文学术语对照表(英法德部分)

1、Epic史诗：A long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race. 一种关于严肃主题的长诗叙事，以正式和高尚的风格讲述，以英雄或准神性人物为中心，其行为取决于一个部落、一个民族或人类的命运。

Traditional epics：were written versions of what had originally been oral poems about a tribal or national hero during a warlike age. e.g. 传统史诗：关于战争年代部落或民族英雄的口头诗的书面版本①The Greek The lliad, The Odysseyo希腊神话，伊利亚特和奥德赛②The Anglo-Saxon Beowulf 8th.c.盎格鲁-撒克逊贝奥武夫8号Literary epics：were composed by individual poetic craftsmen in deliberate imitation of the traditional form. e.g. 文学史诗：由个体诗意工匠精心模仿传统形式创作而成①Milton：Paradise Lost (1667) 弥尔顿：《失乐园》2、Romance浪漫：1、Romance浪漫：a type of narrative that developed in 12th century France, spread to the literature of other countries and displaced the earlier epic and heroic forms. 在12世纪的法国发展起来的一种叙事形式，传播到其他国家的文学中，取代了早期的史诗和英雄形式。

P21---30Siege [siːdʒ]n. 围攻；包围；围城；不断袭击；长期努力vt. 围攻；包围assault [ə'sɔːlt; ə'sɒlt]n. 攻击；袭击vt. 攻击；袭击vi. 袭击；knight[naɪt]n. 骑士，武士；爵士vt. 授以爵位deceit [dɪ'siːt]n. 欺骗；谎言；欺诈impeach [ɪm'piːtʃ]vt. 弹劾；归咎；怀疑n. 控告，检举；弹劾；怀疑perfidy ['pɜːfɪdɪ]n. 不诚实；背信弃义haughty ['hɔːtɪ]adj. 傲慢的；自大的wrackn. 失事船只；破坏；漂积海草vt. 严重伤害；遇难vi. 彻底破坏sojourn ['sɔdʒə:n, 'sʌ-, səu'dʒə]n. 逗留；旅居vi. 逗留；旅居bliss [blɪs]n. 极乐；天赐的福vt. 使欣喜若狂vi. 狂喜blunder ['blʌndə]vi. 跌跌撞撞地走；犯大错vt. 做错n. 大错baron ['bær(ə)n]n. 男爵；大亨；巨头broil [brɒɪl]vi. 烤；炙vt. 烤；炙n. 烤；争吵；灼热marvel ['mɑːv(ə)l]n. 奇迹vt. 对…感到惊异courteous ['kɜːtjəs]adj. 有礼貌的；谦恭的unmatched [ʌn'mætʃt]adj. 无与伦比的；不相配的；无匹敌的anew [ə'njuː]adv. 重新；再featly ['fiːtlɪ]adj. 整洁的；优美的adv. 伶俐地；整洁地derring-do ['deriŋ'du:]n. 大胆的行为；拼命的勇气mirth [mɜːθ]n. 欢笑；欢乐；高兴tournament ['tʊənəm(ə)nt]n. 锦标赛，联赛；比赛joust[dʒaʊst]n. 竞技；厮打vi. 进行马上长矛比武；竞争carol ['kær(ə)l]vi. 欢乐地歌唱；唱耶诞颂歌n. 颂歌，赞美诗；欢乐之歌vt. 欢唱；歌颂devise [dɪ'vaɪz]vt. 设计；想出；发明；图谋；遗赠给n. 遗赠gaiety ['geɪətɪ]n. 快乐，兴高采烈；庆祝活动，喜庆；（服饰）华丽，艳丽glee [gliː]n. 快乐；欢欣；重唱歌曲chambers ['tʃembɚ]n. 内庭（chamber的复数）peerless ['pɪələs]adj. 无与伦比的；出类拔萃的；无比的chant [tʃɑːnt]n. 圣歌；赞美诗vt. 唱；诵扬vi. 唱歌；反覆地唱歌Chapel ['tʃæp(ə)l]n. 小礼拜堂，小教堂；礼拜adj. 非国教的gallant ['gæl(ə)nt; gə'lænt]adj. 英勇的，勇敢的；华丽的；雄伟的gaily ['geɪlɪ]adv. 华丽地；欢乐地Bicker ['bɪkə]vi. 闪动；斗嘴；潺潺而流n. 吵嘴；口角；（水的）潺潺声Beseem [bɪ'siːm]vt. 对…合适vi. 适合于；似乎Guenevere['ɡuenə,viə]n. 格韦纳维亚（女子名，等于Guinevere）canopy ['kænəpɪ]n. 天篷；华盖；遮篷；苍穹vt. 用天蓬遮盖；遮盖tapestry ['tæpɪstrɪ]n. 织锦；挂毯；绣帷vt. 用挂毯装饰gem [dʒem]n. 宝石，珍宝；精华；受人重视者vi. 点缀；用宝石装饰；饰以宝石adj. 最佳品质的broider ['broɪdər]vt. 在…上刺绣；饰以刺绣boyish ['bɒɪɪʃ]adj. 男孩的；孩子气的；（女孩）像男孩的prick [prɪk]vt. 刺，戳；刺伤，刺痛；竖起n. 刺，扎；刺痛，刺伤；阴茎；锥vi. 刺；竖起adj. 竖起的fray [freɪ]n. 争论；打架；磨损处vt. 使磨损；变得令人紧张、急躁vi. 被磨损chivalry ['ʃɪv(ə)lrɪ]n. 骑士精神（复数chivalries）；骑士制度jeopardy ['dʒepədɪ]n. 危险；（被告处于被判罪或受处罚的）危险境地suppliant['sʌplɪənt]adj. 恳求的；哀求的n. 恳求者；哀求stout [staʊt]adj. 结实的；矮胖的；勇敢的；激烈的n. 矮胖子；烈性啤酒elate [ɪ'leɪt]vt. 使…欢欣；使…兴高采烈adj. 得意的renown [rɪ'naʊn]n. 声誉；名望vt. 使有声望fittingly ['fitiŋli]adv. 适切地，适合地stalwart ['stɔːlwət; 'stæl-]adj. 坚定的；健壮的n. 坚定分子clamor['klæmə]n. 喧闹，叫嚷；大声的要求vi. 喧嚷，发喧嚣声；持续地喊声vt. 喧嚷着说出bedeck [bɪ'dek]vt. 装饰；修饰banneret ['bænərɪt]n. 方旗武士；小旗；爵位pipe[paɪp]n. 管；烟斗；笛vi. 吹笛；尖叫vt. 用管道输送；尖声唱；用管乐器演奏warble ['wɔːb(ə)l]n. 鸟啭鸣；颤声vt. 鸟鸣；用柔和的颤声唱vi. 鸟鸣；用柔和的颤声唱dainty ['deɪntɪ]adj. 美味的；讲究的；秀丽的；挑剔的n.美味scarce [skeəs]adj. 缺乏的，不足的；稀有的adv. 仅仅；几乎不；几乎没有sundry ['sʌndrɪ]adj. 杂的；各式各样的n. 杂货；杂项partake [pɑː'teɪk]vi. 分享；参与；分担；带有某种性质vt. 分担；分享hurtle ['hɜːt(ə)l]vi. 猛冲；猛烈碰撞vt. 猛投；冲向n. 碰撞；猛冲buttock['bʌtək]n. 半边臀部；船尾vt. 用腰摔lion ['laɪən]n. 狮子；名人；勇猛的人；社交场合的名流grim [grɪm]adj. 冷酷的；糟糕的；残忍的hue [hjuː]n. 色彩；色度；叫声gear [gɪə]n. 齿轮；装置，工具；传动装置vi. 适合；搭上齿轮；开始工作vt. 开动；搭上齿轮；使……适合；使……准备好adj. 好极了guise [gaɪz]n. 伪装；装束；vt. 使化装vi. 伪装mantle ['mænt(ə)l]n. 地幔；斗篷；覆盖物vi. 覆盖；脸红vt. 覆盖furs[fɝ]n. 皮草，毛皮；舌苔（fur的复数）v. 使…穿皮衣；使…生苔；促使…长毛（fur的第三人称单数）embellish [ɪm'belɪʃ; em-]vt. 修饰；装饰；润色vi. 装饰起来；加以润色ermine ['ɜːmɪn]n. 貂；貂的白毛皮trim [trɪm]vt. 修剪vi. 削减n. 修剪；整齐；情形adj. 整齐的hose英[həʊz]n. 软管；长统袜；男性穿的紧身裤vt. 用软管浇水；痛打tint [tɪnt]n. 色彩；浅色vt. 染（发）；给…着色spur [spɜː]n. 鼓舞，刺激；马刺；山坡vi. 骑马疾驰；给予刺激vt. 激励，鞭策；给…装踢马刺girt [ɡɜːt]vt. 用带子围绕；围绕（gird 的过去式与过去分词）vi. 围长为footgear ['fʊtɡɪə]n. 鞋袜vesture ['vestʃə]n. 衣裳；覆盖物vt. 使穿衣服；覆盖verily ['verɪlɪ]adv. 真正地；真实地verdant ['vɜːd(ə)nt]adj. 青翠的；翠绿的；没有经验的；不老练的raiment ['reɪm(ə)nt]n. 衣服saddle ['sæd(ə)l]n. 鞍，鞍状物；车座；拖具vt. 承受；使负担；装以马鞍vi. 跨上马鞍thread [θred]n. 线；螺纹；思路；衣服；线状物；玻璃纤维；路线vt. 穿过；穿线于；使交织vi. 通过；穿透过pendant ['pend(ə)nt]n. 下垂物，垂饰enameled[ɪ'næmld]adj. 涂珐琅的；上釉的，涂漆的v. 涂瓷釉于；使光滑（enamel的过去分词）stirrups['stɝəp]n. 箍筋；马镫（stirrup复数）glint [glɪnt]n. 闪烁；闪光vi. 闪烁；（光线）反射；闪闪发光vt. 使闪光；使发光steed [stiːd]n. 战马，骏马；马bestride [bɪ'straɪd]vt. 跨骑aright [ə'raɪt]adv. 正确地bridle英['braɪd(ə)l]n. 缰绳；马勒；系带；约束物vt. 控制；给装马勒vi. 昂首表示轻蔑；生气enfold [ɪn'fəʊld; en-]vt. 拥抱；包裹；折叠；围绕thereunder [ðeər'ʌndə]adv. 依据；在那下面；据此mane [meɪn]n. （马等的）鬃毛cunningly['kʌniŋli]adv. 巧妙地，狡猾地filament英['fɪləm(ə)nt]n. 灯丝；细丝；细线；单纤维foretop ['fɔːtɒp; -təp]n. 前桅楼；额发deck [dek]n. 甲板；行李仓；露天平台vt. 装饰；装甲板；打扮dazzling['dæzliŋ]adj. 耀眼的；眼花缭乱的v. 使…眼花（dazzle的ing形式）dock英[dɒk]n. 码头；船坞；被告席；尾巴的骨肉部分vt. 使靠码头；剪短triple ['trɪp(ə)l]adj. 三倍的；三方的n. 三倍数；三个一组vi. 增至三倍burnish ['bɜːnɪʃ]vt. 擦亮；使…光亮；将…打磨光亮n. 光泽；抛光；闪闪发光vi. 磨光发亮dint [dɪnt]n. 凹痕vt. 击出凹痕withstand [wɪð'stændvt. 抵挡；禁得起；反抗vi. 反抗helm [helm]n. 舵；舵柄；领导地位；驾驶盘vt. 指挥；给...掌舵appurtenance [ə'pɜːt(ɪ)nəns]n. 附属物；配件append [ə'pend]vt. 附加；贴上；盖章n. 设置数据文件的搜索路径shaft英[ʃɑːft]n. 拍杆；轴；箭杆；vt. 利用；在……上装杆shield [ʃiːld]n. 盾；防护物；保护者vt. 遮蔽；包庇；避开；保卫vi. 防御；起保护作用bob [bɒb]n. 短发；摆动；浮子；轻敲；悬挂的饰品vt. 剪短；敲击；使上下快速摆动vi. 上下跳动；振动expound [ɪk'spaʊnd; ek-]vt. 解释；详细说明vi. 解释；详细说明wick [wɪk]n. 灯芯，蜡烛心vt. 依靠毛细作用带走spike [spaɪk]n. 长钉，道钉；钉鞋；细高跟vt. 阻止；以大钉钉牢；用尖物刺穿resplendent [rɪ'splend(ə)nt]adj. 光辉的；华丽的bladen. 叶片；刀片，刀锋；剑shear [ʃɪə]vt. 剪；修剪；剥夺vi. 剪；剪切；修剪n. [力] 切变；修剪；大剪刀razor ['reɪz]vt. 剃，用剃刀刮n. 剃刀stave [steɪv]n. 狭板；梯级；诗句；五线谱表vt. 延缓；击穿；凿孔于；压扁vi. 破碎；穿孔engravingn. 雕刻；雕刻术；雕刻品v. 在…上雕刻；给…深刻的印象（engrave的ing形式）tassel ['tæs(ə)l]n. 流苏；缨；穗vt. 用流苏装饰；摘下…穗vi. 抽穗；长出穗状雄花reck [rek]vt. 顾虑；和…相干vi. 介意；有关系behold [bɪ'həʊld]vt. 看；注视；把...视为vi. 看int. 瞧；看呀swagger ['swægə]vt. 吓唬；趾高气扬地行走或行事vi. 大摇大摆；吹牛；虚张声势吓人n. 大摇大摆；吹牛；威吓；下摆散开状的女式短大衣adj. 炫耀的；时髦的fuse [fjuːz]vi. 融合；熔化，熔融vt. 使融合；使熔化，使熔融n. 保险丝，熔线；导火线，雷管phantom ['fæntəm]n. 幽灵；幻影；虚位adj. 幽灵的；幻觉的；有名无实的faerie ['feɪərɪ; 'feərɪ]adj. 仙女的；幻想的n. 仙境；仙子deem [diːm]vt. 认为，视作；相信vi. 认为，持某种看法；作某种评价chary ['tʃeərɪ]adj. 谨慎的；仔细的；吝啬的；怕羞的stun [stʌn]vt. 使震惊；打昏；给以深刻的印象n. 昏迷；打昏；惊倒；令人惊叹的事物swoon [swun]vi. 昏晕；惊讶；着迷n. 昏晕；狂喜slacken ['slæk(ə)n]vi. 松劲，懈怠；变松弛；变缓慢vt. 使缓慢；使松弛apace [ə'peɪs]adv. 飞快地，迅速地；急速地dread [dred]n. 恐惧；可怕的人（或物）vi. 惧怕；担心vt. 惧怕；担心adj. 可怕的hail [heɪl]n. 冰雹；致敬；招呼；一阵vt. 致敬；招呼；向...欢呼；猛发；使象下雹样落下（过去式hailed，过去分词hailed，现在分词hailing，第三人称单数hails）vi. 招呼；下雹int. 万岁；欢迎behoove [bɪ'huːv]vt. 理应；对…有此必要vi. 有必要；理所当然n. 适宜hostelry ['hɒst(ə)lrɪ]n. 客栈；旅店tarry ['tɑːrɪ]vi. 等候；逗留；耽搁vt. 等待n. 逗留adj. 涂了焦油的hauberk ['hɔːbɜːk]n. 锁子甲（中古时代武士用的铠甲）helm [helm]n. 舵；舵柄；领导地位；驾驶盘vt. 指挥；给...掌舵spear [spɪə]n. 矛，枪vt. 用矛刺wield [wiːld]vt. 使用；行使；挥舞11。

