附录
外文文献原文：
The commonly used sources of power in hydraulic systems are pumps and accumulators .
Similarly,accumulator connected to atmosphere will dischange oil at atmosphere pressure until it empty. only when connected to a system having resistance to flow can pressure be developed.
Three types of pumps find use in fluid-power systems:rotary,reciprocating or piston-type, and 3,centrifugal pumps.
Simple hydraulic system may use but one type of pump . The trend is to use pumps with the most satisfactory characteristics for the specific tasks involved . In matching the characteristics of the pump to the requirements of the hydraulic system , it is not unusual to find two types of pumps in series . For example , a centrifugal pump may be to supercharge a reciprocating pump , or a rotary pump may be used to supply pressurized oil for the contronls associated with a reversing variabledisplacement pumps . Most power systems require positive displacement pumps . At high pressure , reciprocating pumps are often preferred to rotary pumps .
1、Rotary pumps
These are built in many differnt designs and extremely popular in modern fluid power system . The most common rotay-pump designs used today are spurgear , internal gear ,generated rotor , sliding vane ,and screew pumps . Ehch type has advantages that make it most suitable for a given application .
2、Gear pumps
Gear pumps are the simplest type of fixed displacement hydraulic pump available . This type consists of two external gear , generally spur gear , within a closed-fitting housing . One of the gear is driven directly by the pump drive shaft . It ,in turn , then drives the second gear . Some designs utilize helical gears ,but the spur gear design predominates . Gear pumps operate on a very simple principle . As the gear teeth unmesh , the volume at the inlet port A expands , a partial vacuum on the suction side of the pump will be formed . Fluid from an external reservoir or tank is forced by atmospheric pressure into the pump
inlet . The continuous action of the fluid being carried from the inlet to the discharge side one of the pump forces the fluid into the system .
3、Vane pumps
The vane pump consists of a housing that is eccentric or offset with respect to the drive shaft axis . In some models this inside surface consists of a cam ring that can be rotated to shift the relationship between rotor are rectangular and extend radially from a center radius to the outside diameter of the rotor and from end to end . A rectangular vane that is essentially the same size as the slot is inserted in the slot and is free to slide in and out .
As the rotor turns , the vanes thrust outward , and the vane tips track the inner surface of the housing , riding on a thin film of fluid . Two port or end plates that engage the end face of the ring provide axial retention .
Centrifugal force generally contributes to outward thrust of the vane . As they ride along the eccentric housing surface , the vane move in and out of the rotor slots . The vane divide the area between the rotor and casing into a series of chambers .The sides of each chamber are formed by two adjacent vanes ,the port or end plates , the pump casing and the rotor . These chambers change in change in volume depending on their respective position about the shaft .
As each chamber approaches the inlet port , its vanes move outward and its volume expands , causing fluid to flow into the expanded chamber . Fluid is then carried within the chamber around to the dischange port . As the chamber approaches the discharge port , its vanes are pushed inward ,the volume is reduced , and the fluid is forced out the discharge port .
Vane pump speed is limited by vane peripheral speed . High peripheral speed will cause cavitation in suction cavity . which results in pump damage and reduced flow .
An imbalance of the vanes can cause the oil film between the vane tips and the cam ring to break down , resulting in metal-to-metal contact and subsequent increased wear and slipage . One metheod applied to eliminate high vane thrust loading is a dual-vane construction .
4、Piston-type pump
All piston pumps operate by allowing oil to flow into a pumping cavity as a piston retreats and then forcing the oil out into another chamber as the piston advances . Design differences among pumps lie primarily in the methods of separating inlet from outlet oil .
5、In-line piston pump
The siplest typeof axial piston pump is the swash plate in-line design .The cylinder are connected though piston shoes and a retracting ring , so that the shoes beat anainst an angled swash plate . As the block turns ,the piston shoes follow the swash plate ,causing the piston to reciprocate . The ports are arranged in the valve plate so that the pistons pass the inlet port as they are being pulled out and pass the outlet port as they are being forcing back in .
