学术论文写作：摘要
一、摘要的写作目的和结构要素
摘要简要地概述论文的内容, 拥有与正文同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。其结构要素是：
(1) 主题阐述（Topic specification）；
(2) 研究目的陈述（Purpose statement）；
(3) 理论指导（Theory/Perspective）
(3) 研究方法(Methodology and Data)；
(4) 研究结果/发现（Results/Findings）；
(5) 研究结论/启示（Conclusions/Implications）。
练习1：就结构要素评析下面4个摘要（为判断方便，列汉语标题）
Sample 1
1. Introduction
2. Translation Activity in New Century
2.1Definition and Purpose of Translation Activity
2.2 Translation Activity under the Background of Cross-culture Communication
2.2.1The Trend of Cross-culture Communication
2.2.2 New Requirements for Translation Activity
3. The Trend of Cross-culture Communication
3.1 Definitions of Cultural Symbols
3.2 The Formation of Characteristic Cultural Symbols
3.3Main Categories of Cultural Symbols
4. Strategy in Dealing with Cultural Symbols Translation
4.1 Comparison between Domestication and Foreignization
4.2 Nida Eugene. A and Dynamic Equivalence Translation
4.3 Translation Studies School and Foreignization
4.4 Two Strategies in Text Analysis
5. Conclusion
1. Introduction
2. The Rhetorical Motivation in Trade Name
2.1 Rational Needs and Rational Needs
2.1.1 Rational Needs
2.1.2 Emotional Needs
2.2 Cultural Factors
2.2.1 Ethnic Culture
2.2.2 Regional Culture
2.2.3 Religious Culture
2.2.4 Culture of Place and Person
3. The Rhetorical Approaches to Trade Name
3.1 Homophone
3.1.1 Homophone in Chinese
3.1.2 Homophone between Chinese and English
3.1.3 Homophone in English
3.2 Onomatopoeia
3.2.1 Emotional onomatopoeia
3.2.2 Rational onomatopoeia
3.3 Rhyme
3.3.1 Alliteration
3.3.2 The Ending of Lines of Verse
3.3.3 Assonance
3.4 Reduplicated Sound
4. The Translation of Trade Names
4.1 Transliteration
4.2 Variant Translation
4.3 Phonological and Semantic Combination
5. Conclusion
附：该论文目录CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1.1 Rational and Objective of the Study
1.2 Organization of the Paper
2.Theoretical Foundation of Verbal Irony Study: A Pragmatic Approach
2.1 Description of Verbal Irony
2.2 Gricean Perspectives—Irony as Conversational Implicature
2.3 Post-Gricean perspective—Irony as Echoic Mentioning
3. Verbal Irony and the Responses in Public Debate
3.1 Assumptions and Expectations
3.2 Introduction to American Public Presidential Debate (APPD) and the Debate Extract
Analyzed
3.3 Analysis Based on EMT
4. Conclusion
4.1 Findings in EMT Application—Uncertainty
4.1.1 Uncertainty in Identifying Verbal Irony
4.1.2 Uncertainty in Justifying the Working Mechanism
4.2 Tentative Suggestion—Pragmatics with Lights from the Rhetorical Perspective
4.3 Last Remarks
附：该论文目录CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1.1Rationale
1.2 Literature Review
1.3 The Organization of the Thesis
2. Theoretical F oundations of D omestication and F oreignization
2.1 Domestication and Foreignization
2.1.1 Definitions of Domestication and Foreignization
2.1.2 Functions of Domestication and Foreignization
2.1.2.1 Function of Domestication
2.1.2.2 Function of Foreignization
2.2 Political News
2.2.1 Definition of Political News
2.2.2 The Stylistic Features of Political News and Translated Political
News
3. Domestication and F oreignization in the T ranslation of P olitical N ews
3.1 The Uniqueness of Domestication and Foreignization
in the Translation of Political News
3.2 Three Factors Influencing the Choice of Domestication and Foreignization
3.2.1 The Translator’s Subjective Factors
3.2.2 The Reader
3.2.3 The Political Ideology
3.3 The Balance of Domestication and Foreignization
4. Conclusion
二、内容的注意事项
1. 不要写成文献综述（?Sample 1）, 也不要说人所共知的话(? sample 5)
2. 以上结构要素要有具体内容，不要空洞
练习2：下文是从语用顺应理论出发对商务信函写作（sample 5）和商标翻译(Sample 6) 进行的研究, 请你（1）删掉无关的内容，（2）核对结构要素，（3）并判断哪个内容具体。
三、摘要的文体要求
总则：应采用学术性正式文体。其特点是普遍地运用专门术语，倾向于完整而严谨的句法，并常常使用各种修饰语、附加成分、长的复合句（前提是语义清晰）等。符合以下内容：
(1) 英文摘要的时态: 常用一般现在时，慎用一般过去时，少用现在（过去）完成时。
一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议
或讨论等。例如：
This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to…
A and
B is compared.
