第三章词汇翻译
第二节省略法
一、冠词的省略
1.In a word China is a developing country. It needs time to have further development.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9e1501564.html,ser can be used as a surgical instrument since the beam can cut through tissue in an instant.
二、代词的省略
1.Friction always manifests itself as a force that opposes motion.
2.We should concern ourselves here only with the sentence patterns.
3.It is better to do well than to say well.
三、介词的省略
1.The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.
2.Power can be transmitted over a great distance with practically negligible loss if it is carried
by an electric current.
3.The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of
mind.
4.She said, with perfect truth, that “it must be delightful to have a brother,” and easily got the
pity of tender-hearted Amelia, for being alone in the world, an orphan without friends and kindred.
四、连词的省略
1.Some bacteria are extremely harmful but others are helpful.
2.Because heat does not take up any room and it does not weigh anything, it is not a material.
3.The sun is bright, and the sky is clear.
五、动词的省略
1.If you are going to be unhappy, it is easier to be unhappy in comfort.
2.That is why he became irritable.
3.He was smooth and agreeable to meet.
第三节增词法
一、英语抽象名词的翻译
1.He was still reluctant to talk substance.
2.Many changes take place during the transformation.
3.Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.
二、将具体形象的词译成该形象所具有的属性和特征，这是一种引申，需增词
1.It was a Godsend to him.
2.If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once.
三、增添“概括”性的词
1.He had slept there before, in July and again in October.
2.Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.
3.The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.
四、英文中为避免重复而省略之词，汉译时需补上，作必要的重复
1.I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.
五、汉译文根据原文意思增加一些必要的解释性文字
1.And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his university of the future.
2.Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for, “like Aaron’s rod, with
flowers”.
一、增补语义上、修辞上需要的词
A. 名词、动名词前增补动词
1.We often go to the school-run factory for labor.
2.Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery.
B. 增补附加性词
1.It is enough to shatter complacency.
2.From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain
conditions.
C. 增补概括性的词
1.Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
2.This report summed up the achievements in technology and education.
D. 增补联系性的词
1.Fro sterilizing foods in cans, entirely different heaters are used.
2.Making experiments, we should carefully put down the results.
E. 增补解释性的词
1.In line with latest trends in fashion, a few dress designers have been sacrificing elegance to
audacity.
2.While in your country, I’ll be hoping to meet all interested parties for detailed discussion
concerning nylon.
3.Have you got a “Ford” by yourself.
F. 增补量词
1.Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a metal spoon, a coin, a piece of
paper, a pin, a plastic comb, a key, a pencil, a tin lid and a rubber eraser.
