英文的句法结构
英语是一门结构性语言。一个学英语之人在使用英语时必须具备三个意识，即词形变化意识，时态和语态意识和句子结构意识。如果我们具备以上三意识，在平时有意识地进行必要的训练，在短短几个月中完全可以大幅度地提高自己的英语水平的。
英文的句子结构可分两大类：基本结构和特殊结构。
英文句子的基本结构
1．简单句的五大基本句型。
英文句子是以简单句为主体。并列句是由并列连接词连接的两个简单句；主从复合句是由一个从属连接词连接的从句和一个独立的简单句构成的。
英文简单句的五种基本句型。
（1）主语+ 谓语。
此句型的谓语动词是不及物动词，常带状语。
例如：The fruit shop has closed.
They have been singing and dancing for two hours.
The plane will take off soon.
They will fly to London.
（2）主语+ 系动词+ 表语。
此句型结构中的谓语动词是系动词，后接表语。常用的系动词除be外，还有become, look, seem, appear, get, feel, grow, turn, remain, come, hold, keep, stand, stay（保持）,smell, sound, taste等等。
例如：The motor is out of order.
Her mother has fallen ill.
The weather is getting quite hot.
The roses smell sweet.
Silk feels soft and smooth.
The plan sound perfect.
（3）主语+ 谓语+ 宾语
此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，后面跟宾语。
例如：He studies English.
The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once.
We should help the disabled.
（4）主语+ 谓语+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语。
例如：This new way saved us much time.
Could you do me a favor please?
I paid him fifty yuan.
He ordered (要，订购)himself a soft drink.
Mr Smith lent me his car.
I found him a new textbook.
Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time?
The president awarded（授予）hime the first prize.
（5）主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语。
例如：We elected him monitor of our class.
We found her rather difficult to work with.
I warned him not to be late again.
My father saw him steal the money.
I found the galss broken.
The shop assistant kept the customer waiting a very long time.
The woman caught her husband reading her diary.
2．并列句结构
并列句是由并列连接词连接两个或两个以上的简单句结构。
常用的并列连接词有：
（1）表示并列，递进关系and, both…and, not…but, not only…but(also)…, neither…nor…（2）表示转折/对比关系but, while, (and) yet, when
（3）表示选择关系or, either…or…, otherwise
（4）表示结果关系so, (and) therefore, (and) thus
（5）表示原因关系for
3．主从复合句结构。
英语中，从句主要有三大类：名词性从句、形容词性从句及副词性从句。下面我们分别介绍。
一、名词性从句
1、名词性从句的构成及句法特点
名词从句是指在完整的句子中以名词性质出现的从句成分，主要包括主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和宾语从句。其连接代词非为三类：1)由that, whether, if和whoewver等引出的陈述句；2)有what引出的疑问句；3)有wh-等词引出的疑问句。第一类和第三类在引出主语从句时可以用形式主语it来代替。
2、主语从句
That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.
地球围绕着太阳转是众所周知的事实。
(= It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun.)
Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. (此时不能用if )
他来不来参加会议取决于他的老板。
(= It is up to his boss whether he will come to the meeting.)
Whoever says so is a liar. 谁这样说使就在撒谎。
What you need in learning a foreign language well is repeated practice.
学习外语你需要的是大量的练习。
What you have said is convincing. 你所说的令人信服。
Where we shall stay for the night is a problem. 我们在哪儿过夜是个问题。
(= It is a problem where we shall stay for the night.)
When and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held has been decided.
2008年奥运会举行的时间和地点已经确定下来了。
(=It has been decided when and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held.)
How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries.
古埃及人是如何建造金字塔迷惑了多少代的人。
(= It puzzled people for centuries how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids.)
同时，需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如：
It is reported that… 椐报道…
It must be pointed out that … 必须指出的是…
It is likely that … 很可能的是..;.
It is a good thing that… 很好的是…
It h appens that … 碰巧的是…
3、表语从句
that引出的表语从句里，that可以省略；whether有时也可用来引出表语从句，而一般不用if，但as if却可以。如：
My idea is (that) we need more hands. 我的看法是我们需要更多的人手。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。
All this was over twenty years ago, but it seems as if it was only yesterday.
所有这一切过去20多年了，但似乎刚刚是昨天发生的一样。
4、同位语从句：名词性从句考查的重点
同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that从句构成，引导词一般是that, 而且that在从句中不充当任何成分。这些抽象名词有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位语从句是对抽象名词进行说明解释。
The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy.
我们的足球队最终击败了朝鲜队的消息令球迷们欢喜若狂。
The news that made the fans wild with joy was from the radio. (比较-定语从句)
令球迷们欢喜若狂的消息是从收音机里播报的。
There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise.
