2014年卫生类教材B级阅读17-33篇

职称英语卫生类B级阅读判断练习题范文一份职称英语卫生类B级阅读判断练习题1Online Cancer Chat with a Safety NetCancer Research UK has launched an online chat forum for cancer patients to swap stories and share experiences on how to cope with such a devastating disease.But Cancer Chat is a forum with a difference: it has an information safety net.This means that a Cancer Research UK team will keep a watching brief to ensure that patients are not subjected to rogue “cancer cures” or scientifically unsound information.Anyone can have access to the messages posted on Cancer Chat but if people wish to post a message they will need to register.And Rebekah Gibbs, cancer patient and star of TV’s Casualty has pledged her support for the new project. “I think Cancer Chat is a brilliant idea,” she said. “I have written a public diary about what I went through with breast cancer and I have had such aheart-warming response from other people going through the same thing.“The idea of a Cancer Chat forum means you can share information about treatment and side effects and you can really open up about your feelings online in a way that can be difficult when talking to close friends and family. And with Cancer Research UK monitoring the forum people can be reassured about the quality of information being exchanged.”The award-winning website attracts around one million visitors a month and Cancer Research UK hopes that some of these visitors will also want to post ments on the Cancer Chat forum.For those who do not have access to puters and have questions about cancer, the charity’s team of cancer i nformation nurses are available during office hours to talk over patients’ concerns on the phone.练习：1. Cancer Chat is different from other forums in thatAit has the support of a famous actress.Bit is a source of reliable information.Cit provides a huge amount of information.Dit attracts a great number of visitors.2.Which is NOT true of Rebekah Gibbs?AShe is a well-known figure in Britain.BShe got breast cancer some time ago.CShe thinks highly of Cancer Chat.DShe has written a private diary.3.All the statements about the messages posted on Cancer Chat are true EXCEPTAthey are available to all visitors.Btheir writers get paid for them.Cthey concern not just treatments and side effects.Dthey are also an emotional outlet for their writers.4.CancerHelp UK is a website thatAoffers lots of information on cancer treatment and clinical trials.Battracts numerous visitors.Chas won an award.Dall of the above.5.“The charity” in the last line but one refers toACancer Research UK.BCancer Chat.CCancerHelp UK.DTv’s Casualty.答案：1. B2.D3.B4.D5.A。

食用土豆有益我们的免疫系统吃土豆有益于肠道健康，而且对整个免疫系统也有益，尤其是吃土豆色拉和凉吃。

在对动物模式的一个研究中，西班牙的调查者发现用未经加工的土豆淀粉喂养的猪不仅肠道更健康，而且白血细胞的水平降低了，如血液中的白细胞和淋巴细胞的数量。

白血细胞通常是身体受到考验而产生炎症和疾病时产生的。

西班牙研究者们所观察到的白血球水平的整体下调意味着未经加工的土豆淀粉具有全面的有益的作用，也就是总的来说身体是更加健康。

白血球数量降低了大约百分之十五。

淋巴细胞数量的降低显示炎症指标的下降，然而观察到的淋巴细胞浓度和淋巴细胞凋亡的减少却是惊人的。

在对此进行的最长的研究是用未经加工的土豆淀粉喂养猪14个星期后来判定淀粉对肠道健康的影响。

“在实验中使用未经加工的土豆淀粉,就是为了模拟富含耐久淀粉的饮食所起的作用。

”西班牙巴塞罗那自治大学的研究负责人Jose Francisco Perez这样说道。

人们不吃未经加工的土豆，但是却吃很多富含耐久淀粉的食物，比如说凉的熟土豆、豆荚、粮食、绿香蕉、面食、谷物等。

人们食用的淀粉大约有百分之十为耐久淀粉，也就是不能無小肠中消化，而是分流到大肠，在大肠中发酵的淀粉。

食用淀粉被认为可以降低大肠癌的得病几率，还有可能对过敏性肠综合征起作用。

免疫学专家Lena Ohman的研究小组曾发现过敏性肠综合征病人的淋巴细胞数量并没有改变，然而淋巴细胞却是从周围的血液转移到肠内，这就给过敏性肠综合征至少部分是炎症性疾病的假设提供了依据。