01. Humanism(人文主义)1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism(古典主义)Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present ,with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)1>Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)1>Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）1>The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.The Victorian period(维多利亚时期)1>In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2> although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism(现代主义)1>Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looki ng at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.14. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。

P120-128restoration [ˌrestəˈreiʃən] n.修复controversy [ˈkɔntrəvə:si] n.争论，辩论militant [ˈmilitənt] a.激进的，好斗的n.激进分子，斗士pamphleteer [,pæmfli'tiə] n.小册子作者vi.写小册子clergyman [ˈklə:dʒimən]n.牧师；教士Leicesterplacid [ˈplæsid]a.平静的amass [əˈmæs]vt.积累，积聚medieval [ˌmediˈi:vəl]a.中世纪的，中古(时代)的renaissance [ˌrɛnəˈzans]n.[the R-](文艺) 复兴(时期)；contemporary [kənˈtempərəri]a.当代的；同时代的n.同代人，当代人anatomy [əˈnætəmi]n.解剖学melancholy [ˈmelənkəli]a.忧郁的，使人忧郁的n.忧郁，悲伤mitigate [ˈmitigeit]vt.减轻colloquial/ kəˈləukwɪəl/ adj (语等）口语的,口头的. sonorous [ˈsɔnərəs]a.宏亮的monologue [ˈmɔnəlɔg]n.滔滔不绝的话；(戏剧等中的)独白seriocomicLeyden 莱顿[Leiden][Norwich] 诺里奇knight [nait]n.骑(爵)士；(国际象棋的)马vt.封为爵士superstition [ˌsu:pəˈstiʃən, ˌsju:-]n.迷信，迷信行为feud [fju:d]n.宿怨，不和dissension [diˈsenʃən]n.争论，纠纷rebel [ˈrebəl]n.反叛分子，反对者vi.反叛；反对proposition [ˌprɔpəˈziʃən]n.论点，主张；建议，提案；命题theorem / ˈθɪərəm; ˋθiərəm/ n （代数等的）定理（尤指以公式表示的）；数学的）命题.reverence [ˈrevərəns]n.尊敬skepticism [ˈskeptisizəm]n.怀疑主义；怀疑态度；怀疑论urn [ə:n]n.骨灰缸；大茶壶treatise [ˈtri:tiz, -tis]n.论文burial [ˈberiəl]n.葬，掩埋，葬礼immortality [ˌimɔ:ˈtæliti]n.不死，不朽，永生，来生magnificent [mægˈnifisənt]a.壮丽的，宏伟的；华丽的；极好的baroque [bəˈrɔk, bəˈrəuk]a.(艺术、建筑等)高度装饰的，过份雕琢的commonwealth [ˈkɔmənwelθ]n.[the C-]英联邦；联邦，联合体poetic [pəuˈetik]a.理想化了的royalist [ˈrɔiəlist]n.保皇主义者cnduct [ˈkɔndəkt, ˈkɔndʌkt]vt.管理；指挥；输送n.行为；管理(方式)elaborate [iˈlæbərət, -reit]a.详尽的；复杂的vi./ vt.详述；详细制订shopkeeper [ˈʃɔpˌki:pə]n.(小店)店主loathe [ləuð]vt.厌恶handbook [ˈhændbuk]n.手册，便览Puritan [ˈpjuəritən]n.& a.清教徒(的)milkmaid [ˈmilkmeid]n.挤奶女工nostalgia [nɔˈstældʒə]n.怀旧或怀乡pastoral [ˈpɑ:stərəl]a.田园生活的，宁静的cowslip [ˈkauˌslip]n.[植]黄花九轮草contrive [kənˈtraiv]vt.谋划，策划；设法做到；设计，想出statesman [ˈsteitsmən]n.国务活动家，政治家piscatorial [piskəˈtɔ:riəl]a.捕鱼的，渔民的personage [ˈpə:sənidʒ]n.名人，(戏剧)角色departure [diˈpɑ:tʃə]n.离开，出发；背离，违反dale [deil]n.山谷shorthand [ˈʃɔ:thænd]n.速记法，速记sober [ˈsəubə]a.有节制的；持重的；素淡的v.(使)清醒portrait [ˈpɔ:trit]n.肖像，画像monarchy [ˈmɔnəki]n.君主制，君主政体；君主国revolutionary [ˌrevəˈlu:ʃənəri]a.革命的，革新的n.革命者execute [ˈeksikju:t]vt.处死，处决；实施，执行，完成indiscriminate [ˌindisˈkriminit]a.不加选择的extravagance [iksˈtrævigəns]n.奢侈；极端repress [riˈpres]v.抑制，镇压debauchery [diˈbɔ:tʃəri]n.放荡，沉缅酒色pungent [ˈpʌndʒənt]a.刺鼻的；尖锐的patronage [ˈpætrənidʒ]n.赞助；光顾(买东西)corrupt [kəˈrʌpt]a.堕落的，腐败的vt.腐蚀，使堕落cynical [ˈsinikəl]a.愤世嫉俗的，(对人性或动机)怀疑的depict [diˈpikt]vt.描绘，描述eulogize ['ju:lәdʒaiz]vt.称赞, 颂扬roguish [ˈrəugiʃ]a.捣蛋的，无赖的decay [diˈkei]vi.腐烂；衰落n.腐烂，腐朽；衰败状态notorious [nəuˈtɔ:riəs]a.臭名昭著的，声名狼藉的licentious [laiˈsenʃəs]a.淫荡的；放纵的intrigue [inˈtri:g]vt.激起兴趣，迷住vi.耍阴谋n.阴谋，密谋seduction / sɪˈdʌkʃn; sɪˋdʌkʃən/ n [U] 引诱; 勾引: promiscuity n.滥交，混杂adultery / əˈdʌltərɪ; əˋdʌltərɪ/ n [U] 通奸playwright [ˈpleirait]n.剧作家transaction [trænˈzækʃən]n.交易，业务dissolute [ˈdisəlu:t]a.放荡的，无节制的elegy [ˈelidʒi]n.哀歌，挽歌mist [mist]n.薄雾v.(使)蒙上薄雾，(使)模糊sect [sekt]n.宗派rejoice [riˈdʒɔis]vi.感到高兴，充满喜悦derive [diˈraiv]vt.取得；追溯起源vi.(from)起源，衍生didactic [diˈdæktik]a.教诲的，说教的successive [səkˈsesiv]a.接连的，连续的conviction [kənˈvikʃən]n.确信，坚定的信仰；说服，信服；定罪prolific [prəˈlifik]a.多产的；多子嗣的lyric [ˈlirik]a.抒情的n.[常pl.]歌词couplet / ˈkʌplɪt; ˋkʌplɪt/ n two successive lines of verse of equal length 相连的两行长度相同的诗句; 对句:prevail [priˈveil]vi.流(盛)行；获胜，占优势；劝说，诱使uphold [ˌʌpˈhəuld]vt.支持，维护individuality [ˌindividʒuˈæləti]n.个性；[ pl.]特征concise [kənˈsais]a.简明的，简要的forerunner [ˈfɔ:ˌrʌnə]n.先驱，先导；前兆，预兆enlightenment [inˈlaitənmənt]n.教化，启蒙tempestuous [temˈpestʃuəs]a.狂暴的comparative [kəmˈpærətiv]a.比较的，相对的compromise [ˈkɔmprəmaiz]n.妥协，折中vi.妥协vt.危及，放弃(原则等)cabinet [ˈkæbinit]n.内阁；贮藏橱，陈列柜constitutional [ˌkɔnstiˈtju:ʃənəl]a.法治的；体质的parliament [ˈpɑ:ləmənt]n.议会，国会aristocracy [ˌærisˈtɔkrəsi]n.贵族政治；[总]贵族bourgeoisie [ˌbuəʒwɑ:ˈzi]n.中产阶级unprecedented [ʌnˈpresidentid]a.空前的steam [sti:m]n.(蒸)汽vi.冒蒸汽；(火车等)行驶vt.蒸煮commerce [ˈkɔmə:s]n.商业，贸易rural [ˈruərəl]a.农村的expropriation /ɪkˌsprəupriˈeɪʃən US -ˌsprou-/ n [U and C]征用, 征收, 收用uprising [ʌpˈraiziŋ]n.起义，暴动stagnation [stægˈneiʃən]n.停滞merciless [ˈmə:siləs]a.残忍的；无情的lumber [ˈlʌmbə]vi.缓慢地移动vt.拖累n.废旧杂物；木材contempt [kənˈtempt]n.轻视，轻蔑henceforth [ˈhensˈfɔ:θ]ad.从今以后，从此以后superstition [ˌsu:pəˈstiʃən, ˌsju:-]n.迷信，迷信行为privilege [ˈprivilidʒ]n.特权，优惠supersede [ˌsu:pəˈsi:d, ˌsju:-]vt.取代inalienable [inˈeiliənəb(ə)l]a.不可剥夺的processor [ˈprəusesə]n.(农产品的)加工业者；(电脑)资料处理机epoch [ˈi:pɔk]n.时期，时代contemporary [kənˈtempərəri]a.当代的；同时代的n.同代人，当代人bourgeois [ˈbuəʒwɑ:]a./ n.追求物质享受的(人)；中产阶级分子verse [və:s]n.诗，诗句aristocracy [ˌærisˈtɔkrəsi]n.贵族政治；[总]贵族capitalist [ˈkæpitəlist]a.资本主义的n.资本家exponent [eksˈpəunənt]n.倡导者，拥护者；代表人物；指数，幂。

