1.外文文献翻译--针对国际市场的电子智能酒店管理系统

本科毕业论文外文参考文献译文及原文学院经济与贸易学院专业经济学（贸易方向）年级班别2007级 1 班学号3207004154学生姓名欧阳倩指导教师童雪晖2010 年 6 月 3 日目录1 外文文献译文（一）中国银行业的改革和盈利能力（第1、2、4部分） (1)2 外文文献原文（一）CHINA’S BANKING REFORM AND PROFITABILITY（Part 1、2、4） (9)1概述世界银行（1997年）曾声称，中国的金融业是其经济的软肋。

当一国的经济增长的可持续性岌岌可危的时候，金融业的改革一直被认为是提高资金使用效率和消费型经济增长重新走向平衡的必要（Lardy，1998年，Prasad，2007年）。

事实上，不久前，中国的国有银行被视为“技术上破产”，它们的生存需要依靠充裕的国家流动资金。

但是，在银行改革开展以来，最近，强劲的盈利能力已恢复到国有商业银行的水平。

但自从中国的国有银行在不久之前已经走上了改革的道路，它可能过早宣布银行业的改革尚未取得完全的胜利。

此外，其坚实的财务表现虽然强劲，但不可持续增长。

随着经济增长在2008年全球经济衰退得带动下已经开始软化，银行预计将在一个比以前更加困难的经济形势下探索。

本文的目的不是要评价银行业改革对银行业绩的影响，这在一个完整的信贷周期后更好解决。

相反，我们的目标是通过审查改革的进展和银行改革战略，并分析其近期改革后的强劲的财务表现，但是这不能完全从迄今所进行的改革努力分离。

本文有三个部分。

在第二节中，我们回顾了中国的大型国有银行改革的战略，以及其执行情况，这是中国银行业改革的主要目标。

第三节中分析了2007年的财务表现集中在那些在市场上拥有浮动股份的四大国有商业银行：中国工商银行（工商银行），中国建设银行（建行），对中国银行（中银）和交通银行（交通银行）。

引人注目的是中国农业银行，它仍然处于重组上市过程中得适当时候的后期。

第四节总结一个对银行绩效评估。

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程大章（2011）认为：五星级酒店，不仅要有美丽、豪华的外表装饰，更重要的是为客人提供周到的服务，满足客户的各种需求，同时对酒店内部的运营和管理实现高效、快捷和较低成本，这已是五星级酒店设计、建造所追求的目标。所以酒店的智能化系统是实现上述目标的技术关键，智能化系统以网络通信技术为基础，融合现代控制技术、信息融合和处理技术及综合集成管理技术，可实现酒店的快捷、周到的服务和高效的管理。
陈晓芳（2009）认为：酒店智能化已是现代酒店服务与运营的必然需要。理由是，（1）、为客人提供更为舒适的环境，从而带来更大的经济效益。（2）、节约人力资源，减少开支。（3）、节约能源，增加收益。（4）、保证酒店及住宿旅客的安全。（5）、酒店评选星级的保证。

酒店管理系统需求分析说明书The Requirements Analysis of Hotel Management System二零一零年十月二十九日目录1 引言(INTRODUCTIONS) (1)1.1编写目的(P URPOSES) (1)1.2定义(D EFINITIONS) (1)1.3参考资料(R EFERENCES) (2)2 系统的综合要求 (2)2.1系统功能分析(R ESEARCH S YSTEM F UNCTIONS) (3)2.2.1 系统操作的灵活性(The flexibility of system operation) (3)2.2.2 系统的可扩展性(System scalability) (4)2.2.3 系统的安全性(System security) (4)2.3.1 硬件要求(Hardware Requirement)： (4)2.3.2 软件要求(Software Requirements)： (4)3 系统数据要求分析(DATA REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS) (5)3.1餐饮管理子系统(R ESTAURANTS M ANAGEMENT S UBSYSTEM) (5)3.1.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (5)3.1.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (7)3.1.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (9)3.1.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (10)3.2客房管理子系统(R OOMS M ANAGEMENT S UBSYSTEM) (10)3.2.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (10)3.2.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (13)3.2.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (15)3.2.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (16)3.3人事管理子系统(P ERSONNEL M ANAGEMENT S UBSYSTEM) (17)3.3.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (17)3.3.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (19)3.3.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (19)3.3.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (22)3.4财务管理子系统 (22)3.4.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (22)3.4.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (24)3.4.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (26)3.4.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (27)3.5查询管理子系统(I NQUIRES THE M ANAGEMENT S UBSYSTEM) (27)3.5.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (27)3.5.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (28)3.5.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (32)3.5.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (35)3.6网上预订子系统(I NTERNET B OOKING S UBSYSTEM) (35)3.6.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (35)3.6.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (36)3.6.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (37)3.6.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (37)1 引言(Introductions)随着计算机技术的日益成熟、普及，现代的企业管理的实际运作在很多方面，很大程度上都必须借助于计算机来完成，相应软件的开发也就显得尤为重要。

文献综述前言本人毕业设计的论题为《基于JSP的宾馆管理系统的设计和实现》，该系统是在目前服务业的发展日益明显，宾馆的发展也成为了必然的趋势。

国外的宾馆大多宾馆都进入了电脑时代，而目前我国各类宾馆中还有相当一部分宾馆还停留在人工管理的基础上，尤其是中、小得宾馆的管理更是如此，这样的管理机制已经不能适应时代的发展。

另外宾馆行业的发展，使顾客信息呈爆炸性增长，宾馆对宾馆信息管理的自动化与准确化的要求日益强烈的背景下构思出来的，该软件设计完成后可用于所有宾馆行业的发展和管理。

使用计算机对顾客信息进行管理，有着手工管理所无法比拟的优点，例如：检索迅速、查找方便、易修改、可靠性高、存储量大、数据处理快捷、保密性好、寿命长、成本低等。

这些优点能够极大地提高对宾馆信息管理的效率。

本文根据目前国内外学者对宾馆管理系统的研究成果，借鉴他们的成功经验，对宾馆管理系统进行开发。

本文综述了前人所论述的文献，结合自己的看法，并提出自己的观点。

随着科学技术的不断提高，计算机科学的日渐成熟，使用日趋成熟的计算机技术将代替传统的人工模式，来实现宾馆信息的现代化管理，其强大的功能已为人们所深刻认识，它已进入人类社会的各个领域并发挥着越来越重要的作用。

郭真（2009）在《JSP程序设计教程》中系统地介绍了有关JSP开发所涉及的各类知识，包括JSP概述、JSP开发基础、JSP语法、JSP内置对象、JavaBean技术、Servlet技术、JSP实用组件、JSP数据库应用开发和JSP高级程序设计，并通过JSP 综合开发实例——个人博客，介绍了JSP应用的开发流程和相关技术的综合应用。

李刚（2008）在《疯狂JAVA讲义》中深入介绍了Java编程的相关知识，并且不是单纯从知识角度来讲解Java，而是从解决问题的角度来介绍Java语言，通过大量实用案例开发：五子棋游戏、梭哈游戏、仿QQ的游戏大厅等介绍了Java应用的开发流程和相关技术的综合应用。