Lena Ohman说道，因为如此,西班牙人观察到的淋巴细胞的减少很有趣，耐久淀粉食品也许值得在过敏性肠综合征病人身上试验。

Ohman近来在瑞典哥德堡大学内科医学系工作，她的研究成果发表在科学引文索引数据库收录的期刊《化学和工业》上。

1、What form of potato is the most nutrient to the human body?C Potato salad.2、What does the reduction in leucocyte levels in the body mean?A It may mean the reduced levels of inflammation.3、For what a purpose did the researchers use raw potato starch in their experiment?B They wanted to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch.4、All of the following foods are rich in resistant starch EXCEPTD vegetables.5、What a kind of starch is resistant starch after all? A It may cause irritable bowel syndrome.D It cannot be digested in the small intestine and ferments in the large intestine.老年糖尿病患者进行体育锻炼可以取代胰岛素治疗哥本哈根的《贝林时报》周一刊登了一则最新医疗研究结果称，大多数II型老年糖尿病患者只要每周坚持三次轻快的体育锻炼，每次30分钟，都可以不用注射胰岛素。

Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a Boost1 . What form of potato is the most nutrient to the human body? Potato salad.2 . What does the reduction in leucocyte levels in the body mean?It may mean the reduced levels of inflammation.3 . For what a purpose did the researchers use raw potato starch in their experiment?They wanted to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch.4 . All of the following foods are rich in resistant starch EXCEPT vegetables5 . What a kind of starch is resistant starch after all? It cannot be digested in the small intestine and ferments in the large intestine.Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics 1 . How could most elderly type II diabetics stop taking insulin?By doing brisk exercise for half an hour at least three times a week.2 . Physical exercise may increase the body ability to utilise insulin by 30 percent.3 . The subjects of the research tests conducted at the Copenhagen Central Hospital included both A and B.4 .To what a degree have diebetics to exercise in order to achieve the desired effect'?To the degree where they begin to sweat5.According to Deta, among most diabetics the importance of exercise is___less understood than the importance of watching their diet.Prolonging Human Life1. The writer believes that the population explosion results from a decrease in death rates.2. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering cultures infants could be left dead in times of starvation.3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the United States is true? Many of them have a very hard life.4. In Paragraph 3, the phrase "this need" refers to the need to take care of a sick and weak person.5. Which of the following best describes the writer's attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals? Critical.FDA: Human, Animal Waste Threatens Produce1 . “Food-borne diseases” in this essay means those diseases which people get by eating fruits which have been polluted2 . Some fruit grower groups believe that most food-borne diseases are caused by people involved in distributing fresh produce.3 . An FDA official said that putting the guidelines into practice would not be very expensive.4 . Consumer groups criticized the FDA guidelines because they didn’t think that these guidelines would surely be carried out.5 . The last paragraph suggests that a good way should be found to encourage foreign growers to follow the FDA guidelines.Early or Later Day Care1 . Which of the following statements would Bowlby support?The first three years of one's life is extremely important to the later development of personality.2 . Which of the following is derivable from Bowlby’s work?Mothers should not send their children to day care centers until they are three years of older.3 . It is suggested that modern societies differ from traditional societies in that the parents-child relationship is more exclusive in modern societies.4 . Which of the following statements is NOT an ar gument against Bowlby’s theory?Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal with.5 . Which of the following best expresses the writer’s attitude towards early day care?The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics.Egypt Felled by Famine1 . Why does the author mention “pyramid builders”?Because even they were unable to rescue their civilization.2 . Which of the following factors was ultimately responsible for the fall of the civilization of ancient Egypt?Change of climate.3 . Which of the following statements is true?The White Nile and the Blue Nile are branches of the River Nile.4 . According to Krom, Egypt’s Old Kingdom fell immediately after a period of drought.5 . the word “devastating” in the last paragraph could be best replaced by“damaging”.After-birth Depression Blamed for Woman’sSuicide1 . Which of the following is NOT a symptom of postpartum psychosis?Inflamed breast.2 . It was considered fortunate by Stokes’ mother in the miserable event that Stokes had not taken her daughter with her.3 . A patient suffering from “baby blues” may present briefly one or more of the following symptoms EXCEPT having an intention of suicide.4 . How many bearing women have experiences of after-birth depression?About one fifth of them.5 . Who induced the most serious consequence among the postpartum depression patients mentioned in the passage?Judy Kirby of Indianapolis.Sleep Lets Brain File Memories1.Which of the following statements is meaning to the sentence “to sleep.Perchance to file?”Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep?2.What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University?somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together in memory consolidation3.What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance,as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4?The poorer the memory,the poorer glucose tolerance4.In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage？The more hippocampus shrinks,the poorer one’s memory5.According to the last paragraph,what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym?To control glucose levels Medicine Award Kicks off Nobel Prize Announcements1 . Who is NOT a likely candidate for this year's Nobel Prize in medicine?Linda Buck2 . Which is NOT true of Alfred Nobel?He gave clear instructions on how to select winners3 . Which was NOT originally one of the Nobel Prizes?The economics prize4 . The word "kicks" in line 6 from the bottom probably means excitement5 . The research by Blackburn and Greider helps suggest the role of telomerase in the growth of cancer cells.Obesity: the Scourge of the Western World1 . It is estimated that there are _____ people suffering from obesity in the world.250,000,0002 . It seems that the _____ people are least affected by obesity among the developed countries and areas mentioned in the passage.Japanese3 . Which of the following is most often accompanied by obesity?Diabetes.4 . What is the correlation between body weight and heart disease and blood pressure?The more body weight one gains, the more risk of heart disease and high blood pressure he has.5 . From the last paragraph we may infer that one to tell them to spend less time watching TV. Diseases of Agricultural Plants1How many diseases are known to attack wheat?Around 40.2According to this passage, which of the following would a plant disease result in if left unchecked?Social upheavals.3What is the main idea of the second paragraph?Some plants have relative immunity to a great many diseases, while others have a susceptibility to them. 4According to the passage, some plant diseases can be prevented by Inoculation.5Which of the following statements is not true Symptoms are always helpful in identifying diseases.“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning1.Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people who drink alcohol outside of mealsur2.Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”?It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.3.Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day?3 drinks.4.Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage?Laryngeal cancer.5.According to the last paragraph, tissue’s lower exposure to alcohol reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.Silent and Deadly1 . Which of the following is NOT true of mini-strokes?The cause of them remains unidentified.2 . To prevent mini-strokes from turning into major strokes, it is important to seek prompt medical treatment.3 . The passage indicates that the symptoms of mini-strokes are frequently hard to recognize.4 . All of the following may be signs of mini-strokes EXCEPT for severe headache caused by external injury.5 . It can be inferred from the passage that mini-strokes are silent and deadly.Spacing in Animals1 . Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of Flight Distance?Distance between an animal and its enemy before fleeing.2 . If an animal’s critical distance is penetrated, it will begin to attack.3 . According to the passage, social distance refers to psychological distance.4 . Which of the following could best replace the word “band” in “We can think of it as a hidd en band that contains the group” (in Paragraph 3 .?Strip of land5 . The example of the children holding hands when crossing the street in the last paragraph shows that social distance is sometimes determined by outside factors.Fruit and Vegetable Juices as Beneficial to Health as Fruits and Veggies1 .What on earth in both fruits and vegetables and their juices plays the most important role in reducing risk for diseases?Fiber and antioxidant.2 .The judgment that fruit and vegetable juices are less beneficial to reducing chronic disease development is incorrect3 .The review of the literature has documented the important role of fruit and vegetable juices in reducing the risk of various disease, __cancer and cardiovascular disease__ in particular.4 .A large epidemiological study also found that using various 100% fruit and vegetable juices contributed toa reduced risk for Alzheimer's disease5 .People who drink 3--4 servings of fruit and vegetable juices weekly may have three quarters lower risk of developing Alzheimer's disease than those who drink only once a week.In-line Skating and Injuries1 .How many people took part in in-line skating in the US in 1995?Fewer than 17. 7 million.2 .Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the most common reason for injuries?Skating with wrist and elbow wounds.3 .What are the things experts might NOT advise youngsters to wear?Boots and thick clothes.4 .“Truck-surfing” means skating while holding ontoa moving truck.5 .According to the last paragraph, bumping with a motor vehicle took up of the deaths reported since 1992.over 80%。