The angle of the swash plate controls the delibery . Where the swash plate is fixed , the pump is of the constant-displacement type . In the variable-displacement , inline piston pump , the swash plate is moumted on a pivoted yoke . As the swash plate angle is increased , the cylinder stroke is increase , resulting in a greater flow . A pressure compensator control can position the yoke automatically to maintain a constant output pressure .
6、BENT-axis piston pump
As the shaft roates , distance between any one piston and the valving surface changes continually . Each piston moves away from the valving surface during one half of the revolution and toward the valving surface during the other half . The inlet chamber is in line as the pistons move away , and the outletr chamber is in line as the pistons move closer , thus drawing liquiring in during one half of the inlet chamber as the pistons are moving away from the pintle . Thereforce , during rotation , pistons draw liquid into the cylinder bores as they pass the inlet side of the pinntle and force that liquid out of the bores as they pass the outlet side of the pintle . The displacement of this pump varies with the offset angle , the maximum angle being 30 degree ,the minimum zero . Fixed displacement models are usually avaiable with 23 degree angle .In the variable displacement construction a yoke with an external control is used to change the angle . With some contronls , the yoke can be moved over center to reverse the direction of flow from the pump .
7、Pump/system interaction
Pressure-compensated variavle delivery pumps do not require a relief valve in the high pressure line . The pressure compensation feature eliminates the need for the relief valve .In nearly all working systems ,however , at least one is used on just-in-case basis . The use of a pressure compensator , while avoiding dependence on a relief valve , brings on its own problems .The actuator -spring-spool arrangement in the compensator is a dynamic , damped-mass-spring arrangement .However , when the system calls for a chang in axhieve
their maxmum volume as they reach the inlet port , the maximum volume of fluid will ve moved .If the relationship between housing and rotor is changed such that the chambers achieve their minimum of zero volume as they reach the inlet port , the pump delivery will be reduced to zero .
Vane pump speed is limited by vane peripheral speed . High peripheral speed will cause cavitation in suction cavity , which results in pump damage and reduced flow . An imbalance of the vanes can cause the oil film between the cane tips and the cam ring to break down , resulting in metal-to-metal contact and subsequent increased wear and slipage . One method applied to eliminate high vane thrust loading is a dual-vane construction . In the dual-vane construction , tow independent vanes are located in each totor slot chmbered edges along the sides and top of each vane from a channel that essentially balances the hydraulic pressure on the top and bottom of each pair of vanes .