酒店管理系统论文近年来，随着旅游业的快速发展，酒店行业成为了一个极具潜力的市场。

酒店管理系统的使用已经成为了现代酒店行业的一个标配，它为酒店提供了更高效、更便捷的管理方式，使得酒店能够更好地满足客户需求，提高运营效率。

本论文将重点探讨酒店管理系统的功能和优势，并分析其对酒店行业的影响。

一、酒店管理系统的功能1. 预订管理：酒店管理系统可以方便快捷地处理客户的预订信息。

通过酒店管理系统，客户可以在线选择并预订房间，同时，系统可以自动进行房间的安排和分配。

这样不仅节省了大量的人力资源，也提高了预订的准确性和效率。

2. 客户信息管理：酒店管理系统能够方便地管理和维护客户的个人信息。

通过系统，客户的基本信息、消费记录、偏好等都可以被集中管理。

这样一方面可以为客户提供个性化的服务，另一方面也方便了酒店的市场调研和客户关系维护。

3. 物料采购和库存管理：酒店管理系统可以对酒店所需的物料进行采购和库存管理。

通过系统的智能分析和自动化操作，可以更好地控制物料的采购量和库存水平，提高库存周转率，降低成本，减少浪费。

4. 财务管理：酒店管理系统能够对酒店的财务状况进行细致的管理和分析。

系统可以自动生成各类财务报表，帮助酒店管理层及时了解营收、成本和利润等核心财务指标。

这样可以为酒店提供科学的决策依据，保证酒店的财务健康发展。

二、酒店管理系统的优势1. 提高工作效率：酒店管理系统的自动化功能使得酒店各项业务流程可以更加高效地进行。

例如，客户预订、入住、退房等流程可以通过系统自动进行，减少了人工操作的时间和错误率，提高了工作效率。

2. 提供优质客户服务：酒店管理系统可以对客户的个人偏好和历史消费记录进行分析，从而提供更加个性化的服务。

例如，根据客户的房间偏好，系统可以自动为其分配合适的房间；系统还可以根据客户的消费记录提供专属优惠，增加客户满意度和忠诚度。

3. 数据分析和决策支持：酒店管理系统能够实时收集和整理酒店运营数据，并通过数据分析为酒店管理层提供决策支持。

外文原文：Foreign Market Entry ModesThe decision of how to entry a foreign market can have a significant impact on the results. Expansion into foreign markets can be achieved via the following four mechanisms.•Exporting•Licensing•Joint Venture•Direct Inve stmentExportingExporting is the marketing and direct sale of domestically-produced goods in another country. Exporting is a traditional and well-established method of reaching foreign Markets. Since exporting does not require that the goods be produced in the target country, no investment in foreign production facilities is required. Most of the costs associated with exporting take the form of marketing expenses.Exporting commonly requires coordination among four players.•Exporter•Importer•Trans port provider•GovernmentLicensingLicensing essentially permits a company in the target country to use the property of the licensor. Such property usually is intangible, such as trademarks, patents, and production techniques. The license pays a fee in exchange for the rights to use the intangible property and possibly for technical assistance.Because little investment on the part of the licensor is required, licensing has the potential to provide a very large ROL. However, because the licensee produces and markets the product, potential returns from manufacturing and marketing activities may be lost.Joint VentureThere are five common objectives in a joint: market entry, risk/reward sharing, technology sharing and product development, and conforming to government regulations. Other benefits include political connections and distribution channel access that may depend on relationships.Such alliances often are favorable when:•the par tners’ strategic goals converge while their competitive goals diverg e;•the partners’ size, market power, and resources are small compared to the industry leaders ；• partners ‘ are able to learn from one another while limiting access to their own proprietary skills.Foreign direct investmentForeign direct investment（FDI）is the direct ownership of facilities in the target country. It involves the transfer of resources including capital, technology, and personnel. Direct foreign investment may be made through the acquisition of an existing entity or the establishment of a new enterprise.Direct ownership provides a high degree of control in the operations and the ability to better know the consumers and competitive environment. However, it requires a high level of resources and ahigh degree of commitment.The case of Euro DisneyDifferent modes of entry may be more appropriate under different circumstances，and the mode of entry is an important factor in the success of the project. Walt Disney Co. faced the challenge of building a theme park in Europe. Disney’s mode of entry in Japan had been licensing. However, the firm chose direct investment in its European theme park, owning 49% with the remaining 51% held publicly.Besides the mode of entry, another important element in Disney’s decision was exactly where in Europe to locate. There are many factors in the site selection decision, and a company carefully must define and evaluate the criteria for choosing a location. The problems with the euro Disney project illustrate that even if a company has been successful in the past, as Disney had been with its California, Florida, and Tokyo theme parks, futures success is not guaranteed, especially when moving into a different country and culture. The appropriate adjustments for national differences always should be made.（From：Strategic Management）中文译文：国外市场进入模式如何进入外国市场有着重大的影响。

Chapter 1 Introduction1.1BackgroundAs computer technology develops, computer management system has gone deep into many different areas. At the same time, hotels are also seeking a new way of computer management, which can suit their business well. So that they can make the management more centralized, response faster, economic efficiency improved and decrease the cost of running and management. However, current hotel management software is usually developed for large hotels, which costs too much and is complicated for medium or small hotels and multi-functional hotels. So it seems quite important to develop a management system that can widely suit medium and small hotels. Developing a hotel management system with the complex of computer and network technology not only can improve the management efficiency, but also increase the economic efficiency, decrease the cost of running and management ,and realize the sharing of resources. “Hotel Management System” is developed precisely for those needs. This system is a all-round hotel management system which can be highly integrated by modules. It has comprehensive functions, stable function performance and elegant interface. It is easy to use, which solves the problem that employees in hotels are usually unfamiliar with computers and also improve the management efficiency of hotels.1.2Purpose and meaningThe purpose of developing is to develop a hotel management system for medium and small hotels which is based on B/S pattern, includes all kinds of business of hotels, each modules can be separated well, practical and interface friendly.Developing B/S management system for medium and small hotels fits the situation of computer application development. According to current computer application development, computer management system is changing from early C/S pattern to B/S pattern, and partly enters the trend direction of small client and big server. Therefore, developing of management system for medium and small hotels suits such situation. And this development wil l make a basis for the future’s development of multi-clients and multi-data-swap.Developing B/S management system for medium and small hotels is realistic needs of those hotels. Early developed C/S system is widely used by medium and small hotels. Clients have realistic desire to decrease maintenance expense, upgrade current operating system and broaden the sharing of information.Developing B/S management system for medium and small hotels will put the advanced management ideas into the system, helping to make the management style of hotels accordance with modern hotel management pattern and enhance client’s competitive strength.Developing B/S management system for medium and small hotels will improve the efficiency of those hotels and reduce human resource cost.1.3Idea of system designA conveniently-used hotel management system should have those characters, like fast enquiry, interface-friendly, stable functions, etc. Hotel management system’s goal is to enhance the hotel’s service quality and service ef ficiency by managing customers’ information, rooms’ information and other resources systematically with the computer, So that it can reduce cost and increaseprofit.1. Practicability: the system’s goal is to satisfy hotels’ needs and its principle is to m ake clients feel more convenient. Users can always see the status of customers’ reservation, check-in and expense and rooms’ status. The system tries to make it more convenient for users from the angle of hotel service, so that it can provide more convenient and excellent services to customers.2. Advancement: The hotel management system is developed with advanced B/S pattern. Its development tool is Visual Studio 2005, technology is 2.0 and database is Microsoft SQL Server 2005.3. Reliability: Bas ed on medium and small hotels’ realistic situation, the system guarantee database’s reliability with timing SQL task, optimize IIS’ cache to ensure web service to be reliable and guarantee users’ operation to be reliable by multiple exception handling.4. Safety: In design, the system’s safety management method is using 2.0’s newly-added modules. It ensures great safety and secrecy, also avoids missing and leak of key data.5. Maintenance: System’s design requires it to be maintained conveniently, including interface’s maintenance, background’s maintenance and software’s maintenance.6. Convenience: The system provides multiple services, such as reservation, checkout, changing room, print bill, etc. Besides, it can also help customers enquire their own all kinds of information. What’s more, it can even make economical plans of trip for customers.7. simplicity: The system has friendly and beautiful interface, operation is simple, enquiry is flexible and convenient, data storage is safe and full, easy to read, easy to understand, and it’s suitable for all users with or without computer experience.第1 章绪论1.1 课题背景随着计算机技术的发展，计算机管理系统已经深入到各个行业，其中宾馆酒店也正在寻求与之业务相适应的计算机管理的途径，进而实现管理的集中性、反应的快速性，使其经济效率得以提高、运行和管理成本降低。