2.On April 24th 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite.
G. 增补表示复数含义的词
1.But that the old workers helped us, we should have failed.
2.The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reduced.
3.Not many yards below the surface, the pressure on each square foot is a matter of tons.
中国各大银行名称缩写 中国建设银行——CCB(China Constuction Bank) 中国农业银行——ABC(Agricultural Bank of China) 中国工商银行——ICBC(Industrial and Commercial Bank of China) 中国银行——BOC（Bank of China) 中国民生银行——CMBC（China Minsheng Banking Co., Ltd） 招商银行——CMB(China Merchants Bank Ltd) 兴业银行——CIB (Industrial Bank Co., Ltd) 北京市商业银行——已经改名北京银行——BOB(Bank of Beijing) 交通银行——BCM(Bank of Communications) 中国光大银行——CEB(Chian Everbright Bank) 中信银行——(cvbnm` 广东发展银行——GDB(Guangdong Development Bank) 上海浦东发展银行——SPDB/SPDBank(Shanghai Pudong Development Bank) 深圳发展银行——SDB(Shenzhen Development Bank)
中国银行新线借记卡历史交易明细清单 Debit card transaction details history list 交易区间：2012/06/01 至2012/12/01 Trading range: to 打印日期：2012/12/17 打印网点: 11111 打印柜员：33333 Print date: Print branches:Print teller: 账号：1222222222 客户号：9999999 Account number: Customer number: 账户名：王三 Account name: WANG SAN 开户日期：2012/01/04 开户行：88881 Account opening date: Deposit bank: 产品大类：5500 产品子类：1999 Product Line: Subclass: 起息日：2012/01/12 到期日： Value date: Expiry date: 存折号：货币号： Bankbook number: Currency number: 交易日网点交易代码货币号交易金额交易余额摘要Trade date Branches Trade code Currency number Transaction amount Account balance Abstract 交易类别对方账号 Trade type Reciprocal account number
一、组装、冲压、喷漆等专业词汇 Assembly line组装线 Layout布置图 Conveyer流水线物料板 Rivet table拉钉机 Rivet gun拉钉枪 Screw driver起子 Electric screw driver电动起子Pneumatic screw driver气动起子worktable 工作桌 OOBA开箱检查 fit together组装在一起 fasten锁紧(螺丝) fixture 夹具(治具) pallet栈板 barcode条码 barcode scanner条码扫描器 fuse together熔合 fuse machine热熔机 repair修理 operator作业员 QC品管 supervisor 课长 ME制造工程师 MT制造生技 cosmetic inspect外观检查 inner parts inspect内部检查 thumb screw大头螺丝 lbs. inch镑、英寸 EMI gasket导电条 front plate前板 rear plate后板 chassis 基座 bezel panel面板 power button电源按键 reset button重置键 Hi-pot test of SPS高源高压测试 V oltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键 sheet metal parts 冲件 plastic parts塑胶件 SOP制造作业程序 material check list物料检查表 work cell工作间 trolley台车 carton纸箱 sub-line支线 left fork叉车QC Section品管科 stamping factory冲压厂 painting factory烤漆厂 molding factory成型厂 common equipment常用设备 uncoiler and straightener整平机 punching machine 冲床 robot机械手 hydraulic machine油压机 lathe车床 planer |'plein |刨床 miller铣床 grinder磨床 driller??床 linear cutting线切割 electrical sparkle电火花 welder电焊机 staker=reviting machine铆合机 position职务 president董事长 general manager总经理 special assistant manager特助 factory director厂长 department director部长 deputy manager | =vice manager副理 section supervisor课长 deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长 group leader/supervisor组长 line supervisor线长 assistant manager助理 to move, to carry, to handle搬运 be put in storage入库 pack packing包装 to apply oil擦油 to file burr 锉毛刺 final inspection终检 to connect material接料 to reverse material 翻料 wet station沾湿台 Tiana天那水 cleaning cloth抹布 to load material上料 to unload material卸料 to return material/stock to退料 scraped |'skr?pid|报废 scrape ..v.