第三章 词汇翻译(二、三)

regardless of+what/whether的宾从（可接从句）
in spite of/despite+名词，不接从句
as regards/with regard to关于
regarding prep.关于
25.shore /ʃɔː(r)/ n. 岸，滨
off shore离开岸边
on shore在岸上
panic sb into doing sth使某人仓促行动 in （a）panic惊恐地
现在分词panicking
单词辨析：picnic n.野餐 v.参加野餐活动---picnicked---picnicked
23.regardless/rɪˈɡɑːdləs/ adv. 不顾，不加理会
24.regardless of 不管，不顾
26.subsequent /ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/ adj. 随后的，后来的
subsequently adv.后来，随后
subsequence n.随后，接着
27.captain /ˈkæptɪn/ n. 船长，机长；上校；队长
28.allow for 使成为可能；考虑到，把…计算在内
take...into account/consideration把...考虑在内
dismiss sb/sth from清除...
13.proof /pruːf/ n. 证据，证明
prove v.证明
prove+n./adj.结果是，证明是
prove+宾语+（to be）+宾补
It is proved that...据证明
14.acknowledge /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/ vt. 承认（权威、地位）；承认（属实）；（公开） 感谢

第三单元词汇翻译第二节词类转换一、转译为动词1、带有动作意味的名词例1. Television is transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.例2. The American people demanded his release.He won praise for his release of the prisoners of war.例3. The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing.例4. I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.例5. We are enemies of all aggressive wars.例6. The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.2、表示动作的介词例1. A force is needed to move an object against inertia.例2. The letter I is commonly used for current, E for electromotive force, and R for resistance.例3. In his early days he abandoned medicine for literature.3、动词衍生的形容词和表示感觉的形容词例1.Sugar and salt are both soluble in water.例2. The Republicans are out, the Democrats in.例3. They are not sure they can save his life.例4. She is familiar with English.二、转译为名词1、动词例1. Often property damage and disrupted lives result.例2. The earth on which we live is shaped like a ball.例3. Mercury weighs about thirteen times as much as water.例4. When this happens, the light is said to be reflected.2、形容词例1. They did their best to help the sick and the poor.例2. Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—but soft.例3. The Wilde family were religious.3、副词例1. He is physically weak but mentally sound.例2. They have not done so well ideologically, as organizationally.例3. Certainly people in enterprises must be mathematically informed if they are to make wise decision.三、转译为形容词1、名词例1. The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.例2. The lower stretches of rivers show considerable variety.例3. I am a perfect stranger to physics.2、副词例1. The President had prepared meticulously for his journey.四、转译为副词1、名词例1. When he catches a glimpse of potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.2、形容词例1.We took brief, restless naps.例2. I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain.例3. This is sheer nonsense.例4. Buckley was in a clear minority.。