有充足的证据证明该城市的犯罪率在上升。
Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light. 爱因斯坦得出的结论是宇宙中最大速度是光速。
5、名词性从句的考点
1、考生要明确下列四个概念
1)名词从句通常由连接代词(who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, w h atever)、连接副词(when, where, how, why)和连接词(that, if, whether)引出。
2)连接代词和连接副词不仅引出一个从句，而且还在从句中担任某个语法成分。
3)用连接代词和连接副词引出的名词从句前面不要再加that。
4)名词从句的语序一律用陈述句语序，不能用疑问句语序。
2、同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述先行词的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语)
The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分)
3、what 和that引导名词性从句的差别
___________ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What
B.That
C.How
D. Where
【答案】A。
【解析】很显然，本题是为了考查学生是否掌握了what 和that的实际含义及引导名词性从句时的用法差异而设定。那what 和that在引导名词性从句时究竟有怎样的差别呢？
1) 当what用作连接代词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句(不可引导同位语从句)；它本身在句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
(1) what表示“所以……的(事)”的意思，相当于“the thing(s) that……”、“all that……”、“that which……”、“everything that……”等。例如：
Leave it with me and I’ll see what I can do. (what引导宾语从句，并作do的宾语。)
把它留给我，我来看看怎么做。
What you have done might do harm to other people. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 你所做的可能会给别人带来伤害。
What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 他在会上说的令所有在场的人吃惊不小。
What is most important in lif e isn’t money. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。) 生活中最重要的不是钱。
But wait till you see what we’ll make for you to your own measure. (what 引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 你等着看我们能给你什么补偿。
What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world. (what 引导主语从句，并在从句中作宾语。) 他所想要看到的是结束世界上所有的军队。
(2) what 表示“所……的(人)”的意思，相当于“the person that……”等。例如：
He is not what he used to be. (what 引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。)
他已经不是过去的他了。
She is no longer what she was five years ago. (what 引导表语从句，并在从句中作表语。) 她不是5年前的她了。
2) that
当that用作连接词，引导名词性从句时，可引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，that 在从句中既不充当任何成分，也无实际意义，仅起着连接句子的作用。一般不可省略(宾语从句除外)。若从句置于句子后面，代词it作形式主语。例如：It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. (that引导主语从句)。
令她烦恼的是头发开始变得花白。
Can you believe (that) in such a rich country there should be so many poor people? ( that引导宾语从句) 在这样一个富有的国度里竟有这么多的穷人，你相信吗？
We heard the news that our team had won. (that引导同位语从句)
我听到我们队获胜的消息。
Another problem is that good soil is gradually lost. (that引导表语从句)
另一个问题是肥沃的土壤开始慢慢流失了。
But the truth is that everyone should take care of disabled people, not just the government. (that引导表语从句)
一条亘古不变的真理就是人们都应该体贴残疾人，而不是体贴政府。
二、定语从句
1、定语从句的句法特点及关系代词、副词：
用来修饰主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。
关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which, as
关系副词：when, where, why
2、关系代词的用法
(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：
All the people that are present burst into tears. 所有在场的人都哭了。
(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that, 不用which, who，或whom。例如：
He is the last person that could have done such a thing. 他绝不是做这种事的人。
(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that, , 作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated. 有700万人参加了这次竞选，其中大部分都受过良好教育。
(4) 非限制性定语从句中只能用which，可以指代前面的一个词，也可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
他比赛获胜，令他父母十分欣慰。
(5) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which; 若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。
(6) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(7) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, 关系代词应该用who 或whom，不用which。例如：
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
3、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。
He came at a time when we needed him most. 他在我们最需要的时候来了。
We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.
我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。
I know the reason why she studies so well. 我知道她学习好的原因。
This is the room where he put up for the night. 这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。
另外，that可引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。
that有时可以代替关系副词when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间、地点或原因。在that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。
Every time (that/when) the telephone rings, he goes nervous.
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
4、限制性和非限制性定语从句
1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性) The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
5、As在定语从句中的用法
1)引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
(1)as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。
(2)as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：
The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
2)As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置
as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面.中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：As is expected, the England team won the football match.
The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
6、介词+关系代词的用法
“介词＋关系代词”是一个普遍使用的结构:
(1) “介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词结构中的介词可以是in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或which,不可用that 。
This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.
这就是我们讨论的那么多的问题。
This is the foreign guest with whom our dean shook hands just now.
这就是那位我们院长与之握手的外国客人。
(2) from where为“介词＋关系副词“ 结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：
We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
He finally found the pen that he he had beeb looking for all the morning.
他最终找到了他一早上一直在找的钢笔。
三、状语从句
1、概述
状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。
2、状语从句分类及常用连词：
类别连词
时间状语从句when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as,etc.
地点状语从句where, wherever
原因状语从句because, since, as, for, now that, etc.
目的状语从句in order that, so that, that, etc.
结果状语从句so…that, so that, such…that, that, etc.
条件状语从句if, unless, as (so) long as, etc.
让步状语从句though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc.
比较状语从句as…as, so…as, than, etc.
方式状语从句as, as if, as though, etc.
3、状语从句的句法功能及考点
1) 时间状语从句
常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
直到我长大成人后才认识到我母亲是多么的与众不同。
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
当约翰在看电视的时候，他妻子在煮饭。
The children ran away from the orchard (果园) the moment they saw the guard.
孩子一看到守卫立刻从果园里跑了。
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
他们刚一到家就下起雨来了。
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
每次我听从他的建议就会惹麻烦。
2) 地点状语从句
常用引导词：where
特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
一般说来，工厂多的地方空气污染就严重。
Wherever you go, you should work hard. 无论你到哪去，都应该好好工作。
3) 原因状语从句
常用引导词：because, since, as, since
特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, inasmuch as, insomuch as
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
我朋友不喜欢我的原因是我长相英俊，事业有成。
Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.
既然大家都到齐了，咱们就开会吧。
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
高额的个人所得税有害之处就在于它打击了人们多挣钱的努力。
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.
考虑到他还不到12岁，180公分的个子算是惊人。
4) 目的状语从句
常用引导词：so that, in order that
特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
老板让秘书抓紧写出信件这样他好签字。
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
老师提高声音目的是让后排的学生能听清楚。
5) 结果状语从句
常用引导词：so … that, so… that, such … that,
特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
He got up so early that he caught the first bus. 他起的很早为的是能赶上头班车。
It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it. 这是一个好机会，我们不能让它溜走。
To such a degree was he excited that h e couldn’t sleep last night.
他激动得昨夜都没睡好觉。
6) 条件状语从句
常用引导词：if, unless,
特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that
We’ll start our project if the president agrees.
如果总裁同意了，我们将立刻实施我们的计划。
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. 只要努力，你一定会成功。
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
如果没人反对，我们就在那里举行会议。
7) 让步状语从句
常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首)，no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.
尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
即使天气很恶劣，那老人也仍然喜爱游泳。
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
不管他如何努力，她就是不改决心。
He won’t listen whatever you may say. 无论你说什么他都不听。
8) 比较状语从句
常用引导词：as (同级比较), than (不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …，so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother. 她像她母亲一样脾气暴躁。
The house is three times as big as ours. 这房子是我们房子的三倍大。
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 你越锻炼，身体就越健康。
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。
9) 方式状语从句
常用引导词：as, as if, how
特殊引导词：the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do. 入乡随俗。
She behaved as if she were the boss. 她的举止像是个老板。
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
有时候我们教导孩子就像父母当年那样教导我们。
陈述句结构。
肯定式和否定式（各种时态和语态）。特别注意否定句结构。
疑问句结构。
英文疑问句有四种：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
一般疑问句（General Questions）也称“Yes-no Questions” )，
一般疑问句是要求用Yes或No 来回答的问句形式。
一般疑问句的构成方式是将be动词，助动词和情态动词提至句首。
1. be 动词有am, is, are , was, were形式。
2．助动词有do, does（一般现在时）；did（一般过去时）；am, is, are（现在进行时）；was,were （过去进行时）；shall / will（一般将来时）；should / would（过去将来时）；have / has（现在完成时）；had（过去完成时）；am, is, are, was, were（被动语态）
3．情态动词有can / could; may / might; must; shall / should; will / would; need; dare; ought (to)。
使用一般疑问句时须注意以下几点：
1．对have / has / had作实义动词讲时，一般疑问句形式有两种：
⑴作为“有”讲时。例如：He has no brothers → Has he no brothers? / Does he have no brothers?
⑵作其它意义时，要借助助动词do / does / did.
例如：He has breakfast at 7 in the morning. → Does he have breakfast at 7 in the morning?
He had a meeting yesterday → Did he have a meeting yesterday?
2．对含有used to的句子变问句时有两种形式：
例如：He used to get up at 7 o’clock in the morning.
→Did he use to get up at 7 o’clock in the morning?
→Used he to get up at 7 o’clock in the morning?
3．在一般现在时和一般过去时的问句中，实义谓语动词则保留原形状态。
4．对否定一般疑问句的回答要特别引起注意，要根据实际情况来回答，排除中文的干扰。例如：---Don’t you believe him?---Yes, I do. ( 不，我相信。) ；---No, I don’t.（是，我不信）
●特殊疑问句（Special Questions）也称“Wh-questions”。
其构成方式是特殊疑问词+ 一般疑问句？
疑问词有疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, etc 疑问副词：when, where, how, why, etc.
特殊疑问句不能用Yes和No来回答，必须用一个完整的句子来回答，可以省去问句中相同部分。
例如：---When did he come here? --- ( He came here ) yesterday.
●选择疑问句（Alternative Questions ）
选择疑问句提出由or连接两种或两种以上的答案以供选择，看哪一种是正确的。它在结构上有两种类型：一般疑问句型和特殊疑问句型。
选择疑问句不能用yes和no来回答，必须对其作具体的选择。
例如：---Shall we go by bus or by train ? ---By bus.
----Who do you like better, Tom or Mary? ----Tom.
●反意疑问句（Disjunctive Questions）
反意疑问句提出某种观点或事实，问对方是否同意。
这种疑问句一般由两部分组成。前一部分为陈述句，后一部分为简短的一般问句。
前一部分为肯定式，后一部分为否定式；前一部分为否定式，后一部分为肯定式。
例如：I haven’t seen you before, have I?
She knows you, doesn’t she?
使用反意疑问句时，需注意以下几点：
（1）在简短的问句中，主语的人称，数，动词的时态一般应与前面的陈述部分一致。
在简短的问句中的主语不为名词乃代词是也。
例如：Liu Ying studies very hard, doesn’t Liu Ying? (×)
Liu Ying studies very hard, doesn’t she? (√ )
（2）陈述部分的主语为somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, no one, nobody时，反意问句中主语一般为they，有时也用he.
例如：Everyone enjoys the music, don’t they?
Someone stole your watch, didn’t they?
No one was hurt, was he?
（3）陈述部分的主语为everything, anything, nothing，反意问句中主语一般为it，
例如：Everything that he says is false, isn’t it?
（4）陈述部分的主语为one指人时,反意问句中主语一般为you / one，
例如：One shouldn’t be dishonest, should you? ? should one?
（5）陈述部分为I’m…结构时，反意问句一般为aren’t I ，
例如：I am the best, aren’t I?
（6）当陈述部分中有seldom, never, hardly, rarely, scarcely, few, little, nothing, nobody, nowhere 等否定或半否定词时，反意问句中应为肯定式。
例如：You have little money in your pocket, have you?
（7）当陈述部分只出现否定前缀或后缀来表示否定时，反意问句仍为否定式。
例如：It is impossible, isn’t it?
（8）当陈述部分含有There be 结构时，其反意问句中依然使用there 作假主语。
例如：There is a book on the desk, isn’t there?
（9）当陈述部分中的情态动词must表示肯定推测时，其反意问句中应避免使用must,而应根据其后的动词（时态）形式采取相应的形式。
例如：There must be a bus in the parking lot, isn’t there?
He must have been to Wuhan, hasn’t he?
It must have rained yesterday for the ground is wet, didn’t it?
（10）当动词不定式短语，动名词短语或其他短语作陈述部分的主语时，反意问句部分的主语通常用it。
例如：To get rid of a bad habit is not easy, is it?
（11）当祈使句部分为祈使句时的反意问句。
①肯定的祈使句表示请求时，反意问句部分一般用“will you”或“would you”；表示邀请、
劝诱时，反意问句部分一般用“won’t you”，但是，在否定的祈使句后面则用“will you”。
例如：Give me a hand, will you?
Open a window, would you?
Have a little more coffee, won’t you?
Don’t be late, wil you?
Don’t waste too much on the thing, will you?
②在“Let’s…”句型中，其反意问句为“shall we”；在“Let us…”句型中，其反意问句应用“will you”
（12）当陈述部分为否定形式时，要注意其回答，排除中文的干扰。其回答同否定疑问句的回答一样。
例如：---Their daughter isn’t clever, is she?---Yes, she is. (不，她聪明) ----No, shi isn’t.
(是，不聪明)
（13）当陈述部分为一主从复合句时，反意问句应与主句保持一致。
例如：He says that they have left, doesn’t he?
Today’s weather is as cold as it was yesterday, isn’t it?