刮;削 deficient purchase来料不良 manufacture procedure制程 deficient manufacturing procedure制程 不良 oxidation |' ksi'dei n|氧化 scratch刮伤 dents压痕 defective upsiding down抽芽不良 defective to staking铆合不良 embedded lump镶块 feeding is not in place送料不到位 stamping-missing漏冲 production capacity生产力 education and training教育与训练 proposal improvement提案改善 spare parts=buffer备件 forklift叉车 trailer=long vehicle拖板车 compound die合模 die locker锁模器 pressure plate=plate pinch压板 bolt螺栓 name of a department部门名称 administration/general affairs dept总务 部 automatic screwdriver电动启子 thickness gauge厚薄规 gauge(or jig)治具 power wire电源线 buzzle蜂鸣器 defective product label不良标签 identifying sheet list标示单 screwdriver holder起子插座 pedal踩踏板 stopper阻挡器 flow board流水板 hydraulic handjack油压板车 forklift叉车 pallet栈板 glove(s)手套 glove(s) with exposed fingers割手套 thumb大拇指 forefinger食指 midfinger中指 ring finger无名指 little finger小指 band-aid创可贴 iudustrial alcohol工业酒精 alcohol container沾湿台 head of screwdriver起子头 sweeper扫把 mop拖把 vaccum cleaner吸尘器 rag 抹布 garbage container灰箕
第三章常用翻译技巧 了解和掌握一定的翻译技巧有助于提高我们的翻译能力，一般而言，大致有下述8种基本技巧：1) 选词用字（Diction）2) 增词法（Amplification）3) 省略法（Omission）4) 转换法（Conversion）5) 重复法（Repetition）6) 语序调整(Inversion) 7) 正说反译，反说正译（Negation）8) 长句拆译(Division) &分清主从（Subordination）。 3．1 选词用字 简而言之就是“choice of words” (选词用字)，就是说，在理解原文时，由于汉、英两种语言在行文用字、表达方式上的差异，对一些词或短语的理解必须结合上下文进行推敲，找出它们的内涵意义（connotation），再在译文中选用恰当的词汇使表达准确而通顺，符合译文习惯。 例1．Neat people buy everything in expensive little single portions. 译1：爱整洁的人经常买贵的、小的单一的东西。× 译2：办事讲究的人买什么都注重少而精，愿买贵的。√ 例2．They want quality, but at a budget price. 译1：他们需要质量，但却要预算价格。× 译2：他们又要货好，又要价格合算。√ 例3．On Taiwan there was little grace and less give between the two sides. (1)“little grace”和“less give”：“几乎没有优雅”、“更少的给予”？言不达意且文脉不通。 (2) 必须推敲它们在此上下文中的具体意义：既然是政治谈判，所谓“优雅”不就是“讲礼貌、讲客气”、“give”不就是“让步、妥协”之意吗？ (3) “less”一词更须注意，它是前面“little”的比较级，说明“give”比“grace”更少。译文如下： 在台湾问题上，双方几乎没有多少客气可讲，更谈不上让步了。 例4. Whichever way you choose to visit Zhengzhou , you will reach here quickly and enjoy a comfortable stay, because Zhengzhou has a wide range of accommodation to suit all budgets and tastes… 文中“stay”“tastes”二字极其通俗，而“budgets”却又十分抽象。如何在译文中用符合行业规范的词语表达值得推敲。直译“逗留”“预算”“口味”均不合适，读者无法接受。根据上下文语义，结合目前流行的说法，“下榻”、“档次”、“品味”译得恰到好处。
英语翻译常用词组汇总 be free from没有……的，不受……影响be identified as…被认为是… be known as被称做……，以……著称be known to为……所熟知 be popular with…受……欢迎 be prepared for对……做好准备 be regarded as被认为是…，被当做是… be satisfied with对……满意，满足于… be second to…次于… be sick of…对…感到厌倦 be used as…被用做… be used to…习惯于… get used to…习惯于… all of a sudden突然 all the time一直,始终 as a rule通常,照例 as far as...be concerned就...而言as to…至于…,关于… at best充其量,至多 before long 不久以后 beyond question毫无疑问 by all means尽一切办法,务必 every now and then时而,偶尔 in itself本质上,就其本身而言 sooner or later迟早,早晚 abide by… 遵守…,信守… agree with与…相一致同意…