选择性必修二Unit 3 Food and Culture一、汉译英1. cuisine n.菜肴，风味，烹饪2. prior adj.先前的，优先的3. minimum adj.最低的，最小的n.最小值，最少量4. temper n.脾气，火气5. canteen n.食堂，餐厅6. cafeteria n.自助餐厅，自主食堂7. somewhat adv.有点，稍微8. madam n.夫人，女士9. calorie n. 卡路里10. category n.类别，种类11. fibre n.纤维，纤维制品12. quantity n.数量，数额13. ideal adj.完美的，理想的，想象的n. 理想，完美的人（或事物）14. fundamental adj. 根本的，基础的，基本的n. 基本规律，根本法则15. chew vi.&vt.咀嚼，嚼碎n.咀嚼16. trick n.诀窍，计谋，把戏17. overall adv. 总体上，大致上adj.全面的，综合的18. dessert n.甜点19. stuff vt.填满，把…..塞进n.东西，物品20. recipe n.烹饪法，食谱21. chef n.厨师，主厨22. ingredient n.材料，成分二、词汇拓展23. exceptional adj.特别的，罕见的exception n.例外，一般情况以外的人except conj.除了，只是prep.除…….之外24. consume vt.吃，喝，饮，消耗consumer n.消费者，顾客，用户consumption n. 消费，消耗，消耗量25.association n.协会，关联associate v.联想，联系26.regardless adv.不顾，不加理会regard v.看待n. 注意，关心，尊敬，问候27.modest adj. 谦虚的，朴素的,些许的modestly adv.谦虚地，谨慎地28.stable adj. 稳定的，稳重的stability n.稳定性，稳固性_stabilize_ v. 使稳固，使稳定29.__elegant_adj.精美的，讲究的，文雅的_elegance_ n. 高雅，典雅，优雅三、英译汉30. pepper n._甜椒，灯笼椒，胡椒粉__31.bold adj.大胆自信的，敢于冒险的32. peppercorn n. _胡椒粒33.vinegar n._醋_34. slice n._薄片；vt.把......切成薄片_35.onion n._洋葱，葱头mb n._羊羔肉，羔羊_37. dim sum n._点心_38.vegetarian n._素食者_39.junk n.__无用的东西__40.garlic n._蒜41.bacon n._熏猪肉，咸肉_42.ham n._火腿__43.sausage n._香肠，腊肠__44. cabbage n.甘蓝，卷心菜，辣白菜45.bean curd n.豆腐=tofu46. brand n. 品牌47.olive n._橄榄树，油橄榄_48. dough n._生面团__49.bun n.__圆面包，小圆甜饼__50. chili n.__辣椒__51. pork n.__猪肉_52.pearl n.__珍珠_53. vitamin n.__维生素__54.dairy n.__乳制品，牛奶厂___ adj.__奶制的，乳品的__55.moderation n.__适度，合理__四、重点短语1.在…….之前的__prior to _2.由…..组成__consist of __3.大量的quantities of =a quantity of4.不管，不顾regardless of5.参考，查阅，提到，谈及refer to6.与…..有关in association with7.另一方面on the other hand8.至少at a minimum = a minimum of9.谋生make a living 10.处理，对付deal with11.关上turn/switch off12.出发，动身，引起，使爆炸set off13.与…..不同be different from14.此外in addition15.换句话说in other words16.slice ……off 切下17.hand in hand 携手并进18.contribute to有助于，促成，捐献19.make up组成，构成；编造；和解20.cut down on缩减，减少21.cut out停止，删除，戒掉22.as with 正如，与......一样23.end up结束24.start with以......开始，从......开始25.on the right track走上正轨26.keep track of追踪，跟踪27.consist of 由......组成。

Country, nation, land, state, power country 表示国家的地理范畴。 nation 体现在共同的地域和政府下的全民 概念 land 给人以国土或家园之感。 state 指国家的政治实体 power 表示国家的实力

上海的服装业很兴旺。 这件童装真漂亮。 Shanghai clothing industry is flourishing. The children’s wear here is really beautiful.

游人止步 凭票入内 非员工勿入 小心碰头 爱护园内公共设施 散干果 休憩室 请让我们的工作人员到房间为你服务


请让我们的工作人员到房间为你服务

Please Let Our Maids Come to Your Room and Serve You.
公示语 , 就是公开和面对公众 , 告示、指示、 提示、显示、警示、标示与其生活、生产、 生命、生态、生业休戚相关的文字及图形 信息. 目的在于把各种必要的、有用的信息传达 给公众,以实现其相应的应用示意功能.因此, 公示语翻译是否规范非常重要,它关系到译 文能否准确地传递源语信息、是否会影响 对外交流、甚至是否会影响一个城市甚至 国家的形象
在人际关系问题上我们不能太浪漫主义。 In interpersonal relationship, we do not need too much romanticism. 如果关系有方向性，要用relation;如果关系 没有方向性，则用relationship. 如果关系有 好坏、强弱之分，用relation；反之则用 relationship. We should not be too romantic in interpersonal relations.