（14）当陈述部分的主句中的主语是第一人称（I / We）时，谓语动词为think, suppose, believe 等时，反意问句则要与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持对应关系。
例如：I don’t think you are serious, are you? (否定转移)。
I believe he knows the answer, doesn’t he?
但当陈述部分的主句中的主语不是I / We，而是其他人称时，其反意问句仍与主句一致。（15）当在并列句中，反意文句应与第二个分句一致。
例如：He is a teacher but his wife isn’t a teacher, is she?
John isn’t a diligent student, for it is the third time that he has been late, isn’t it?
感叹句结构。
感叹句常见句型：
①What a/an + (adj.)+ n. + 主语+ 谓语…！
②What + (adj.) + n.(复数/ 不可数名词) + 主语+ 谓语…！
③How + adj. / adv. + 主语+ 谓语…！
④How + adj. + a / an + n. +主语+ 谓语…！
⑤How + 主语+ 谓语…！
注意：在感叹句中，主语和谓语不使用倒装语序。
使用英文基本结构时应注意以下几点：
（1）在英文中逗号是不起着连接作用的，换句话说，两个独立的简单句只用“，”号隔开并连接，这是不符合英文的句子结构的。我们须根据这两句中的逻辑关系，选用适当的连接词。两个简单句可以用“；”号连接分开。
（2）英文中的复合句称为主从复合句。它必须有一个主句带一个或两个甚至两个以上的从句组成。有连接词部分为从句，无连接词部分为主句。注意连接词省略现象。
（3）在英文复合句中从句必须是陈述句顺序，注意主从句之间的时态关系。
（4）区别wh-作为疑问词和连接词。
（5）注意英文状语从句中的省略现象。
（6）在英文复合句中，两个句子不能同时使用连接词。
（7）区别连接词和介词。
英文句子的特殊结构
1、倒装句结构
英文中的某些句子根据其语法和结构的需要进行主谓顺序颠倒---倒装句。
倒装句分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种形式。
全部倒装
谓语部分全部置于主语之前的句子便是全部倒装句。
（1）在以there,here, now, then, in, away, up, down, 等副词开头的句子中：
例如：Away went the crowd one by one.（人们一个一个地离去。）
Here comes our teacher!（我们的老师来了。）
There goes the bell.
如果主语是人称代词，主谓不须倒装。
例如：There he comes.
Away they hurried.
（2）当句首状语为表示地点的介词短语时，也常常引起全部倒装。
例如：South of the city lies a big steel factory.
From the valley came a frightening sound.
（3）表语置于句首时，倒装结构为“表语+ 连系动词+ 主语”。
例如：Present at the meeting were Mr Li, Mr Wang and other guests.
Gone are the days when we used foreign oil.
Among the goods are trees, flowers, candles and toys.
注意：用于全部倒装句型的动词均是不及物动词。常以一般现在时和一般过去时出现。
部分倒装
只把谓语的一部分（即助动词、情态动词、系动词）置于主语之前的句子称为部分倒装句。
（1）疑问句均为部分倒装句。
（2）only修饰介词短语、副词或状语从句放在句首时。
例如：Only in this way can we learn English well.
Only when he returned did we find out the truth.
注意：如果only后面的部分不是作状语则不用倒装。
（3）以never, seldom, hardly, scarcely,barely, little, often, at no time, not only, no sooner, not until 等词开头的句子。
Never shall I do that again.
Little did he know about the woman.
Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.
No sooner had he got to the office than he started working.
Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework..
(not until开头时，只倒装主句部分，从句不倒装。)
（4）在so…that…句形中，若so提至句首，则构成部分倒装句。
例如：So carelessly did he drive that he almost killed himself.
So loudly did he speak that people in the next room could hear him.
（5）在“ so / neither / nor +be / 助动词/情态动词+ 主语”句型中。
（6）在“形容词/ 名词/ 动词+as / though ”引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，对as / though从句使用部分倒装句。
Youngest as he is, he studies best in our class.
Try as he might, he didn’t succeed.
Ha rd as I studied, I couldn’t catch up with him.
Much as the boy liked the toy, he didn’t buy it.
注意：在此句型中，系动词be/ 情态动词/ 助动词依然在主语之后。
（7）在虚拟语气条件从句中，如果条件从句中谓语部分有were, had和should时，可以省略if, 将were, had,should和主语部分倒装。
例如：Were I you, I would take the job.
Had they asked us, we would have helped them.
Should he come tonight, tell him to ring me up.
2．强调句型
强调是一种修辞效果。为了对一定语境下的部分内容进行突出强调而采用的一种手段。英语中的强调形式主要有两种。
（1）强调句型：It is / was + 被强调部分+that / who …
使用此句型时，需主要以下几点：
①不管被强调部分中的名词是单数还是复数，其前的be只有is和was两种形式。
②被强调部分如果是“人”时，可以使用who / that。其他情况只能使用that。
③注意此句型在疑问句中的使用。
其句型变体为：特殊疑问词+ is / was + it + that…?
④此句型不能用于对谓语强调。
（2）do / does / did + 动词原形。此强调方式是对句子的谓语动词进行强调。
强调句型是语法的一项重要内容，也是考试中的一个难点。尤其是其易与名词性从句、定语从句相混淆，就更增加了难度。现结合近年来的考试试题等剖析一下强调句型的考查热点，以期有助于大家克服这一难点。
强调句型是：It is + 被强调部分+ that .. 。该句型是强调句型。将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后。被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who换用。如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法。
It was on Monday night that all this happened. 所有这一切发生在周一晚上。
It’s me that he blamed. 他怪的是我。
强调句型的考察热点
1)考查对强调句型结构的识别
强调句型的基本结构形式为: It is/was+被强调部分+that/who/whom +句子的其余部分。如果原句中谓语动词使用的是现在范畴的时态(一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成/现在完成进行时、一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时等), 用It is ... that ...。例如:
1)It is the ability to do the job________matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one
B. that
C. what
D. it
【答案】B。
【解析】如果原句中谓语动词为过去范畴的时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等), 则用It was ... that ...。例如:
2)It was between 1989 and 1999 ________ great changes took place in our hometown.