Hotel Management System Integration Services1.IntroductionIt is generally accepted that the role of the web services in businesses is undoubtedly important. More and more commercial software systems extend their capability and power by using web services technology. Today the e-commerce is not merely using internet to transfer business data or supporting people to interact with dynamic web page, but are fundamentally changed by web services. The World Wide Web Consortium's Xtensible Markup Language (XML) and the Xtensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) are standards defined in the interest of multi-purpose publishing and content reuse and are increasingly being deployed in the construction of web services. Since XML is looked as the canonical message format, it could tie together thousands of systems programmed by hundreds of programming languages. Any program can be mapped into web service, while any web service can also be mapped into program. In this paper, we present a next generation commercial system in hotel industry that fully integrates the hotel Front Office system, Property Management System, Customer Relationship Management System, Quality Management system, Back Office system and Central Reservations System distributed in different locations. And we found that this system greatly improves both the hotel customer and hot el officer’s experiences in the hotel business work flow. Because current technologies are quite mature, it seems no difficulty to integrate the existing system and the new coming systems (for example, web-based applications or mobile applications). However, currently in hotel industry there are few truly integrated systems used because there are so many heterogeneous systems already exist and scalability, maintenance, price, security issues then become huge to be overcome. From our study on Group Hotel Integration Reservation System (GHIRS), there are still challenges to integrate Enterprise Information System (EIS), Enterprise Information Portal system (EIP), Customer Relationship Management system (CRM) and Supply Chain Management system (SCM) together because of standardization, security and scalability problems, although GHIRS is one of few integration solutions to add or expand hotel softwaresystem in any size of hotel chains environment.We developed this system to integrate the business flow of hotel management by using web services and software integration technologies. In this paper, firstly we describe a scenario of hotel reservation and discuss the interaction between GHIRS and human. Secondly we analyze details of design and implementation of this system. The result and implications of the studies on the development of GHIRS are shown in the later part. Finally we discuss some problems still need to be improved and possible future directions of development.2. Hotel Reservation: A Business Case StudyOur initial thinking to develop GHIRS is to minimize the human interaction with the system. Since GHIRS is flexible and automated, it offers clear benefits for both hotel customers and hotel staff, especially for group hotel customers and group hotel companies. Group hotel companies usually have lots of hotels, restaurants, resorts, theme parks or casinos in different locations. For example, Shangri-La group has hundreds of hotels in different countries all over the world. These groups have certain customers who prefer to consume in hotels belong to the same group because they are membership of the group and can have individual services.The first step of a scenario of hotel reservation is that the consumer plans and looks for a hotel according the location, price or whatever his criteria and then decides the hotel. Then he makes a reservation by telephone, fax, internet, or mail, or just through his travel agent. When hotel staff receives the request, they first look if they can provide available services. If there is enough resource in the hotel, they prepare the room, catering and transportation for the request and send back acknowledgement. At last the guest arrives and checks in. The business flow is quite simple; however, to accomplish all these tasks is burdensome for both the consumer side and the hotel side without an efficient and integrated hotel management system.Telephone may be a good way to make a reservation because it is beyond the limit of time and space. Guests can call hotels at any time and any place. However, itcosts much when the hotel is far away from the city where guest lives; especially the hotel locates in a different country. Moreover, if there is a group of four or five people to make reservation together, it would take a long time for hotel staff to record all the information they need. Making reservation by travel agent saves consumers’ time and cost, but there is still millions of work for agent to do. They gather the requirements from consumers, then distribute to proper destination hotels. Because these hotels don’t use a same system (these thousands of hotels may use hun dreds of management systems), someone, agent or hotel staff, must face the problem how to handle information from different sources with different hotel management systems to different destinations.Web service becomes the tool to solve these problems. Our web services integrate the web server and hotel management system together, and everyone gets benefit. Booking a room easily anywhere and anytime becomes possible by using GHIRS. Consumer browses websites and finds hotel using his PC, PDA or mobile phone (WAP supported), after his identity is accepted, he can book a reservation. Two minutes later he can get the acknowledgement from the hotel by mobile phone text message or multimedia message, or email sent to his email account or just acknowledgement on the dynamic web page, if he hasn’t leave the website. The response time may take a little longer because when the hotel receives the quest, in some circumstance, hotel staff should check if there is clean and vacant room left. The web service is a standard interface that all travel agents can handle, gather and distribute the reservation information easily through internet. When the reservation request is acknowledged, hotel staff prepares the room, catering, and transportation for guests. Since the information already stored in the database, every part in the hotel chains can share it and work together properly. For example, staff in front office and housekeeping department can prepare room for guests according to the data, staff in back office can stock material for catering purpose and hotel manager can check business report in Enterprise Information Portal integrated with GHIRS by his browser. Then room rent-ratio reports, room status reports, daily income reports and other real time business reports are generated. Managers of the group can access anyreport of any hotel by the system. In the later part of this paper, we will show how consumers, agents, and hotel staff can efficiently work together by GHIRS.GHIRS is scalable for small-to-large hotel chains and management companies, especially good for hotel group. It truly soars with seamless connectivity to global distribution systems thereby offering worldwide reservation access. It also delivers real-time, on line reservations via the Internet.3. Integration of Hotel Management System3.1 Existed SystemGHIRS is developed on the base of an existed hotel management system called FoxhisTM. FoxhisTM shares the largest part of software market in hotel industry in China. FoxhisTM version 5 has distributed Client/Server architecture that the server runs SCO-UNIX and client runs Microsoft Windows and it use Sybase database on UNIX. The system includes Front Office system, Property Management system, Quality Management system, Human Resource Management system, Enterprise Information Portal system (EIP), Customer Relationship Management system (CRM) and Supply Chain Management system (SCM).This system is largely based on intranet environment. Most of the work is done in a single hotel by the hotel staff. It’s no customer self-service. If a consumer wants to book a room, hotel staff in local hotel must help the guest to record his request, although FoxhisTM system already done lots of automatic job.When the systems are deployed in different hotels that are parts of a group, sharing data becomes a problem. Just as an example, if the group has ten hotels, there would be at least ten local databases to store the consumers’ data. Because hotels need real time respond of the system, so these ten hotels can’t deploy a central database that does not locate in the same local network. Thus one guest may have different records in different hotels and the information cannot be shared. By web services as an interface, these data can be exchanged easily.3.2 DesignRecall that our initial thinking to deploy GHIRS is to save hotel staff, travel agents and consumers’ labor work the system is to link all the taches of hotel business chains. Figure1 shows how consumers, agents, hotel staff cooperate together efficiently with the system.Consumers could be divided into two categories. One is member of hotel group, who holds different classes of memberships and gains benefits like discount or special offers. These consumers usually contribute a large part of the hotel’s profit then are looked as VIP. The hotel keeps their profiles, preferences and membership account status. The other category is common guest. All these two kinds of guests and travel agents who may trade with many other hotels face the web-based interface that let them to make a reservation. For common guest, the system just requires him to input reservation information such as guest name, contact information, arrival and departure the system. The central processing server then distributes the information to appropriate hotel. Since web services technology is so good for submitting documents to long running business process flows, hotel staff could easily handle this data in and out of database management system and application server. As the membership of hotel, a user just inputs his member id and password, room information, arrival and departure date, then finish the request. Because hotels keep members’ profile, and systems exchange profile across all hotels of the group by web services, hotel staff in different hotels could know the guest’s individual re quirement and provide better services.The agents work for consumers get benefits from GHIRS as well. They may also keep the consumers’ profile and the web services interface is open to them, it is easy to bridge their system to hotel management system. Before GHIRS is deployed, the agents should separate and process the reservation data and distribute them to different hotels, which is an onerous job. But now the agents could just press one button and all the hotel reservation is sent to destination.Hotel staff receives all request from different sources. Some policies are appliedto response the request. For example, some very important guest’s request is passed automatically without confirmation, the guest could get acknowledgement in very short time. The request triggers all chains of the hotel business flow and all the preparation work is done before his arrival. But for the common customer, hotel staff would check on the anticipate date if there is vacant and clean rooms available. Because all the FoxhisTM components are integrated together, staff users needn’t change computer interface to check he room status. If it is a valid request with enough guests’ information and there is enough room left, a confirmation is sent back. If there is not enough vacant room, hotel staff will ask if guest would like to wait a time or transfer to other hotels in the hotel group or alliance hotels. In order to transfer guest’s request, data flows from local database to the central server through local web server, then it is passed to another hotels database by web services interface.3.3 ImplementationToday there are lots of platforms that could provide capabilities to integrate different system and offer other features such as security and work load balancing. The two main commercial products are Java2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) and . They offer pretty much the same laundry of list of features, albeit in different ways. We choose .NET platform as our programming environment, however, here we don’t advo cate which platform is better or not. Our target is to integrate these decentralized and distributed systems together. In fact, both of these platforms support XML and SOAP to accomplish our task.We use Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) as web server and Sybase database server. The firewalls separate the local networks from the public networks. This is very important from the security point of view. Each hotel of the group has a database server, an application server and a web server to deploy this multi-tier system that includes the user interface presentation tier, business presentation tier, business logical tier, and the data access tier. C# is adopted as the programming language for the core executable part. XML is the data exchange standard format.酒店管理系统集成服务1.简介人们普遍认为，网络服务角色在企业中无疑是重要的。

Syllabus for undergraduate of OUCCourse name： Hotel Management Information SystemsCourse time: 48 class hoursCourse teacher: Li-ping Wuchun-ming1 .Course OverviewHotel management information system is cross-course belonging to the hotel management and information management, it has a strong application・As tourism management students, must have a systematic knowledge of information management, master the methods of information management, skilling of full computer information management knowledge・ To master IT technologies from a management perspective, Managing tourism enteiprises from the point of view of information management. The purpose of this course is to enable students to learn about knowledge of hotel management information system, applying hotels management methods to guide the students to master the skills of the management information system of hotel: including the reception system, accounting auditing system, integrated cashier system, such as housekeeping・ Allow students to quickly adapt to the requirements of the modern hotel management.2.Student Learning Outcomes(l)Knowledge objectives一1 一Students learn about the knowledge of hotel management information system, apply Hotelshotel management methods to guide the students to master skills in information systems management: including the reception system, accounting auditing system, system, integrated cashier system, such as housekeeping. Allow students to quickly adapt to the requirements of the modern hotel management.(2)Ability to targetThrough this course students master computer skills in the management of the hotel: booking capacity, accounting auditing capabilities, housekeeping system query capabilities, comprehensive collection of silver, and so on.(3)Quality goalsTo equip students with a strong sense of service and a high work ethic, good service quality and physical and mental qualities.3.Course ExpectationsThe students enable to master the knowledge of hotel management information system, information management technology has a clear framework for comprehensive concepts, from the point of view of information systems to examine, consider and address the problems of hotel management, understanding knowledge of information systems and information management application in hotel management. On the premise of familiar objects, mastering the basic information management technology theory and application concepts, principles and methods of operation, understanding and knowledge of hotel management information system integrated system.4.AssignmentsHotel management course for a total of 34 hours, theoretical teaching 10 hours, 24hours of practice teaching. Different according to the students ' level of knowledge of computers and software development, according to from easy to difficult, step by step method to design a theory of five modules and five development practice teaching system of training modules.5.Books To PurchaseThe course in hotel management information system-Opera system (Second Edition) Author: Chen Publisher: China Tourism press Release date: 2016-02-016.Grading Policy(A)excellent(1)the training syllabus, training all the requirements provided for in the plan;(2)Practical teaching process very seriously;(3)Training report to the training content is comprehensive and systematic summary text neatly, can use the theory to analyse the problems;(B)good(l)Meet the training syllabus, training all the requirements provided for in the plan;(2)Practical teaching process seriously;(3)Training report training content can be more comprehensive and systematic summary text neatly, can basically use the theory to analyse the problems;(C)medium(1)Meet the training syllabus, training all the requirements provided for in theplan;(2)Practical teaching process more seriously;(3)Practical teaching content correctly;(Iv) pass(1)Basically the training syllabus and training requirements set out in the plan;(2)Participating in training activities;(3)Practical teaching content right;(E) failing(1)Does not meet the training syllabus, training teaching basic requirements set forth in the plan;(2)Training reports of sloppy and obvious mistakes;(3)Practical teaching process is not serious, attitude is not correct, practical training report copy by others.7.Course Calendar。

2、类别是指毕业论文或毕业设计，类型指应用型、理论研究型和其他。

摘要随着计算机的普及和计算机科学技术的飞速发展，人们开始越来越多地利用计算机解决实际问题，易于操作的酒店管理系统进行自动化处理变得十分重要，这正是本系统开发的目的和意义。

本文介绍了酒店管理系统的设计开发过程，以Java平台作为开发环境，后台采用SQL Server2000数据库，并在酒店收费系统的设计过程中结合运用了SSH技术，实现一套适合中小型酒店的酒店管理系统，实现了系统易安装性、易维护性和易操作性，并且系统运行稳定、安全。