英语分类词汇：文学相关词汇classical literature 古典文学contemporary literature 现代文学popular literature 大众文学light literature 通俗文学folklore 民间文学saga (river) novel 长篇小说short novel, long short story 中篇小说short story 短篇小说love story 爱情小说deterctive story 侦破小说mystery story 怪诞小说whodunit 推理小说humorous story 幽默小说historical novel 历史小说essay 随笔book of travels 游记reportage 报告文学criticism 评论best seller 畅销书anthology 选集the complete works(of) 全集edition, printing 版masterpiece 杰作copyright 版权, 著作权deluxe binding 精装flat stitching 平装smyth sewed 线装humanities 人文学科writer 作家book 书volume 卷theatre 戏剧(美作:theater)drama 话剧comedy 喜剧tragedy 悲剧farce 滑稽剧play 剧本the three unities 三一律(一个情节,一个地点,一个时间)playwright 编剧act 幕scene 场plot 情节intrigue 错综复杂的剧情story 故事episode 逸事ending, denouement 结局poetry 诗歌poet 诗人poem 诗epic poetry 史诗epopee 叙事诗ode 颂歌sonnet 十四行诗verse, stanza (诗)节line (诗)行rhyme 韵脚,押韵metrics 韵律学,格律学prose 散文novel 小说biography 自传allegory 寓言science fiction 科幻,科学幻想小说satire 讽刺诗essay 杂文composition 学术著作rhetoric 修辞学oratory 讲演术declamation 朗诵技巧improvisation 即席讲演criticism 批判主义critic 批评家wit 才智,创作才能eloquence 文才lyricism 抒情性流行书站英语分类词汇：哲学相关词汇感性Sensibility知性Understanding理性Reason认识论theory of cognition先天综合判断a priori synthetic judgment物自体thing-in-itself先验感性论Transcendental Aesthetic感性论Aesthetic直观intuition感觉sensation经验性的直观empirical intuition纯粹的直观pure intuition形而上学；玄学metaphysics质料matter形式form先验逻辑Transcendental logic先验分析论Transcendental analytic先验辩证论Transcendental dialectic纯粹的知性概念pure concepts of the understanding原则的能力faculty of principles规则的能力faculty of rules先验幻相Transcendental illusion宇宙论cosmology二律背反antinomy善的意志good will道德律令moral command至善summum bonum崇高sublime反思判断judgment of reflection[唯]意志论Voluntarism一般陶冶general culture七艺{文法、逻辑、修辞、音乐、算数、几何、天文} Seven liberal arts人本主义；人文主义humanism人本教育；人文教育humanistic education三科{文法、逻辑、修辞} trivium下意识subconsciousness士气morale大修道院学校abbey school大礼堂auditorium女生训导{史} Dean of women女修道院convent女校友alumna 工艺教育arts and crafts education; industrial arts education工艺学校arts and crafts school中古教育；中世纪教育medieval education中央学校{十九世纪初期英国国教派创设的基础学校} central school五项运动{奥运比赛项目} pentathlon公民教育Citizenship education; Education for citizenship公民德行civic virtue反省；反思reflection反省[后]行为reflective behavior反省思考reflective thought天主教教学法catholic pedagogy文化；修养culture文化教育cultural education文化教育学Culture pedagogy文字主义；字句主义verbalism方法论methodology主教座堂学校；圣公会学校Cathedral school; Episcopal school主教学校Bishop's school主智教育；主知教育Intellectualistic education 主智论；主知论Intellectualism主意教育voluntaristic education兄弟会{美国大学男生社团} fraternity可陶冶性；可塑性figurability古典主义Classicism古典语文｛古希腊文、拉丁文｝classical language 古典学科classical course古典学校；古典学派classical school四目{音乐、算数、几何、天文} quadrivium本性original nature母性maternity母道；母仪mothercraft母语mother language; mother tongue民本教育democratic education民族主义nationalism民族主义教育nationalistic education目的论teleology先天观念innate idea同情sympathy合理化[作用] rationalization回教教育；伊斯兰教育Mohammedan education [= Islamic education]自由意志free will自然主义naturalism自然主义教育naturalistic education自然趋势natural tendency自然惩罚natural punishment判断judgment助理教师assistant teacher助理教授assistant professor形式陶冶；形式训练formal culture [= formal discipline]批判分数critical score批判教育学Critical pedagogy批评课criticism lesson男生训导{史} Dean of men男生通勤学校{英，相对于寄宿学校} boy's day school系统教育学Systematic pedagogy良心conscience儿童之家children's home儿童文学children's literature儿童指导所Child-guidance clinic儿童学Paidology; Paedology夜校{英} moonlight school姊妹会{美国大学女生社团} sorority性格；品格character拉丁文法学校{英、美} Latin grammar school 泛爱主义philanthropism泛爱主义教育philanthropic education泛爱学校philanthropic school社会化socialization社会主义Socialism社会主义教育socialistic education社会学Sociology初民教育primitive education初级教义问答学校；天主教望教友要理班Catechumenal school非教派学校undenominational school品格培养character building; formation of character品格教育character education品格测验character test品格评比character rating品格诊断；品性诊断character diagnosis建教制度{就学与工作时间可轮替之制度} alternating plan; alternating system思考thinking 施济学校{英国中世纪时期修道院的慈善学校} almonry school柔性教育soft education查经班Bible class相属原则Principle of belonging美育aesthetic education美育[教]学esthetic pedagogy美感aesthetic feeling美感判断esthetic judgment美学aesthetics; esthetics军国主义；黩武思想；军国民主义militarism 重述要旨；简述大意recapitulation音乐学校conservatory; music school个人主义individualism修女学校nunnery school修道院cloister修道院教育monastic education修道院学校monastery school; monastic school; cloister school修辞学校rhetorical school伦理教育ethical education伦理学Ethics原理；原则principle原创性originality哲学的教育学philosophical pedagogy宫廷学校Court school; Palace school校友alumnus; alumni {pl.}校友会alumni association校风school ethos格言；行为准则maxim气质temperament消极训练negative discipline消极教育negative education消极适应negative adaptation神学校Theological seminary神学院divinity school; theological college; theological seminary神学教育theological education纯粹科学pure science虔敬主义pietism高级教义问答学校；天主教进阶要理班Catechetical school副校长assistant principal副教授associate professor唱诗学校Choir school问答法question and answer method唯物论materialism唯实主义教育realistic education唯实论；实在论realism国家教育；民族教育national education基督宗教教育Christian education专业道德；专业伦理[学] professional ethics情感[作用]；感情affection情操sentiment推论；推理inference [= reasoning]教生{英国17世纪中叶用法}；实习教师{英国现行用法} student-teacher; trainee teacher教育工作者educator教育可能性possibility of education教育史History of education教育决定论educational determinism教育委员{十九世纪英国中央层级的教育委员，负责对各级教育的视导} commissioner on education 教育哲学Educational philosophy; Philosophy of education教育价值educational value教育学家；教育学者educationalist; educationist 教育历程educational process教派学校{基督宗教} denominational school; sectarian school教区学校parish school; parochial school教规；训诫precept教会教育Church education; Missionary education教会学校Mission school教义问答教学法{要理问答教学法} catechetic; catechism; catechetic method教仆{古希腊}；教育学者pedagogue启蒙运动Enlightenment; The enlightenment理性；理由reason理性教育rational education理性论；理性主义rationalism理想ideal理论教育学theoretical pedagogy现代语文；现代外语{相对于古典语文} modern languages毕业式commencement移动学校{美国初期为解决郊区学子就学问题所提供教师至该区巡回教育的措施} moving school规范科学{相对于实证科学} normative science通艺学科；博艺学科liberal arts陆军学校army school 陶冶；教化cultivation陶治；教育{德} bildung博士论文Doctoral dissertation; Doctorate dissertation博士学位Doctorate; Doctor's degree; Doctoral degree博雅教育liberal education发生法genetic method象征主义symbolism进化论派教育学Evolutionistic pedagogy进步主义教育progressive education传记法biographical method奥林匹克运动会{奥运} Olympian ; Olympic ; Olympic games意志will意志教育education of will意识consciousness意识流streams of consciousness慈善学校charity school感官训练sense training感官唯实论sense realism感官教育sense education感官陶冶sense culture感情；感受；情感feeling爱国主义；爱国情操patriotism新人本主义；新人文主义neohumanism新教育New education新教学校Protestant school暗示suggestion暗示感受性suggestibility暗示诘问suggestive questioning溯因考察causal investigation禁闭confinement punishment禁欲主义Asceticism经院主义；士林哲学Scholasticism经院学者；士林哲学家Scholastic经验教育学Empirical pedagogy经验论；经验主义Empiricism圣经学校Bible school资讯；知识information [=knowledge]运动员风度；运动家精神sportsmanship道德morality道德教育moral education道德教学moral instruction顿悟；洞悟；洞见；洞察insight实用主义pragmatism实质训练material discipline实质陶冶material culture对话法dialogistical method歌咏团glee club演绎法deductive method种族差异race difference罚则penalty schedule诵读学校；阅读学校{中世纪以来的基础识字教育} reading school俭约教育thrift education剑桥制{1839年美国麻州剑桥地区允许资赋优异小学生修读两年即可跳级毕业的措施} Cambridge plan审美aesthetic appreciation模范课model lesson模范学校model school论理次序；逻辑次序logical order论理学；逻辑；理哲学Logic养育{后天教养，与nature相对} nurture学士Bachelor学士学位Bachelors' degree学位巾academic hood学位帽mortar-board学府{古希腊}；大学区{法}；中学{英、美旧制}；学术性质之会社；军事院校academy学者；学生{英} scholar学科轮替制alternation of studies学徒；艺徒apprentice学徒制apprentice ship system; apprentice system学徒教育apprentice ship education学徒学校apprentice school学校；学派school学校志chronicle of school学院袍academic gown导生{英} monitor导生分组制monitorial-group plan导生制{史} monitorial system导生学校monitor school积极教育positive education应用科学applied science矫正院；感化院House of correction斋舍制{英国公学制度} house system归纳法inductive method骑士教育chivalric education惩罚penalty; punishment 艺术教育art education; artistic education续学运动back-to-the-school movement辩证法dialectic; dialectics观念idea观念论{知识论}；唯心论{形上学}；理想主义{伦理学} idealism陶冶；教化cultivation陶治；教育{德}bildung博士论文Doctoraldissertation Doctoratedissertation博士学位Doctorate Doctor'sdegree Doctoraldegree博雅教育liberaleducation发生法geneticmethod象征主义symbolism进化论派教育学Evolutionisticpedagogy进步主义教育progressiveeducation传记法biographicalmethod奥林匹克运动会{奥运}Olympian Olympic Olympicgames意志will意志教育educationofwill意识consciousness意识流streamsofconsciousness慈善学校charityschool感官训练sensetrainin感官唯实论senserealism感官教育senseeducation感官陶冶senseculture感情；感受；情感feeling爱国主义；爱国情操patriotism新人本主义；新人文主义neohumanism新教育Neweducation新教学校Protestantschool暗示suggestion暗示感受性suggestibility暗示诘问suggestivequestioning溯因考察causalinvestigation禁闭confinementpunishment禁欲主义Asceticism经院主义；士林哲学Scholasticism经院学者；士林哲学家Scholastic经验教育学Empiricalpedagogy经验论；经验主义Empiricism圣经学校Bibleschool资讯；知识information=knowledge运动员风度；运动家精神sportsmanship道德morality道德教育moraleducation道德教学moralinstruction顿悟；洞悟；洞见；洞察insight实用主义pragmatism实质训练materialdiscipline实质陶冶materialculture对话法dialogisticalmethod歌咏团gleeclub演绎法deductivemethod种族差异racedifference罚则penaltyschedule诵读学校；阅读学校{中世纪以来的基础识字教育}readingschool俭约教育thrifteducation剑桥制{1839年美国麻州剑桥地区允许资赋优异小学生修读两年即可跳级毕业的措施}Cambridgeplan审美aestheticappreciation模范课modellesson模范学校modelschool论理次序；逻辑次序logicalorder论理学；逻辑；理哲学Logic养育{后天教养，与nature相对}nurture学士Bachelor学士学位Bachelors'degree学位巾academichood学位帽mortar-board学府{古希腊}；大学区{法}；中学{英、美旧制}；学术性质之会社；军事院校academy学者；学生{英}scholar学科轮替制alternationofstudies学徒；艺徒apprentice学徒制apprenticeshipsystem apprenticesystem 学徒教育apprenticeshipeducation学徒学校apprenticeschool学校；学派school学校志chronicleofschool学院袍academicgown导生{英}monitor导生分组制monitorial-groupplan导生制{史}monitorialsystem导生学校monitorschool积极教育positiveeducation 应用科学appliedscience矫正院；感化院Houseofcorrection斋舍制{英国公学制度}housesystem归纳法inductivemethod骑士教育chivalriceducation惩罚penalty punishment艺术教育arteducation artisticeducation续学运动back-to-the-schoolmovement辩证法dialectic dialectics观念idea观念论{知识论}；唯心论{形上学}；理想主义{伦理学}idealismad hoc hypothesis 特设性假说naive realism 朴素实在论anomaly 反常negative heuristic 反面启发法auxiliary assumption 辅助假定non-normal science 非常规科学auxiliary hypothesis 辅助假说non-science 非科学basic statement 基本陈述normal science 常规科学behaviourism 行为主义object language 对象语言conceptual framework 概念框架objectivism 客观主义confirm 确证observational statement 观察陈述confirmation 确证operativism 操作主义conjecture 推测panpsychism 泛心论conventionalism 约定论parallelism 平行论conversion 改宗、改变信仰paradigm 规范corroborate 确认corroboration 确认perceptual experience 知觉经验physicalism 物理主义counter-induction 反归纳pluralism 多元论critical rationalism 批判理性主义pluralistic realism 多元实在论critical realism 批判实在论positive heuristic 正面启发法critical thought 批判思维positivism 实证主义crucial experiment 判决性实验potential falsifier 潜在证伪者deduction 演绎、演绎法prescience 前科学degree of corroboration 确认度principle of induction 归纳原理determinism 决定论principle of proliferation 扩散原理dogmatic thought 教条思维principle of tenacity 靭性原理demarcation 分界principle of transference 传递原理disposition 素质、倾向problem of induction 归纳问题downward causation 下向因果性problem shift 问题转换emergence 突现problem situation 问题状况epiphenomenalism 附带现象论proof 证明epistemological anarchy 认识论无政府状态propensity 倾向性epistemology 认识论pseudo-science 类科学、伪科学error-elimination 除错psychologism 心理主义essentialism 本质论radical instrumentalism 激进工具主义explanation 解释rationlism 理性主义fallibilism 易谬主义rationality 理性fallibility 易谬性realism 实在论falsifiability 可证伪性reality 实在falsification 证伪reductionism 还原论falsificationism 证伪主义refutability 可反驳的falsify 证伪refutation 反驳falsity content 虚假性内容research programme 研究纲领first world 第一世界second world 第二世界formal language 形式语言simplicity 简单性gestalt switch 格式塔转换singular statement 单称陈述improbablity 不可几性sophisticated falsificationism 精致的证伪主义irrationalism 非理性主义subjectioism 主观主义guess 猜测tentative theory 试验性理论heuristic 启发法test 检验hypothesis 假说testability 可检验性indeterminism 非决定论theory-laden 渗透理论induction 归纳、归纳法third world 第三世界inductionism 归纳主义thought experiment 思想实验initial condition 初始条件trial and error 试错法instant rationality 即时理性truth content 真理性内容instrumentalism 工具主义universal statement 全称陈述interactionism 相互作用论upward causation 上向因果性irrefutability 不可反驳性verifiability 可证实的justification 证明verification 证实justify 证明verify 证实justificationism 证明主义verisimilitude 逼真性logical positivism 逻辑实证主义world 1 世界1macrologic 宏观逻辑world 2 世界2mentalism 精神主义world 3 世界3metalanguage 元语言metascience 元科学metatheory 元理论micrologic 微观逻辑naive falsificationism 朴素证伪主义naive instrumentalism 朴素工具主义。