职称英语试题卫生B级阅读理解习题2017职称英语试题卫生B级阅读理解习题职称英语考试一共有6个题型，包括阅读理解、完形填空、词汇选项、概括大意完成句子、补全短文和阅读判断。

要求在2个小时全部完成，题量大时间少，这就需要考生合理分配复习重点，应试时合理分配做题时间。

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第4部分：阅读理解(第31'45题，每题3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。

每道题后面有4个选项，请仔细阅读短文并根据短文内容回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择l个最佳答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。

第一篇American SocietyWhen foreigners are sometimes asked what seems most strange about American society,somewhere on the top of the list will be the fact the average citizen is allowed to possess guns.Although it is true that many people carry guns legally in the United States, it is also known that many who possess guns carry illegally. Others, who don't have guns, feel that guns can be acquired quite easily. A recent survey indicated that many high school students, especially in the inner cities, can acquire gun with little difficulty.Although most people would never want to own a gun, others have taken up hunting as a sport and enjoy hunting wild game in season. Hunting for deer and duck in fall and winter is very much a part of the American culture.Also, some farmers in rural areas who raise cattle and sheep feel they need to protect their animals against wolves that attack their herds and flocks at night. T o defend and support their rightsto possess firearms the National Rifle Association (NRA) was founded in 1871. The main importance of this organization has been its efforts to prevent strict gun control legislation. The NRA has great political support in small towns and rural areas, especially in the West and the South,where hunting is especially popular. Those who favor the right to possess guns insist that the Constitution provides the right of people "to keep and bear arms". They believe that gun control laws will not solve the problem of crime and violence in America.Recent events in America, however, have shown that the question of gun possession is now out of control and strong voices have called for immediate action to be taken. In seemingly peaceful schools students have gone into classrooms and opened fire upon their classmates.America has been shocked by such incidents which seem to occur with greater frequency. The periodic deaths of innocent citizens and even foreign visitors from guns have forced legislators to pass laws to stop these senseless killings.The day may not be far off when America will be transformed from a gun culture to one which controls their use and possession.31. What is most unusual about American society?A. Many Americans acquire guns illegally.B. Ordinary people can possess guns legally.C. The average citizen does not try to possess guns.D. Many school children carry guns legally.32. Some Americans defend their possession of guns by arguing that__________.A. deer and duck reproduce too quickly in the country.B. herds and flocks bother farmer at night.C. hunting is part of the American way of life.D. wolves threaten people's lives in rural areas.33. The National Rifle Association was established to__________.A. help strengthen gun control laws.B. unite people who possess guns.C. defend Americans'right to possess guns.D. solve the problem of crime and violence.34. Gun possession has become a hot issue in the US because it is__________.A. gathering political support.B. becoming increasingly restricted.C. threatening endangered species.D. causing serious problems.35. The author's attitude towards the US gun culture is__________.A. positive.B. negative.C. indifferent.D. neutral.第二篇Living Standards Around the WorldThe differences in living standards around the world are vast. In 1993, the average American had an income of about $25,000. In the same year, the average Mexican earned $7,000, and the average Nigerian earned $1,500. Not surprisingly, this large variation in average income is reflected in various measures of the quality of life. Changes in living standards over time are also large. In the United States, incomes have historically grown about 2 percent per year (after adjusting for changes in the cost ofliving). At this rate, average income doubles every 35 years. In some countries, economic growth has been even more rapid. In Japan, for instance, average income has doubled in the past 20 years, and in South Korea it has doubled in the past 10 years.What explains these large differences in living standards among countries and over time? The answer is surprisingly simple. Almost all variation in living standards is attributable to differences in countries' productivity-- that is, the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker's time. In nations where workers can produce a large quantity of goods and services per unit of time, most people enjoy a high standard of living; in nations where workers are less productive, most people must endure a more meager existence. Similarly, the growth rate of anation's productivity determines the growth rate of its average income.The fundamental relationship between productivity and living standards is simple, but its implications are far-reaching. If productivity is the primary determinant of living standards, other explanations must be of secondary importance. For example, people might think that labor unions or minimum-wage laws contributed to the rise in living standards of American workers over the past century. Yet the real hero of American workers is their rising productivity.The relationship between productivity and living standards also has great implications for public policy. When thinking about how any policy will affect living standards, the key question is how it will affect our ability to produce goods and services. To improve living standards,policymakers need to raise productivity by ensuring that workers are well educated, have the toolsneeded to produce goods and services, and have access to the best available technology.36. Which of the following countries has enjoyed the fastest economic growth in history?A. Mexico.B. The United States.C. Japan.D. South Korea.37. The word "meager" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to__________.A. modest.B. poor.C. meaningless.D. plentiful.38. What is the most important factor that leads to the rise in living standards of average people?A. Labor unions.B. Minimum-wage laws.C. Rising productivity.D. Favorable public policy.39. The study of the relationship between productivity and living standards is significant in that __________.A. it calls policymakers' attention to a qualified work forceB. it encourages workers to get better educationC. it helps improve the workers' ability to produce goods and servicesD. it enables policymakers to access the latest technology40. The passage mainly discusses __________.A. the differences in average income among countriesB. the relationship between productivity and living standardsC. the causes of the rise in living standardsD. the importance of raising productivity。