A. when
B. that
C. which
D. because
【答案】B。
2)考查强调句型的疑问句式
变换句型是增加试题难度的手段之一, 强调句型结构本身就让学生“有些糊涂”, 若再使用其疑问式就更有些让学生“头疼”了。
一般疑问句式: Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+句子的其余部分?
特殊疑问句式: 特殊疑问词+is/was it+被强调部分+that/who+句子的其余部分?
3. Was________his illness________he didn’t go to see the film?
A. necessary; when
B. that important of; why
C. even if; for
D. it because of; that
【答案】D 。
4. Was________that I saw last night at the corner?
A. it you
B. not you
C. you
D. that yourself
【答案】A。
3)考查强调句型的易错点
强调句型的学习、掌握中有很多难点,同时也是易错点, 这些容易出错的地方,也是各种
考试考查的重点和热点。这些易错点有:
(1) 强调时间、地点、原因状语时, 通常只使用that, 而不能使用when, where, why。
7. It was because of bad weather________the football match had to be put off.
A. so
B. so that
C. why
D. that
【答案】D。
【解析】以上三题均为强调句型, 分别强调时间状语(only when I reread his poems recently)、地点状语(in Qingdao) 和原因状语(because of bad weather), 均只能使用that。
(2) 当被强调的是not .. until句型时, 应将not置于until之前, 主句由否定句改为肯定句。
8. It was not until 1920________regular radio broadcast began.
A. while
B. which
C. that
D. since
【答案】C。
(3)强调主语时, 谓语动词应与之保持一致。
【误】It is I who/ that is going to be sent there to help them.
【正】It is I who/ that am going to be sent there to help them.
4) 强调主语或宾语且其为人称代词时, 应注意其形式，仍用主格或宾格形式。
【误】It was her that told me about it.
【正】It was she that told me about it.
【误】It is I who the teacher has punished.
【正】It is me whom the teacher has punished.
4)考查强调句型与相关句型的辨析
强调句型极易与定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等相关句型混淆, 故考试也常考查这方面的内容。例如:
A. 与定语从句的辨析
9. Was it during the Second World War________he died?
A. that
B. while
C. in which
D. then
【答案】A。
【解析】本题易错选C, 以为是定语从句修饰the Second World War。该题可还原为: He died during the Second World War.
B. 与名词性从句的辨析
10. It was ________ he said ________ disappointed me.
A. what; that
B. that; that
C. what; what
D. that; what
【答案】A。
【解析】本题同时考查强调句型和名词性从句这两个知识点,学生易错选C,认为两处均为名词性从句。该题可还原为: What he said disappointed me.
C. 与状语从句的辨析
11. It was about 600 years ago________the first clock with an hour hand was made.
A. that
B. until
C. before
D. when
【答案】A。
【解析】本题易错选C和D,认为是时间状语从句或定语从句。判断是否强调句型的一个简易方法是“还原法”, 即看其能否删除"It is/was...(that/who/whom)..."部分后还原为一个单句。能者则是,不能者则不是。该题可还原为: The first clock with a face and an hour hand was made about 600 years ago.
D. 与there be句型的辨析
12. ________is no possibility________Bob can win the first prize in the match.
A. There; that
B. It; that
C. There; whether
D. It; whether A
【答案】A。
【解析】本题为there be句型,而非强调句型。that引导的为同位语从句, 作possibility 的同位语。
平行结构
一、连词连接两个对等的词和对等的结构
并列连词and, but, as well as, or, or else, both … and, neither … nor, either … or, not only … but (also), rather than等以及从属连词than可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构。当上述并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些成分必须同词性、同形式。特别注意出现三项以上(含三项)的并列成分，多是考试焦点。
1. 所连接的谓语形式必须一致
He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter.
Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later.
2. 所连接的词或短语形式必须一致
Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class.
We often go to the countryside as well as to factories.
I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here.
3. 连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致
Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading.
He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper.
4. 所连接的句子结构必须一致
She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him.
The purpose of the research had a more different meaning for them than it did for us.
二、某些特定的固定结构。
(1) 有些词后要用平行结构。例如：prefer sth to sth, prefer doing sth to doing sth, prefer to do sth rather than do sth。如：
I prefer rice to noodles.
I prefer watching TV to listening to music.
He preferred to die rather than surrender.
(2)有些结构中要用平行结构。例如：would / had rather / sooner do something than do something, would / had as soon do something as do something (宁可……也不……) Liu Hulan said she had rather die than give up.
I would as soon stay at home as go.
(3)比较级句型要求对比双方结构对等，比较范围相当。如：
Probably no man had more effcet on the daily lives of most people in the United States ------- Henry Ford. A pioneer in automobile production.
A. as was
B. than was
C. than did
D. as did (92.8)
[答案] C 比较句型more…than 要求比较的双方结构相等。前项是实义动词的过去时形式had，故选(C)than did与之平行。
The annual worth of Utah’s manufacturing is greater than-------
A. that of its mining and farming combined
B. mining and farming combination
C. that mining and farming combined
D. of its combination mining and farming
[答案] A 此句比较的是utah的年产值(the annual worth) (A)中that即代替了the annual worth，故前后比较的范围，内容一致。
三、What … is / was … 结构常用来强调主语或宾语，在这种结构中，is/ was后面是强调的部分。例如：
What hurts is my left leg.
What I like is her style.
4．插入
英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或句子，用来补充某些含义，语法上称它们为“插入语”。插入语在句子中起到解释、说明等作用，有时表达说话人的一种看法。很多插入语对句子本身影响并不大，如果去掉它，我们仍然清楚句子表达的意思。然而有些插入语是句子中不可缺少的成分，如果去掉，句子的意思表达就不完整了，如for example, in other words等。因此正确分析插入语对于我们做单选题和正确理解短文的意思意义重大，我们应该注意。
插入语类型
（1）单词（多为副词）
单词作插入语时位置比较活，句中、句末和句首均可以出现。常见的作插入语的单词有though,however, therefore, personally, luckily, fortunately, obviously等。
She had seen the picture. However, she never told it to anyone.