关键词酒店管理；Java语言；SQL Server2000数据库；SSH框架AbstractWith the popularization of computer and the rapid development of computer science technology, more and more people began to use computers to solve practical problems, easy operation of the hotel management system for automated processing has become very important, this is the purpose of the system development and significance.This paper introduced the hotel management system development process, with Java platform as the development environment, the background of the use of SQL Server2000 database, and in the hotel's charging system design process using a combination of SSH technology, to achieve a set of small hotel management system, realize the easy to install, easy to maintain and easy to operate, and the system is stable, safe.Keywords : Hotel management; Java language; SQL Server2000database; SSH frame目录第一章绪论 (1)1.1 课题背景 (1)1.2 研究目的 (1)1.3 研究意义 (1)1.4 研究现状 (2)1.5 研究内容 (2)第二章相关知识简介 (3)2.1 JA V A简介 (3)2.2 JA V A概况 (3)2.2.1 JA V A的特点 (3)2.2.2 JA V A的优势 (4)2.2.3 JA V A的应用范围 (4)2.3 SQL Server2000简介 (4)2.3.1 SQL Server2000应用概述 (4)2.3.2 SQL Server2000的优势 (4)2.4 SSH框架概述 (5)2.4.1 SSH的机制 (5)2.4.2 SSH的特点 (5)2.4.3 SSH的工作流程 (6)本章小结 (6)第三章需求分析 (7)3.1 系统需求分析 (7)3.2 可行性分析 (8)3.3 开发模型 (9)本章小结 (10)第四章概要设计 (11)4.1 项目规划 (11)4.1.1 系统模块 (11)4.2.2系统构架 (13)4.2 项目设计 (14)4.3 设计目标 (14)4.4 开发及运行环境 (14)4.5 数据库设计 (15)第五章详细设计 (17)5.1 系统总体分析 (17)5.1.1 系统工作流程分析 (17)5.1.2 系统总体架构 (18)5.1.3 系统活动流程 (18)5.1.4系统实体关系 (19)5.2 系统模块划分 (20)5.2.1用户模块 (20)5.2.2 员工模块 (21)5.2.3 管理员模块 (21)5.3 数据库设计 (21)5.4 界面设计 (24)本章小结 (25)第六章系统实现 (26)6.1 系统结构实现 (26)6.2 连接数据库 (26)6.3 登陆界面实现 (27)6.3.1 账号登陆 (27)6.4 后台系统主框架实现 (27)6.5 权限设置 (28)6.5.1 员工模块 (29)6.5.2 管理员模块 (31)6.6 前台用户模块实现 (33)6.6.1 酒店信息浏览 (34)6.6.2 客户留言 (36)本章小结 (37)第七章系统测试 (38)7.1 测试背景及方法 (38)7.2 测试过程 (39)7.2.1 测试登录功能 (39)7.2.2 员工管理模块测试 (40)7.2.3 管理员管理模块测试 (40)本章小结 (41)参考文献 (43)致谢 (44)第一章绪论1.1 课题背景如今酒店管理系统已经成为一个酒店不可缺少的部分,它的功能对于企业的用户和管理者来说都是至关重要的，因此，酒店管理系统应该能够为用户提供方便的服务，充足的信息和快捷的查询手段，以往人们一直使用传统的人工方式管理，这种管理方式存在着许多缺点，诸如效率低，保密性差等，而且时间一长，将产生大量的文件和数据，这对于查找、更新和维护都带来了不少的困难。

（本科毕业外文文献翻译学生姓名：X X X学院：信息工程学院系别：计算机系专业：软件工程班级：软件06指导教师：X X X讲师二○一○年六月To connect SQL Server databaseFirst we introduce the basic knowledge of the database, be regarded as the warm-up exercise that study database weave distance front!1.warm-up exerciseNeeding first avowal is relation database that database knowledge that we here introduce all point. The so-called relation database is to mean data as that the form gather, passing to establish simple form an a kind of database for of relation to defining construction.I ignore the watch at how saving way in physics in the document in database is, it can see to make an a line for with row, with electronics form is similar with the row. In relation database, the line were called the record, but the row then is called word segment.This form inside each an all in formations for is a record, it including particular customer, but each record then included the same type with the word segment of the quantity: Customer's number, name etc.Form is logic set that a kind of related information that press a line of arranging with row, similar in single form in work.Each row of the word a database form inside calls a word segment. Watch is from every kind of word a definition of its containment of, each word a data for describing its implying. While creating to set up a database, the beard assign for each word segment a the piece belongs to the sex with the other according to the type, biggest length. The word segment can include every kind of word sign, arithmetic figure even sketch.An information of relevant customer deposits in the line of the form, is called record. By any large, arbitrarily two records for database form to create set up can't be same.Key be a certain word segment( or several words segment) of the form inside, it() for fast inspect but drive index. The key can be unique, and also can then the right and wrong is unique, being decided by it() whether admission repetition. Unique key can specify for main key, using each one that come to unique marking form.The norm turns the database design of mission be method that the data of buildup, but the data of buildup, should can dissolve otiose repetition, and for have the necessary information offering to check to seek the path quickly. For attaining this kind of target but separate information to the process gone to in every kind of independent form, be called the norm turn.It is complicated process to use many appointed rules to proceed the norm with the type of the different Class that norm turn. That process studies and discuss already beyond the reach of textual scope. But, the norm of the simple database in majority turn and can use the simple experience in underneath rule completes: include the form of the information of repetition must be divided into independent a few forms dissolve repetition.If we have chosen to learn 12 curricular 1000 students, the each curricular elucidation will show with the teacher 100 many- to choose that curricular and eachstudent repeat once. To avoid this kind of low efficiency, should to turn the dichotomous and independent form in form to the norm,an is used to mean the student, the another uses mean the course.Now the form was turned by the norm, so, to changes the particular and curricular course describe or" data", as long as change a record all right.Is a basic knowledge concerning database above, this is what study database plait distance must. Although the database technique is used as a course, its depth is not this space and can describe with the wide degree of, be used as the primer with simple database plait the distance should be all right already.Like, underneath we can start practicing. We usually meet the database system is to registers the system, ignoring you are in the unit, or attend what buildup, the register is to cans not help of, and it of the construction is more simple, we take a register system as an example. The analysis is once a data for involving.2. understanding the elementsFor the register, want the on the trail of information include:name 、sex、native place、age、date of birth、unit、address、postal service codes、telephone、FAX. Certainly, can create to set up a form in brief, make above each piece according to item to should a word segment.Need to point the form the main key in parties now, in order to unique marking each a record, increase register number conduct and actions unique key respectively in register form, guarantee a two records like this all different.To the database after making an above analysis, we can start establishing the database.3.set up the firm in campHere we study to establish the database how, needing to make sure the type that to establish the database first. Pass in Visual Basic the data interview control piece or data interview object ( DAO) can visit the following database:1)The database of JET, namely Microsoft Access2)The database of ISAM, such as: DBase, etc. of FoxPro3)The database of ODBC, every follow the standard of ODBC customer/ server database. Such as: Microsoft SQL Server, OracleBy any large, if develop the personal small scaled database system, use Access database comparison accommodation, to develop the big and medium-sized database system uses the database of ODBC fester. But dBase with the database of FoxPro because of already dated, unless special circumstance, do not use otherwise. In our example, chose to use the database of Access certainly. Establish the database of Access contain two kinds of methods: While establishing the database in Microsoft Access. Click" new set up" button can establish the new form. Here we main introduction the second method: The usage can see to turn the data management machine, do not need to weave the distance and then can create to set up the database. Can see to turn the data management machine is the applied procedure of a great use, it is a VB business enterprise version is supplementary with the profession version, in the catalogue\..\ Devastation\ vb\ samples\ the Visdata is next, its interface is as follows the diagram.Click the menu" document" item is next" new set up" son item" Microsoft ACCESS" son item of" edition 7.0 MDB" item. Input the new setting upthe name of the database in flick window way open" register", appear the underneath show the window way:Want the born and new form, the single shot in right key database window way flicks the menu open, then the choice" new form" ordinaries, establishing in" watch construction" dialog box appeared later on a word for wanting segment. The every time faces to join in the form new word segment, single shot" increment word segment" button, will appear of" increment word segment" dialog box."Increment word a type for" options in the dialog box, according to word segment. In our the register database that establish, the type of the each word segment.Want to notice of is, because the word segment registers the number be used unique marking record of, therefore, it can't be inputted by customer. So while defining the word's segment need to be defined for Long data type, the " automatic born word segment" item is valid, and picks out this item. Be the customer like this to input to record with other the different value every input a new record, system would on the word's segment automatically.In ACCESS database, the key word realizes with the index of, conduct and actions plait distance personnel at gather to weave the distance to the record of the form type, needs to adjust to use index. While searching, the technique of Rushmore uses the index information the excellent turning the search automatically. After completing the form definition, click" increment index" button, flick such aspen figure 5 show the window way.In window way the right side contain three optioned, its meaning, such as table,12.Increase the index dialog box options.After completing such as figure 6.Certainly, the academic association database establishes too not a dynasty the business of the one night, the reader no harm much practices once.Visit databases design and the development of the application procedures of MS Visual Basics of the databases of the SQL Server. When design a system, the customer still needs to comprehend to use to come to visit the plait distance of ask the data of SQL Server to connect. The origin was detailed to elaborate that the usage open type database conjunction (the Open Database Connectivity, ODBC) adjusts to connect the objects to connect with the class, still having the data interviews object (the Data Access Objects, the DAO) and the long-range data objects.Design and weave to write large and complicated and applied procedure's database design for the software developer is a challenge, need to choose to weave the distance language and tools, do an accommodation for the SQL Server, choose the calculate way and the data structures, still need to design the sketch customer interface and the application procedures to connect. The decision within the most important software design is applied fixed position of the procedure. In other words, design must specify the system of which parts are data, business rule, and the data entrance procedure and used for circulating the code of other part. The MS Visual Basic supports the plait distance that some databases manage the systems connect, especially SQL Server. Adjust to connect to include the ODBC and DB-Libraries to connect the, object to connect to include the data interview object (DAO), long range data object (the RDO), the OLE DB and the ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) with the class, the SQL that returns the capable SQL Server to manage the mission distributes to manage the object (the SQL Distributed management Objects, SQL-DMO) toconnect. Connect the oculars right choice can improve the whole function of system and the development speed biggest. Design the large data warehouse system needs to choose the applied model properly. Traditional customer/ service's model depends on to join in the center layer but get the improvement to become three layer models. These three layers divide the line system as three parts: each layer is responsible for providing the service:(1) Data service( the Data Service) contain the maintenance data and the operation date such as the increment, modification, deletion and backups. These services maintenance data relation and contact, support backup and instauration operation. Usually the data service is managed the system usage by the database.(2) business service( the Business Service) is handled the logic by the business rule and data to constitute, such as the data legitimacy rule, the business processing support and the record backup logics. The main purpose of these services provides the data maintenance toward the application procedure Logic.(3) expression service( the Presentation Service)( or the customer service) support customer interface, control the customer data to input to express with data.(Output) Notice in customer/ service's technical term, sometimes express the service definition as customer's machine (or head), the data service definition for server (or after carry), but the business service is in the center the layer (the middle layer). But important comprehend any two layers .The data service business service expresses the logic support GUI that the service maintenance database business rule and the processing data need, data importation and manifestation the correspondences can think to carry on between customer's machine and servers. For example, in the center the layer can think is a head.Server The physics realization of the system can carry on through many different paths. The underneath wills discuss three layer logic models three kinds of to carry out the method:1.Fat customer machine realizationMany layer (the multi tier) realizations of fat customer the machine realization three layer models of a kind of carry out the options is in the customer's on board movement business and expression services. This probably writes the most common path in the Visual Basic application procedure for the SQL Server. This kind of carries out the physics up only two layers:The server provides the data service only, this kind of method contain 2:00 shortage. First, was the applied procedure to compute the on board increment at the customer, customer's calculators need to be stronger, this will increase the system expense, because the system usually takes several customer's machines. When the system takes to have the number with thousand million of customer's machine, this kind of method will become too expensive. Another 1:00 shortage is a possible increment maintenance expenses. Move to the change of legitimacy logic and the business rule of the system and will cause upgrade customer's machine procedure each time. If the system contain customer's machine of the equal quantity, this is a problem. The biggest advantage of the machine realization in fat customer is to reduce the network discharge, if the legitimacy and the business rules need not be decide bythe database. Under this kind of circumstance, only pass the data of the legitimacy logic and can spread toward server. Be the example of the importation data legitimacy, suppose the reader to have a small form (for example national form of name) to put in customer's machine. If the data entrance mold piece checks the native watch but is not a more national name in main database, then will reduce the network discharge obviously. Another an important use is in the development process of the system. If the head developer was limited to the interview carry behind, for example, can't pass the data in the database to verify to input the legitimacy, so, this kind of method can make it right processing data.2. Thin customer machine realizationIn thin customer the machine realization, business the service locates the server, the business logic usually expresses for saving process.The Server, the saving process usages T-The SQL plait write. This kind of realization is like fat customer's machine to carry out the similar physics up only two layers.The advantage of this kind of method is to reduce the system expense, because thin customer's machine needs the less system resources, this have very important many systems of customer's machines to take. And, support the expenses to also compare the fat customer the machine system is a little less, because the code carries the concentrated control in the server.If the business rule is depend on in the data of the database, thin customer the machine realization reduces the network discharge. The main shortage of this kind of method is a saving process to lack the vivid. The Visual Basic provide stronger than the T-SQL the plait distance ability that have to have another. Notice three the thin customer of the layer model the machine physics realization sometimes is called the fat server (the fat Server) model to confuse with thin customer's machine/ server calculation model by avoid, the latter points a kind of thin customer the machine hardware equipments and techniques are for example the Citric.3. Many layer realizationMost in brief many layer realizations are three layer realizations, many possible three a kinds of the layer model physics realizations. In this kind of realization, Link the SQL Server usage data service business to serve the " thin" customer of the machine expression service data service business service of fat customer from the Visual Basic the machine expression service data business the service be an alone the progress circulate. That progress can install for serve in the data same set server of the place or at another one server of the dissimilarity. The key characteristics of this kind of realization is the data service, business to serve the different from expression serve to can do for separation of progress movement in calculator. Three layer realizations.连接SQL Server数据库我们先介绍一下数据库的基本知识，算是学习数据库编程前的热身运动吧！1. 热身运动首先需要声明是，我们这里介绍的数据库知识都是指的关系数据库。