be beneficial to… 有利于…，有益于… turn a blind eye to… 对…视而不见 by leaps and bounds飞速地，突飞猛进地 when it comes to一谈到…,就…而论 disagree with… 与…意见不一致不同意… give an opinion on… 对…发表意见 a dapt oneself to…=adjust oneself to…使自己适应于… attribute…to…把…归因于…，认为…是…的结果comment on…评论… concentrate on/upon…集中注意力于… on the contrary与之相反 convince somebody of something使某人确信某事deprive somebody of something剥夺某人某物 in detail详细地 be equipped with…装备有… in essence本质上 to…extent在…程度上 inform. somebody of something通知某人某事 lie in在于… major in主修… in the light of… 按照…，根据… on account of… 因为…，由于… in addition to… 除…之外 on (the/an) average平均，一般来说 on the basis of… 根据…，在…的基础上 at (the) best充其量，至多 on business因公，因事 in any case无论如何，总之
大学英语六级翻译常用词汇：经济类 中国经济 总需求 aggregate demand 总供给 aggregate supply 企业文化 corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象 corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司 cross-national corporation 创业精神 enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业 foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济 holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业 electronic industry 汽车制造工业 car industry 娱乐业 entertainment industry 信息产业 information industry 知识密集型产业 knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业 large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业 light industry 博彩业 lottery industry 制造业 manufacturing industry 垄断行业 monopoly industries 市场多元化 market diversification 市场经济 market economy 市场监管 market supervision 购买力 purchasing power 熊市 bear market 牛市 bull market 城镇化 urbanization 房地产 real estate 首付 down-payment 业主 home owner 个人购房贷款 individual housing loan
第三章词汇翻译 第六节重复法 一、名词的重复 A. 名词作宾语时的重复 1.I must do my best to develop the students’ ability to analyze and solve problems. 2.We should inspect and oil the machines before work. 3.Can you tell the chemical and physical characteristics about this substance? B. 名词作先行词的重复 1.Days and nights are very long on the moon, where one day is as long as two weeks on the earth. 2. A synthetic material equal to that alloy in strength has been created, which is very useful in industry. 二、动词的重复 1.Refrigerators, freezers and air-conditioners must obey not only the first law (energy conservation) but the second law as well. 2.The conflict spread everywhere, into little villages, as well as the cities. 三、代词的重复 A. 人称代词的重复 1.There is air around us although we cannot see it. 2.She works extremely hard though still rather poor in health. 3.He hated failure; he had conquered it all this life, risen above it, and despised it in others. B. 代词that (或those)的重复 1.Einstein first considered that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light. 2.Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French.
第三章词语英译 1.这姑娘是漂亮。 This girl is really beautiful. 2.此人是书就读。 This man reads every book he can reach . 3.是可忍，孰不可忍？ If this can be tolerated, what cannot? 4.是古非今 Praise the past to condemn the present 5.知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。 When you know a thing, to hold that you know it, and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it----this is knowledge . 6.南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to invite good luck by going to the kitchen on the third day and cooking a fish,