Unit 31.There are aways people who dream to make a(n) from gambling(赌博),even though they know the chances are slim(苗条的、微小的).总有一些人梦想着从赌博中发财，即使他们知道机会很渺茫。

young because he couldn’t work out easy mathematical(数学的) calculations(计算)在发明家托马斯·爱迪生小的时候，被视为是一个傻孩子，因为他连简单的数学运算都算不出来。

犯罪嫌疑人) for about two days before they finally caught him in a deserted warehouse(仓库).警察追赶抢劫嫌疑犯大约两天之后，他们终于在一个废弃的仓库里抓到了他。

运动、活动) to raise money for the girl who has caught a rare(rare) disease(疾病).地方报社开展了一个为患有稀有疾病的女孩捐款活动。

5.Rock climbing is attractive(有吸引力的) especially to young peoplebecause it is always with hardship(困难) and adventure.攀岩是具有吸引力的，尤其是对年轻人来说，因为它总是伴随着困难和冒险。

6.The face value(面值) of the bill(账单、钞票(内在的) value is nothing but that of a piece of paper.该票据面值为一美元，但其内在价值只是一张纸。

7.Having won several championships in international matches recently,hecurrently(目前among the world’s professional tennis players.在最近的国际比赛中赢得了几次冠军，他目前在世界上职业网球选手中排名第二。

Unit3 Special vocabulary TranslationCandyLead-inName,PlaceIdiomsbuzzword PracticeStep1 Lead-in•Tell a story about Taranslation.The whole sky sparkled gay twinkling stars, and the Milky Way is as distinctas though it had been washed andrubbed with snow for holidays.•天上闪耀着光明的亮星，牛奶路很白，好像是礼拜日用雪擦洗过的一样。

•鲁迅：可怜织女星，化为马郎妇。

乌鹊疑不来，迢迢牛奶路。

Translation•Q：人名地名属于专有名词，译不规范容易造成读者的困惑。

•A：翻译时常采用音译法、意译法、音译合译法等。

Translation•音译法是人名地名翻译的基本原则。

E.G•Mark Twain•William Shakespeare•George . W. Bush•Sydney•Edinburgh•MexicoTranslation•注：有些人名和地名也习惯意译。

E.GYellow RiverWest PointGreen IslandIcelandHarfly HumanStep3 Idioms Translation英语习语是一个比较宽广的范畴，是人类从劳动中创造出来并经过长时间的使用而提炼出来的固定短语或短句，和民族的历史背景、经济生活、地理环境、风俗习惯、心理状态紧密相关，把丰富的思想内涵精辟地表达出来，言简意赅、寓意深远、富有哲理、富于含蓄、意在言外。

英语习语从广义上讲主要包括：短语、熟语、成语、俗语、谚语、警句、格言、俚语、粗语。

Step3 Idioms Translation•习语俚语的特性：•1）形式不规范，具有随意性；•2）涵义夸张、滑稽、不正式；•3）时髦流行带有地域性•翻译不能望文生义，按图索骥，既不能从字面意思理解又不能刻板僵化，需要灵活处理。

第三章词语英译1.这姑娘是漂亮。

This girl is really beautiful.2.此人是书就读。

This man reads every book he can reach .3.是可忍，孰不可忍？If this can be tolerated, what cannot?4.是古非今Praise the past to condemn the present5.知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。

When you know a thing, to hold that you know it, and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it----this is knowledge .6.南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。

这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。

The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to invite good luck by going to the kitchen on the third day and cooking a fish, which stands for fortune.7.去设埋伏我们都没有信心，想他一定在昨天晚上就早溜了，今天去也是瞎子点灯白费蜡。

We had no confidence in today's ambush because we were sure he had escaped last night. It seemed as useless as a blind manlighting a candle.8.……只因生得妩媚风流，满学中都送了两个外号：一个叫“香怜”，一个叫“玉爱”。