汉语言文学专业词汇（英文版）FELIX2015-01-07 16:31:09文学思潮：Literature current of thought文学革命：Literature revolution古典文学：Classic literature维新运动：Reformist movement启蒙运动：Enlighten the sport价值领域：worth a realm外国文学：Foreign literature知识分子：Educated person浪漫主义：Romanticism唯美主义：Aestheticism百科全书：Cyclopeadia文艺复兴：Revival of learing发音器官：Speech organs功能名词：Function noun专有名词：Proper noun普通名词：Commen noun集合名词：Collective noun抽象名词：Abstract noun复合谓语：Compound predicate楔形文字：Arrowheaded character语法范畴：Grammatical category汉藏语系：Sino-Tibetan上层建筑：Superstructure意识形态：Ideology现代文学：Contemporary literature大众文学：Popular literature报告文学：Reportage批判主义：Criticism伊索寓言：Aesop`s Fables希腊文化：Hellenism形而上学：Metaphysis孔子学说：Confucian喜怒哀乐：Pleasure Anger Sorrow Joy发源地：Source爱美剧：Amateur修辞学：Rhetoric语音学：Phonetic助动词：Auxiliary verb感叹词：Interjection连接词：Link word逻辑词：Logical word里程碑：Milestone拉丁语：Latin田园诗：Idyl无名氏：Annymous person真善美：Truth Goodness Beauty英语分类词汇：文学相关词汇classical literature 古典文学contemporary literature 现代文学popular literature 大众文学light literature 通俗文学folklore 民间文学saga (river) novel 长篇小说short novel, long short story 中篇小说short story 短篇小说love story 爱情小说deterctive story 侦破小说mystery story 怪诞小说whodunit 推理小说humorous story 幽默小说historical novel 历史小说essay 随笔book of travels 游记reportage 报告文学criticism 评论best seller 畅销书anthology 选集the complete works(of) 全集edition, printing 版masterpiece 杰作copyright 版权, 著作权deluxe binding 精装flat stitching 平装smyth sewed 线装humanities 人文学科writer 作家book 书volume 卷theatre 戏剧 (美作:theater)drama 话剧comedy 喜剧tragedy 悲剧farce 滑稽剧play 剧本the three unities 三一律(一个情节,一个地点,一个时间) playwright 编剧act 幕scene 场plot 情节Appendix 1 A Glossary of Linguistic TermsAabbreviation []n. 缩写.缩写词.略语ablative []n.夺格a.夺格的absolute []a.独立的.独立成分absolute clause 独立从句abstract nouns 抽象名词accent []n.口音.重音.(诗歌中词或音节的)重读accidence [].词形变化.字形变化2. (学科的)初步.入门accommodation []n.调适.接纳accusative []a.直接宾格的n.直接宾格 (受格)acoustic []a.听觉的.音响的.声学的（---feature/cue声学特征）acquisition []n.获得.习得acronym []n.首字母缩略字.缩略词active []n.主动语态actor []n.动作者.行动者（actor—action—goal）addition []n. 加.附加.添加address []n. 称呼(forms/terms of address 称呼语 )addressee []n. 受话人，收信人，收件人addresser []n. 发话人，发言人，发信人.adjacency pair 相邻语对adjective []n.形容词a.形容词的adjunct []n.附加语.修饰语.修饰成分adnominal []a.（定语）修饰名词的.形容词的.形容名词的adverb []n. 副词；状语adverbial []a. 副词的,作副词用的adversative []a.反意的.相反的n.反义字(转折语)affirmative []n.肯定词.肯定语affix []n1.附加物.添加物2.字缀.词缀(affix hopping 词缀跳跃) affixation[]n. 附加.附加法.词缀附加法affricate []n.塞擦音agent (agentive) 施事agreement []n. (人称.性别.数.格的)一致airstream []n.气流alliteration []n.头韵(法)allomorph []n.同质异形体.词.语素变体allophone []n.同位音.音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体alveolar []n. 齿龈音，齿槽音.alveolar ridge 齿龈ambiguity []n.含混，歧义ambiguous歧义的anacoluthon []n.改变说法.错格.句法结构前后不一anadiplosis []n.反复法.顶真analogical []a.类似的.类推的analogical creation 类推造字anapaest []n.抑抑扬格.弱弱强格.短短长格anaphora []n. 复指.首语(句)重复法annotation []n. 注解.注释antecedent []n. (关系代词的)先行词antithesis []n. 1. 对立面;对立2. (修辞学)对语,对偶,对句antonomasia []n. 代称，称呼替换antonym []n. 反义词,反义现象aphorism []n.格言.警句.箴言aposiopesis []n.话语中断，说话中断法apostrophe []n. 1.呼语2.撇号3.省略符号4.所有格符号appellative [].名称的2.通称的n.通称名词.普通名词apposition []n. 1.同位语2.并置appropriateness []n. 得体.适合.适当.相称arbitrariness []n. 任意性archaism []n.古体，拟古，古语argot []n.行语，暗语，黑话article []n.冠词articulation []n. (清楚的)发音.发出的(辅)音.发音动作articulator []n. 1.发音清楚的人或物2.发音器官articulatory []a.发音清晰的.与发音有关的aside 旁白，私语，离题话aspect []n. (动词的) 体. 时态. 时间aspirated []a.伴有h音的.送气音的.吐气.送气assimilation []n.同化aureate []a.绚丽的（-- diction,绚丽辞令– style绚丽体）assonance []n. 1. 谐音2. (诗的)准押韵.半谐音attributive []a. 1.归属的.属性的2.定语的n.定语auxiliary []a. 辅助的.附属的.从属的n.助词auxiliary verb 助动词Bback-formation 逆构词法base form 基础形式base component 基础部分basic form 基本形式behaver 行为者behavioural process 行为过程behaviourism 行为主义bilabial []a.双唇音的n. 双唇音bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音bilateral []a.双边的.双边音bilateral opposition 双边对立bilingualism [] n.双语现象binary []a. 二元的.由二部分构成的(-- feature 二分特征)binomial []a. 二项式的 n.二项式blade []n.舌叶.舌面前部blank verse 无韵诗bleaching []n.词义淡化blending []n.混合.混成法.裁切block language 块语、标题式语言(有限语境中使用缩略结构如No smoking) borrow(ing) 借用.借词bound clause粘附句bound morpheme 粘着语素bounding theory 界限理论bracketing 括号法broad transcription 宽式音标broadening 词义扩大Ccalque []n.语义转借.译借vt.转借(语义).仿造语cardinal[]n基数词cardinal vowel 基本元音category []n范畴(categorical component 范畴成分)causative []a.使役的n.使役动词cavity []n.腔clause 小句.从句click 吸气音.咂音clipping []n.缩略closure []n.关闭.闭塞cluster []辅音丛coarticulation 协同发音coda []n.节尾.韵尾code 语码.信码cognate []n.同源词.同根词.同系语言cognitive psycholinguistics 认知心理语言学cognitive psychology 认知心理学cognitive system 认知系统coherence 连贯.相关.关联cohension 衔接collapse [] 叠合collective []n.集合名词colligation []n. 概括.搭连collocation []n.组合.搭配command []命令（句）commissive 承诺语common普通的.共同的（--- core 共核）（--- noun 普通名词）comparative [] a比较的.比较级的competence []n.语言能力complement(ation) 补语complementary互补.相反component 组成部分，成分componential 组成部分的composition 组构compound(ing) 复合；复合词(句)conative []a. 意动的concord []n. 协调.一致（关系）conditional []n.条件句.条件语congruence []n.重合conjugate []vt.列举(动词)的词形变化conjunct []a. 连接副词conjunction []n.连词.连接词connotation []n.含蓄.言外之意【逻】内涵consonant[]n.辅音.辅音字母a.辅音的constative []a. 陈述的.表述的constituent []n.成分.结构成分construction (construct) 构建content (ive) 内容.实义(词)contrast(ive) 对立.对比convention(al) 常规；规约conversation 会话conversationalconversion 类转.变换coordinate /coordination/coordiative 并列copula []n.系词copulative []a.连系的.作系词的n.系词co-referential(ity) 同指coronal []n.舌冠（音）.舌尖音corpus []n. 1.文集.全2..躯体(尤指尸体) 3.语料语料库.素材corpora[] (corpus的复数)correlative []a.相关的n.关联词count [] 可数的，countable/uncontable 可/不可数名词couplet []n. 对句.双韵covert []隐性的Ddactyl []n. (英诗的)扬抑抑格.长短短格dative []a.与格的n.与格.与格语 dative movement 与格移动declarative []a. 1. 宣言的.布告的.申报的.陈述的2.陈述的decode []vt. 译解(密码)deductive []a. 推论的.演绎的defeasibility 消除可行性definite []. 明确的.确切的2. 一定的.肯定的3. 限定的deictic []a. 直证的.直指的（deixis）denotation []n. 1. 意义.本义2. 表示3. 名称.符号dental []a. 齿音的n.齿音dentalization 齿音化derivation []n.诱导.来历.起源调查.语言derivational []a.诱导的. 衍生的;引出的determiner []n.限定词deviant []a. 越轨的n.不正常者.变异物.变体deviation 偏离；变异devoice []vt.使(有声之音)变为无声之音devoicing 清音化diachronic []a.历时的diachronic linguistics 历时语言学diacritic []a.有区别的.能区分的.辨别的n.区别发音符号dialect []n. 方言.土话dialectology 方言学diphthong []n.双元音.复合元音direct object 直接宾语direct speech直接言语discourse []n.语段.语篇；话语discrete []a. 1. 分离的.不连接的2.抽象的disjunction []n. 分离.分裂displacement []n.移位.置换.取代dissimilation []n. 1. 异化2.异化作用3.异化distinguish []vt.区别.识别把...区别分类distinguisher 辩义成分domain []n. 领域.范围dorsal []a.背部的.背侧的舌背音.舌中音dorsum []n.背.背状部分.舌面(舌尖以后之部分)dual []n. 1. 双数2. 双数词dualistic []a. 二元的.二元论的duality 二重性Eejective []a. 喷出的.外射的n.外爆音ellipsis []n.省略.省略部分elliptic(al) []a. 1. 椭圆的2.省略的encode []vt. 1. 把...译成电码(或密码)endocentric []a.向心的.内向的epenthesis []n.增音.插入字母epithet []n. 1. 表示特征的修饰词2. (描述性的)称号equipollent []a.相等的n. 相等物equivalence 相等equivoque []n. 双关语.模棱两可的词句.语义双关euphemism []n.. 婉转说法.委婉(词)语euphony []n. 声音的和谐.谐音.悦耳语音exocentric []a. 外心的exocentric construction 外向结构extensive []引申的；扩展的Ffeasibility []n.可行性.可能性feature []n. 特征.特色felicity []n. 1. 幸福2. (措辞等的)得体.巧妙.恰当的语句feminine []a.阴性的figurative []a. 1. 比喻的.象征的2. (文章等)多比喻的figurative language 比喻性语言；象征性语言figures of speech 修辞手段；修辞格finite []a. 1. 有限的2.有穷的3.限定的n. 有限.有限之物flap [] 闪音flexibility []n. 易曲性.适应性.灵活性.弹性fricative []a. 摩擦的n. 摩擦音friction 摩擦function 功能fusion []n.溶合fuzzy []a. 1. 有绒毛的2. 模糊不清的Ggender []n. 1.【语】性2.性别gender difference 性别差异generalization []n. 普遍化.概括.综合.归纳generative []a.生殖的.有生产力的generative grammar 生成语法genitive []a.属格的n.属格global []a. 1. 球状的2. 全世界的3. 总体的global task 整体任务glottal []a. 1.声门的2. 用声门发声的.喉音glottal stop 喉塞音gradable []a. (形容词)有比较级和最高级的grammar []n. 语法grammatical []a. 语法的group []n.群.组.类词组guttural []a.喉咙的.喉音的n. 喉音.喉音字腭音Hhead []n.中心词；中心成分headed construction 中心结构heptameter []n.七音步a. 七音步的hierarchical []a.等级制度的.等级体系的hierarchical structure 等级结构hierarchical system 等级系统hierarchy []n.等级制度.统治集团.级系.阶系holophrastic []a.表句词的.单词句的holophrastic stage 单词句阶段homonym []n.同音异义字.同形同音异义字.同形异义字homophony []n. 同音异义hyperbole []n. 1.修辞的夸张法2.夸张的语句hypercorrection []n.矫枉过正hyponym []n.下位的名称.下义词hypothesis []n.假说. 前提.假设Iiamb []n.抑扬格.短长格iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步诗行idiom []n1. 惯用语.成语.习惯语2. 方言.土话.(个人特有)用语ill-formed sentences 不合适的句子illocutionary []a.发语词内的.语内表现行为的illocutionary act 话中行为；施为性行为illocutionary force 言外作用；施为作用immediacy assumption 即时假定immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法imperative []a.祈使法的.祈使语气.命令的implicate []vt.意味着.暗指n. 包含的事物.暗含的论断implication 蕴涵；含义implosive []a.闭塞音的n.内爆发音inanimate []a.无生命的indefinite []a.不定的.未定的indicative []a.陈述的n.陈述语气.陈述语气的动词形式inference []n. 推论.推断[inferential []a. 推理的.推论的infinitive []n.不定式a.不定式的infix []n. 插入词.中缀inflection []n. 1. 变音.转调2. 弯曲.向内弯曲innateness []n. 天生.天赋intensifier []n. 1. 增强器.增强剂2. 加强者3.强调成分intensive []a. 加强的.密集的.加强语意的n.强调成分interdental []a. 在牙齿间的2.齿间音的n.齿间音interface []n. 界面.分界面interjection []n. 感叹词.感叹语interlanguage []n. 国际语言Interlingua []n.人工国际语之一interlocutor []n. 对话者internal []a. 内的.内部的international phonetic alphabet. IPA 国际音标interpersonal []a. 人与人之间的interpersonal function 人际功能interrogative []a. 疑问的.质问的n.疑问词intonation []n. 语调.声调intransitive []a.不及物的n.不及物动词intrinsic []a.本身的.本质的.固有的.内在的invariable []a. 不变的.恒定的.一律的inversion []n.反向.倒置.倒转2.倒装法IPA chart 国际音标图IPS symbol 国际音标符号J K Ljargon []n.黑话；行语kernel []n.核心.要点keyword关键词label []n. 标记.符号. 称号.绰号labial []a. 唇的.唇音的n. 唇音labiodental 唇齿音language []n.语言larynx []n.喉lateral []a.旁流音的.侧音的lateral sounds侧音lax []a. (元音)松弛的n.松弛的元音lax vowel 松元音letter []n字母level []n. 层，级，平面lexeme []n. 词汇.语汇单位.词位；词素lexical []a. 1. 词汇的.语词的2. 词典的.词典编纂的lexicon []n. 1. 词典2. 语汇3. 词素lexis []n. (某一语言的)词语(层)liaison [] 连音linear []a. 线的.直线的linguistic []a.. 语言的.语言学的lip rounding 圆唇化literal []a. 照字面的.原义的loan translation 翻译借词loanblend 混合借词loanshift 转移借词loanword 借词Mmacro []a. 1. 巨大的.大量的2. 宏观的.main clause 主句manner of articulation 发音方式marked 标记的masculine []a. 1. 男性的.男子的2阳性的maxim []n. 格言.箴言.座右铭manner maxim 方式准则meaning 意义meaning potential 意义潜势meaning shift 转移mental (processs) 思维过程；心理过程mentalism []n.心灵主义message 信息metafunction 元功能metalinguistic 元语言的metaphor 隐喻metathesis []n. 1.音位转换2.交换反应.置换metonymy []n.转喻metre []n.格律.韵律.拍子metrical patterning 韵律格式 9.3.3mind 思维minimal []a.最小的.极微的n.极简抽象派艺术(或其作品) mirror maxim 镜像准则mistake 错误modal []a. 1.形态上的.形式的2.语气的.情态的3.典型的modal subject 语气主语modal verb 情态动词modality []n. 1. 形式.情态程序3.物理疗法4. 主要的感觉modification []n.修饰.变异modifier []. 修改者2. 修饰词语3.修饰基因4.改性剂monomorphemic 单语素的monophonemic 单音位的monophthong 单元音monosyllabic 单音节的mood 语气morpheme []n.语素.词素(语言中最小的字义单位) morphemic []a.词素的.语素的morphological []a.形态学的.形态的morphology []n.形态学morphophonemics []n词素音位结构2. 词素音位学mother tongue 母语；本族语motivation 动因；动机multilingualism 多语制；多语现象Nnasal []. 鼻的2. 鼻音的n.. 鼻音.鼻音字母nasal cavity 鼻腔nasal sound 鼻音nasal stop 鼻塞音nasal tract 鼻道nasality 鼻音性nasalization 鼻音化negation []n. 1. 否定2. 反对.反驳3. 不存在4. 对立面negative []a.否定的.否认的. 反面的.消极的n.否定语negative interference 负面干扰negative marker 否定标记negative transfer 负转移neutralize []vt. 1. 使无效.抵消2. 使中立化neutralizable opposition 可中立对立node []n. 1. 结.节2. 中心点.交叉点nominal []a.名词性的n. 名词性的词nominal group 名词词组nominalization 名词化nominative []a.主格的n.主格.主格词non-conventionality 非规约性non-detachability非可分离性non-linear phonology 非线性音系学non-linguistic entity 非语言实体non-pulmonic sound 非肺闭塞音non-reciprocal discourse 非交替性语篇non-reflexive pronoun 非反身代词nonsense word stage 无意义词语阶段nonverbal cues 非言语提示norm 规范notation system 标写系统notion 意念noun phrase 名词短语noun 名词Oobject 宾语object-deletion 宾语省略objective case 宾格objectivity 客观性obligatory 强制性observational adequacy 观察充分性abstruction 阻塞octametre 八音步诗行onomatopoeia []n. 1.拟声.象声词2.拟声法onset 节首辅音open class 开放类open syllable 开音节operative 可操作性operator 操作词oppositeness relation 对立关系opposition 对立optimal relevance 最适宜关联option 选择optional 可选择的oral cavity 口腔oral stop 口阻塞音ordinal numeral 序数词origin of language 语言起源orthography []. 正字法.拼字法2. (几何)正射影(法) ostensive communication 直示交际overgeneralization 过分法则化Ppalate []n. 1.上颚2. 味觉3. 趣味.嗜好palatal []a.上颚(音)的.颚(音)的n. 上颚音.颚音palatal-alveolar 腭齿龈音palatalization []n.腭音化paradigm [].范例2. (名词或动词)词形变化(表)paradigmatic [].范例的2.词形变化(表)的paradigmatic relation 聚合关系paraphrase []n. 1. 释义.意译.改述vt. vi.. 释义.意译participant 参与者particle []n.虚词(包括某些副词.冠词.介词.连词等).字首.字尾partitive []a. 1. 区分的2.表示部分的n.表示部分的词passive []n.被动语态被动态的动词pattern 模式patterning 制定模式pause 停顿peak （节）峰perceptual []a.感知的.知觉的perceptual span 感知时距perfectionism 完善主义perfective 完成体performative (verb) 行事性动词person 人称personal (function) 自指性功能pharyngeal [].咽部的2.喉音的n.喉音pharynx []n.咽头phatic []a. 交流感情的.应酬的phatic (communion) 寒暄交谈；phoneme []n.音素.音位phonetic []a. 1.语音的.语音学的2. 语音差异的phonetic alphabet 音标phonetic form component 语音形式部分phonetic similarity 语音相似性phonetic symbol 语音符号phonetic transcription 标音（法）phonetics []n. (用作单)语音学phonologic []a.音位学的.语音体系的phonological process 音位过程phonology []n. 音位学.语音体系phrase []n. 短语.词组pidgin []. (并用两种或多种语言的)混杂语.洋泾浜语2.事儿plosion []n】爆破发音.爆破plosive [].破裂音(的)plural []a.复数的pluralism [].兼职.兼任2.多重性.多元论plurality []. 复数.多数.多重性2.复数(形式)polysyllabic []a. 多音节的Portugese 葡萄牙语positive transfer 正移转possessive [].拥有的.占有的2.所属关系的.所有格的postdeterminer 后限定词pragmatic []. 实际的.实干的2. 实用主义的pragmatics 语用学Prague School 布拉格学派predeterminer 前限定词predicate []n..谓语.述部a.谓语的.述部的prefix []n.字首.前缀 (人名前的)称谓premodifier 前修饰语preposition [].介词.前置词prepositional []a.. 介词的.前置词的prepositional phrase 介词短语prescriptive []a. 规定的.因时效而获得的presupposition []n.预想.假定.前提primary []a. 首要的.主要的priva principle []n. 原则.原理process 过程pro-form 代词形式；替代形式pronominal []a. 代词的pronoun 代词pronunciation 发音pronunciation dictionary 发音词典proposition 命题prosodic []a. 作诗法的.韵律学的psycholinguistics 心理语言学psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic approach 心理-社会语言学方法pulmonic []a. 肺病的pulmonic sound 肺闭塞音Putonghua 普通话Qquality 质量quality maxim 质量准则quantity 数量quantity maxim 数量准则quantifier 数量词quantitative analysis 定量分析quantitative paradigm 数量变化表quatrain []n. 四行诗quirk []. 突然的转变2. 字的花体3. 怪癖4. 借口Rrange 范围rank 级rationalism 理性主义raw data 原始素材R-based implicature 基于关联的涵义realisation 体现received pronunciation. RP 标准发音receiver 受话者；信息接受者recency effectrecognition 识别recursion []n.【数】递回.递回式.循环.可溯recursive []a.】递归的.可溯的；还原的recursiveness 递归性reference 所指参照referential [] 指示的所指的reflexive []n..反身动词.反身代词a.反身的regional dialect 地域方言register []n.语域regressive [].后退的.逆行的.退化的2. 回归的relative clause 关系分句.关系从句relative pronoun 关系代词relative uninterruptibility 相对的非间断性relevance theory 关联理论reliability 信度repetition 重复residue []n.残余.剩余.剩余成分restricted []a. 受限制的.被限定的restricted language 限制性语言retrieval []. 取回.恢复2. 纠正.补偿检索retroflex []. 反折的.后翻的2. 卷舌(音)的n. 卷舌音reverse rhyme 反陨rhyme 韵；韵角；压韵rhythm 韵律；节奏role 角色root 词根root morpheme 词根语素round vowel 圆元音rules of language 语言规则Ssameness relation 相同关系Sanskrit []n. 梵文.梵语a. 梵文的.梵语的Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 萨丕尔-沃夫假设Saussure 索绪尔scale of delicacy 精密阶schema []. 轮廓.概要.略图2.先验图式3.图式second language acquisition 第二语言习得secondary cardinal vowel 次要基本元音secondary stress 次重音segment []n.语流中的一个音素(或单个音)selection restriction 选择限制selectional rules 选择规则self-reflexive 自反身semantic []a.. 语义的.语义学的semantic triangle 语义三角semantics 语义学semi-consonant 半辅音semiotic [].符号学的2.症状的semiotics 符号学semi-vowel 半元音sense 意义sentence 句子sentence fragments 句子成分sentence meaning 句义sentence memory 句子记忆sentence stress 句重音sentence structure 句子结构sentential calculus 句子演算setting 场景sibilant [].丝丝作响的2.发丝音的.丝丝音2.发丝音辅音sign 符号signified 所指.受指signifier 能指.施指simile []n. (修辞)直喻.明喻simultaneity 同时性singular 单数slot 空缺soft palate 软腭sonnet 十四行诗sonorant []n..响音sonority []. 响亮2. (声音的)响亮程度sound 语音Spanish 西班牙语Speaker 说话者speech 言语spelling 拼写.拼法split infinitives 分裂的不定式spoken corpus 口语语料库spoken language 口语spondee []n.扬扬格spoonerism []n.斯本内现象(即字音的无意互换现象) Standard English 标准英语standardization 标准化statistical analysis 统计分析status 地位stem 词干stimulus 刺激stimulus-response 刺激反应stop 闭塞音stratification []n.成层.阶层的形成stress 重音structure 结构stylistics 文体学subcategorize 次范畴subject 主语subject-deletion 主语省略subjectivity 主观性subjunctive []a.虚拟的n.虚拟语气subordinate construction 从属结构subordination 从属substitutability 替代性substitution 替换suffix 后缀superlative degree 最高级superordinate 上坐标词suprasegmental feature超语段特征syllabic []. 音节的.构成音节的n.音节主音syllabification []. (语音)分音节2. 分音节法syllable []n. 音节syllabus []n. 教学大纲.课程大纲2.要目syllogism [].三段论.演绎推理2.推断3.诡辩.狡辩symbol 符号synchronic []a. 同时的.共时的synonym []n. 同义字.类义字 (分类学中的)同物异名synonymous []a. 同义的.同义词性质的synonymy []n. 同义.同义词研究syntax []n.语法.句法2. (组成部分的)有条理(或系统)的排列syntactic []a. 按照句法的.句法的Ttacit []a1. 缄默的.不说话的2. 不明言的.默示的tacit knowledge 默契的知识tagmeme []n.法位.序位tagmemics 法位学tautology []n. 同义反复.重复.赘述template []n. 模块tense vowel 紧元音tense 时态tetrameter []n. 四音步诗行text 语篇textual 语篇功能theme []n. 1.论题.话题.题目2.主题.主题思想.题材3.词干.主位tone 声调.音调tongue height 舌高tongue position 舌位tongue tip 舌尖topic 主题trace theory 轨迹论transcription []n. 1.抄写.誊写2.副本音标.标音transfer 移转transformation 转换transitivity []n.动词的及物性trill []n.颤音trochee []n.扬抑格.长短格trope []n.转义.比喻truth condition 真值条件truth value 真值tu/vous distinction 你/您区别turn length 话语轮次长度turn quantity 话语轮次数量turn-taking 依次发言two-place predicate 二位谓语two-word utterance 二词话语typology 类型学UUnaspirated 不松气的underlying form 底层形式underlying representation 底层表达uninterruptibility 非中断性universal quantifier 普遍限量词universal 普遍现象universality 普遍性universals of language 语言的普遍现象unmarked 未标记的unrounded vowel 非圆元音urban dialectology 都市方言学utterance [].发声.表达2.说话方式.语调3言辞.言论.话语utterance meaning 语句意义uvula []n. 悬雍垂.小舌uvular []a.小舌的.小舌音的Vvalidity 效度variable 可变化的variable word 可变化词variation变异variety 变体；语体velar []膜的2.软颚音的n. 软颚音velarization 腭音化velum [].软颚2.菌膜.缘膜verb 动词verb phrase 动词短语verbal communication 言语交际verbal process 言语过程verbiage []. 废话.冗词2. 用语.措词vernacular []n.本国语.本地话.方言.行话.日常用语.白话vernacular language education 本地化教育vocabulary 词汇vocal []a.声的.声音的.元音的.浊音的n.元音.浊音vocal cord 声带vocal organ 发音器官vocal tract 声道vocative []a. 称呼的.呼格的n.呼格voice 语态voiced consonant 浊辅音voiced obstruent 浊塞音voiced (sound) 浊音voiceless consonant 清辅音voiceless obstruent 清塞音voiceless(sound) 清音voicing 浊音化，有声化vowel []n. 1.元音2. 元音字母vowel glide 元音音渡WWh-interrogative 特殊疑问句women register 女性语域word 词word class 词类word formation 词语形成word group 词组word meaning 词义word order 词序word recognition 词语识别word formation 词语形成word-for-word 逐词翻译wording []n. 措辞.用语written language 书面语written text 篇章XY ZYes--no interrogative 是非问句yes--no question 是非问句zero 零.零形式zeugma []n. 轭式搭配，轭式修饰法。