Centrifugal force cause the vane to follow the contour of the cam-shaped ring .There is just sufficient seal between the vanes and ring without destroying the thin oil film .
外文文献中文翻译：
常用的液压系统的动力源是泵和蓄能器。
一般情况下，一个蓄能器在正常的大气压力下，连续的向各系统中压入液压油，直至将所储存的能量全部用完为止。只有当其连接的系统中，具有抗流压力时才能够得到补充。
在液压系统和液力系统中，常使用液压泵有回转式、往复式、活塞式或者离心式三种类型：
简单液压系统一般使用的都是第一类液压泵。目前的发展趋势是针对具体的工作任务和工况，选用最佳的液压泵类型。在符合特性和要求的液压泵中，找到两种不同类型的液压泵式很常见的。例如，离心泵，往复泵都可以可对系统增压，旋转泵和变量液压泵联合使用也可以提供高压的液压油。大部分动力系统还需要采取容积式液压泵泵。而在较高的体统压力下，往复泵往往要优于回转泵。
1、回转泵
这些形式的液压泵因为具有许多不同的设计形式而极受欢迎，在现代流体动力系统。最常见的旋转泵的设计形式，包括内部使用齿轮的、内部使用转子的、内部采用滑动叶片的和使用螺杆的。其中，每一种类型都有其独特的优点，都有其最适合的一定的应用场合。
2、齿轮泵
齿轮泵是可以提供的最简单的一种液压泵。这一类型的液压泵一般包括两个外啮合的齿轮，一般是圆柱直齿轮，安装在一个密封的壳体里面。其中一个齿轮由液压泵的传动轴直接驱动，第一个齿轮然后再推动第二轮。还有一些设计中利用螺旋齿轮，但是一般以齿轮设计为主。齿轮泵的动作的原理非常简单，如插图7.3 所示。由于在齿轮的轮齿在脱开啮合时，进气道扩大，液压泵将会形成局部真空的具有吸力的空腔。流体在系统的压力下被从外部油箱或罐体中压入，连续运动的液压油在液压泵的作用下，从真空的吸力空腔中被送入排出液压油的一侧——B侧。
3、叶片泵
叶片泵一般是由一个相通的腔体，是偏心或抵消对传动轴轴线。在一些模型内的表面设有一个凸轮环，一个可旋转移动的长方形的转子，转子的径向延长，从一个中心，半径为外径的转子，到末端结束。上面是尺寸大小相同的插槽，矩形叶片一般插入到插槽中，并且可以自如的滑入和滑出。
当转子转动时，叶片被向外甩出，而叶片尖端则贴紧其运动轨道空腔的内表面，处于液压油的薄膜的上面。两个油口或端板，向环形的端面提供轴向的存储。
通常离心有助于叶片的向外推出。当叶片处于偏心空腔的表面上时，叶片从转子的缝隙中甩出和甩。叶片将套管和转子之间的区域分成一系列的小空腔。每一个小空腔都是由两个相邻叶片，油口或者端盘，液压泵壳体和转子形成。这些空腔的容积的变化取决于他们相对于轴的相对位置。
当每个厅内靠近进内气孔的时候，其叶片向外移动，其空腔的容积膨胀，造成液压油流入扩大空腔。流体随后被带入围绕着排油孔的空腔内。当这些空腔靠近排油孔时，叶片被甩入腔内，空腔的容积减小，液压油随即被压出排油孔。
叶片泵的速度一般要受到叶片圆周速度的限制。过高的圆周速度将导致空腔内出现负压，从而导致液压泵损坏和流量减小。
一个不平衡的叶片将会引起叶片顶端和凸轮环之间的油膜的破坏，从而进一步导致金属和金属之间的直接接触，因而增加了磨损和叶片泵的动力传动损耗。消除这种叶片泵的叶片的高推力负荷的方法之一就是采用双叶片结构。
4、活塞式泵
所有的活塞式液压泵的运行原理，都是通过液压油流入泵腔而推动活塞向后面移动，然后活塞再向前移动，从而将液压油排出，使得液压油进入泵的另一个腔室中。不同的泵的设计差异泵主要在于活塞进入和推出从而将液压油分离的方法。
5、直轴式柱塞泵
最简单的轴向柱塞泵是将冲板进行线性化设计。气缸与活塞的回缩盘之间相连，使移动的回缩盘成倾斜式。当倾斜圆盘转动的时候，柱塞的端脚斜盘上运动，从而使得活塞杆不断的往复的运动，同时因为油口分别安排在阀板上，能够使活塞通过进气道，当它们运动到一定的位置时，通过油口将液压油推出排油口。
斜盘的倾斜角度决定了柱塞泵的排量。在这里，斜盘的位置是固定的，而泵的位移是恒定的。在变量的线性柱塞泵中，逆止阀活塞泵，冲板是装在一个铰链的枷锁。由于冲板角度的增大，气缸冲程增加，形成了更大的流量。由于压力补偿控制位置的作用，自动保持恒定输出压力。
6、斜轴式柱塞泵
一个普遍的链接键缸体的传动轴一定要保持对准，并且要保证他们一起转。缸体和克服阻力的旋转座因为加速不传递力矩而使得液压油充入空腔。同时，由于轴的旋转，其距离任何一个活塞和阀门表面的距离在不断变化。每个活塞逐渐远离阀门的表面，直到达到总路程的一半时产生了质的变化。进油室是呈线性的远离线为活塞，而出油室则是线性的向活塞靠拢，因此所绘制出的流体都是在进气道空腔内的中间处远离活塞。这一期间，活塞轮换提取液压油进入缸孔，他们通过进气道的一侧和高压力
使液压油流出钻孔，同时，它们通过插座一侧的枢轴，这种泵的位移随着偏移角的变化而变化，其最大角度为30度，最低为零。固定位移模式通常每周以23度的倾角。在变排量施工的枷锁与外聘控制是用来改变角度。一些控制，枷锁可以移到中心逆向流动的方向由泵。
7、泵/系统频繁互动
压力补偿式变量泵不需要在高压线路安装溢流阀。压力补偿功能也不需要安全阀。在几乎所有的工作系统中，一般至少有一个是用属于特殊的情况。使用压力补偿，同时避免依赖溢流阀而带来的系统本身的问题。动力-弹簧阀芯排列中的补偿是动态的，即阻尼-弹簧-安装排列。其落点量达到进气道，最高流体体积就能够达到。如果空腔和转子之间的关系发生了改变，空腔会调整自己的流量，其最低流量一般为零。当叶片到达进气道时，液压泵的输送量将减少到零。
叶片泵的速度是有限的，其速度决定于叶片转动时的圆周速度。过高的圆周速度将导致空腔内产生负压，从而导致液压泵的损坏，也会导致流程的缩短。一个失去平衡的叶片能造成叶片的尖端和凸轮环之间的油膜被破坏，从而导致金属和金属的直接接触，因而增加了磨损和动力传递的损耗。用于消除高压叶片的推力负荷的一种方法就是采用双叶片构造。在双叶式构造中，每一片独立的叶片设置在相应的每个飞轮插槽的边沿线两侧和顶部之间。
离心力造成叶片随着凸轮形盘的轮廓转动、变化。因此能够有足以密封性能，叶片之间的薄油膜也不会被破坏。
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d7730368.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