... Because of their glamorous looks and affected manners, were universally known by the nickname of Darling and Precious.9.克明：觉新哪，你听着！Keming: Juexin, I want you to pay particular attention to this.10.客人一走进大门，扑鼻的是一阵幽香，入目的是绿蜡似的叶子和红霞或白雪似的花朵……As guests entered the gate, they would first smell a sweet fragrance and then see the waxy green leaves and the rainbow red or snow-white flowers.11.……三十六家花酒店，七十二座管弦楼。

Synonym
同义词的区分 General/Specific Degree (Deep/Shallow) Coverage (wide/narrow) Abstract/Concrete
• • • •
•
•
农业是国民经济的基础.（广义） 这些年来,我国的农业林业畜牧业和渔 业都得到了相应的发展.（狭义） 我们要破除迷信,解放思想. 当前我们应努力克服个人主义和享乐主 义各种错误思想. 他那八十高龄的母亲已于上月去世. （褒义） 臭名昭著的麦卡锡终于一命呜呼哀哉! （贬义）
First, a few words about myself. I’m a fortuneteller. Once I was a vender of sour dates, ground-nuts and what not. But that was ages ago. Now I keep a fortune-teller’s stall on the side-walk and can scrape up three or five dimes a day at best. My old gal had long kicked up her heels. My son’s a rickshaw-boy.That’s who he is. We two, father and son, hang our hats at a south-facing room in the liu’s compound.
• 11.他说自己才疏学浅,这只不过是中国人的客气罢了. • He says that he is a man of little learning and talent. That is merely self-depreciation, considered as politeness by the Chinese. • When he says he has little learning or talent, he is only being modest in accordance with the Chinese rules of politeness. • By describing himself as lacking in talent and learning, he is only being modest like a typical Chinese. • He describes himself as incompetent and unlearned. That is merely typical Chinese modesty.

• 查阅工具书是判断词义的重要手段，然而 自有其限制性。字典中的释义往往是词汇 的静态意义，而词汇在使用中却因为具体 的情景而具有动态的意义。单单抱住基本 字典是不足以应付翻译中出现的词汇理解 问题的，译者需要深入了解词汇使用的情 景。因此，要准确把握词义，必须把词汇 的静态基本意义与动态延伸意义相结合， 寻找静态词义在应用情景中的动态表达。
• 请看Francis Bacon所作 Of Studies以及 王佐良先生的译文： Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. [参考译文]读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以 长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时； 其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才 也，最见于处世判事之际。
3.2 选择用词
• 一般说来，英语词义比较灵活，词的涵义范围比 较宽，比较丰富多变，词义对上下文的依赖性比 较大，独立性比较小。汉语词义比较严谨，词的 涵义范围比较狭窄，比较精确、固定，词义的伸 缩性和对上下文的依赖性较小，独立性比较大。 英语一向被认为是一种适应性、可塑性比较强的 语言，它的适应性和可塑性突出地表现在词义的 灵活性上。汉语不同于英语。汉语源远流长，尤 其独特的民族文化和历史传统，用词讲求词义精 确、规范、严谨，历来以词义多流变、重晦谲为 不法、诫绝生造词义。 • 刘宓庆《文体与翻译》
• 在理解单个词汇的层面上，可以通过查阅 字典等工具书来确定词义。在理解句子的 层面上，可以通过分析句子、句群的语法 结构来判断词义。在理解篇章的层面上， 可以通过分析上下文逻辑关系、篇章的整 体效果等来判断词义。

U3 M2 V ocabulary explanation (Pages69-70)1. cursen. (1). 诅咒（祈天惩罚，伤害或毁灭某物或某人）the curse of the mummy. (P42) 木乃伊的诅咒。

call down ~s (from Heaven) upon sb.祈天降祸于某人lay a curse upon sb.诅咒人(2)祸因，祸源Mosquitoes(蚊子) used to be a curse in this part of the country..v. 诅咒,咒骂The rider cursed his unwilling horse.Curse it/you!该死2. explorer探索者; 勘探者; 探测器n. Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known. (P42) 霍华德·卡特是世界闻名的大探险家之一。