电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce: A Review of the Literature and Perspectives for Future ResearchE-commerce, or electronic commerce, has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the globalized digital age. The交易研究领域的一个重要组成部分。

在这个日益数字化的时代，电子商务已经成为全球商业和经济活动的一个重要组成部分。

本文旨在回顾和分析电子商务领域的研究现状，探讨未来可能的研究方向和挑战。

The literature on e-commerce has been extensive, covering a range of topics from online retailing to global supply chain management. The Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations (JECO) and Journal of Electronic Commerce Research (JECR) are two of the leading journals in the field, publishing high-quality research on various aspects ofe-commerce. Additionally, several books and conference proceedings provide valuable insights into the development and evolution of e-commerce.E-commerce research has examined the impact of technology on business processes, explored innovative business models, andanalyzed the role of e-commerce in global trade and development. The literature has addressed a range of important issues, including security and privacy, electronic payment systems, and the impact of social media on e-commerce.Despite the significant progress made in e-commerce research, several areas for future exploration remn. These include the development of new e-commerce technologies, such as blockchn and artificial intelligence, and their potential impact on global trade and supply chns. Additionally, research on the role of e-commerce in sustnable development, particularly in terms of environmental sustnability and social inclusivity, represents an important area for future investigation.In conclusion, e-commerce has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the digital age. The literature on e-commerce has provided valuable insights into its development and evolution, but there remn several areas for future exploration. Future research should address these unexplored areas and contribute to the development ofe-commerce as a transformative force in global trade and development.商学院电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce in Business Schools: A Critical Analysis of Curriculum, Teaching Methods, and Future TrendsThe rise of e-commerce in recent years has revolutionized business education, with business schools across the globe scrambling to keep up with the latest trends and prepare students for the digital economy. This article delves into the world of e-commerce education in business schools, exploring curriculum, teaching methods, and predicting future trends. E-commerce has become an integral part of modern business, and business schools are responding to this trend by incorporating e-commerce courses into their curriculum. The primary objective of these courses is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the e-commerce industry, including the latest trends, tools, and techniques. In addition to fundamental topics such as online marketing and web design, today's e-commerce courses also cover more specialized topics such as cloud computing, big data analysis, and social media marketing.Business schools are adopting a variety of teaching methods to impart knowledge on e-commerce, ranging from traditional classroom lectures to more innovative hands-onbs and simulations. These experiential learning opportunities allow students to gain practical experience in real-world settings, providing them with a deeper understanding of the dynamics and challenges of the e-commerce industry.With the continuous evolution of the internet and e-commerce landscape, it is essential to track and predict future trends in this field. Business schools are playing a crucial role in this regard by staying abreast of industry developments and incorporating relevant content into their courses. The trend towards more personalized and interactive learning experiences is likely to continue, with business schools tloring their teaching methods to suit the needs of individual students. Additionally, the integration of technology into every aspect of business will continue to drive changes in e-commerce education, with an increasing focus on areas such as cybersecurity and artificial intelligence.In conclusion, business schools have responded to the rise of e-commerce with a comprehensive approach that includes updating curriculum, adopting innovative teaching methods, and predicting future trends. However, there are still challengesahead, such as keeping up with the rapidly changing landscape and providing all students with equal opportunities to access e-commerce education. By continuing to adapt and innovate, business schools can help shape a brighter future fore-commerce and prepare students to thrive in the digital economy.电子商务外文翻译文献电子商务的发展及其影响：外文翻译文献随着全球互联网的迅速普及，电子商务在全球范围内得到了前所未有的发展。