Luckily, his father’s second wife was kind to him.
（2）短语
现在分词短语、不定式短语、介词短语都可以作插入语，它们在句子中起到补充说明的作用。见作插入语的短语有：for example, by the way, in some way, juding from, to tell you the truth, so far, on the contrary, no wonder, worse still, to start / begin with等。
如：By the way, how can I find you?
To tell you the truth, I have found out that he stole the car.
（3）句子
常见作插入语的句子有：do you think / expect, I believe, do you know, what’s more, what’s worse, let’s say, that is to say, as far as I know等。
如：He is an honest man, I believe.
As far as I know, Jack isn’t clever.
How soon will he be ready, do you expect?
When do you expect he will come back?
Who do you guess has taken away the book?
句法结构强化练习
1. ___________ is still a controversial issue.
A. If he is the right person for the job
B. That he is the right person for the job
C. Whether he is the right person for the job
D. He is the right person for the job
2. They talked about things and persons ____ they remembered in the school.
A. who
B. which
C. that
D. what
3. The Latin class had twenty students, ____ had had much better language training than I.
A. most of which
B. which
C. most of them
D. most of whom
4. The establishment of the company shall start from the day ____ the business license of the
company is issued.
A. which
B. on which
C. in which
D. whenever
5. You ________ me because I didn't say that.
A. must misunderstand
B. must be misunderstanding
C. must have misunderstood
D. had to misunderstand
6. Hardly had the minister finished his statement ___________ several reporters raised their
hands and put forward a string of questions.
A. when
B. as
C. then
D. than
7. ___________the letter, I ran out of the room to the post office.
A. After I had finished for
B. No sooner that I had finished up
C. As soon as I finished writing
D. Since I finished up to write
8. California’s agricultural supremacy dates from 1947. When its farm output firs t ________
any other state.
A. that exceeded
B. exceeded that
C. exceeded that of
D.that exceeded of
9. Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contributions ________ a
politician.
A.such
B. more
C. as
D. than
10. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ------- to
the body.
A. the stress it is greater
B. greater is the stress
C. greater stress is
D. the greater the stress
句法结构练习详解
1.【答案】C。【解析】A. if引导条件状语从句，不合题意；B. that引导名词从句，但“that”是引导词，不做任何成分，此句意思肯定，即“他是工作的合适人选”与后面的“controversial”相矛盾；C. whether 引导名词从句，“是否”，合乎题意；D. 是B句中“that” 的省略，也不对。
2.【答案】C。【解析】定语从句中的关系代词that常用于下列几种情况：1)先行词中含有人和物时；2)先行词为anything, everything, all等不定代词；3)先行词被any, no, every, little, much所修饰；4)先行词被序数词所修饰时；5)先行词被形容词最高级所修饰时。
3.【答案】D。【解析】当非限定性从句修饰物时，应该用which引导从句,但当其修饰人时，应该用who,whom或whose。A和B选项不符合此原则。C选项前应改为句号才对。
4.【答案】B。【解析】这是个主从复合句，从句需要一个含day在内的时间状语，特指的一天，其前应用介词on。
5.【答案】C。【解析】must+have+过去分词：表示对过去发生的事情的有把握的肯定猜测。must+动词原形：表示对现在发生的事情的猜测。must+be+doing：表示对现在正进行的动作或在此刻前一直在进行的动作的猜测。
6.【答案】A。【解析】Hardly…when是固定关联词组,意为“一……就……” 类似的有: scarlely…when, no sooner…than, 因此正确答案为A。
7.【答案】C。【解析】finish为及物动词，往往后边直接跟名词、代词或动名词，表示做完某项事或完成某项动作，故此句只有选C正确。此外，即使使用no sooner，但如果置于句首，谓语也必须倒装。因此本题答案为C。
8.【答案】C。【解析】动词exceeded (超过)要求比较的内容相当。C. 代词that用以指代比较的内容“farm output”。
9.【答案】C。【解析】动词rival (比得上)要求比较二项结构相等。
10.【答案】D。【解析】The less the surface 与答案D. the greater the stress 是完全对等的结构。
高考英语作文素材：精选文20篇 议论文观点辩论 （1） 2005年10月12日，举世瞩目的神舟六号载人飞船成功发射；10月18日，飞船顺利返航，举国上下为之欢呼雀跃，世界各国媒体给予了极大的关注。请就此事写一篇英语短文，表达自己的高兴和骄傲之情。 1. 字数100左右。 2. 可适当增加细节，使容连贯。 3. 生词提示： 载人的adj. manned 发射v. / n. launch 神舟六号Shenzhou VI 航空n. aviation （2） 某英文报社正在举办有关“英雄”问题的讨论话题，请你根据以下提示用英文写一篇100词左右的文章以便寄到该报社参加讨论。 1. 英雄（见义勇为的人）具有什么样的品质？ 2. 为什么现在英雄越来越少？ 如果让你选择，你愿意做英雄还是普通人？ （3） 假如你叫华，你和笔友Jane互寄了全家的合影。Jane看了合影后来信问为什么你没有兄弟姐妹。请用英语写封100字左右的回信说明情况。容 注意： 2．字数100左右； 3．开头已给出，不计人总字数； 4．参考词汇；计划生育family program独生子女the only child （4） 请以“Reading Newspapers Is A Good Habit” 为题写一篇80—100单词的短文。提示如下： 1．报纸是重要传媒。看报能获得国外最新消息…… 2．报纸能丰富我们的生活，上面有…… 3．对我们学英语的人来说，看类似《中国日报》这样的英文报纸，……
（5） 目前，越来越多的中学生利用周末上各种各样的培训班或请家教。对于这一现象，存在两种不同观点。请你根据下表提示，以Is a Training Class or Family Teacher Necessary?为题，写一篇短文，反映表中容，并简要阐述 （2）词数：120 词左右（文章开头已给出，不计入总词数）； （3）参考词汇：巩固strengthen vt. (6) “神六”返回以后，人们就“普通人去太空旅游”的话题展开了热烈讨论。请你根据下列提示以“The advantages and disadvantages of Space 2、不要逐字逐句翻译。 3、词数110 左右。 (7) 周笔畅宣布退出“超女”演唱会的巡演，重返校园。对此你和同学们展开了激烈的讨论。一部分同学不赞成“超女”重返学校。认为这是对她的一次锻炼，可以获得更多的演出机会，而且可以更早地实现当歌星的梦想。但也有一部分同学赞同“超女”的做法。认为学校的学习比演出更重要，这样可以使声乐基础更加牢固，而且，频繁的演出也是一件很劳累的事情。如果你是她，你会选择退出还是留下？说明你的理由。 注意： 1. 词数：100左右； 2. 参考词汇：过多的excessive； 3. 容要点可用不同方式表达； 4. 对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分。 (8)