explorev. (1). 勘察，探测They were exploring the Amazon jungle.(2). 探索，探究We must explore all the possibilities for the solution of the problem. (喻)Explorer space exploration3.braveadj. 勇敢的a brave firemanHe was brave and adventurous. (P42) 他勇敢无畏，富有冒险精神n. bravery4.adventurousadj. 爱冒险的; 充满危险的adventuren.冒险; 惊险活动; 奇遇; 冒险性(经历)adventures in the mountains 山中的奇遇All the children listened to his adventures with eager attention.vt. 以...冒险; 胆敢; 敢于; 大胆提出或进行adventure an opinion大胆提出意见No man would adventure it.5.discovervt. 发现（存在而未为人所知之物）；发觉（新奇或意外之物）During his lifetime, he discovered many amazing things.Columbus discovered America in 1492.We have discovered that he is quite untrustworthy.discoveryn. (1). 发现；发觉a new discovery in medical science 医学科学的新发现The discovery of oil on their land made the people rapidly rich.(2). 被发现的人，被发现的事物6.brightadj. (1). 闪光的；明亮的；发光的What a bright sunny day!(2). 鲜艳的bright red(3). 闻名的，辉煌的It’s one of the brightest moments in our country’s history.(4). 生气勃勃的；愉快的bright eyes 流露喜悦的眼神The garden is bright with flowers.(5). 聪明的；伶俐的What a bright child/idea!He was bright and curious about the world outside his hometown.(p42) 他天资聪颖，对家乡外部的世界充满了好奇心。

选择性必修二Unit 31 decade /ˈdekeɪd/ n.十年，十年期2 legendary /ˈledʒəndri/ adj.大名鼎鼎的，传奇式的，非常有名的；（仅用于名词前）传说（中）的legend [ˈledʒənd] n.传说;传奇故事;(尤指某领域中的)传奇人物;(地图或书中图表的)图例，说明，解释legend has it that传说……3 fixture /ˈfɪkstʃə(r)/ n.固定存在物，固定成员；【英】（预定举行的）体育比赛；（房屋或建筑物内的）固定设备，固定装置fixity [ˈfɪksəti] n.固定性;稳定性fixtures and fittings【英】固定装置和附加设备be a （permanent）fixture是固定存在物；是固定成员4 elderly /ˈeldəli/ adj.年老的，渐老的（委婉用法）elder [ˈeldə(r)] adj.【尤英】（两人中）年纪较长的n.【正式】比某人年长；某人的长辈；长者，长辈；（基督教某些教会中的）长老b two years sb’s elder比某人年长几岁your elders and betters前辈；长者the elderly老人，上了年纪的人“年老的”同义词辨析：old adj. 年老的。

普通用词，指人岁数大、年老体衰的。

aged adj. [正式]年迈的，年老的。

常用于指老人高龄的，含有年老体衰、老态龙钟之意，通常作定语。

elderly adj. 上了年纪的，年老的。

指人年老或渐老的，委婉用词，含有尊敬之意。

5 tablet /ˈtæblɪt/ n.平板电脑；药片；丸；（刻有文字的）匾，牌，碑；【英】便笺本，拍纸簿vt.用碑牌纪念;将（备忘录等）写在板上;将…制成小片或小块6 sympathy /ˈsɪmpəθi/ n.同情，同情心；（尤指政治方面的）赞同，支持；共鸣，同感sympathetic [ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk] adj.有同情心的;表示同情的;赞同的;支持的;让人喜欢的;招人喜爱的；合意的，合适的sympathize [ˈsɪmpəθaɪz] v.同情;赞同;支持sympathizer [ˈsɪmpəθaɪzə(r)] n.赞同者;支持者in sympathy with支持……have/ feel sympathy for sb对某人怀着/感到同情express /offer （one’s）sympathy 表达/表示同情get sympathy from sb得到某人的同情out of sympathy出于同情“同情”同义词辨析：sympathy n. 同情，怜悯。