*6 Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV TreatmentBristol-Myers Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS,2for example, are all treated with combinations of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day.Now, two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market.3 Bristol-Myers Squibb sells one of them under the name of Sustiva.4 Gilead combined the others, Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four.Combining drugs involves more than technical issues. It also involves issues of competition if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIVIn January the New England Journal of Medicine5 published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its effectiveness to6 that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir contains two drugs, AZT7 and 3TC.8 The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with fewer side effects.9 Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, GlaxoSmithKline.Glaxo Smith Kline reacted to the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies.The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration10 to approve the new pill.There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders.11Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV *7 ExerciseWhether or not exercise adds to the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exerise which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration.The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports. They fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so with those _of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is question hard _to answer. Individual variability is too great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. The sage limit for exercise depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of the heart and general health should be determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.What type of exercise one should choose _depens upon one’s physical condition. Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities. Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.*第八篇 Old And Active（新增）It is well—known that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the world．A healthy long life is the result of improvement in social environment.Scientists are trying to work out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret ingredient in the Japanese diet that is particularly beneficial to the human body?Another factor contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrate．Although longer life should be celebrated, it is actually considered a social problem．The number of older people had doubled in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs．The country could soon be facing an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked after and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them．Raising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. Work can give the elderly a sense of responsibility and mission in life. It’s important that the elderly play active roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.*9 The Case of the DisappearingFingerprintsOne useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic 0marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing them could become troublesome. A case released online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a problem of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to treat his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the drug ,the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U.S customs officials for 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn’t get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly marks appearing from his index finger. U. S. customs3 has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are printed and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys—terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler, one potential side effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. Hence, no fingerprints.“It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine,” Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who prescribe the drug to provide their patients with a doctor’s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didn’t raise any red flags. But he’s also now got the explanatory doctor’s note—and won’t leave home without it.By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, which approved use of the drug 11 years ago, should consider updating its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where does it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.*10 Hospital MistreatmentAccording to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, being threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.The findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and analysis appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.Overall, out of the 1,277 residents who completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. In addition to reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons had made false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent event.More than 10% of the residents said they were not allowed to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours without _ sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a _ typical week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. Although 30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they were belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being “given tasks for punishment,”“being pushed, kicked or hit,”and having someone “threatening your reputation or career,”were reported as a more frequent occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.。