文献信息： 文献标题：Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management（影响人力资源管理未来的挑战和机遇） 国外作者：Dianna L. Stone，Diana L. Deadrick 文献出处：《Human Resource Management Review》, 2015, 25(2):139-145 字数统计：英文3725单词，21193字符；中文6933汉字 外文文献： Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management Abstract Today, the field of Human Resource Management (HR) is experiencing numerous pressures for change. Shifts in the economy, globalization, domestic diversity, and technology have created new demands for organizations, and propelled the field in some completely new directions. However, we believe that these challenges also create numerous opportunities for HR and organizations as a whole. Thus, the primary purposes of this article are to examine some of the challenges and opportunities that should influence the future of HR. We also consider implications for future research and practice in the field. Keywords: Future of human resource management, Globalization, Knowledge economy Diversity, Technology 1.Change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledge economy One of the major challenges influencing the future of HR processes is the change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledgebased economy. This new economy is characterized by a decline in manufacturing and a growth in service or knowledge as the core of the economic base. A service economy can be defined as a system based on buying and selling of services or providing something for others (Oxford
中英文对照翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Policies for Development of Iron and Steel Industry The iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, a supporting industry for realizing the industrialization and an intensive industry in technologies, capital, resources and energy, and its development requires a comprehensive balancing of all kinds of external conditions. China is a big developing country with a comparatively big demand of iron and steel in the economic development for a long time to go. China's production capacity of iron and steel has ranked the first place in the world for many years. However, there is a large gap in terms of the technological level and material consumption of the iron and steel industry compared with the international advanced level, so the focus of development for the future shall be put on technical upgrading and structural adjustment. In order to enhance the whole technical level of the iron and steel industry, promote the structural adjustment, improve the industrial layout, develop a recycling economy, lower the consumption of materials and energy, pay attention to the environmental protection, raise the comprehensive competitive capacity of enterprises, realize the industrial upgrading, and develop the iron and steel industry into an industry with
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