Unit 3 Book One 词汇精讲1. journal n. 杂志,日记,定期刊物2. transport vt. 运输，运送n. 运输拓展transportation n.运输3. prefer vt.选择某事物(而不选择他事物); 更喜欢1）后接名词，表示“更喜欢”某人或某物。

prefer sb/sth2）prefer dooing sth，表示一般情况下更喜欢某种活动。

Prefer to do sth，表示在特定的场合下“宁愿”做某事。

3)prefer + n./v-ing + to + n./v-ing ”句式，意为“喜欢/ 宁要……而不喜欢/ 不愿……”。

例如：4)prefer sb to do sth意为“建议、宁愿、喜欢”某人做某事或某事被做。

5) prefer to do A rather than (do) B 宁愿做A，不愿做B;有时为了强调，可以把rather than do 提到句首。

6) prefer+从句从句中谓语动词用“ (should) ＋动词原形”。

4.disadvantage n. 不利条件;不便之处(be) at a disadvantage 处于不利地位to sb.'s disadvantage =to the disadvantage of sb. 对某人不利5.fare 车费fare 指旅客乘公共汽车、出租车、火车、轮船、飞机等所支付的费用。

fee 医生、律师或其它专门职业的佣金及会费、手续费、停车费等。

rent 土地、建筑物、房舍、机器等定期的租费。

tip通常指对一次性劳务所付的小费。

toll 道路、桥梁、港口、市场的捐税、通行费及电话费等。

tuition 指学生上大学或私立学校所交纳的学费。

charge尤指服务费,诊断费,汇费,运费,手续费等。

5.route n.路途, 路线, 路程6.flow n.流动, 流量vi流动, 流出flow into 流入a good flow of milk丰富的出奶量a flow of traffic车水马龙7.ever sinceever since从……以后，一直1）引导的时间状语从句中，主句用现在完成时，谓语动词通常要用一般过去时，且谓语动词要用延续性动词。

重点单词.词组讲解1.bring up抚养，教育；提出(问题等)；呕吐She was brought up by her grandparents.His new suggestion brought up at the meeting.拓展bring in 赚入……；获利The government brought in a new law.bring out 1,拿出;取出2.出产;出版He brought out a book last year.bring back 拿回来, 使回忆起来, 使恢复Your article brought back sad memories for me. bring about 带来，引起，导致, 造成2. noveln. (长篇)小说[C]He has written several novels.adj.新的,新颖的,新奇的He's full of novel ideas. 他满脑子都是新奇的想法。

novelist n. 小说家【12山东】23. Maria has written two novels, both of ________ have been made into television series.A. themB. thatC. whichD. what3. adventure n. 冒险,冒险精神[U] 冒险活动(或经历)He is a man full of adventure. 他是一个充满冒险精神的人。

adventurous adj爱冒险的;大胆的;充满危险的John is an adventurous man, unafraid of risks. 约翰是个喜欢冒险的人,不怕危险。

【07浙江E】He travels widely and enjoys adventures and challenges.【10全国2E】As adventurous as the job sounds, the hard part is fact-checking all the information. Sure, it's great to write about a tourist attraction,4.author与writer的区别author 是作者的意思比如你写一篇论文那么笔者作者就用这个单词。

他虽然很年轻，但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。
3.1.4 注意词语使用的语体
词语的语体体现了语言的语域（register）。 英语词语分为五种语体： hyperformal— formal — normal —
informal — hyperinformal, 超正式体—正式体—普通体—非正式体— 超
怎么也不该怪他。
He is the last man to consult.
根本不宜找他商量。
This is the last place where I expected to meet you.
我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。
She is the last person I’d expect to meet in a disco. 我万万没想到会在迪斯科舞厅中见到她。
说到这里，柯林斯先生赶忙恭维了一句，又举了 个例子，母女俩听了，都粲然一笑。(P)
说到这里，柯林斯先生赶忙恭维了一句，还暗示 了一下原因，母女俩听了，都粲然一笑。
“And you are my uncle, then!” she cried, reaching up to salute him. (E. Brontë: Wuthering Heights, Ch. 7, V. II)
具有较强的独立性。
规范等，不易于受到外部环
境的影响，不易于变化。
词义的选择，语境（context）
Wittgenstein：The meaning of a word is its use in the language.
Firth: Each word when used in a new context is a new word.

