. Some words do not take inflections. For example, nouns like moisture, fog, do not usually take plural suffix -s and adjectives like frequent, intelligent do not take comparative and superlative affixes -er and -est.
社会统计学复习题有答 案 集团标准化工作小组 #Q8QGGQT-GX8G08Q8-GNQGJ8-MHHGN#
社会统计学课程期末复习题 一、填空题（计算结果一般保留两位小数） 1、第五次人口普查南京市和上海市的人口总数之比为 比较 相对指标；某企业男女职工人数之比为 比例 相对指标；某产品的废品率为 结构 相对指标；某地区福利机构网点密度为 强度 相对指标。 2、各变量值与其算术平均数离差之和为 零 ；各变量值与其算术平均数离差的平方和为 最小值 。 3、在回归分析中，各实际观测值y 与估计值y ?的离差平方和称为 剩余 变差。 4、平均增长速度= 平均发展速度 —1（或100%）。 5、 正J 形 反J 形 曲线的特征是变量值分布的次数随变量值的增大而逐步增多； 曲线的特征是变量值分布的次数随变量值的增大而逐步减少。 6、调查宝钢、鞍钢等几家主要钢铁企业来了解我国钢铁生产的基本情况，这种调查方式属于 重点 调查。 7、要了解某市大学多媒体教学设备情况，则总体是 该市大学中的全部多媒体教学设备 ；总体单位是 该市大学中的每一套多媒体教学设备； 。 8、若某厂计划规定A 产品单位成本较上年降低6％，实际降低了7％，则A 产品单位成本计划超额完成程度为 100%7% A 100% 1.06%100%6% -=- =-产品单位成本计划超额完成程度 ；若某厂计划规定B 产品产量较上年增长5％，实际增长了10％，则B 产品产量计划超额完成程度为 100%10% 100% 4.76%100%5% += -=+B 产品产量计划超额完成程度 。
9、按照标志表现划分，学生的民族、性别、籍贯属于品质标志；学生的体重、年龄、成绩属于数量标志。 10、从内容上看，统计表由主词和宾词两个部分组成；从格式上看，统计表由 总标题、横行标题、纵栏标题和指标数值（或统计数值）； 四个部分组成。 11、从变量间的变化方向来看，企业广告费支出与销售额的相关关系，单位产品成本与单位产品原材料消耗量的相关关系属于正相关；而市场价格与消费者需求数量的相关关系，单位产品成本与产品产量的相关关系属于负相关。 12、按指标所反映的数量性质不同划分，国民生产总值属于数量指标；单位成本属于质量指标。 13、如果相关系数r=0，则表明两个变量之间不存在线性相关关系。 二、判断题 1、在季节变动分析中，若季节比率大于100%，说明现象处在淡季；若季节比率小于100%，说明现象处在旺季。（×；答案提示：在季节变动分析中，若季节比率大于100%，说明现象处在旺季；若季节比率小于100%，说明现象处在淡季。 ） 2、工业产值属于离散变量；设备数量属于连续变量。（×；答案提示：工业产值属于连续变量；设备数量属于离散变量） 3、中位数与众数不容易受到原始数据中极值的影响。（√；） 4、有意识地选择十个具有代表性的城市调查居民消费情况，这种调查方式属于典型调查。（√）
计算分析题解答参考 1.1．某厂三个车间一季度生产情况如下： 计算一季度三个车间产量平均计划完成百分比和平均单位产品成本。 解：平均计划完成百分比＝实际产量/计划产量＝733/（198/0.9+315/1.05+220/1.1） ＝101.81% 平均单位产量成本 X=∑xf/∑f=(15*198+10*315+8*220)/733 =10.75(元/件) 1.2．某企业产品的有关资料如下： 试分别计算该企业产品98年、99年的平均单位产品成本。 解：该企业98年平均单位产品成本 x=∑xf/∑f=(25*1500+28*1020+32*980)/3500 =27.83(元/件) 该企业99年平均单位产品成本x=∑xf /∑(m/x)=101060/(24500/25+28560/28+48000/32) =28.87(元/件) 年某月甲、乙两市场三种商品价格、销售量和销售额资料如下： 1.3．1999 解：三种商品在甲市场上的平均价格x=∑xf/∑f=(105*700+120*900+137*1100)/2700 =123.04(元/件) 三种商品在乙市场上的平均价格x=∑m/∑(m/x)=317900/(126000/105+96000/120+95900/137) =117.74(元/件) 2.1．某车间有甲、乙两个生产小组，甲组平均每个工人的日产量为22件，标准差为 3.5件；乙组工人日产量资料：
试比较甲、乙两生产小组中的哪个组的日产量更有代表性？ 解：∵X 甲=22件 σ甲=3.5件 ∴V 甲=σ甲/ X 甲=3.5/22=15.91% 列表计算乙组的数据资料如下: ∵x 乙=∑xf/∑f=(11*10+14*20+17*30+20*40)/100 =17(件) σ 乙=√[∑(x-x)2 f]/∑f =√900/100 =3(件) ∴V 乙=σ乙/ x 乙=3/17=17.65% 由于V 甲＜V 乙,故甲生产小组的日产量更有代表性。 2.2．有甲、乙两个品种的粮食作物，经播种实验后得知甲品种的平均产量为998斤，标准差为162.7斤；乙品种实验的资料如下： 试研究两个品种的平均亩产量，确定哪一个品种具有较大稳定性，更有推广价值？ 解：∵x 甲=998斤 σ甲=162.7斤 ∴V 甲=σ甲/ x 甲=162.7/998=16.30% 列表计算乙品种的数据资料如下: