牛津译林八下Unit1知识梳理
Comic strip ＆Welcome to the unit
1：past and present
（1）past
①n. 过去，以前；in the past 在过去
In the past, there was no underground in Nanjing.
People lived a hard life in the past.
②adj. 过去的，以前的；in/over/during the past/last few years 在过去的几年里
常用于现在完成时
Let’s not make the past mistakes.
He has visited many foreign countries in the past few years.
③prep. 过half past ten 十点半
Our car was past the Tian’anmen Square when it broke down.
④adv. 经过go/walk/run/ride/drive/swim past sp. = pass sp.
A woman saw it happen when she walked past.
When I walk past the post office, I see a bird flying over the tree.
（2）present
①adj.现在的; 目前的; 出席的be present at the meeting 出席会议
②n.现在; 礼物; at present 现在； a present for you=a gift for you给你的礼物
He is busy at present.
③vt.介绍; 出现; 提出; 赠送; present sb. with sth.
Everyone can be present ed a present at present.
2：You’ve changed, Eddie. You used to share food with me.
你变了。你以前跟我分享食物的。
（1）change此处用作不及物动词，意为“变化”。change into意为“变成”。
In England, the weather changes very often.在英格兰，天气时常变化。
The place changed into a beautiful park last year.这个地方去年变成了一个漂亮的公园。
拓展：
①change还可用作及物动词，意为“交换;改变;换乘”。
Can I change seats with you?我可以和你换一下座位吗?
At last, he changed his mind.最后，他改变了主意。
I stopped in Moscow just to change planes.我为了转机才在莫斯科停留的。
②change还可用作可数或不可数名词，意为“改
变，变化，转变”;用作不可数名词时，还可意为“零钱;找头”
Can you tell me something about the change to the city?你能告诉我有关这个城市的变化吗? Let's go out to a restaurant for a change!咱们到饭店去换换口味吧!
I have no change with me.我没带零钱。
（2）use n.用途; 使用能力; 运用头脑（或身体）的能力;
vt.用，使用; 行使use sth to do useful adj. 有用的；useless adj. 无用的
①used to (do sth.) “过去常常(做某事)” 否定形式：used not to+v.或didn’t use to+v.
疑问形式：Used sb. to v.? Yes, sb used./No, sb usedn’t.
或Did sb. use to+v.? Yes, sb did./No, sb didn’t.
②get/be used to(doing sth. )“习惯于(做某事)
It’s not easy to get used to the changes of life quickily.（P17）
He used to go fishing every Saturday. But since he changed his job, he’s barely(几乎不) had a chance. He thinks he’ll never be used to this busy lifestyle.
③be used to do sth. 被用来做某事
（A）He used to_______ in a small village, but now he has been used to_______ in a big city.
A. live; living
B. live; live
C. living; living
（ B ）Do you know what the box_______?
A. is used to doing
B. is used to do
C. use to do
D. used to do Reading
1: ...so Millie is interviewing him to get some information.
interview n．采访，会见vt．采访；面试
interview sb．＝have an interview with sb.采访某人
拓展：interviewer作名词，意为“采访者，面试官”。
Sally became a member of the company after the job interview.
萨莉在求职面试后成为了这家公司的一员。
I interviewed Mr Zhang yesterday afternoon
＝I had an interview with Mr Zhang yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午我采访了张先生。
2：I first lived in the northern part of the town with my parents.
in the northern part of China = in northern China = in the north of China
批注：注意in the north与in the northern part of 的同义句转换。例如：
Beijing is in the north of China.=Beijing is in the northern part of China.
3：When I got married in 1965, my wife and I moved two blocks away and we’ve lived in this area since then.当我1965结婚的时候，我的妻子和我搬到了两个街区之外，从那之后我一直住在那个地方。
（1）marry:
①vt.& vi.（使）结婚; 娶; 嫁; 结合;
marry sb = get married to sb 与某人结婚marry A to B 把A嫁给B
②adj. married 已婚的; 短语：A and B get married /A get(s) married to B
③n. marriage 婚姻
（2）move: vt.& vi.移动，搬动; 使感动
move away 搬走move into 搬进move out of 搬出...
Every year millions of people moved into the city while millions of people moved away.
3：Now the government has turned part of the town centre into a new park.
turn into 进入，拐进；（使）成为，（使）进入turn... into... = change...into... 把...变成Bad beginnings may turn into good endings.
I saw him turn into the library.
How can you turn a bottle of water into a bottle of orange juice?
turn on开turn off 关turn up 调高；开大(音量、煤气等) turn down 调低；关小(音量、煤气、灯火等) turn around 转身
turn over把……翻过来turn back 往回走turn left 向左转turn right 向右转by turns 轮流，交替in turn 依次；轮流turn in 交出；上交
take one’s turn 依次；轮流It’s one’s turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事。
5：Was pollution a problem then?
pollution n．
拓展：v. pollute污染pollute the air污染空气
常见短语：air pollution空气污染；noise pollution噪音污染；light pollution光污染
I could hardly believe she had made a video about water pollution by herself.
我几乎不能相信她靠自己制作了一份有关水污染的录像。
6：They often put the waste into the river.他们经常把垃圾放到河里。
（1）put sth into 把……放进，使进入
Please put the food into the fridge.
put away 拿走，储存…备用put back放回；向后移
put down 写下；记下put on 穿上;上演put in安装
put off 延期；推迟put out 熄灭；关熄；扑灭
put up 举起；抬起；张贴；搭建
（2）①waste n(u). 废弃物，垃圾，浪费
时间/金钱的浪费 a waste of time/money
②v. 浪费waste...on sth / waste...(in)doing sth
We should save water instead of wasting it.
Don’t waste time playing games.
③adj. 无法利用的，废弃的waste land, waste paper
7：Later the government realized the problem and took action to improve the situation.
后来政府意识到这个问题并采取行动去改善这种情况。
(1 )realize (= realise )此处用作及物动词,意为“意识到”，其后可接名词或从句作宾语。Have you realized the pollution here?你意识到这里的污染了吗?
Suddenly I realized that he was not married.突然我意识到他没有结婚。
(2 ) take action 意为“采取行动”。take action to do sth.意为“采取行动做某事”。They took action to protect wild animals.他们采取行动保护野生动物。
take的常见短语:
take a look看一看take a message捎个口信take notes记笔记take exercise锻炼
take away拿走take care保重,当心take care of照顾take down拿下take out拿出take off脱下;(飞机)起飞take place发生，举行take part in参加(3)improve此处用作及物动词，意为“改进，改善”,其名词形式为improvement (改善,改进)。
I want to improve my English.我想提高我的英语水平。
(4)situation用作可数名词，意为“形势，情况”。
in a... situation“在……的形势下”
He is in a difficult situation.他处境困难。
辨析：situation和condition
situation 意为“情况”，“形势”，“局面”，主要是指各种情况之间的相互关系以及该情况与有关人士之间的关系，即强调相互之间的联系和影响。如：
the international situation 国际形势
the political situation 政局
the present situation 目前形势
condition作“状况”解释时与state 相近，但含有“与周围环境有关”之意。如：
He's now in a dangerous situation. 他现在处境危险。
The condition of my health prevented me from working.我的健康状况不允许我继续工作。
He's in no condition to travel.他的健康状况不宜于旅行。
The ship is not in a condition to make a long voyage.此船的情况不宜作长途航行。
8：Now the river is much cleaner. 现在河流干净了很多。
此处的much 用于修饰形容词比较级。类似的用法还有：much; still; even; far; a little; a bit;
a lot...
--How do you feel today? --Even worse.
9：Well, in some ways it is. 好的，在某种程度上它是。
in some ways 在某些方面，在某种程度上
In some ways, I do agree with you.
1. in many ways 在许多方面；用许多方法；in this way用这种方法；
2. on one’s way to表示“在某人去……的路上”；(home/here/there这几个词前不需要加to)
3. by the way表示“顺便说/问一句”；
4. all the way表示“全程；一直”；
5. in a way在某一点上,在某种程度上in no way________________
6. in the way 挡道in the way of sb挡在某人路上
10：It has become impossible for us to see each other as often as before.
对我们来说像以前一样的经常见面已经变得不可能了。
（1）句式分析：此处的it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式to see each other.
常用句型：It is +adj+ for sb to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是怎样的。
It is dangerous for us to go out alone at night.
拓展：在“It is+形容词+ to do sth."这句式中，如果要说明动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可在不定式前加一个for/of引起的短语，作不定式的逻辑主语。其中作表语的形容词是important,necessary, easy，difficult等描述事物特征的形容词时，用for引起的短语；作表语的形容词是kind,clever, foolish, polite等描述人的性格、品质的形容词时，则用of引起的短语。
It is important _____ you to study hard.
It is very kind _____ you to lend me so much money.
（2）impossible adj.不可能的
impossible是由形容词possible加否定前缀im-构成的。
拓展：在英语中，形容词的否定前缀有un-, in-, im-,ir-,dis-等。
有些形容词加上相应的否定前缀，就构成其反义词,这种构词法称为派生法。
①大多数形容词加前缀un-构成反义词。
necessary--- unnecessary 不必要的
friendly---unfriendly 不友好的
pleasant---unpleasant 让人不愉快的
②以c或e开头的形容词通常加前缀in-构成反义词。
correct--- incorrect 不正确的
expensive---inexpensive 不昂贵的
③以p开头的形容词通常加前缀im-构成反义词。
proper---improper 不合适的
polite--- impolite 不礼貌的
④以r开头的形容词通常加前缀ir-构成反义词。
regular---irregular (不规则的)
⑤有些形容词加前缀dis- 构成反义词。
honest--- dishonest (不诚实的)
注：含加否定前缀构成的形容词的句子不属于否定句。在改为反意疑问句时，附加问句部分仍用否定形式。
He is unhappy today, isn't he?他今天不高兴，是吗?
11：Now I feel a bit lonely from time to time. 现在我经常会感到有点孤单。
（1）辨析 a bit与a little
两者都意为“有点儿”，用法既有相同点，也有不同点，具体如下:
①二者都是表程度的副词短语,修饰形容词、副词原级或比较级时，意义相同，意为“一点儿，有些”。
The pollution here is a bit/little serious.这里的污染有点儿严重。
He walked a little bit slowly.他走路有点儿慢。
②二者都可以作名词短语，充当主语或宾语。
A bit/little is enough for me.我有一点儿就够了。
I know only a bit/little about her.我对她的情况只了解一点儿。
③a little可直接修饰不可数名词,a bit后须加of才可以修饰不可数名词。
There is a little water in the bottle. =There is a bit of water in the bottle.瓶子里有一点儿水。（2）辨析: lonely与alone
Living in a big city can make people feel lonely sometimes.
生活在大城市有时会让人感到寂寞。
She lives in a lonely mountain village她生活在一个偏僻的山村。
I never feel lonely when I am alone.我一个人时从不感到寂寞。
The old man lives alone on the hill.那个老人独自一人在山上居住。
（3）time: n 时间; 次数;时代(常用复数)
at the same time 同时in time及时；适时on time 按时，准时；按时
all the time 始终，一直at a time 一次；每次；在某时
from time to time 不时，有时for the first time 首次；第一次
12：Amazing changes have taken place in Sunshine Town.在阳光城发生了令人惊叹的变化。
（1）amazing adj. 令人吃惊的，惊叹的
通常说明物本身所具有的特征，可作表语或定语。
It is amazing that there is so much waste here.这儿有那么多废料，真让人吃惊。
This movie has some amazing actions.这部电影里有一些让人惊叹的动作。
拓展：
amazed形容词，意为“惊奇的，惊讶的”，通常说明人的感受，常作表语。
be amazed at/by.意为“对大为惊讶”。
I was amazed at her knowledge of English literature.她对英国文学的了解让我大为惊讶。（2）take place意为“发生”，与happen意思相近,但用法有区别。
take place常指经过安排而发生，而happen常指偶然发生，它们都不能用于被动语态。Great changes have taken place in my hometown.我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
Do you know what will happen in one hundred years?你知道100 年后会发生什么吗?
拓展：
①take place还可意为“举行”，相当于hold，但hold可用于被动语态。
The World Cup takes place every four years.= The World Cup is held every four years.世界杯每四年举行一次。
②take sb.'s place或take the place of sb.意为“代替某人”
The man was ill in hospital and his friend took his place.那个人生病住院了，他朋友代替了他。
Integrated skills & Study skills &Task
1：Starlight Town has changed a lot over the years.星光镇在过去几年中变化很大。
=Great changes have taken place in Starlight Town.
翻译：在过去的几年里，月光镇发生了很多变化。
_________________________________________________________
2：We mainly communicate by email. 我们主要通过电子邮件交流。
①communicate vt. 传达（新闻，意见，感情等）
The little boy can’t communicate his ideas clearly.
②communicate vi. 交流；沟通；通讯
communicate with sb. 和某人沟通交流
He had no way to communicate with his brother.
③communication n. 交流；沟通；通讯
3：Now people are enjoying a comfortbale life.
comfortable adj.舒适的；愉快放松的
Trainers are so comfortable to wear.
拓展：
反义词：uncomfotable
副词：comfortably
动词/名词：comfort 安慰；慰藉
本单元语法：
知识点1：already 与yet 用法区别
already 用于肯定句，一般放在助动词与过去分词之间。
yet 用于否定句和疑问句，一般至于句末。
例:：I have already worked out this math problem? (改为否定句) I worked out the math problem . Present perfect tense (现在完成时)
项目 内容
备注 概念
◇表示一个过去发生的动作对现在产生的结果和影响。
Eddie has eaten my food.
(Eddie ate the food and now Hobo has nothing to eat.)
◇表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在，并有可能继续延续下去
的动作或状态。
Eddie has lived with Mille since he was born.
Eddie has lived with Mille for four years. 构成 助动词has/have +动词的过去分词 动词过去分词规则变化跟对应的过去式一样，在后面
加ed.特殊变化详见书本。
（P122-123）
肯定形式 They have finished their homework. He has finished his homework. 缩略形式：
they have=they ’ve;
he has=he ’s
否定形式 They haven’t finished their homework. He hasn’t finished his homework.
疑问形式 Have they finished their homework? Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t.
关键词
already(用于肯定句), yet(用于否定句和疑问句),
since+一点时间, for+一段时间,
never, ever, three times(其它表示频率的词, once, twice 等)
before, recently, in the past/last few years, so far, this month, today, now
◇表示过去某一个动作的结
果，现在情况依然存在。这
时一般不用时间状语。
I have lost my pen.
◇包括现在时间在内的时间
状语如today, this month,
this week 等有时也用现在
完成时。
解析：already与yet的转换.
知识点2：since 和for用法区别
(1)since的用法①since 后面加点时间，如since nearly three years ago或since2008.
②since引导时间状语从句时，后面的时间状语从句动词用一般过去时.
(2)for的用法：for后加一段时间。
since/for 可以通过ago进行同义句转换。
例：They have worked in the factory since ten months ago.
= They have worked in the factory for ten years
We have learned English for nearly three years.
=We have learned English since three years ago.
知识点3：现在完成时的句型
a. It is the first / second/… time that+从句（从句用现在完成时）
It is the first time that she has visited the city. 这是她第一次参观这座城市。
b.This is the +形容词最高级+名词that +从句（从句用现在完成时）
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. 这是我曾看过的最好电影。
I must say that it's the best model I have ever seen. 这是我玩过的最有趣的游戏。
c. It’s +一段时间+since从句(或It has been +一段时间+since从句).
自从某事发生已有一段时间了。
It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army.
It’s over twenty years since we last met.
It’s a long time since our last vacation.