从句 从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类: 即名词性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句)和副词性从句(即状语从句)。 引导从句的词称作关联句. 一、名词性从句 引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括: 从属连词that, if, whether; 连接代词 who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,wh ose; 连接副词where, when, why, how。 其中, 从属连词只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句法成分, 而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分. That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. The fact is that he didn't go to the dinner party. I don't know if he will attend the meeting. Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom? 你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句) [提示]
1. 在含有主语从句的复合句中, 为保持句子平衡, 常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末. It's well-known that water is indispensable to life.(形式主语) 2. 为保持句子平衡, that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替, 而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。 He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here. 3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解, 但if不可引导主语从句和表语 从句。whether可与or(not)连用, 而if不可以。 I don't know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 4. that和what引导名词性从句的区别: that在从句中不充当成分,而what在从句中充当一定的成分, 如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略, what则不可省。 He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once. 5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导, 常跟在下列名词后面, 如fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等, that不可省。同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。 We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.
大学英语第三册语法结构分析 (译部分) 1.发言人明确表示总统在任何情况下都不会取消这次旅行。 The spokesman made it clear that the president would not 主谓语 Cancel (the trip) under any circumstances. 介状 2. 我们相信他所说的，因为他受过良好的教育，出身于受人尊敬的家庭，更重 要的是他为人可靠。 We believ e what he has said , because he is well-educated , comes 主谓主 from a respectable familly and what’s more , he is reliable. 3. 随后后发生的那些事件证明了我的猜疑是对的。 The subsequent events confirmed my suspicions once again. 谓 4. 在赛后举行的记者招待会上，这位足教练因该队表现不佳而向球迷们致歉。 At the press conference held after the game , the football coach apologized to the fans for his team’s poor performance. 5. 令我们吃惊的是，这位常被赞为十分正直的州长竟然是一个贪官。 To our surprise, the governor who had often been praised for his honesty tur ned out to be a corrupt official. 谓语 6. 有少数人得到了提升，在这同时却有数万个人被解雇。 A few workers were promoted , but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed. 7. 如果有机会，约翰也许已成为一位杰出的画家。 Given the chance , John might have become an outstanding painter.
整理 *独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。——思乡，思亲 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. ***二人同心，其利断金。——团结合作 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. *海内存知己，天涯若比邻。？——朋友 A bosom friend afar brings distance near. **合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下？。———打好基础 A huge tree that fills one's arms grows from a tiny seedling；a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth；a thousand li journey starts with the first step. *千丈之堤，以蝼蚁之穴溃；百尺之室，以突隙之烟焚。———注意细节 A long dike will collapse because of an ant-hole in it；a tall building will be burned down because of a spark from a chimney's chink. *祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。——福祸相依不可大意 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. **见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。——反省 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. *举头望明月，低头思故乡。——思乡 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. *老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼。？？ Expend the respect of the aged in one's family to that of other families; expend the love of the young ones in one's family to that of other families. *礼尚往来。往而不来，非礼也；来而不往，亦非礼也。 Propriety suggests reciprocity. It is not propriety not to give out but to receive, or vice versa. **两情若是长久时，又岂在朝朝暮暮。———爱情 If love between both sides can last for aye, why need they stay together night and day? 路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索。？？ The way ahead is long and has no ending/I see no ending, yet high and low
高考英语作文素材 开头句型 1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言比如说：就我而言As far as I’m concerned 2 It can be said with certainty that... +从句可以肯定地说...... 3.As the proverb says，正如谚语所说的，可以用来引用名言名句 4 .It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，... 5 .It's generally recognized that... 它普遍认为... 6 .It's likely that ... 这可能是因为... 7 .It's hardly that... 这是很难的...... 8 There's no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认 9 .Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是… 10 .what's far more important is that... 更重要的是… 引言句型 1. Some people think that ….To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below. 有些人认为…坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。 2. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 我认为这个论点是正确的，因为… 3. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that ….我无法完全同意….这一观点的说法… 4. Along with the development of…, more and more….随着……的发展，越来越多… 5 It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….它通常是认为… 6. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我