1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of K i n g A r t h u r a n d t h e r o u n d t a b l e k n i g h t. 2．Ballad民谣: a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourthlines rhymed.3．Heroic Couplet英雄偶句诗: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambicpentameter, and written in an elevated style. 4．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity. 5．Sonnet 14行诗: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.6．Blank verse无韵诗: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 7．Enlightenment启蒙运动: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order,restrained emotion and accuracy.8．Neoclassicism新古典主义: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism. 9．Sentimentalism感情主义: it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18 century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking,passion over reason.10．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship ofnature.11．Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake Districtat the beginning of the 19th century.12．Byronic Heroes拜伦式英雄: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English RomanticPoet Gordon Byron.13．Aestheticism唯美主义: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts. 14．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrativemode.15．Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白16．Iambic Pentameter抑扬格五音步: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb. 17．Epic史诗: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.18．Elegy挽歌: a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type oflyric poem.19．Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza wascommon to travel literature.1.(杰弗里乔叟）：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales《埃特伯雷故事集》（24stories)More: Utopia《乌托邦》- the communication between more and the traveler which justcame back from Utopia.3.: the first English Essayist; Essays《随笔集》- Of Studies, Of Truth (philosophical andliterary works)4. Poet's poet; The Fairy Queen《仙后》(to Queen Elizabeth I)四大悲剧：（1）《奥瑟罗》叙述摩尔人贵族瑟罗由于听信手下旗官伊阿古的谗言，被嫉妒所压倒，掐死了无辜妻子苔丝狄蒙娜，随后自己也悔恨自杀。