职称英语真题《卫生B》阅读理解精选题职称在中占有分数的比例很大，拿下阅读基本上考试就成功了一半。

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New US Plan for Disease PreventionUrging Americans to take responsibility for their health, Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson on Tuesday launched a $15 million program to try to encourage communities to do more to prevent chronic diseases like heart disease, cancer and diabetes (糖尿病) .The initiative highlights the costs of chronic diseases -- the leading causes of death in the United States- and outlines ways that people can prevent them, including better diet and increased exercise."In the United States today, 7 of 10 deaths and the vast majority of serious illness, disability and health care costs are caused by chronic diseases," the Health and Human Services department said in a statement.The causes are often behavioral -- smoking, poor eating habits and a lack of exercise."I am convinced that preventing disease by promoting better health is a smart policy choice for our future," Thompson told a conference held to launch the initiative."Our current health care system is not structured to deal with the rising costs of treating diseases that are largely preventable through changes in our lifestyle choices."Thompson said heart disease and strokes will cost the country more than $ 351 billion in 2003."These leading causes of death for men and women arelargely preventable, yet we as a nation are not taking the steps necessary for US to lead healthier, longer lives," he said.The $15 million is designed to go to communities to promote prevention, pushing for changes as simple as building sidewalks to encourage people to walk more.Daily exercise such as walking can prevent and even reverse heart disease and diabetes, and prevent cancer and strokes.The money will also go to community organizations, clinics and nutritionists who are being encouraged to work together to educate people at risk of diabetes about what they can do to prevent it and encourage more cancer screening.The American Cancer .Society estimates that half of all cancers can be caught by screening,including Pap tests ( 巴氏试验) for cervical ( 子宫颈的) cancer mammograms ( 乳癌X线照片)for breast cancer, colonoscopies (结肠镜检查) , and prostate (前列腺的) checks.If such cancers were all caught by early screening, the group estimates that the survival rate for cancer would rise to 95 percent.31. Which of the following is NOT true of chronic diseases in the US?A. They account for 70% of all deaths.B. They are responsible for most of the health care costs.C. They often result in unhealthy lifestyles.D. They are largely preventable.32. The author mentions all the following ways of disease prevention EXCEPT __________.A. better dietB. increased exerciseC. less smokingD. more frequent hand washing33. The passage indicates that spending more money on disease prevention will mean __________.A. greater responsibility of the governmentB. less need for input into treatmentC. higher costs of health careD. more lifestyle choices for people34. The purpose of the $15 million program is to __________.A. promote disease preventionB. build more highwaysC. help poor communitiesD. wipe out chronic diseases35. Early cancer screening can help reduce significantly __________.A. the death rates for all chronic diseasesB. the kinds of cancer attacking peopleC. the incidence rate for cancerD. the death rate for cancer答案与解析31.C。