which stands for fortune. 7.去设埋伏我们都没有信心，想他一定在昨天晚上就早溜了，今天去也是瞎子点灯白费蜡。 We had no confidence in today's ambush because we were sure he had escaped last night. It seemed as useless as a blind man lighting a candle. 8.……只因生得妩媚风流，满学中都送了两个外号：一个叫“香怜”，一个叫“玉爱”。 ... Because of their glamorous looks and affected manners, were universally known by the nickname of Darling and Precious. 9.克明：觉新哪，你听着！ Keming: Juexin, I want you to pay particular attention to this. 10.客人一走进大门，扑鼻的是一阵幽香，入目的是绿蜡似的叶子和红霞或白雪似的花朵…… As guests entered the gate, they would first smell a sweet fragrance and then see the waxy green leaves and the rainbow red or snow-white flowers.
如何在强化阶段复习翻译，又如何在考试中夺取高分呢？我们认为：词汇和长难句是攻克翻译这座大山的不二法宝。 关注特殊词汇，学习日常生活词语 段落翻译的重点依然是词汇，特别是较为特殊的翻译类词汇，通过样卷分析，建议考生多关注一下和中国节日、历史事件、经济文化、旅游活动、社会发展等相关的词汇。大家可以关注以反映中国社会为主的一些英文杂志和报纸，例如中国日报及其网站。这份报纸的大部分内容确实超越了考生的实际水平，但考生可以学习一些涉及日常生活的词语。每天看看网站中的头条新闻，配合中文新闻的背景，就可以学到很多表达。中国日报网站下面的一个小栏目：language tips，有大量简单实用的双语文章，考生有时间可关注。同时，考生要购进一些难度不大的翻译书籍，注意中英文的切换规则。 写长难句可增加得分点 段落翻译的另一难点就是长难句的攻克，平时加大对长难句的分析，考试中才能写出精彩得分的句型。分析从句比较多的长难句，要找到句子的切分点，切分点主要有两种，一个是直接看到的，即连接词that、which、who、when等等；另外一个是潜在的，即各种动词形式，包括doing、to do(单独使用的)、done等等。 最后，注意做翻译一定要坚持两点，即打草稿和"写"。在头脑中形成的翻译不是翻译，落到纸上，仍然不一定是通顺的句子，所以，每次在做翻译时，一定要坚持把语言写出来，这样才能提
高语言组织能力。同时，长难句的翻译不是一气呵成的，要练习如何打草稿，保证不会因直接誊写出现涂改问题，通过平时的草稿练习，也锻炼下打草稿的清晰程度，避免在誊写时丢掉一些东西。 一、中国经济 企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation 创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned
翻译常用词汇 高枕无忧resting without worries 史无前例unprecedented in the history 不可一世a conquering hero 毫不示弱equally firmly 量体裁衣to act according to actual circumstances 一刀两断to cut it clean 与虎谋皮to ask a tiger for its skin 六亲不认to disown all one’s relatives and fri ends 英雄本色the true quality of a hero 英雄所见略同Great minds think alike. 每逢佳节倍思亲On festive occasions more than ever we think of our dear ones faraway. 上有好，下必有其焉。What the superior loves, his inferiors will be found to love exceedingly.大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。The Great River flows to the east: Its waves have washed away all the men of untrammeled spirit of a thousand ages. 上兵伐谋，其次伐交。What is supremely important in war is to attack the enemy’s strategy. Next best is to disrupt his alliances. 问君能有几多愁，恰似一江春水向东流。I wonder how many sorrows you have. They are exactly like the Yangtze River unceasingly flowing eastward in spring. 千呼万唤始出来，犹抱琵琶半遮面。Only after a thousand entreaties does she appear. Her face half hidden behind the guitar (pipa) in her arms. 吃得苦中苦，方为人上人。Only if you can stand the hardest of hardships can you hope to rise in society. 是非经过不知难You never know how hard a task is almost until you have done it yourself. 满招损Pride goes before a fall. / Pride spells failure. 适可而止Bind the sack before it be full. 好汉做事好汉当A true man has the courage to accept the consequences of his own actions.知己知彼，百战不殆。To know one’s and the enemy’s situation ensures victory. 牵扯之覆，后车之鉴。The overturned car ahead is a warning to the ones behind. 山雨欲来风满楼The wind sweeping through the tower heralds a rising storm in the mountains. 是故学然后知不足，教然后之困。Therefore, to learn makes us realize our deficiency, and to teach makes us know the difficulties. 人尽其才、地尽其利、物尽其利、货畅其流。Our human, land and material resources should be used to the best advantage, and our goods should be in good circulation. 父母有抚养教育未成年子女的义务，成年子女有赡养扶助父母的义务。Parents have the duty to rear and education their children who are minors, and children who have come of age have the duty to support and assist their parents. 中华人民共和国公民有劳动的权利和义务。Citizens of the P eople’s Republic of China have the right as well as the duty of work. 各民族公民都有用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利。Citizens of all nationalities have the right to use the spoken and written languages of their own nationalities in court proceedings.
英语新词汇与常用词汇的翻译-N篇 2010年9月 N.Y. 纽约 nab 逮捕 nabe 电影院 nabi 伊斯兰教先知 nabob 印度长官 nabobery 财主去处 nabobess 女财主 nabobism 巨富 Naboth 拿伯 Naboth's vineyard 为别人所垂涎之物 nabs 家伙 nacarat 桔红色 nacelle 引擎机舱 nacre 珠母贝 nacred 真珠质的 nacreous 真珠质的 Naderism 纳德运动 nadir 最低点 nae 不的 naevi 痣 naevus 痔 nag at 唠叨 nag 敦促 nag 老马 nagana 那加那病 nagger 爱唠叨 nagging 唠叨的 naggish 爱唠叨的 nagual 守护神 Nahum 那鸿 naiad 水中仙女 naif 像孩子的 nail a lie to the counter 拆穿西洋镜 nail clippers 指甲钳 nail down to 束缚 nail down 用钉钉住 nail file 指甲锉 nail one's colors to the mast 明确且坚持自己的要求 nail polish 指甲油 nail puller 起钉钳 nail scissors 修甲小剪刀 nail up 钉牢
nail 指甲 nail-biting 束手无策 nail-clippers 指甲刀nailbrush 指甲刷 nailer 敲打工人 nailery 制钉工厂nailhead 钉头 nailhole 钉眼 nailing 敲钉的 nailless 没有指甲的naillike 像指甲的 nailsick 不结实的nainsook 薄棉织物 naira 奈拉 Nairobi 奈洛比naissance 诞生 naive 天真的 naively 天真烂漫地naivete 纯真 naivety 天真烂漫 naked call 无担保承购期权naked eye 肉眼 naked 裸体的 nakedize 成为裸体nakedly 赤裸裸nakedness 裸 naker 定音鼓 Nakhodka 不冻港 naled 二溴磷 namable 可定名的namaste 合十礼namaycush 湖红点鲑namby-pamby 感伤的name after 按...命名name brand 名牌 name it 讲出来 name plate 名牌 name sb for 把...命名为name 名字 name-calling 骂人 name-child 起名 name-drop 抬高身价name-dropping 提高身份nameable 可命名的
六级翻译词汇经济篇： 宏观经济macro economy 社会主义市场经济socialist market economy 知识经济knowledge economy 网络经济Internet-based economy 经济规律law of economy 大规模生产mass production 生产力productive forces 生产关系relations of production 公有制public ownership 私有制private ownership 国有企业state-owned enterprises (SOEs) 私营企业private business 民营企业privately-run business 中小企业small and medium enterprises (SMEs) 连锁企业franchise / chain business 国民生产总值Gross National Product (GNP) 国内生产总值Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
实际增长率growth rate in real terms 年均增长率average growth rate per annum 可持续增长sustainable growth 经济效益economic returns 投资回报率rate of return on investment 衰退recession 宏观调控macro control 提高经济效益enhance economic performance 扭亏为盈turn a loss-making business into a profitable one 优化经济结构optimize economic structure 扩大内需expand domestic demand 国计民生national interest and people’s livelihood 经济特区special economic zones “十二五规划“ the 12th Five-Year Plan for National and Economic and Social Development 风险投资venture investment 经济繁荣economic boom