narrative [['nærətiv]]基本翻译n. 叙述；故事；讲述adj. 叙事的，叙述的；叙事体的deed [[di:d]]基本翻译n. 行动；证书；[法]契据vt. 立契转让epic [['epik]]基本翻译adj. 史诗的，叙事诗的n. 史诗；叙事诗；史诗般的作品transmitted基本翻译v. 传输；传送（transmit 的过去分词）adj. [医]透射的recitation [[,resi'teiʃən]] 基本翻译n. 背诵；朗诵；详述；背诵的诗romanticism[[rəu'mæntisizəm]]基本翻译n. 浪漫主义；浪漫精神idealization[[ai'diəlai'zeiʃən, -li'z-]]基本翻译n. 理想化；理想化的事物flourish [['flauriʃ]]基本翻译n. 兴旺；茂盛；挥舞；炫耀；华饰vt. 夸耀；挥舞vi. 繁荣，兴旺；茂盛；活跃；处于旺盛时期sentimentalize[[,senti'mentəlaiz]]基本翻译vt. 使感伤；为…而伤感vi. 感伤；流于感伤depict [[di'pikt]]基本翻译vt. 描述；描画emphasis [['emfəsis]]基本翻译n. 重点；强调；加强语气sordid [['sɔ:did]]基本翻译adj. 肮脏的；卑鄙的；利欲熏心的；色彩暗淡的soliloquy [[sə'liləkwi]]基本翻译n. 独白；自言自语extended [[ik'stendid]]基本翻译adj. 延伸的；扩大的；长期的；广大的v. 延长；扩充（extend的过去分词）delivered [[di'livəd]]基本翻译adj. 业已交货v. 递送（deliver的过去分词）reveal [[ri'vi:l]]基本翻译vt. 显示；透露；揭露；泄露n. 揭露；暴露；门侧，窗侧manifest [['mænifest]]基本翻译vt. 证明，表明；显示vi. 显示，出现n. 载货单，货单；旅客名单adj. 显然的，明显的；明白的clarity [['klærəti]]基本翻译n. 清楚，明晰；透明universal [[,ju:ni'və:səl]]基本翻译adj. 普遍的；通用的；宇宙的；全世界的；全体的n. 一般概念；普通性artists基本翻译n. 艺术家，设计师（artist 的复数）capture [['kæptʃə]]基本翻译vt. 俘获；夺得n. 捕获；战利品，俘虏complexity [[kəm'pleksiti]] 基本翻译n. 复杂，复杂性；复杂错综的事物confusion [[kən'fju:ʒən]]基本翻译n. 混淆，混乱；困惑reshape [[,ri:'ʃeip]]基本翻译vt. 改造；再成形discard [[dis'kɑ:d, 'disk ɑ:d]]基本翻译vt. 抛弃；放弃；丢弃vi. 放弃n. 抛弃；被丢弃的东西或人era [['iərə, 'εərə]]基本翻译n. 时代；年代；纪元indeed [[in'di:d]]基本翻译adv. 的确；实在；真正地；甚至int. 真的（表示惊讶、怀疑、讽rebirth [[,ri:'bə:θ,'ri:b-]]基本翻译n. 再生；复兴刺等）revival [[ri'vaivəl]]基本翻译n. 复兴；复活；苏醒；恢复精神；再生效stimulated [['stimjə,letid]]基本翻译adj. 受激的v. 刺激（stimulate的过去式和过去分词）feudal [['fju:dl]]基本翻译adj. 封建制度的；领地的；世仇的medieval[[,medi'i:vəl, ,mi:-]]基本翻译adj. 中世纪的；[贬]原始的；仿中世纪的；老式的corruption [[kə'rʌpʃən]]基本翻译n. 贪污，腐败；堕落Catholic [['kæθəlik]]基本翻译adj. 天主教的；宽宏大量的n. 天主教徒；罗马天主教devotion [[di'vəuʃən]]基本翻译n. 献身，奉献；忠诚；热爱keynote [['ki:nəut]]基本翻译n. 基调；主旨；主音vt. 给…定基调；说明基本政策vi. 作主旨发言sonnet [['sɔnit]]基本翻译n. 十四行诗；商籁诗Renaissance [[ri'neisəns;'renəsɔns; rəne'sɔŋs]]基本翻译n. 文艺复兴（欧洲14至16世纪）Elizabethan [[i,lizə'bi:θən]]基本翻译adj. 伊丽莎白一世时代的；英国女王伊莉莎白一世的n. 伊莉莎白女王一世时代的英国人（尤指文人）rhyme [[raim]]基本翻译n. 韵律；韵脚；韵文；押韵词vt. 使押韵；用韵诗表达；把…写作诗vi. 押韵；作押韵诗monologue [['mɔnəlɔɡ]]基本翻译n. [戏]独白imitate [['imiteit]]基本翻译vt. 模仿，仿效；仿造，仿制Joyce [[dʒɔis]]基本翻译n. 乔伊斯（女名）James [[dʒeimz]]基本翻译n. 詹姆斯（姓氏，男子名）；[圣]《雅各书》depict [[di'pikt]]基本翻译vt. 描述；描画distracted [[dis'træktid]]基本翻译adj. 心烦意乱的；思想不集中的v. 分心（distract的过去式）illusory [[i'lju:səri]]基本翻译adj. 错觉的；幻影的；虚假的；产生幻觉的mist [[mist]]基本翻译n. 薄雾；视线模糊不清；模糊不清之物vi. 下雾；变模糊vt. 使模糊；使蒙上薄雾William [['wiljəm]]基本翻译n. 威廉（男子名）；[常作W-][美俚]钞票，纸币Faulkner [['fɔ:knə]]基本翻译n. 福克纳（美国小说家，曾获1949年诺贝尔文学奖）plots基本翻译n. 情节；阴谋；小块土地（plot的复数）；平面图v. 划分；策划（plot的三单形式）；绘制…的地图narrator [[nə'reitə, næ-]]基本翻译n. 叙述者；解说员sequence [['si:kwəns]]基本翻译n. 序列；顺序；续发事件vt. 按顺序排好dislocate [['disləukeit]]基本翻译vt. 使脱臼；使混乱amicable [['æmikəbl]]基本翻译adj. 友好的；友善的consciousness[['kɔnʃəsnis]]基本翻译n. 意识；知觉；觉悟；感觉scheme [[ski:m]]基本翻译n. 计划；组合；体制；诡计vi. 搞阴谋；拟订计划vt. 计划；策划rhyme [[raim]]基本翻译n. 韵律；韵脚；韵文；押韵词vt. 使押韵；用韵诗表达；把…写作诗vi. 押韵；作押韵诗Renaissance [[ri'neisəns;'renəsɔns; rəne'sɔŋs]]基本翻译n. 文艺复兴（欧洲14至16世纪）。

1. terms[tɝmz]n. 地位，关系；[法] 条款；术语；措辞；价钱（term的复数形式）v. 把…称为（term的三单形式）2.masque [mæsk]n. 假面剧；化装舞会；假面剧剧本3.conspiracy英[kən'spɪrəsɪ美[kən'spɪrən. 阴谋；共谋；阴谋集团[ 复数conspiracies ]4. run off with1. 偷走2. 携…私奔：5.ducats英['dʌkə美['dʌkən. 硬币；达克特（从前流通于欧洲各国的钱币）6mingledvt.mingle的变形mingle ['miŋɡl]vt.1. 使混合，使掺和，使相混：2. 使结合，使联合：3. [罕用语]合成，配制vi.1. 混合起来，相混合：2. 相交往；相往来：6. lavish英['lævɪʃ] 美['lævɪʃ]adj. 浪费的；丰富的；大方的vt. 浪费；慷慨给予；滥用7. miser英['maɪzə] 美['maɪzɚ]n. 守财奴；吝啬鬼；（石油工程上用的）凿井机8. flinch1 [flintʃ]vi.1.退却，缩回：(因疼痛等)退缩：2. (从任何困难、危险或痛苦的事情)退缩，畏缩：vt.[古语]从…退缩，对…畏缩不前n.1. 退缩，畏缩2. 【牌戏】弗林奇(把纸牌按规定顺序叠放在桌上的游戏)9. extravagance [ik'strævəɡəns]n.1. 放肆，放肆的言行，狂念2. 挥霍无度，浪费，铺张，奢侈3. (花费、言行等的)过度，无节制，放纵；荒唐的夸张4. 奢侈的事例，铺张浪费之举；奢华物，奢侈品10.woo英[wu美vt. 追求；招致；向…求爱；恳求vi. 求爱；恳求11.casket英['kɑːskɪ美['kæskɪn. 棺材；骨灰盒；小箱vt. 把……装进小箱；入殓12. ornatenessornatenessn.ornate的变形ornate [ɔ:'neit]adj.1. [有时亦含贬义]装饰华丽的，过分装饰的2. (文体)华美的，绚丽的；矫揉造作的3. [古语]装饰的，点缀的13. inward英['ɪnwəd] 美['ɪnwɚd]adj. 向内的；内部的；精神的；本质上的；熟悉的adv. 向内；内心里n. 内部；内脏；密友14.seal英[siːl] 美[sil]n. 密封；印章；海豹；封条；标志vt. 密封；盖章vi. 猎海豹15. in closing最后；在结束前16.dowry英['daʊ(ə)rɪ美['daʊn. 嫁妆；天资；亡夫遗产17.nunnery英['nʌn(ə)rɪ美['nʌnən. 尼姑庵；女修道院18seclusion英[sɪ'kluːʒ(ə美[sɪ'klʊʒən. 隔离；隐退；隐蔽的地方19.unheeded英[ʌn'hiːdɪ美[ʌn'hidɪadj. 被忽视的；未被注意的20.relent英[rɪ美[rɪ'lɛvi. 变温和，变宽厚；减弱；缓和vt. 使变温和；减轻v. 再借给（relend的过去分词21.duke英[djuː美[dʊn. 公爵，（公国的）君主；公爵（种）樱桃22. forfeit英['fɔːfɪt] 美['fɔrfət]n. 罚金；没收物；丧失的东西adj. 因受罚而丧失的；被没收的vt.23.bosom英['bʊz(ə美['bʊzən. 胸；胸怀；中间；胸襟；内心；乳房；内部vt. 怀抱；把…藏在心中adj. 知心的；亲密的24.entitle英[ɪn'taɪt(ə美[ɪn'taɪvt. 称做…；定名为…；给…称号；使…有权利25conversion英[kən'vɜːʃ(ə美[kən'vɝʒn. 转换；变换；[金融]26.vouch英[vaʊtʃ美[vaʊtʃvt. 担保；证明；传出庭作证vi. 保证；证明；确定27.i nheritance英[ɪn'herɪt(ə)ns] 美[ɪn'hɛrɪtəns]n. 继承；遗传；遗产28.magnifico英[mæg'nɪfɪkəʊ美[mæg'nɪfən.29 .thee英[ði美[ðpron. 你（古英语thou的宾格）30.stony英['stəʊnɪ美adj. 无情的；多石的；石头的31.adversary英['ædvəs(ə)rɪ美['ædvɚsɛn. 对手；敌手32.void英[vɒɪ美[vɔɪadj. 空的；无效的；无人的n. 空虚；空间；空隙vt. 使无效；排放33.dram英[dræ美[dræn. 打兰（重量名）；微量34.hath英美vt. 有（have的第三人称单数现在式35. ta'en ta'en [tein][古语、诗歌用语]＝taken36.rigorous英['rɪg(ə)rə美['rɪɡərəadj.37.obdurate英['ɒbdjʊrə美['ɑadj. 顽固的，执拗的；冷酷无情的38.malice英['mælɪ美['mælɪn.39.thy英[ðaɪ美[ðaɪpron. 你的40.remorse英[rɪ'mɔː美[rɪ'mɔn. 懊悔；同情41.moiety英['mɒɪɪtɪ美['mɔɪən. [化学] 一部分；一半42. huddle on胡乱地穿43.enow英[ɪ'naʊ美[ɪ'naʊadj. 足够的（等于44.pluck英[plʌ美[plʌn. 勇气；内脏；快而猛的拉vt. 摘；拔；扯vi. 拉；拽；扯45. commiseration[kə,mɪzə'reʃən]n. 怜悯，同情46. heart of flintheart of flint铁石心肠，冷酷无情47,stubborn英['stʌbə美['stʌbɚadj. 顽固的；顽强的；难处理的48.Tartar英['tɑː美['tɑrtɚn. 鞑靼人（蒙古人和突厥人）；凶悍的人；难对付的人adj. 鞑靼的49.tender英['tendə美['tɛndɚadj. 温柔的；柔软的；脆弱的；幼稚的；难对付的n. 偿付，清偿；看管人；小船vt. 提供，偿还；使…变嫩；是…变柔软vi. 投标；变柔软50.courtesy英['kɜːtɪsɪ美['kɝtən. 礼貌；好意；恩惠adj. 殷勤的；被承认的；出于礼节的51. holy Sabbathholy Sabbath大安息日(指复活节的前一天)，复活节前夕52.carrion英['kærɪə美['kærɪəadj. 腐肉的；腐朽的n. 腐肉；臭尸；不洁之物53. gaping[gep]adj. 多洞穴的54.bagpipe英['bægpaɪ美['bæɡpaɪn. 风笛vi. 奏风笛55.inevitable英[ɪn'evɪtəb(ə美[ɪn'ɛvɪtəadj. 必然的，不可避免的56. lodgedvt.lodge的变形lodge [lɔdʒ]n.1. (猎人居住的)林间小屋，山林小屋，小棚2. (庄园宅第等处的)仆人小屋，门房3. (工厂、大学等处的)门房4. 村舍，小屋5. (游览区或野营地的)旅馆，旅舍；中心楼6. (公路边供驾车旅客投宿的)汽车旅店7. (秘密社团的)地方分会；地方分会集会处；联谊会集会处8. [英国英语](剑桥大学)学院院长住宅9. 兽穴(尤指水獭或河狸穴)10. [美国英语](北美印第安人居住的)圆锥形棚屋；(居住于圆锥形棚屋的)印第安人住户[参较carth lodge]vt.1. 让…临时住宿；临时接纳…住宿2. 租房间给…3. 容纳；作为…的容器4. 寄存，存放5. 把(子弹等)射进(或打在、投入)：6. 提出(报告、要求、申诉等)：7. 把(权利、权威等)授予，把…赋予(常与in连用)：8. 追踪(鹿)至其洞穴9. [古语]使(庄稼等在暴风雨中)倒伏；(风)吹倒…：vi.1. (在他人房内等处) 暂住，借宿，投宿：。

1. Allegory （寓言）A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. 寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。

2. Alliteration （头韵）Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。

3. Allusion （典故）A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. 典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。

4. Analogy （类比）A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them. 类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。

5. Antagonist （反面主角）The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine of a narrative or drama.反面主角：叙事文学或戏剧中与男女主人公或英雄相对立的主要人物。