1 Introductionforeign direct investment (FDI) outflows and the remarkable rise of multinational enterprises (MNEs) from emerging economies. FDI outflows from emerging economies reached a record level of $553 billion in 2014, accounting for 39% of global FDI outflows compared with only 12% at the beginning of the 2000s . Emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs), as vehicles of FDI outflows from emerging economies, are expanding overseas at an increasingly large scale and at an ever-accelerating speed. In 2014 there were 123 MNEs from the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) on the Fortune Global 500 list, as compared with about 20 companies from these countries a decade ago.The evolution of EMNEs has gained attention of scholars in international business (IB) and strategic management, prompting them to rethink and develop models and theories relating to the internationalization of firms. Although there was some interest in emerging market multinationals since the early 1980s , attention to this topic became an import research in international business in the 2000s, because emerging-market firms are quickly catching up and internationalizing in recent years. Scholars are starting to take stock of what is actually known about EMNEs and what is speculation .Particularly, the rise of emerging economies such as China and India has generated a number of EMNEs, providing an opportunity for scholars to review the theories of MNEs’ internationalization in contemporary context. For example, Paul and Mas examined the common factors that had contributed to the emergence of Chinese and Indian multinationals in the global market including their focus on exports, manufacturing growth, science and technology, etc. One of the evolving research entails adopting both strategic view and international business studies, a pilot study of which derived from case studies of Indian companies proposes the generic strategies for EMNEs as they embark on an international expansion.In this research, the major question is raised as what are the generic strategies of the internationalization of Chinese firms? What are the strategic directions including the targeted countries, value chain movement, branding, and mode of entry that Chinese firms are executing in their overseas expansion? How do the choices and combination of strategic directions ultimately lead to the distinct path of Chinese internationalization? What are the firm-specific factors that have influence on the generic strategies of Chinese internationalization?We consider these questions through examination of the strategies of Chinese EMNEs as they propel increasing FDI outflows world widely. We argue that the models explaining the generic strategies of Indian multinationals can be extended and modified to the study of Chinese multinationals. We begin by selecting and describing cases of Chinese EMNEs in typical manufacturing industries. We then examine the strategic directions for each of these Chinese EMNEs in its internationalization, which include a multinational’s targeted countries, value chain activities in host country, choice of original equipment manufacturer (OEM) versus own branded manufacturer (OBM), and themode of entry. On the basis of this analysis, we identify and discuss the generic internationalization strategy that can be illustrated from Chinese EMNEs. Further discussions on several firm-specific factors e.g. the industry a multinational is concerned of, the experience of its overseas operations, R&D intensity as indicator of firm-specific advantage are used to develop practical and theoretical insights from the internationalization of Chinese EMNEs. We conclude the paper by offering a few directions for future studies of the internationalization strategies of emerging-market multinationals. We believe this study will be helpful for deepening our understanding of the internationalization of EMNEs by bringing the analysis of multinational’s generic strategy into the focus.2.Literature ReviewInternational business studies are emerged from investigations of developed economies in North America and Europe. Consequently, mainstream IB theories on internationalization have been developed based on studies of developed-country multinational enterprises (DMNEs). Such theories, for example, monopolistic advantage theory , product life cycle theory , the eclectic or ownership-internalization-location (OLI) paradigm, and the internationalization process model , have provided a strong foundation for explaining the presence of MNEs. Some scholars thus argue that the emergence of EMNCs can also be explained with these theories. For example, Dunning et al. relies on OLI framework to explain the existence of EMNEs, which have become multinationals despite their limited firm-specific advantages. Rugman argues that EMNEs do not have firm-specific advantages, and their internationalization depends on the country-specific advantages in low-cost labor, finance, economies of scale, and natural resources.On the other side, a widely accepted taxonomy of strategies such as multi-domestic, transnational, and global strategies of DMNEs exists , few schemes have described the strategies of EMNEs in building up their global presence . Researchers suggest that the multinationals fromemerging markets have pursued distinctive approaches to internationalization and they enjoy different specific advantages than multinationals from developed countries. At this point, the resource-based view of firms originated from strategic management has enriched IB studies in explaining the behavior of EMNEs , since the traditional strategic management approach has not yet yielded substantive knowledge within research on internationalization as a strategic process adopted by MNEs . Mathews introduces the linkage, leverage, learning (LLL) framework, which is consistent with the extended resource-based perspective, to provide the explanations of the rapid appearance of EMNCs. Luo and Tung describe that EMNEs use international expansion as a springboard to obtain new resources and capabilities via the alliances or acquisition of firms to upgrade capabilities at home and catch up to DMNCs.The rise of new multinationals from emerging markets provides researchers an opportunity with extension and modification of the models and theories of internationalization [34]. Buckley et al. [35] find strong support for the argument that aspects of the special theory e.g. the institutional factors influencing outward direct investment help to explain the behavior of Chinese MNEs, since Chinese internationalization has both a conventional and an idiosyncratic dimension. Yiu et al. studies the international venture of Chinese companies and highlights the importance of incorporating the institutional component of a multinational including networking with domestic institutions and entrepreneurial organizational transformation into existing theories of the MNEs. Goldstein argues that as emerging market multinationals are embedded in their political, social, and ethnic networks, their internationalization of business offers valuable lessons for practical and theoretical implications. Guillen and Garcia-Canal note the decline of American model of the MNEs and to what extent we need a new theory to explain the growth of EMNEs, with analysis of the distinctive internationalization of EMNEs with regard to the competitive advantages, political capabilities, expansion paths, preference of entry mode, and organizational adaptability. The study of EMNEs can thus bring context more explicitly and comprehensively into theory and deepen our understanding of how firms internationalize.Ramamurti indicates that multinationals from emerging markets follow particular paths of international expansion, which modifies some of the predictions of existing theories of MNEs. EMNEs internationalize differently since the global environment facilitates speed-up internationalization, the industry characteristics lead to different patterns, the companies exploit differences rather than similarities in foreign expansion, and they have ownership advantages that are different from DMNEs. Consequen tly, he suggests the generic strategies for EMNEs’internationalization, each of these generic strategies, for example the vertical integrator, local optimizer, low-cost partner, global consolidator, and global first-mover have resulted in distinct internationalization paths of EMNEs . Each generic strategy leverages different country-specific advantages and firm-specific advantages and results in distinct internationalization path of emerging market multinationals. Ramamurti proposes a framework of generic internationalization strategy as a common platform for the analysis of EMNEs’ internationalization and explains how the research of EMNCs can help better understand the MNEs’ internationalization process, the contextual factors, and firm-specific and location-specific ownership advantages.However, the framework is developed from the case study of Indian multinationals, which requires more rigorous empirical studies aimed at gathering and analyzing large sample data at the firm level . Generic strategies are notunique to the internationalization of Indian EMNEs, they are also relevant to other EMNEs, with distinct aspects of each emerging economy resulting in some generic strategies being more viable than others . Williamson and Zeng , who analyzed four of the biggest Chinese multinationals, namely Hisense, Wanxiang, CIMC, and Huawei, and argued that several strategies of Indian multinationals could also be observed from the internationalization of Chinese firms. Further research on a number of Chinese firms is needed for developing alternative configurations of generic strategies that contribute more explanatory power regarding the internationalization of EMNEs.The core of the analysis of generic strategies of EMNEs’ internationalization is a company’s str ategic direction in its international expansion. In the incremental internationalization model, Johanson and Vahlne explain the selection among countries and regions in which to enter, which is also analyzed in Ramamurti’s framework of EMNEs. The incremen tal internationalization model also explains a firm’s selection of its operation in the host country e.g. production base, sales subsidiaries, procurement center, which in the generic strategy is described as the movement and relocation of value chain activities. Besides, in the linkage-leverage-learning model, Bonaglia et al. discuss the implications for OEM firms originated from emerging countries that aim to upgrade to OBM status to compete on the basis of global brand rather than just on their manufacturing capabilities. The choice of OEM versus OBM direction is probably one of the most challenges for Chinese companies while they are seeking foreign markets for international growth. Finally, the rapid expansion of Chinese companies in the 2000s through merges and acquisitions of brands and production operationsother than greenfield investment has been widely discussed in several research. All of these directions e.g. targeted country, value chain movement, OEM or OBM products, and the mode of entry are analyzed in this research in consideration about the generic internationalization strategies of Chinese EMNEs.3.Research MethodologyIn this research, we analyze the strategies of Chinese EMNEs’ internationalization through multiple case study method. Firstly, we defined the multinational enterprises (MNEs) operationally and screened out a number of multinational enterprises from typical Chinese manufacturing industries. We subsequently examine the strategic directions toward internationalization for each of these cases to find any results and make further discussions about the strategies of Chinese internationalization. Since the scope of this study is focused on the more surprising and interesting Chinese manufacturing firms, companies in service and resource sector are excluded. A number of typical Chinese manufacturers are included as telecommunication equipment manufacturers, computers and peripherals manufacturers, semiconductor manufacturers, home appliances manufacturers, consumer electronics manufacturers, automobiles and motorcycles manufacturers, and auto parts manufacturers. The Global Industry Classification Standard and Hang Seng Industry Classification System are followed here. The above industries can be categorized into high-tech industries, medium-tech industries, and medium-low-tech industries according to the OECD classification .4.Insights from Case Study: Strategic DirectionsTable 1 illustrates each of the strategic directions of Chinese EMNEs’ internationalization. The target countries are the locations of FDI activities conducted by an EMNE, which is classified into south–south or south–north paradigm in this study. South–south FDIs originate in emerging economies and flow into other emerging economies. By contrast, the destinations of south–north FDIs are developed countries. “North” is broadly defined as developed countries, including North America, Europe (excluding Eastern Europe), Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. “South” comprises emerging economies in South America, Eastern Eur ope, and Asia, and includes developing and transition economies, as defined by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNTCAD). At the firm level, south–south FDI occurs when an EMNE establishes its overseas subsidiaries in emerging economies, while south–north FDI occurs when an EMNE’s overseas subsidiaries are located in developed countries. Our analysis of each of the 50 Chinese manufacturing EMNEs showed that 5 firms are only engaged in south–south FDI, 25firms in south–north FDI, and 20 firms in both south–south and south–north FDI. There were more overseas subsidiaries of Chinese EMNEs located in developed countries than in emerging economies, which reflected that south-north FDI is the major path of Chinese internationalization. Among the developed countries, the United States and Western European countries such as Germany, France, and Netherlands were the primary FDI destinations of Chinese manufacturing EMNEs.5.Insights from Case Study: Generic Internationalization StrategiesBas ed on the above analysis of Chinese multinational’s strategic directions toward internationalization, we examined and identified the generic strategy for each of the companies (as summarized in Table 1). As in the following section, each of the generic strategy illustrated from Chinese cases targets south-south or south-north expansion, moves up or down the value chain activities, provide OEM or OBM products in international markets, enter foreign countries through greenfield investment or M&A. A multinatio nal’s preference in combination with these strategic directions thus results in distinct strategies for Chinese EMNEs including local optimizer, low-cost supplier, advanced-market seeker, and global consolidator. To be noted in the case study, few firms may pursue one strategy in pure form or do so to the exclusion of other strategies, however it is conceptually useful to specify each of the strategies and its properties. We illustrate each generic strategy with cases that have come closest to pursuing that strategy. Particularly, the identification of which generic strategy a firm had pursued was based on the analysis of its major business segment. In case of Chinese automobile and motorcycle manufacturers, it was found that a firm pursued an internationalization strategy in its small business segment is different from the strategy while internationalizing its major business.1介绍新兴经济体的外国直接投资(FDI)外流和跨国企业(MNEs)的显著增长。