职称英语卫生类B级真题及答案（word版）（4）第四部分：阅读理解短文后有5道题，每题后面有4个选项。

请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。

第一篇 Approaches to Understanding IntelligencesIt pays to be smart, but we are not all smart in the same way .You may be a talentedmusician, but you might not be a good reader . Each of us is different .Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities .Psychologists have two different views on intelligence .Some believe there is one general intelligence .Others believe there are many different intelligences .Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests .These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests .They do well on tests using words ,numbers or pictures. They do well on individual or group tests ,and written or oral tests .Those who do poorly on one test ,do the same on all tests .Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence .The brain of intelligence people use less energy during problem solving .The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction .Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain .Howard Gardner , a psychologist at the Harvard School ofEducation ,has four children .He believes that all children are different and shouldn’t be tested by oneintelligence test .Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists , he doesn’t think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling .He think that the human mind has different intelligences .These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life .Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences .Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences .Gardner says that his theory is based on biology .For example ,when one part of the Brain is injured ,other parts of the brain still work .People who cannot talk because of Brain damage can still sing .So ,there is not just one intelligence to lose .Gardner has identified 8 different kinds of intelligence; linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, body-kinesthetic(身体动觉的),and naturalistic .31.What is the main idea of this passage ?A. The importance of intelligence .B. The development of intelligence tests .C. How to understand intelligence .D. How to become intelligent .答案：C32.Which of the following statements is true concerning general intelligence ?A. People doing well on one type of intelligence test do well on other tests .B. Most intelligent people do well on some intelligence tests .C. Intelligent people do not do well on group tests .D. Intelligent people do better on written tests than on oraltests .答案：A33.Gardner believes that ________ .A. all children are alike .B. children have different intelligences .C. children should take one intelligence test .D. there is no general intelligence .答案：B34.According to Gardner, schools should ________ .A. test students’ IQs .B. train students who do poorly on tests .C. focus on finding the most intelligent students .D. promote development of all intelligences .答案：D45.Gardner thinks that his theory has a ________ .A. biological foundation .B. musical foundation .C. intrapersonal foundation .D. linguistic foundation .答案：A第二篇The Worker's Role in ManagementTraditionally, it has been the worker's role to work and management's role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm's operations with little thought of consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled(被迫的) to obtain the worker's opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most, companies have provided "suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellersof labor——they have a vital stake in the company and may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions profoundly affect workers and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant closings, which may put thousands on the unemployment lines. Should workers, then, play a stronger role in management?Workers should have a role in management. At the very least, the labor force should be informed of major policy decisions. (A common complaint among rank-and-file workers is the lack of information about company policies and actions.) Between 1980 and 1985 about five million workers were the victims of plant closings and permanent layoffs(失业), often with no warning. At least 90 day's notice ought to be given in such instances so that workers have time to adjust. Management should consult workers before closing a plant, because the workers might be able to suggest ways of improving productivity and reducing costs and might be willing to make concessions that will help keep the plant operating.It should become a general practice to include workers in some managerial decision making. There ought to be representatives of the workers on the firm's board of directors or other major policymaking groups. If rank-and-file workers are given a voice in the planning and management of the work flow, they will help to make improvement, their morale will rise, and their productivity will increase. As a further incentive, they must be given a share in the company's profits. This can be done through employee stockownership plans, bonuses, or rewards for efficiency and productivity. Finally, when a plant can no longer operate at a profit, the workers should be given the opportunity to purchase the plant and run it themselves.36.It can be interred from Paragraph 1 that managers________.A. seldom obtained workers’opinionsB. were not qualifiedC. disliked “suggestion boxes”D. never consulted the labor force.答案：B37.In recent years, many management specialists have been arguing that workers________.A. are no longer sellers of the productsB. are less affected by company decisions than before.C. are able to make final decisions for the company.D. should have a say in management of the company.答案：D38.The word “rank-and-life”Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to___.A. seniorB. ordinaryC. intelligentD. capable答案：B39.According to the passage, what happened between 1980 and 1985?A. Managers consulted workers before closing a plant.B. Workers did not make necessary concession.C. About five million workers were laid off without advance notice.D. Many companies were closed because of strikes.答案：C40.It not given a voice in managenal decision making workers_____.A. may lack the incentive to increase their productivity.B. cannot get a share in the company’s profits.C. can still get bonuses for efficiency and productivity.D. will not have the opportunity to purchase the plant.答案：A第三篇Obesity(肥胖) in the Western WorldObesity is rapidly becoming a new scourge of the western world, delegates agreed at the 11th European Conference on the issue in Vienna Wednesday to Saturday. According to statements before the opening of the conference —— of 2,000 specialists from more than 50 countries 一 1. 2 billion people worldwide are overweight, and 250 million are obese.Professor Bernhard Ludvik of Vienna General Hospital said，“ Obesity is a chronic illness. In Germany，20 per cent of the people are already affected，but in Japan only one per cent. ” But he said that there was hope for sufferers thanks to the new scientific discoveries and medication.Professor Friedrich Hopichler of Salzberg said, "We are living in the new age (but) with the metabolism(新陈代谢) of a stone-age man" “I have just been to the United States. It is really terrible. A pizza shop is springing up on every comer. We have been overrun by fast food and Coca-Cola-ization. ”Many of the experts stressed that obesity was a potential killer. Hopichler said, “Eighty percent of all diabetics are obese，also fifty per cent of all patients with high blood pressure and fifty per cent with adipose(脂肪的) tissue complaints. ” "Ten per cent more weight means thirteen per cent more risk of heart disease. Reducing one's weight by ten per cent leads to thirteen per cent lower blood pressure. ”Another expert Hermann T oplak said that the state healthservices should improve their financing of preventive programs. "Though the health insurance pays for surgery (such as reducing the size of the stomach) when the body-mass index is more than 40. That is equivalent to a weight of 116 kilograms for a height of 1.70 meters. One should start earlier. ”Ludvik said that p revention should begin in school. “ Child obesity (fat deposits) correlates(与……相关) with the time which children spend in front of TV sets. ”The consequences were only apparent later on. No more than fifteen per cent of obese people lived to the average life expectancy for their population group.41.Which of the following is true about obesiA. People in Japan needn’t worry about obesity.B. Obesity is a disease that lasts for a long time.C.20% of the people in the world are overweight.D.Obesity should be cured with new medication42. Which of the following does Prof. Friendrich Hopichler probably agree?A. Diabetes is mainly caused by obesity.B. 50% of patients with high blood pressure complained about obesity.C. The fast food supplied in American pizza shops is tasteless.D. The more one weights, the more likely he is to suffer from heart disease.答案：D43.Hermann Toplak suggested that more money should be spent on_______.A. health insuranceB. preventive programsC. state health servicesD. obesity-related surgeries答案：B44.Which of the following is most often accompanied by obesity?A. DiabetesB. High blood pressureC. StomachacheD. Adipose tissue complaints答案：A45.”The consequences” in the last paragraph result from people_____.A. reducing their weightB. eating fast foodC. getting obeseD. spending too much time in front of TV sets答案：C。