XXX学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：计算机与软件工程学院 专业：计算机科学技术(软件工程方向) 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：GoyKakus.THE RESEARCH OFCUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT STRATEGY [J]. International Journal of Management Research & Review, 2017, 1(9): 624-635. 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 客户关系管理战略研究 Goy Kakus 摘要 客户关系管理解决方案，通过为你提供客户业务数据来帮助你提供客户想要的服务或产品,提供更好的客户服务、交叉销售和更有效的销售,达成交易,保留现有客户并更好地理解你的客户是谁。本文探讨了客户关系管理模型在获得、保持与发展策略方面的优势。然而,我们对其定义和意义还存在一些困惑。本文通过考察关系营销和其他学科方面的相关文献，解释了客户关系管理的概念基础,从而对客户关系管理的知识作出了贡献。 关键词:客户关系管理模型, 客户关系管理的博弈改变者与关键策略 引言 CRM 是客户关系管理的简称。它的特征在于公司与客户的沟通,无论是销售还是服务相关的。客户关系管理这一术语经常用来解释企业客户关系,客户关系管理系统也以同样的方式被用来处理商业联系, 赢得客户,达成合同和赢得销售。 客户关系管理通常被考虑作为一个业务策略，从而使企业能够: *了解客户 *通过更好的客户体验留住客户 *吸引新客户 *赢得新客户和达成合同 *提高盈利 *减少客户管理成本 *通过服务台等工具软件,电子邮件组织者和不同类型的企业应用程序，企业业务经常寻求个性化的在线体验。 设计精良的客户关系管理包括以下特征: 1．客户关系管理是一种以顾客为中心并以客户投入为基础的服务响应，一对一的解决客户的必需品, 买家和卖家服务中心直接在线互动,帮助客户解决他
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30 材料与制造工程成果期刊 版权所有：国际OCSCO 世界出版社。一切权利保有。2008 ？？151研究论文 1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10]. 1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接（FSW）是焊接学？会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。这种焊接？是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成，因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。材料不熔化，所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。例如，在焊接区无多孔性或破裂，工件（尤其薄板上）没有严重扭曲，并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而，在FSW过程中，用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效，并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。However, during FSW process using inappropriate welding parameters can cause defects in the joint and deteriorate the mechanical properties of the FSW joints [2, 3]. 此技术起初就主要是为低熔点材料如铝合金、镁合金及铜合金而广泛研究的。The technique has initially been widely investigated for mostly low melting materials, such as Al, Mg and Cu alloys. 此技术已被证明是很有用的，尤其在连接用于航空航天用途的如高合金2XXX及7XXX系列铝合金等难熔高强度的铝合金。It has proven to be very useful, particularly in the joining of the difficult-to-fusion join high strength Al-alloys used in aerospace applications, such as highly alloyed 2XXX and 7XXX series aluminium alloys. 做出Al-5086 H32型板摩擦搅拌对焊的高强度、抗疲劳及断裂的力学性能？。The difficulty of making high-strength, fatigue and fracture resistant Mechanical properties of friction stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate G. .am a,*, S. Gü.lüer b, A. .akan c, H.T. Serinda. a a Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, 31040 Antakya, Turkey a 土耳其安塔卡亚31040，Mustafa Kemal大学建筑工程系 b General Directorate of Highways of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey b 土耳其安卡拉土耳其高速公路总理事会？ c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering an d Architecture, 14280 Bolu, Turkey c 土耳其Bolu 14280 Abant Izzet Baysal 大学建筑工程系 * Corresponding author: E-mail address: gurelcam@https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d7730368.html, *相关作者电子邮箱地址：gurelcam@https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d7730368.html, Received 30.06.2008; published in revised form 01.10.2008
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,