一、政治类： 1. 日益昌盛 become increasingly prosperous 2. 快速发展 develop rapidly 3. 隆重集会 gather ceremoniously 4. 热爱和平 love peace 5. 追求进步 pursue progress 6. 履行权利和义务 perform the responsibilities and obligations 7. 回顾奋斗历程 review the course of struggle 8. 展望伟大征程 look into the great journey 9. 充满信心和力量 be filled with confidence and strength 10. 必胜 be bound to win 11. 主张各国政府采取行动 urge governments of all countries to take action 12. 和平共处 coexist peacefully 13. 对内开放和对外开放 open up both externally and internally 14. 经历两个不同时期 experience two different periods 15. 战胜无数的困难 overcome numerous difficulties 16. 赢得一个又一个胜利 win one victory after another 17. 完全意识到 be fully aware that 18. 迈出重要的一步 make an important step 19. 采取各种措施 adopt various measures 20. 得出结论 ,告一段落 draw ( arrive at, come to reach ) a conclusion 21. 实现民族独立 realize national independence 22. 追求真理 seek the truth 23. 建立社会主义制度 establish a socialist system 24. 根除 (防止,消除)腐败 root out (prevent, eliminate) corruption 25. 响应号召 respond to the call 26. 进入新时期 enter a new period 27. 实行新政策 practice new policies 28. 展现生机和活力 display one’s vigor and vitality 29. 增强综合国力 enhance comprehensive(overall) national strength and 和国际竟争力 international competitiveness 30. 进入世界先进行列 edge into the advanced ranks in the world 31. 解决温饱问题 solve the problem of food and clothing 32. 吸收各国文明的先进成果 absorb what is advanced in other civilizations 33. 与日俱增 increase every day 34. 实现夙愿 fulfill the long-cherished wishes 35. 必将实现 be bound to come true 36. 锻造一支人民军队 forge a people’s army 37. 建立巩固的国防 build a strong national defense 38. 进行和谈 hold peace talks 39. 修改法律 amend the laws 40. 在．．．中起（至关） play a major的(crucial, an important ) role in
第三章词语的选择、引申与褒贬 谈到翻译，我们首先碰到的是词的问题，词语的选择与翻译之间存在着紧密关系，因为词是构成句子的基本单位。英汉两种语言有很大差异，翻译过程中怎样在保持原文思想内容不变的前提下，把原文的语言形式转化为译文的语言形式，关键在于词语的选择，即通过词语的选择使译文忠实、通顺，更符合译文的语言规范和修辞要求。 要做到在翻译中能够选择经当的词语，必须把握以下两点： 一是要正确看待翻译时所使用的词典。尽管每个单词的含义在词典中都能找到，但绝对不能把词典当成选择词义的万能钥匙。如果生硬地把词典的释义照搬到译文中去，常会犯一些荒谬的错误。英汉两种语言的词义不仅仅是点的对应，也不仅仅是在一个平面上线形交叉对应，而是成立体交叉对应关系。因此在翻译时，译者寻求的不只是词义的静态对应，而是要在这种立体交叉的词义关系中寻求动态对应。 二是要弄清英汉两种语言的差别。我们知道，英语词汇所包含的意义往往颇具游移性（context-dependency)和灵活性（flexible），这主要体现在英语词汇的意义多依据各自的前后搭配和语境而变化；英语词汇常常是集引申义（extended meaning）、内含义（intensional meaning）、扩展义(extensional meaning)、内涵义（connotative meaning）、外延义（denotative meaning）等多种意义于一体。在具体的语境中一个词语到底为何意完全取决于其所在位置或该词语同其他词语的搭配或组合关系。 现代汉语里的词汇同英语里的词汇大不相同，现代汉语词汇的涵义范围比较狭窄，词义比较精确、固定、严谨，其伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性比较小，具有较强的独立性。因此，整体说来，现代汉语里同一个词汇的词义即使在不同的上下文中也基本上是一致的。可以说，现代汉语里一词多义现象远没有英语那样普遍。对照一下英语词典和汉语词典我们就可以发现，英语里每个词条往往有书中甚至数十种词义，很多还有数条甚至数十条同其他词汇的搭配而形成的新义，由此可见英语词汇的词义对于搭配和语境的依赖性；汉语词汇则不同，每个词条只有非常有限的几个词义，这充分显示出汉语词汇词义的伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性相对较小。 英语词汇同汉语词汇的另一显著区别是，由于当代科技日新月异以及英语在国际上不可替代的地位，各行业、各集团都尽可能使用英语常有词汇来表达各种概念，在这种背景下，应予词义的范围很容易扩大。换言之，英语词汇容易获得新义。汉语词汇则不然。作为因形生义、因形带来联想的象形文字，汉语语言有着悠久的历史传统，有着特殊的民族文化底蕴和内涵，再加上汉语里的用词讲究稳定、规范，历来反对生造词义和没有理据的组合，因此，汉语词汇的词义不容易受到外部环境的影响，不易发生变化。 因此，在翻译过程中，我们要正确使用词典，并根据英汉两种语言的差异，对在目的语中所选择的词语进行仔细斟酌和揣摩，充分发挥我们的创造性，选择出精当、贴切的词语，努力使我们的译文准确、生动。 语言的形式与意义之间的关系可粗略划分成以下三种：F1→M1;F1→Mx;Fx→M1（F代表形式，M代表意义，x＞1）。第一种类型指词语和意义一一对应；第二种类型指一词多义；第三种类型指多词同义。在翻译的第一阶段，即理解阶段，译者应注意前两种类型。第一种类型，即一一对应型，如一些专有名词或外来词的翻译；第二种类型，即一词多义型，应更多地加以注意，要注意在理解词语和选择词义时应依上下文为参照系统。而在翻译的第二阶段，即表达阶段，译者多考虑第三种类型，即多词同义型。在表达时，译者需要认真辨析英语中近义词的区别，分析词语搭配，选择准确的词语。明辨词义不仅是翻译的起点，而且也是翻译的基础和关键环节。用词错误往往会影响整个句子、乃至整篇文章的意思，正所谓“差之毫厘，谬以千里。” 从词语与语境的关系看，有些词基本不受语境影响，如意义相对固定单一的专有名词、科技术