6. Antithesis （对仗）The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, or sentences. 对仗：两组相对的思想，言辞，词句的平衡。

英语基本文学词汇表Allegory寓言Alliteration 头韵Allusion典故Analogy类比Antagonist 反面人物Antithesis对偶Aphorism格言Apostrophe呼语法Aside旁白Assonance谐音Atmosphere基调，总体艺术效果Autobiography自传Ballad叙事诗歌、民谣Ballad Stanza民谣体诗节Biography传记Blank verse无韵诗An Introduction to Old Medieval English Literature中古时期英语文学介绍bold大胆的 mournful悲哀的elegiac挽歌的 survive幸存的secular长期的 biblical圣经的Genesis起源 Exodus(古代以色列人)出埃及Old Testament基督教的《旧约全书》testament遗Rood十字架;耶酥受难像 New Testament基督教的《新约全书》portray描绘 warrior战士,武士stride跨过 In addition to除…之外epic史诗 doctrine说教evoke唤起,引起 harshness严肃circumstance环境,境况 lot命运harsh荒芜的 sorrowful悲伤的fatalistic宿命论的 courageous有勇气的determined有决心的 typical典型的setting bards吟游诗人 minstrel吟游诗人(或歌手)script原本,手迹 funeral葬礼impend即将发生;进行威 exploit开拓Scandinavia斯堪的那维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称revengeful报复的,深藏仇恨的 sequence次序glorious光荣的 Thematically从主题上说primitive远古的;原始的 wage发动Hostile force敌对邪恶势力 mighty强大的,有力的mingling混合 mingle embody具体表达ruddy红的 Rome-backed barren单调的,不孕的flourish繁荣 utter发表;反射style, tone, genre风格、语气、流派presentation表达 accurate精确的originality创新 absent缺少salvation拯救narrative verse叙述诗 prose散文Romance骑士(传奇)文学 characteristic典型的motif主题;动机;主旨 quest寻求encounter遭遇 beloved所爱的人accomplish完成;实现 infidelity失真maiden少女;处女liberal自由主义的;不拘泥的 improbable不可能的supernatural不可思仪的事,超自然的 mysteries神秘的事物fantasies幻想 plot情节;结构Characterization人物创造;描述 standardize使标准化wicked邪恶的 episodic插话式的straightforward坦率地;简单的,直接的 aristocratic贵族化的chivalric有骑士风度的a gallery of一系列(gallery,走廊)masterpiece名著,杰作 aristocracy贵族,贵族政府be conscious of知道 ideals理想;观念的;唯心论的practical matter实际事物 detached分离art巧妙 peculiarly特有的asceticism禁欲主义 quick wit 敏捷,聪明的才智expose揭露 satirize讽刺abuse陋习;滥用;虐待;辱骂 essentially本质humanism人文主义 anticipated预示的observant 奉行者,遵守法律或规章、习俗的人ever-present经常存在的 clash冲突temperament气质;性情 comic喜剧的;滑稽的ironic讽刺的 obtainable可得到的distinctions区别;特性 bourgeoisie资产阶级depict描写 asserting声称;断言artistic艺术的 alliterative verse头韵的octosyllabic八音节的诗句 couplet对句(双行诗)rhymed couplet iambic抑扬格诗 pentameter五步格诗heroic couplet英雄体双行诗 ease 安逸prosody诗体论;作诗法;韵律学 virtually事实上strife斗争,冲突 sect宗派,教派,流派opposing adj.相反的,对立的 India印度Roman Catholicism天主教 Anglican Church英国国教Dissenter非国教派的人 divergence分歧West Indies西印度群岛 adequate adj.足够的standardized标准的,定型的 privileged adj.有特权的plundered n.抢劫,战利品 self-restraint自制self-reliance自我实现 furtherance n.促进philosophical adj.哲学的 celebrate v.赞美rationality n.唯理性 Yardstick n.准绳Measurement n. 度量 superstition迷信injustice不公平 oppression 压力yield place to让步,屈服 dualistic二元的mass聚集 democratic adj.民主的didactic adj.说教的 moralize v.说教revival复苏 proportion比例unity统一 grace优雅,优美delight使喜悦 correct告诫primarily根本上,首先 urbane adj.文雅的witty adj.诙谐的 genre n.流派prose n.散文 direct adj.直接的smooth adj.流畅的 flexible adj.灵活的lyrical adj.抒情的 epical adj.叙事的satiric adj.讽刺的 Observed v.说,评述Heroic Couplets英雄体双行诗Represent v.扮演,表现 sentimentalists n.感伤主义in due time及时的 wholesome adj.健康的clarity n.清楚,透明 conciseness n.简明Permanent heritage永久遗产 school n.学派epigram n.讽刺短诗 arnestness adj.热心的。

英美文学常用术语及解释下面是店铺整理的一些英美文学常用术语及解释，希望对大家有帮助。

01. Allegory(寓言)Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something. Especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself.2>allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice.3>Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Melville’s Moby Dick are such examples.02. Alliteration(头韵)Alliteration means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line or group.2>alliteration is a traditional poetic device in English literature.3>Robert Frost’s Acq uainted with the Night is a case in point:” I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet”03. Ballad(民谣)Ballad is a story in poetic from to be sung or recited. in more exact literary terminology, a ballad is a narrative poem consisting of quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimester.(抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗)2>.ballads were passed down from generation to generation.3>Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.04. epic(史诗)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actionsof goods and heroes.2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-Saxons.05. Lay(短叙事诗)It is a short poem, usually a romantic narrative, intended to be sung or recited by a minstrel.06. Romance(传奇)Romance is a popular literary form in the medic England.2>it sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.3>chivalry is the spirit of the romance.07. Alexandrine(亚历山大诗行)The name is derived from the fact that certain 12th and 13th century French poems on Alexander the Great were written in this meter.2>it is an iambic line of six feet, which is the French heroic verse.08. Blank Verse(无韵诗或素体广义地说)Blank verse is unrhymed poetry. Typically in iambic pentameter, and as such, the dominant verse forms of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century.09. Comedy(喜剧)Comedy is a light form of drama that aims primarily to amuse and that ends happily. Since it strives to provoke smile and laughter, both wit and humor are utilized. In general, the comic effect arises from recognition of some incongruity of speech, action, or character revelation, with intricate plot.10. Essay(随笔)The term refers to literary composition devoted to the presentation of the writer’s own ideas on a topic and generally addressing a particular aspect of the subject. Often brief in scope and informal in style, the essay differs from such fomal forms as the thesis, dissertation or treatise.11. Euphuistic style(绮丽体)Its principle characteristics are the excessive use of antithesis, which is pursued regardless of sense, and emphasized by alliteration and other devices; and of allusions to historical and mythological personages and to natural history drawn from such writers as Plutarch(普卢塔克), Pliny(普林尼), and Erasmus(伊拉兹马斯).2>it is the peculiar style of Euphues(优浮绮斯)12. History Plays(历史剧)History plays aim to present some historical age or character, and may be either a comedy or a tragedy. They almost tell stories about the nobles, the true people in history, but not ordinary people. the principle idea of Shakespeare’s history plays is the necessity for national unity under a mighty and just sovereign.13. Masques or Masks(假面剧)Masques (or Masks) refer to the dramatic entertainments involving dances and disguises, in which the spectacular and musical elements predominated over plot and character. As they were usually performed at court, often at very great expense, many have political overtones.14. Morality plays(道德剧)A kind of medic and early Renaissance drama that presents the conflict between the good and evil through allegorical characters. The characters tend to be personified abstractions of vices and virtues, which can be named as Mercy. Conscience, etc. unlike a mystery or a miracle play, morality play does notnecessarily use Biblical or strictly religious material because it takes place internally and psychologically in every human being.15.Sonnet(十四行诗)It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.3>Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known.16. Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗节)Spenserian Stanza is the creation of Edmund spenser.2>it refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格) and the last line in iambic hexameter(六音步抑扬格),rhyming ababbcbcc. 3>Spenser’s the Faerie Queen was written in this kind of stanza.17. Stanza(诗节)Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan.2>the stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.18. Three Unities(三一原则)Three rules of 16th and 17th century Italian and French drama, broadly adapted from Aristotle’s Poetics<诗学>:2>the unity of time, which limits a play to a single day; the unity of place, which limits a play’s setting in a single location; and the unity of action, which limits a play to a single story line.19. Tragedy(悲剧)In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic.20.Conceit(奇特比喻)Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things.2>conceit is extensively employed in John Donne’s poetry.21.Metar(格律)The word”meter” is derived from the Greek word”metron” meaning”measure”.2>in English when applied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.3>the analysis of the meter is called scansion(格律分析)22. University Wits(大学才子)University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called” University Wits”23.Foreshadowing(预兆)Foreshadowing, the use of hints or clues in a novel or drama to suggest what will happen next. Writers use Foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense.method used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come.24. Soliloquy(独白)Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud..2>the line“to be, or no t to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Shakespeare’s Hamlet.25.Narrative Poem(叙述诗)Narrative Poem refers to a poem that tells a story in verse,2>three traditional types of narrative poems include ballads,epics, metrical romances.3>it may consist of a series of incidents, as John Milton’s paradise lost.26.Robin Hood(罗宾.豪)Robin hood is a legendary hero of a series of English ballads, some of which date from at least the 14th century.2>the character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and intelligent, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate.3>the dominant key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppression and his love for the poor and downtrodden.4>another feature of Robin’s view is his reverence for the king, Robin Hood was a people’s hero.27. Beowulf(贝奥武甫)Beowulf, a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of t he Anglo-Saxons. 2>the epic describes the exploits of a Scandinavian hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful nother, and a fire-breathing dragon in his declining years. While fight against the dragon, Beowulf was mortally wounded, however, he killed the dragon at the cost of his life, Beowulf is shown not only as a glorious hero but also as a protector of the people.28. Baroque(巴罗克式风格)This is originally a term of abuse applied to 17th century Italian art and that of other countries. It is characterized by the unclassical use of classical forms, in a literary context; it is loosely used to describe highly ornamented verse or prose, abounding in extravagant conceits.这原本是用来指17世纪的意大利艺术和其他国家艺术滥用的一个术语.这种风格主要是指对古典形式的非古典运用.在文学领域,这种风格松散地用来指十分雕饰的,大量运用奇思妙想的诗歌或散文.29. Cavalier poets(骑士派诗人)A name given to supporters of Charles I in the civil war. These poets were not a formal group, but all influenced by Ben Jonson and like him paid little attention to the sonnet. Their lyrics are distinguished by short lines, precise but idiomatic diction, and an urbane and graceful wit.30. Elegy(挽歌)Elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone, and characterized by their metrical form.31. Restoration Comedy(复辟时期喜剧)Restoration Comedy, also the comedy of manners, developed upon the reopening of the theatres after the re-establishment of monarchy with the return of Charles II.. Its predominant tone was witty, bawdy, cynical, and amoral. Standard characters include fops, bawds, scheming valets, country squires, and sexually voracious young widows and older women. The principle theme is sexual intrigue, either for its own sake or for money.复辟时期的喜剧,又称社会习俗讽刺喜剧,是在查理二世君主复辟后剧院重新开业的基础上发展起来的,其主要的基调是诙谐,淫秽,挖苦和非道德.标准的角色包括花花公子,鸨母,诡计多端的仆人,乡绅,性欲旺盛的年轻寡妇和老女人.主要的主题是奸情,有的是为了性,有的是为了钱.。

Romanticism(浪漫主义)The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, stupidity, superstition, and barbarism. Instead ,the Romantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and living.The Romantic movement typically asserts the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status of imagination and fancy, the value of spontaneity over “artifice”and “convention”, the human need for emotional outlets, the rejection of civilized corruption, and a desire to return to natural primitivism and escape the spiritual destruction of urban life Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive concern with “innocent”characters----children, young lovers, and animals. The major Romantic poets included William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats , Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Gordon Byron.指18世纪末，19世纪初发生的文学和艺术运动。

1)浪漫主义文学：是出现在18世纪末到19世纪初的一股文学思潮。

英国工业革命、法国大革命，一方面刺激了人的精神个性觉醒，另一方面又使人们对现实产生失望，在这个大起大落的激情时代，思想界出现傅立叶等人的空想社会主义，德国哲学家康德、费希特等对“自我”的关注。

在这个大背景上，出现一大批作家、诗人，他们打破了传统古典主义的束缚，着重抒发个人感受和体验，歌颂大自然，喜欢异国情调，在诗歌、小说、戏剧各领域均创造了辉煌的成就。

代表作家有雨果、拜论、普希金等。

2)湖畔派：英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义诗派，包括华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞，他们都喜欢歌颂大自然，描写淳朴的乡村生活，厌恶城市工业文明和冷酷的金钱关系。

由于他们曾经隐居远离城市的昆布兰湖区，由此人称“湖畔派”三诗人。

3)世纪病：出现在法国浪漫主义文学中的一种典型形象。

他们或者在拿破仑时代长大，仰慕父辈的战绩与辉煌，但王权和神气权的恢复使他们失去信仰，无所追求，在厌倦和无聊中打发日子；或者生性孤僻，内向，忧郁，与现实环境格格不入，在孤独的漂泊中消磨生命。

他们都是些富有才华的人，但悲观望，在现实生活中找不到自己的位置，找不到生命的意义，他们代表了一代青年人的精神状态。

有名的有版复多布里昂笔下的勒内，缪塞笔下的阿克达夫等。

4)多余人：出现在俄国文学中的一种艺术形象。

沙皇专制下的农奴制社会政治、经济、文化都很落后，优秀的知识分子受西欧启蒙思想的影响，试图有所作为，但又找不到出路，于是苦闷、彷徨、忧郁、痛苦。

他们大都富有才华，不满现状，愤世嫉俗，同时又性格脆弱，对人生采取消极态度。

他们有时寻找刺激，在伤害别人的同时也伤害自己，有时沉溺无奈的伤感情绪中不可自拔，成为社会的“多余人”。

著名的形象有奥涅金、毕巧林等。

5)拜伦式英雄：在拜伦的《东方叙事诗》中，出现了一批侠骨柔肠的硬汉，他们有海盗、异教徒、被放逐者，这些大都是高傲、孤独、倔强的叛逆者，他们与罪恶社会势不两立，孤军奋战与命运抗争，追求自由，最后总是以失败告终。

一、名词解释1、威塞克斯小说是指十九世纪英国现实主义小说家哈代以他的故乡多塞特郡（古称威塞克斯）地区为背景的小说。

这些作品反映了资本主义渗入农村后，小农破产的悲惨命运，深刻揭露了使人窒息的资产阶级道德和法律的虚伪性。

主要作品有《还乡》、《卡斯特桥市长》、《德伯家的苔丝》等。

小说人物形象突出，感情炽热，内心生活丰富，而且他们都生活在富有特色的环境下，环境烘托着他们的命运，因此又称“性格和环境小说”2、解冻文学西方学者对20世纪50年代至60年代中期苏联文艺思潮的概括，因爱伦堡的中篇小说《解冻》得名。

“解冻文学”倡导人道主义和写真实，表现出干预生活、写阴暗面、表现重大社会政治问题，关注人的命运的创作倾向。

主要作品有奥维奇金《区里的日常生活》、爱伦堡《解冻》等。

3、拜伦式英雄是拜伦塑造的一系列叛逆者形象。

主要有异教徒（《异教徒》）、康拉德（《海盗》）、莱拉（《莱拉》）、阿尔普（《柯林斯的围攻》）、曼弗雷特（《曼弗雷特》）。

他们的精神面貌和性格并不完全一致，但有共同的基本特征：高傲、孤独、倔强，他们都有不凡的才能和力量，为了个人自由与爱情幸福而斗争，具有强烈坚定的反叛热情，但无明确的政治目标，大都带有个人主义和无政府主义倾向，最后往往遭到失败或死亡。

4、湖畔派湖畔派指19世纪前期住在英国北部昆布兰湖区的华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞三诗人结成的诗歌流派。