2014卫生类教材阅读理解和完型填空没有新增文章卫生B第1-33篇，带星号文章为第17-33篇，第19、24篇为2012新增未考文章，需要注意。

具体文章链接见二楼第一篇纳米保健技术走向贫困国家Bringing Nanotechnology to Health Care for the Poor第二篇医学杂志Medical Journals第三篇厨房油烟可致癌Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor第四篇孕期妇女宜多补充多维制剂Multivitamins Urged for All Pregnant Women第五篇美国人吃盐过量U.S. Eats Too Much Salt第六篇自行车的危险Pushbike Peril第七篇深夜喝咖啡Late-night Drinking （2013卫生C真题）第八篇Eat Healthy （2012新增，2012年4月真题）第九篇美国将在一月启动一项耗资三十二亿美元的儿童健康研究项目U.S. to Start $. Billion Child Health Study in January第十篇换抽雪茄Cigars Instead?第十一篇失眠Sleeplessness第十二篇关于感冒的常识Common-cold Sense第十三篇药反应——至死的主要原因Drug Reactions—A Major Cause of Death第十四篇梦Dreams第十五篇乐观情绪助你远离感冒Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay第十六篇（2013教材新增）Eat to Live以下为教材带星号文章*第十七篇食用土豆能促进我们的免疫系统Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a Boost*第十八篇老年糖尿病患者进行体育锻炼可以取代胰岛素治疗Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics第十九篇Prolonging Human Life（2012新增）第二十篇 FDA：人畜排泄物危及农产品FDA: Human Animal Waste Threatens Produce第二十一篇早期或稍晚期的日托Early or Later Day Care第二十二篇被饥荒颠覆的埃及Egypt Felled by Famine第二十三篇产后抑郁症——妇女自杀的罪魁祸首After-birth Depression Blamed for Woman’s Suicide第二十四篇Sleep Lets Brain File Memories（2012新增）第二十五篇诺贝尔奖的公布从医学奖开始．Medicine Award Kicks off Nobel Prize Announcements第二十六篇肥胖症——西方世界的灾祸Obesity: the Scourge of the Western World第二十七篇艾滋病治疗的新突破（2012新增，2012年4月真题）New Attempts to Eradicate AIDS Virus第二十八篇农业作物的病害Diseases of Agricultural Plants第二十九篇（2013教材新增）"Don't Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning (2013卫生B真题)第三十篇安静和致死Silent and Deadly第三十一篇动物间的间隔距离Spacing in Animals第三十二篇果汁和蔬菜汁与水果和蔬菜一样对人体有益Fruit and Vegetable Juices as Beneficial to Health as Fruits and Veggies 第三十三篇非运动场所滑冰与损伤In-line Skating and Injuries。

阅读判断第九篇What Is a Dream?For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person‟s mind and emotions.Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person‟s wishes. He beli eved that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2was once a student of Freud‟s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person‟s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men‟s dreams a re often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women‟s dreams.3Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn‟t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not me an that some terrible event will actually take place. It‟s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.译文：什么是梦？许多世纪以来，人们都对他们梦到的奇异事情感到疑惑。