The result shows (reveals)…/It is found that…/The conclusions are…
The author suggests…．
(2) 英文摘要的语态: 语态尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。
第一，如用主动语态，主语不要用the author, I, the present research，而要转为This study, this research, this thesis
第二，被动语态的使用显得客观、正式。要强。
如：The Cooperative Principle is applied to ...
(3) 英文摘要的人称: 尽量用第三人称，最好不用第一人称，如使用第一人称也要用复
数形式。如This paper…
(4) 英文摘要的句式：句子必须完整。简单句、并列句和复合句等各种句式都可以使用。
如无法保证语义清晰，建议你使用短句；如果能兼顾语义清晰，尽量使用复合句和
复杂句。
(5) 英语摘要的用词：正式词汇和专业词汇用得多。提要中所使用的词汇应词义精确、
单一，不带有感情色彩，一般不需借助上下文来理解。名词化形式可以增加摘要的
正式程度。
练习3：判断下面的摘要文体是否合适，如果不合适，请改正。
练习4: 范文赏析，并请归纳语言模版
Sample 9
A Cognitive Study on Conceptual
Metaphor in English and Chinese Sports News
Abstract: This paper, based on Lakoff’s conceptual metaphor theory and Steen’s five-step procedure for metaphor identification （理论视角/指南）, makes a comparative study （总研究方法）of conceptual metaphor in English and Chinese sports news （总研究目标/目的）. By analyzing 50 English and 50 Chinese sports news, specifically about basketball and football matches （具体方法1：语料分析统计）, we find a distributional （分目标1）similarity of English and Chinese conceptual metaphors （发现/结果）. They fall into the following seven types: war, human, orientation, journey, drama, animal throne metaphors, among which, the occurrence of war metaphor far distinguishes the others （具体/结果1）. But the percentages of the different metaphors are not even in English and Chinese（具体/结果2）Take the metaphor of war as a case （具体方法2：案例分析法）, the thesis attempts to find the cognitive motivation for sports as wars （分目标2）and discovers the six foundations of mapping process from wars to sports: similar participant relation; similar narrative process; similar purposes; similar approaches; similar results; and similar supporters (结果3).
练习5：改正下面的摘要。
Sample 8
Rhetoric of Punctuation Mark in English and Chinese
――From the Translation of Dash in A Dream of Red Mansions
Abstract：As auxiliary elements of written language, punctuations play a very important role in the expression of meaning. Punctuations in Chinese and English are not the same totally. In order
to make the translation accordant with the language habit of target readers, we should know well about the differences of punctuation in Chinese and English, and deal with their translation carefully and skillfully. The thesis focuses on the translation of dash in Honglou Meng, and expects to shed light on the similarities and differences of punctuations in Chinese and English. 附：为了修改有根据，请参考下面的目录
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundations of the Research
2.1 A General Introduction to Punctuation
2.1.1 Definition and Significance of Punctuation
2.1.2 The Functions of Punctuation
2.1.2.1 Separation
2.1.2.2 Specification
2.1.2.3 Substitution
2.1.3 The Translation of Punctuation
2.2 A Specific Introduction to English Dash
2.2.1Grammatical Function of Dash
2.2.2 Rhetoric Function of Dash
Chapter 3 The Translation of Chinese Dash in A Dream of Red Mansions
3.1 Methodology
3.1.1 Data Collection
3.1.2 Data Analysis
3.2 Results
3.2.1 Literal Translation of Dash
3.2.1.1 The Function of Interrupting and Emphasizing
3.2.1.2 The Function of Turning and Mediating
3.2.1.3 The Function of Explanation3.2.2 Free Translation of Dash
Chapter 4 Conclusion