他们有共同的政治态度和文学主张，对资本主义文明及人与人之间的金钱关系极为不满，反对古典主义清规戒律。

他们的诗歌或讴歌宗法式的农村生活和自然风景，或描写奇异神秘的故事和异国风光。

华兹华斯的《丁登寺》和柯勒律治的《古舟子咏》被认为优秀的作品。

5、社会主义现实主义是一种文学艺术的创作方法。

1934年全苏第一次作家代表大会上被正式确定下来，并且写入协作章程。

其含义是“要求艺术家从现实的革命发展中真实地、历史具体地描写现实；同时艺术描写的真实性和历史具体必须与社会主义精神从思想上改造和教育劳动人民的任务结合起来”。

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r rl l rg R r r b llgr bl lrg, bl k r " llgr b rl br rlgg," b " bl l rk rl k llgbl"寓言讽喻种学、戏剧或绘画艺术手法其人物和事件代表抽象观、原则或支配力llr (头韵)llr r l l r gr rllr r, b lr r llbl头韵组词开头或重音节对相辅音或不元音重复3ll (故)rr r, l, v, r lrr rk rr x rr rgz r故作者对某些者熟悉并能够作出反映特定人物地事件学作品引用lg (类比)r b g lr b类比了两事物出差别而进行比较5 g (反面主角)rl rr rg r r r r rrv r r反面主角叙事学或戏剧与男女主人公或英雄相对立主要人物6Blk Vr (无韵体诗)Vr r r b r l r 50 r r, rl rr, v rg gl qvl Vrgl&#39; r l xr Grb (56), kvll r r blk vr r, r rl kr 590 l rg r r L (667)7 r (休止)brk r l r8 ()rl v lg诗首长诗主要部分9 rr (夸张讽刺)xggr r r k gr r r rl夸张讽刺了使人物显得可笑而使用夸张或扭曲人物形象手法0 rrz (人物刻画)b rr rvl rl rr人物刻画作者表现作品人物性格方法l (古主义)v r r, lrr, r rl rl r Gr R古主义种学艺术音乐领域体现古代希腊罗马风格运动lx (高潮)gr , r, r rrv3 (喜剧)r rk r r rl ll rl l喜剧轻松和常有幽默感或调子上是讽刺戏剧作品常包括主题冲突愉快(奇想)k r k r b rlgl r g l, g xr_r_r r , ll r x r奇想种截然不事物建立起比喻5 l (冲突)rggl b g r r rr r r, vl, l, r rrv冲突故事说戏剧相对力量和人物对立6 (外延)ll r r r r外延包括单词面思外或被该词汇唤起全部涵义7 (辅音韵)r r r, ll r辅音韵辅音或辅音模式重复尤指位词尾8 l (双韵体)vr g v l, ll rg vg r rg l g r双韵体包括两相连诗行种诗单位通常压韵并具有样格律常组成完整思和句法单位9 r l (英雄双韵体)l r b r ll r l英雄双韵体五步抑扬格双韵体称英雄双韵体30 (涵)lrl r r g r直接义词面义或词义3 (结局)l rl r lr r r rrv l结局戏剧或叙事场景结3 (措辞)rr r r rg, rlrl r lr, v, r措词讲话或写出表述清晰言简赅对词语使用或选择33 (不协和)r r grbl b ; r3 r lg (戏剧独白)k rrv rr k r r lr rl r gv35 lg (挽歌)r g ll l r r挽歌挽诗专门悼念某死者所写诗或歌36 bl g (象征)vrbl r gr lg r rl r rlg g37 (史诗)x rrv lv r g lgg, lbrg lgr r rl r rlg vl r rg r r r rl r r r b g r br r r Lr lrr gr r b , r L, r Rg gr r r l l Br lrr r, l Bl rg R, rl r z史诗用严肃或庄重语言写成叙事长诗歌颂传奇或历史上英雄丰功伟绩38 gr (隽语), lvr, rxl , ll r隽语简明机智常常似是而非陈述,常以诗形式出现39 gr (引语开场白)r q bgg lrr , g r引语部学作品开头引言警句阐明主题0 lg (结语收场白)r r lg lrr rk, lg r rr l ll , l ll rr结语学作品结束简短附加或总结性节常常关作品人物也作义上也可称作 rr(顿悟)ll, ll rr r r rk顿悟对现实真谛顿悟或洞察,通常出现作品结尾(墓志铭)r b r r r b墓志铭刻墓碑上用以怀念死者碑铭3 (表述词语)r rrz r r g表述词语用表示某人某物特性表达(散)r lrr gl b, ll rg rl v r散容通常论及主题短通常表达作者人观5 xl (说教故事)l, ll r x r, llr rl rl说教故事种短体现某种道德原则故事性通常出现布道6 bl (寓言)br r l r rl, r rl l寓言种体现某种道德观念或实用价值说教性7 r (轻喜剧)k b rl , r rr轻喜剧种以可笑情节基础喜剧通常包含固定角色8 grv Lgg (象征性语言)Lgg b rr lrl象征性语言不能直接用面义理语言9 gr (比喻)r r xr b rr lrl比喻不能直接按照面义理词语或表述方法50 lbk(倒叙)lrr v rlr v r rrv倒叙闪回镜头种学或电影表现手法往往段按正常顺序记叙叙事插入件以前发生事情5 l (陪衬)rr r rr b r陪衬用反衬其他人物人物5 rg (铺垫)r l rrv gg ll lr铺垫用预示将要发生事情线或暗示53 r vr (由诗体)Vr r rl r r rglr r由诗体既不具格式韵律又不具常规格律诗体5 rbl (夸张法)gr xggr r r夸张法种比喻使用夸张强调或产生某种效55 b r (五步抑扬格)l g v vr , b , r llbl ll b r llbl五步抑扬格种诗句形式每行诗句包含五抑扬格音步56 gr(象)r r r r r, r g, rr象用者思维唤起某种图示或形象词汇57 rl r (递进重复)r rv l r l, b lg vr v rrv z b z递进重复诗歌对上行或几行重复但每次重复都有定变化而且每节重复叙述都有所强化58 vr (倒装句)q rvrg, r vrg rl r rr倒装句种将句子正常表达方法倒置技巧59 v (开祷告)ll , g r r r r bgg r r开祷告史诗或诗歌开企神灵给予启示60 r (反语)r b rll , r b x ll反语种建立面表述和真实义上或期待产生结和真实结对比6Kg (隐喻语)grv, ll xr l r , ll l gl l r r r xl, r r kg r bl隐喻语尤指古英语和古斯堪纳维亚语诗种比喻性表名或名词常用复合表达方式如剑风暴是战争隐喻语6 Lr (抒情诗), ll r , xr kr rl g r lg抒情诗种用抒发作者感情或思想短诗63 q (假面剧)r r, ll rr b k lr rrg lgl r llgrl gr, lr gl 6 rl 7 r假面剧种戏剧性娱乐由代表神话或寓言人物佩戴面具者表演该娱乐形式6世纪和7世纪早期英国很流行6 lr (情节剧)r r rr, xggr , l llg r r r g llvl vll65 r (隐喻)gr r r r rrl g g g r, kg l r隐喻种语言表达手法通常用指某物词或词组指代他物从而暗示它们相似处66l r (玄学派诗歌)7r gl , vr rrz b llll llgg l x r rg vr lr g l r b vrbl x, g rr, rrglr r, llql lgg, lbr gr, rg gr lr玄学派诗歌7世纪英国诗人诗歌这种诗歌特是风格极具智慧引人深思善用引申暗喻对比极其不事物67 r (格律)grll rglr r r r llbl r格律诗歌通常重音节和非重音节排列模式68 (喻)gr r r r b r r ll喻种词或词组被另与有紧密系词或词组替换修辞方法69 k (讽刺史诗)lrr r r rvl b gr, r l讽刺史诗种用史诗宏风格描写微不足道事情喜剧形式70 (主旨)rrr l r r lrr rk主题艺术品或学作品反复体现、揭示主题部分7 v (动机)r, r r l, r rr bvr动机引发作品人物行理由7 (神话)r, b rl rlg rl, gv g r rl神话种释世界上神现象关神灵或宗教仪式有系故事73 rrv (叙事诗)ll r叙事诗讲述故事诗歌7 rrr (叙述者)rr r ll r叙述者讲述或叙述故事人75 rl (然主义)r rbg rl l r l lrr, xr r rl然主义学精确地描述人类现实环境实践,现实主义高表现形式76 l (新古主义)rvvl lrr l 7 8 r, rrz b rgr r ll l r, r, rr l新古主义7、8世纪晚期学复兴以尊重古代型推理形式和严谨体特征77 vl (说)bk lg l r rrv, vg rr lx l说虚构叙述性有定长较多人物和思想复杂情节78 v (八行诗)gl r z79 (颂)lx lg lr , r g rl l l r r b颂种复杂具有定长诗歌通常以高贵风格写成用表述些高尚或严肃主题80 (拟声)r r r b g b r rr拟声通模仿事物或行动声音构词方法8 xr (矛盾修饰法)rrl gr b r rr r r b, g l rl矛盾修饰法种把相矛盾或不调和词合起修辞手法如"震耳欲聋沉默"和"悲伤乐观"8 rx (似非而是)rvl k r, lg r b lrr r rl r r lrr r r rv r rl r x r lg似非而是种面上看起相矛盾却体现着定真理说法83 rlll (并行)r, l, r r lr r lr rr r g并行结构或义相近词汇子句句子并用8r (模仿诗)r rk r r r rlrgll, " g g b" r r x r b l r, r , r xggr r r r r l r rk r, rk, brrg r r r r rr r g rr glg k r xr_r_r模仿诗种取得喜剧或嘲讽效而对某艺术作品进行滑稽模仿85 rl (田诗)k , l lz r r l田诗种用理想手法体现牧羊人乡村生活诗歌86 (悲怅)ql rk lrr r r r rr lg , rr, r r rr悲怅学艺术作品种引发者怜悯情或伤感特质87 r (拟人)gr b r br r ql r r rr g r q rg br, g, r l r k r, r r br , lk lv, l b V, r vrl, k b l k lk 拟人给无生命东西或者抽象东西赋予人性或绘以人形象88 l (情节)l v r r vl, rrv r r情节说故事,或戏剧事件概要或主要故事89 v (视角)r r r r视角作者阐述故事角90 rg (主角)rr r r r lrr rk主角戏剧或其他学作品主要人物9 l (赞美诗)g r lr r G赞美诗用颂扬上帝诗歌或抒情诗9 (双关语)r r r gg r r g双关语用词表示两涵93 Qr (四行诗)z r r l9 Rl (现实主义)rr r r lrr b, , r l ll r, lz r r br r r r, rr rvl r r, rv klg, r, g vr vl, q rg G vr现实主义艺术或学将事物行或社会状况按其起初情况进行表现而不用模糊形式表现或理想化95 Rr (副句)r, vr, r gr vr r rvl rg g r , ll z副句副歌短语、句诗或组诗句首歌或诗每隔段重复次尤其每诗节结尾处96 R (压韵)r r r r r r r l r ( R, lr llg) r b g r r r ll r lrbl, , rrl, rrl Lk r grv lgg, r rv lr rv r lll b r lr lr, lk r压韵音两或两以上词汇或短语重复97 R (格律)rrg r r llbl r重音节和非重音节固定排列模式98 R (传奇故事)gv lrr lz rl l r vr bl b g vl传奇故事设定想象世界以英雄冒险和善恶斗争题材学作品99 R (浪漫主义)r lll v rgg r l 8 r vl xr g, rr r r l浪漫主义起8世纪末期欧洲种重人情感和想象力表达艺术和知识上运动它与古主义观和形式相悖00 r (讽刺)k rg l rl r k rgg vl, r grlkg rrv rl r, , , ll, r, bl讽刺种讽刺人习俗或人性缺或错误体0 (韵律分析)l vr r r韵律分析将诗划分成音步分析方法0 (六行诗)xl r z03 g (背景), l, r rrv, r, r vl k l背景记叙、戏剧或说发生、地和环境0 l (明喻)r b g rg r r明喻两种事物借助比喻词汇进行比较05 llq (独白)r r lrr r r rr rvl rr g l r r r r rr独白种戏剧或学说话形式其某角色独人或不知道其他角色存情况下展示角色思想06 g (歌)r lr l ql, rll r b歌种具有型音乐特征抒情诗体通常谱曲而作07 (十四行诗)l vr r ll r b r十四行诗种由十四行组成诗歌形式通常以五步抑扬格押韵形式08 r z (斯宾塞诗体)l z llg r bbbb09 r (识流)l rg rl l rr g, lg rl, l g rr xr识流种模仿作品人物思想思维精神活动然程写作技巧0l(风格)r rr rg ,r b r, rrg r , rl r风格由词汇选择句子词汇安排句子关系形成某作特定写作方式(悬念)ql r, vl, r r k rr r r b v悬念说故事戏剧所具有使者对结局产生不安或紧张感觉特质bl (象征)b, r, l, r g l l r g lrgr l, ql, , r bl象征身具有义用体现高身义思想观人物行地3 bl (象征主义)lrr v l9 r, rrz b bl rr g象征主义十九世纪种学潮流运用象征体现事物(提喻法)gr r r l提喻法种以局部代表整体修辞方法5 rz r (三行体)l vr r g r r l z l l z r r r l llg z(b bb , ) 6 (主题)grl r g b l rr xr lrr rk作者作品表现对生活总观或看法7 (调子)rr k r r r b, rr, r调子作者对作品主题人物和者所持态8 rg (悲剧)grl, lrr rk rg r r悲剧以主人公可悲或灾难性结局结束故事9 (睿智)brll qk r b lvr xr睿智巧妙思维和睿智表达结合0x (评)r rrv r r, r bkgr r rvl评记叙或戏剧向者介绍主要背景情况部分ll rg 8 r, r r g l, r rl rl l l l 7 r B, v r r rl gl vl l rl l bl lrr rk Rr l; Gl Vr kl; r l r rg r l r, v Gr lg r r rr, Gl r Vllg, r k, vr bl lr lr l rrr lrr r k gl R k r l v gv xr_r_r lg r r b, v3 Rlrl v rg brg k r r , z bl bg, vr g brv g r r r r rlg g rgll rvvl ll r lrg r rk g br g r l l r xr r rg brg kr, r, rl r ll lrr gr rlglg rgrv lll v, vr gl r l r r 8 r lg r rr kg lgr rv lr l r rl b brg lg5 R Ll r , , b r x l6 RR l vr ( l l), g r l r, bgg, r rl r, l7rl ; gl, llbl g lg llbl r llbl8 Grr l ll lrgr r lrr v, rgl lg "" blg Grk k r gr rlr, , r r gr, r r bgr r r b r, r xl, r br b rk (g, vl) rk (g, ) l gr, b vl r, r r r b kg lrr r l l b g r r v lv9 rr r b B l rg r, rg lg lg , lq b, lr l r vr rr r r, rr r lk rr30 rl RR l, rr bgg (l r) r ( r); l, r g l l3vlrvlr r rr kg, ll lv B vlr r lg r, l lg, r g, b rl l l r g lg , b r r lgr l rbg g r l rr l l3lrl l&#39; l, rlrl bl rl rl l r, vr l rl r b rr。