酒店管理系统需求分析说明书The Requirements Analysis of Hotel Management System二零一零年十月二十九日目录1 引言(INTRODUCTIONS) (1)1.1编写目的(P URPOSES) (1)1.2定义(D EFINITIONS) (1)1.3参考资料(R EFERENCES) (2)2 系统的综合要求 (2)2.1系统功能分析(R ESEARCH S YSTEM F UNCTIONS) (2)2.2.1 系统操作的灵活性(The flexibility of system operation) (3)2.2.2 系统的可扩展性(System scalability) (3)2.2.3 系统的安全性(System security) (3)2.3.1 硬件要求(Hardware Requirement)： (4)2.3.2 软件要求(Software Requirements)： (4)3 系统数据要求分析(DATA REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS) (4)3.1餐饮管理子系统(R ESTAURANTS M ANAGEMENT S UBSYSTEM) (4)3.1.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (4)3.1.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (7)3.1.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (8)3.1.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (9)3.2客房管理子系统(R OOMS M ANAGEMENT S UBSYSTEM) (9)3.2.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (10)3.2.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (12)3.2.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (15)3.2.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (15)3.3人事管理子系统(P ERSONNEL M ANAGEMENT S UBSYSTEM) (17)3.3.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (17)3.3.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (18)3.3.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (19)3.3.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (21)3.4财务管理子系统 (21)3.4.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (21)3.4.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (23)3.4.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (25)3.4.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (26)3.5查询管理子系统(I NQUIRES THE M ANAGEMENT S UBSYSTEM) (27)3.5.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (27)3.5.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (28)3.5.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (31)3.5.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (34)3.6网上预订子系统(I NTERNET B OOKING S UBSYSTEM) (34)3.6.1 功能需求(The Requirement of Function) (34)3.6.2 数据字典(The data dictionary) (35)3.6.3 E-R图(E-R Diagram) (36)3.6.4 数据流图(Data Flow) (36)1 引言(Introductions)随着计算机技术的日益成熟、普及，现代的企业管理的实际运作在很多方面，很大程度上都必须借助于计算机来完成，相应软件的开发也就显得尤为重要。

外文文献翻译（附原文）外文译文一：产业集群的竞争优势——以中国大连软件工业园为例Weilin Zhao,Chihiro Watanabe，Charla-Griffy-Brown[J]. Marketing Science,2009(2):123-125.摘要：本文本着为促进工业的发展的初衷探讨了中国软件公园的竞争优势。

产业集群深植于当地的制度系统，因此拥有特殊的竞争优势。

根据波特的“钻石”模型、SWOT模型的测试结果对中国大连软件园的案例进行了定性的分析。

产业集群是包括一系列在指定地理上集聚的公司，它扎根于当地政府、行业和学术的当地制度系统，以此获得大量的资源，从而获得产业经济发展的竞争优势。

为了成功驾驭中国经济范式从批量生产到开发新产品的转换，持续加强产业集群的竞争优势,促进工业和区域的经济发展是非常有必要的。

关键词：竞争优势；产业集群；当地制度系统；大连软件工业园；中国；科技园区；创新；区域发展产业集群产业集群是波特[1]也推而广之的一个经济发展的前沿概念。

作为一个在全球经济战略公认的专家,他指出了产业集群在促进区域经济发展中的作用。

他写道：集群的概念,“或出现在特定的地理位置与产业相关联的公司、供应商和机构，已成为了公司和政府思考和评估当地竞争优势和制定公共决策的一种新的要素。

但是，他至今也没有对产业集群做出准确的定义。

最近根据德瑞克、泰克拉[2]和李维[3]检查的关于产业集群和识别为“地理浓度的行业优势的文献取得了进展”。

“地理集中”定义了产业集群的一个关键而鲜明的基本性质。

产业由地区上特定的众多公司集聚而成,他们通常有共同市场、,有着共同的供应商,交易对象,教育机构和其它像知识及信息一样无形的东西，同样地,他们也面临相似的机会和威胁。