Agreement 家书
a letter from home (使用）说明书 Directions
成交确认书
Sales Confirmation 情书
a love letter 国书
credentials 议定书
protocol 证书
Certificate 书报亭
news-stand 书画
（一）上下文(context)
所谓上下文，即词、短语、语句和篇章 的前后关系，有广狭之分。狭义上下文 指特定语言的前言后语。广义上下文指 外部经验世界。对上下文的推敲是词语 翻译的重要方面，是词义选择，褒贬辨 析的基础。
1.上下文与词义选择 书？ 一本书
a book 申请书
Letter of Application 协议书
6）他们在会上闹起了意见。
They got into disputes at the meeting.
Opinion: “意见”、“主张”、“看法”， 往往有“初步的”、“不十分肯定的” 意味，区别于坚信不疑和确知无误。
View: 相当于汉语的“见解”或“观点”， 侧重对较广泛、重大或有关公众的问题 所采取的态度。和opinion相比，view更 为固定、全面、有系统。
4）大家对你很有意见。
People have a lot of complaints about you.
5）他们就推举谁做下届总统候选人取得 了一致意见。
They have reached unanimity on who will be the presidential candidate for the next general election.
1）出入下车。 No cycling at the gate. Cyclists please dismount. 2）兔死狐悲。 The fox mourns the death of the hare --

4.on the contrary 正相反, 恰恰相反 （只作状语）
（be）contrary to 违反, 与……相反 to the contrary 相反的（地）(作定语和状语） the contrary 相反；反面；对立面
It wasn’t a good thing; on the contrary it was a huge mistake.
+可数名词复数
a large/ great/ good number of
quite a little a great/ good deal of a large/ small amount of +不可数名词单数
大量, 许多
a large quantity of large quantities of plenty of a lot of lots of
spot sb./sth.doing sth.发现某人/某物正在做某事 be spotted with sth.被…….弄污
off the spot 不准确, 离题 on the spot 当场, 立即 put sb. on the spot 使某人尴尬, 使某人为难
6.spot
It’s easy to spot a tall man in a crowd.
(3) 走神 My attention/mind wandered. n. 漫游, 闲逛 go for /take a wander 去溜达
4.permit /vt.&vi./ 允许, 准许 /n./许可证, 执照
permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
permit sth./ doing sth. 允许某事/做某事 She won’t permit her dog to enter this yard. We don’t permit smoking in the office. permission/n./许可, 同意 ask sb. for permission =ask permission from sb. 请求某人许可 with/without (one’s) permission 得到/未经（某人的 ）许可

二．词义空缺与翻译策略
2） 皮蛋 元宵 粽子 探花 拜堂 华表 盲流 拔火罐
2）
皮蛋 preserved egg 元宵 sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour 粽子 a pyramid-shaped dunpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves 探花 title conferred on the one who won third place in the highest imperial examination in the Ming and Qing dynasties 拜堂 perform the marriage ceremony 华表 an ornamental stone column used to decorate important buildings or public places / ornamental column / cloud pillar 盲流 jobless migrants from rural areas to cities 拔火罐 cupping
宰客 自学 寒衣 （电脑）死机 彩票 吃食堂 听电话 风凉话 太平门 三角债 扣帽子 大龄青年 赢得市场 取得成就 学习知识 文化程度 社会工作 定向培训 抓紧时间 民族委员会 提高英语水平 swindle money from customers self taught warm clothes system halted lottery eat in the canteen answer the telephone irresponsible and sarcastic remarks emergency exit chain debts put a label on single youth above the normal matrimonial age gain a larger share of the market attain achievements acquire knowledge educational level community work training for specific posts make the best use of one’s time ethnic affairs commission improve one’s English