在全球产业集群有许多种发展模式。

比如美国加州的硅谷和马萨诸塞州的128鲁特都是知名的产业集群。

前者以微电子、生物技术、和风险资本市场而闻名,而后者则是以软件、计算机和通讯硬件享誉天下[4]。

Vol. 2, No. 3, March 2011 An Electronic Intelligent Hotel Management System For International MarketplaceMd. Noor-A-Rahim1, Md. Kamal Hosain2, Md. Saiful Islam3, Md. Nashid Anjum4 and Md. Masud Rana5 1,3,4,5 Electronics & Communications Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Khulna,Bangladesh.2School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia.E-m ail: mash_0409@1, mhosain@.au2, sirajonece@3, nashidzone@4, andmamaraece28@5Abstract—To compete with the international market place, it is crucial for hotel industry to be able to continually improve its services for tourism. In order to construct an electronic marketplace (e-market), it is an inherent requirement to build a correct architecture with a proper approach of an intelligent systems embedded on it. This paper introduces a web based intelligent that helps in maintaining a hotel by reducing the immediate involvement of manpower. The hotel reception policy, room facilities and intelligent personalization promotion are the main focuses of this paper. An intelligent search for existing boarders as well as room availability is incorporated in the system. For each of the facilities, a flow chart has been developed which confirms the techniques and relevant devices used in the system. By studying several scenarios, the paper outlines a number of techniques for realization of the intelligent hotel management system. Special attention is paid to the security and also prevention of power and water wastages. In this power saving scenery, an image processing approach is taken to detect the presence of any people and the darkness in a particular room. Moreover, this proposed automated computerized scheme also takes an account of the cost advantage. Considering the scarcity of manpower in several countries, the objective of this paper is to initiate the discussion and research for making the proposed systems more commercialized.Keywords- E-marketplac; hotel managemen; intelligent search; intelligent system; image processing algorithms; web-based applicationI.I NTRODUCTIONIn order to triumph in the fierce competition of hotel service industry, the main goal and orientation of hotel management are how to provide customers high quality and humanized services. To compete with the international e-marketplace, a great deal of attention should pay towards the optimization of user requirements to generate recommended hotel alternatives [1]. In general sense, hotel management is the way of maintaining different activities of a hotel where a number of staffs are engaged to perform a number of these activities. At first let us take a glance to an ordinary hotel. For hiring a room in this type of hotel, the client needs to meet with the receptionist to collect the information of hotel facilities[2]. After that he is to fill up the pro forma provided by the hotel authority, then he has to pay the defined amount of money and is offered room key for his/her rented room. He/she is then finishes the formalities at reception zone through these undergoing customs. But client always wants greater privacy and reliable security. Koolmanojwong et al. [3] developed an intelligent e-marketplace for the tourism based on fuzzy to serve the customers who wants to travel but has no idea about the accommodation[4]. This system is global in the sense that anyone can use this to find the appropriate hotel according to his/her affordable means [5]. The details of the hotel management systems including the franchising, casinos, health Spas, payroll, credit, accounting control etc. are well described in [6]. However, we have designed an IHM system which is specific to a particular hotel. It helps the owner to serve the intended customers without directly involving with them. This system has included the electronic circuitry embedded with several sensors in integrated with the java programming.The proposed intelligent hotel management (IHM) system is free from a significant number of hotel staffs that provides those facilities and fewer formalities. In mal-populated countries dearth of manpower is increasing gradually. Therefore, they have to import manpower from other countries. In this condition the IHM can be a permanent solution. Moreover, it possesses adequate security [7]. This system provides hi-tech room facilities including auto controlled door, automatic light controlling, voice active devices etc. Apart from these, it prevents the waste of electric power as well as excessive water that are the main ideas used in this paper. A short version of this approach is in [8]. Additionally, we have integrated a new image processing approach which accurately ensures the presence and darkness of the room to be occupied.II.P ROPOSED I NTELLIGENT H OTEL M ANAGEMENTS YSTEMGenerally, the information provided in conducting an international electronic marketplace (E-marketplace) for hotel management is not enough. The intelligent functions as a helping hand to the new visitors in such a place a great integration and initiative is offered[9]. In an ordinary hotel management system there must be a receptionist to interact with customers. Since IHM involves a fewer number of hotel staff, there should be a way in reception zone to distinguish between a client (who wants to rent a room for accommodation) and a guest (who wants to visit a border in a hotel). Some indispensable activities such as pro forma filling,Vol. 2, No. 3, March 2011bill payment, getting the room key should be accomplished in reception zone. To provide the substantial information about the competences of the hotel, a virtual hotel guide is an urgent need. The general system function of an intelligent hotel management is shown in Fig. 1 which includes a reception zone and intelligent architecture. We have proposed an intelligent management of a modern hotel where all the facilities and services to the customers have been maintained in an efficient way.The following Fig. 2 furnishes an overview about this proposed IHM architecture. It depicts that the reception zone is operated by the central controlling unit; room devices and other activities of rooms are operated by local controlling unit. Each local controlling unit is connected with central controlling unit. For overall security there is a security zone. It monitors the whole system including reception zone, hotel corridor and other pertinent areas from any unpleasant incidents. The following section provides a possible way to establish such type of system. This proposed system includes a reception procedure, room facilities, and border searching. In addition, we have implemented an image processing algorithm which ensures the prevention power wastage. This whole system was implemented in our lab (Fig. 3) which worked perfectly.A. Intelligent reception procedure for hotel accommodation When a client attends to the reception booth the infra sensor gets activated. A display is then appeared on the monitor/electronic screen containing three options: i) hotel information, ii) new entry, and iii) border searching. If the new entry option is selected a pro forma is appeared on the screen.It contains information fields about the client e.g., client ’s name, address, and other information. It also contains the room category and rent duration fields [10], [11]. The first selection shows the available room categories and the later one ensures the number of days for which the room is rented. After submitting the pro forma accurately, the display screen will show the amount of payment of the particular room. After completing these schedules, when the client leaves the booth the infra sensor becomes deactivated automatically and the screen resumes to the initial state[12]. This step by step information shows in the following Fig. 4 in details.B. Intelligent management of room facilitiesWhen the border comes in front of his rented room then another infra sensor is activated and the border is instructed automatically to type his/her room password. The door of the room will be opened automatically if the typed password matches with the password which is created and confirmed at the reception booth. If the room is empty then an intelligent image processing method runs as soon as the door is opened. This method measures the darkness of this room [13], [14]. This process takes an image of the room as soon as the door opens. The image is then processed by which the darkness of the room is compared. If the room is not enough lighted then the electric appliances are turned on automatically. The entire process is followed by the following flow chart (Fig. 5).Figure 1. System function of an automated hotel, (a) Register in reception, (b) Information sending.Vol. 2, No. 3, March 2011Figure 2. Block diagram illustrating the proposed intelligent hotel management system.1)Image processing scheme: In this hi-tech room facilities, an intelligent image processing has been integrated which ensures the presence and darkness of the intended room.A web camera is set in a suitable location inside the room which can capture snap of the significant portion of the room including the area where usually the person stays. We have used the built-in function of java script which extracts the RGB value from the captured image[15], [16], [17]. This program is written and integrated with the system specifically for this design. The process of monitoring the room’s light is explained in Fig. 6.2)Controlling devices through voice command scheme: In an ordinary hotel, clients used to operate the electronic devices manually. But automatic control is more suitable and easier than manual control. This proposed IHM system provides the benefits to control the electronic equipments such as: light, fan or air-condition, TV etc. using voice command. For example, to turn on the light simply ‘light o n’ command is enough. This is done by following process as shown in Fig. 7. Besides these facilities, this proposed method includes manual control system as well[18], [19].3)Prevention of wastage: IHM is well concerned about wastage prevention. To prevent wastage of water it uses infra sensor which is used to auto turn on and turn off the faucet. It is done by following way as shown in Fig. 8. On the other hand IHM also prevents the electric power. When the room becomes empty the lights, fans and other electronics devices are automatically turned off.Figure 3. Basic arrangement and test of the proposed IHM system.Vol. 2, No. 3, March 2011will be able to verify the identity of the guest by watching him live on the screen of his own room. Using the second and third option he will be able to allow or deny the guest. If the border allows the guest then the system will generate a random password which can be [20] used for only one time and within a fixed period of time. If the border denies the guest then the guest will receive a message which informs that the border is not available.Figure 4. Flow chart of entry of a customer in a proposed hotel system.III. I NTELLIGENT S EARCHING OF A B ORDERWhile staying in a hotel, it is important to maintain the privacy and of course with high security. Before, allowing the guest to meet with the border the border must have a chance to see him so he/ she might have the right whether allowed or not the guest. Figure 9 illustrates this interaction between the border and the guest who comes to the hotel to meet a desired border.When the guest comes to the reception booth, again the infra sensor will be activated and the electronic screen will display three options as described in previously. Now the guest will select the border searching option (also termed as Guest option). Then there will appear a form, the purpose of which is to take the guest ’s name and address. It also contains two preferences to take desired borde r’s name and room number. If the desired border is not available then a message will be displayed on the screen to inform that news [13]. But if the desired border is available then a confirmation message will be sent to the border to inform him that he has a guest. And a display with three options will be appeared on the screen which is placed in the borde r’s room. Using first option the borderFigure 5. Flow chart of the to maintain the automatic turn on the light (whenthe border enters in an empty room.Figure 6. Flow chart of to show process of monitoring the room ’s condition.Vol. 2, No. 3, March 2011Figure 7. Block diagram of controlling devices by voice command.Figure 8. An approach of infra sensor for the controlling of water to be utilized.IV.F UTURE W ORKS AND M OTIVATIONSIn order to meet the full customer requirements and to compete with the international marketplace the proposed IHM should incorporate the following facilities: intelligent room condition indicator, intelligent id recognizer, room condition indicator, system self-checking, the announcement of information, air-conditioner controller[21]. We are now considering the above approaches to be incorporated with the IHM system.V.C ONCLUSION In this era of high technology, everything is attaining more and more automation dependent. Hotel management system also should be involved in the realm of automation. This proposed intelligent management system provides high level privacy than the existing conventional manual system with greater reliability. To satisfy the custom er’s need, this project work provides a seamless and enjoyable experience for customers. Introducing this automotive management system in any kind of accommodation systems greatly reduced manpower and maintenance cost. In addition, the incorporation of infrared detection systems and the image processing scheme in the respective rooms helps to the prevention of power and water wastages. Moreover, the web based system increases the security and privacy by employing a web camera which ensures the live pictures of any occurrence happened in the hotel. This is our own concept and has been already successfully implemented as a project work in miniature version. In fact, this system is fast, comprehensive and flexible, but doesn't necessarily require ones to have that much skill in computer science.Vol. 2, No. 3, March 2011Figure 9. Flow chart to show the entry procedure of a customer in the proposed IHM.R EFERENCES[1] S. Koolmanojwong, "Analysis and Design of B to C E-Marketplace for Tourism with UML " M.S. Thesis, Faculty ofScience and Technology, Assumption University, Bangkok,Thailand 2000.[2] M. J. O'Fallon and D. G. Rutherford. (2011). Hotel Managementand Operations | CA College of Ayurveda. Available:/amazon_store/item/0470177144[3] S. Koolmanojwong and P. Santiprabhob, "Intelligent ElectronicMarketplace for Tourism."[4] E. W. T. Ngai and F. K. T. Wat, "Design and development of afuzzy expert system for hotel selection," Omega, vol. 31, pp. 275-286, 2003.[5] G. Jingzhi, et al., "Alibaba International: Building a GlobalElectronic Marketplace," in e-Business Engineering, 2006. ICEBE '06. IEEE International Conference on, 2006, pp. 545-548.[6] W. S. Gray and S. C. Liguori, Hotel and Motel Management andOperations, Fourth Edition ed.: Prentice Hall, 2002.[7] W. J. Relihan Iii, "The yield-management approach to hotel-roompricing," The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, vol. 30, pp. 40-45, 1989.[8] M. S. Islam, et al., "An Automated Intelligent Hotel ManagementSystem," in 2009 Interdisciplinary Conference in Chemical, Mechanical and Materials Engineering (2009 ICCMME), Melbourne, Australia, 2009.[9] J. Guo, et al., "CONFENIS Special Session on the InternationalSymposium on Electronic Marketplace Integration &Interoperability (EM2I’07)," in Research and Practical Issues of Enterprise Information Systems II. vol. 255, L. Xu, et al., Eds., ed: Springer Boston, 2008, pp. 823-823.[10] K. Riemer and C. Lehrke, "Biased Listing in ElectronicMarketplaces: Exploring Its Implications in On-Line Hotel Distribution," Int. J. Electron. Commerce, vol. 14, pp. 55-78, 2009.[11] Y.-n. Xiong and L.-x. Geng, "Personalized Intelligent HotelRecommendation System for Online Reservation--A Perspective of Product and User Characteristics," in Management and Service Science (MASS), 2010 International Conference on, 2010, pp. 1-5.[12] J. A. Bardi. (2011). Wiley::Hotel Front Office Management 5thEdition. Available: /WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-EHEP001784.html?filter=TEXTBOOK[13] Y. Ming-Ju, et al., "Multicast Services of Digital Television in aNew Management Framework," in Intelligent Information Technology Application Workshops, 2008. IITAW '08.International Symposium on, 2008, pp. 296-299.[14] M. Ben Ghalia and P. P. Wang, "Intelligent system to supportjudgmental business forecasting: the case of estimating hotel room demand," Fuzzy Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 8, pp. 380-397, 2000.[15] R. Jiamthapthaksin, "Fuzzy information retrieval with respect tograded features," Masters Thesis, Assumption University, 2000. [16] M. Wojcikowski, et al., "An intelligent image processing sensor -the algorithm and the hardware implementation," in Information Technology, 2008. IT 2008. 1st International Conference on, 2008, pp. 1-4.[17] "Session 11: intelligent image processing," in ComputationalIntelligence for Measurement Systems and Applications, 2005.CIMSA. 2005 IEEE International Conference on, 2005, pp. 186- 186.[18] D. B. Roe and Y. Wang, "A voice-controlled network for universalcontrol of devices in the OR," Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies: MITAT: Official Journal Of The Society For Minimally Invasive Therapy, vol. 9, pp. 185-191, 2000.[19] H. G. Nik, et al., "Voice Recognition Algorithm for PortableAssistive Devices," in Sensors, 2007 IEEE, 2007, pp. 997-1000. [20] "Hotel Yield Management Practices Across Multiple ElectronicDistribution Channels," Information Technology & Tourism, vol. 10, pp. 161-172, 2008.[21] Available:/productfile/0000000000427a.pdf。

酒店智能管理系统概述随着科技的不断发展和进步，各行各业纷纷步入数字化时代，酒店管理系统也不例外。

酒店智能管理系统是一种以物联网技术为基础，集成了多种智能化设备和软件程序的管理系统，能够实现酒店管理的全面自动化和智能化，并为顾客提供更加高效、便捷、舒适的服务。

酒店智能管理系统主要包括以下几个方面：一、客户服务管理客户服务管理是酒店管理的重要组成部分。

在传统的酒店管理系统中，客户需求的反馈和处理需要依靠人工的介入，不仅费时费力，还容易出现偏差。

而在智能化管理系统中，客户的需求可以通过智能设备自动化反馈，系统能够根据客户的需求进行自动调整，大大提高了客户满意度。

二、酒店服务管理酒店服务管理主要包括客房服务、餐饮服务、游泳馆、健身房等服务。

在酒店智能管理系统中，管理人员可以通过从智能设备上收集的数据来实现自动化管理，包括室温、照明、水温等各项指标的自动调节，同时也能够实现从设备到人员的零距离接触，大大提高了工作效率。

三、设备管理在酒店智能管理系统中，对于电器和设备的管理可以通过自动化程序来实现，系统能够自动检测并预测设备的故障或故障，自动化地维护和保养设备，以保证酒店的高效运转。

此外，智能化管理系统还可以通过传感器和智能控制系统来自动控制用电的情况，以节省能源。

四、安全管理在酒店的安全管理方面，智能化管理系统能够通过智能监控系统实现不间断的监控和录像，及时发现异常情况并报警，确保酒店的安全，同时还能够通过智能门锁等技术来提升酒店的安全性。

总的来说，酒店智能管理系统集成了多种智能化设备和技术，能够实现酒店的全面自动化和智能化管理，为顾客提供更加高效、便捷、舒适的服务；同时也能够提高酒店的工作效率和经济效益，为酒店的长期发展提供有力的支持。