新概念英语语法 英语语法的掌握是英语能力的基本功。要想用英语准确表达自己意思，离不开正确的语法知识和准确地使用语法结构。新概念英语语法体系比较完整、知识介绍比较全面，新概念英语第一册到新概念英语第四册基本涵盖 了英语学习者必备的所有语法知识点，保证每篇课文都有一个自己的核心语法内容，课后的习题练习和同步测试可以巩固英语学习内容，检验学习效果。 如何攻破新概念英语语法呢？只是单独学习英语语法知识是一种学习误区，这样会造成缺乏对于语言规律的实质性、全局性和整体性的把握和理解，从而无法在实际交际中进行理解和应用。小编总结了新概念英语语法的学习方法，希望对英语学习者有所帮助。 一、突破新概念英语语法重点与难点。 1、首先要以句法为主。这就要求我们掌握好英语的基本句型。尽管英语句子的数量是无限的，变化无穷无尽， 形式繁简各异，但万变不离其宗，这个宗”就是英语的7种基本句型。各种各样的英语句子经过分析解剖之后， 都可归到这几个基本句型中。我们还要掌握基本句型的转换形式，如陈述句转换为疑问句、肯定句转换为否定 句、主动句转换为被动句。我们还要熟悉基本句型的扩展手段，如添加定语或状语等修饰语；将句子成分由单词或短语扩展为从句，从而岀现了名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等。如果我们掌握了英语的基本句型及其转换、扩展形式，我们也就掌握了英语语法的概貌。 2、总结新概念英语语法中的特殊语法结构。如倒装、分隔、省略、前移、后移、外置等，却使英语句子复杂起来，需要同学们多下些工夫。 3、重点学习新概念英语中动词”的用法。在词法部分中，动词是关键，因为英语句子是以动词为聚焦点或中心的，且时态、语态、语气等都是在动词上体现岀来的。 二、阅读材料以切合自己能力或程度为佳。新概念一共四册，每一册具有跳跃性，知识性，逐渐加大难度。阅读时要切实朗读，不可有eye-reading 。在阅读中并注意引证自己已学习过的语法规则，或利用自己所学过的语法规则来了解文意，体会文体，模仿英语的表达句式或习惯。 三、勤做练习，不要怕犯语法上的错误。新概念每篇课后都有相应习题，用于检验学员学习效果，查漏补缺。平常练习可以以句为单位，口头练习与书写练习并重，更应培养思路与表达趋于一体的自然语言习惯。 新概念英语语法精粹/节目内容 一、冠词The Article 1 知识要点： 冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词(The Indefinite Article ) 和定冠词(The definite Article )两种。a (an)是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：女口a book, a man; an 用在元音之前，如：an old man, an hour, an interesting book 等。the 是定冠词。 一、不定冠词的用法 1、指人或事物的某一种类 (泛指)。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。女口：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple. 2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library. A Wang is looki ng for you. 一位姓王的同志正在找你。 3、表示数量，有一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。如： I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes. 4、用于某些固定词组中。如: a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time 等。 5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍一一a +抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如：
英文的句法结构 英语是一门结构性语言。一个学英语之人在使用英语时必须具备三个意识，即词形变化意识，时态和语态意识和句子结构意识。如果我们具备以上三意识，在平时有意识地进行必要的训练，在短短几个月中完全可以大幅度地提高自己的英语水平的。 英文的句子结构可分两大类：基本结构和特殊结构。 英文句子的基本结构 1．简单句的五大基本句型。 英文句子是以简单句为主体。并列句是由并列连接词连接的两个简单句；主从复合句是由一个从属连接词连接的从句和一个独立的简单句构成的。 英文简单句的五种基本句型。 （1）主语+ 谓语。 此句型的谓语动词是不及物动词，常带状语。 例如：The fruit shop has closed. They have been singing and dancing for two hours. The plane will take off soon. They will fly to London. （2）主语+ 系动词+ 表语。 此句型结构中的谓语动词是系动词，后接表语。常用的系动词除be外，还有become, look, seem, appear, get, feel, grow, turn, remain, come, hold, keep, stand, stay（保
持）,smell, sound, taste等等。 例如：The motor is out of order. Her mother has fallen ill. The weather is getting quite hot. The roses smell sweet. Silk feels soft and smooth. The plan sound perfect. （3）主语+ 谓语+ 宾语 此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，后面跟宾语。 例如：He studies English. The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once. We should help the disabled. （4）主语+ 谓语+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语。 例如：This new way saved us much time. Could you do me a favor please? I paid him fifty yuan. He ordered (要，订购)himself a soft drink. Mr Smith lent me his car. I found him a new textbook. Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time? The president awarded（授予）hime the first prize. （5）主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语。
LESSON ONE 句子的三种模式 导言本课的重点是掌握英语的三种基本句型，注意词性和词序，以及定语的位置,同时注意中英文表达上的相同和不相同的地方。三种基本句型虽然简单，但至关重要。掌握好它们，在今后的学习中有一通百通之效。 ▲主+系动词+表 注：*注意该结构中的名词，它们能被定语修饰。 1 这个人是一个老师。The man is a teacher. 主语系表语主语系表语（名词） 2 他（是）很忙。He is busy. 主语系表语主语系表语（形容词） ▲注意中文中的系动词经常被省略,而英文中绝不能省。 3 她（是）在教室里。She is in the classroom.
主语系表语主语系表语（介词短语） ▲定语只修饰名词，不破坏句子的基本结构。通常由形容词和介词短语充当，形容词放在所修饰的名词之前，而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后，请注意英语与汉语词序的不同。看懂中文的定语是翻译好定语的关键。 介词短语 ---英国法学家波洛克 介词短语 Happiness is a station -----------Pollock, British jurist 形容词介词短语 5 形容词介词短语 man is a teacher 介词短语形容词
6.教室里。 形容词介词短语 The teacher is handsome. My book is 表语（介词短语）定语（介词短语） She is 介词短语即可以做表语也可以做定语，虽然它们词性相同，但由于词序不同，它们所起到的作用也不同，当在is的后面是表语,跟在名词的后面它就起到定语的作用。 课堂练习 1 1是
2020高考英语作文素材积累 2020高考英语作文素材篇二 我的母亲My Mother My motheris an ordinary teacher. She always puts her students before everything. She isnothing different from other people at the first sight. But later you will findthat she is so responsible. In my mind, she is very great. On weekends, shealways prepare the class at home. Sometimes she even ask the students to cometo our house for remediation for free. All her students like her. Sometimes I almostenvy her students. Luckily, my mother also very care about me. she puts all hertime on our family and her students, leaving nothing for herself. She is sogreat, and I proud of her; and I love her. 我的妈妈是一个普通的老师。她总是把她的学生放在最重要的位置。乍一看，她和别的人没有什么不一样的。但后来你会发现她是如此有责任心。在我的心目中，她是很伟大的。周末的时候她总是在家里备课。有时候她甚至叫学生到我们家来免费补课。她的学生都很喜欢她。有时候我都差点要嫉妒她的学生了。幸好我慢慢还是很关心我的。她把她所有的时间都花在我们家和她的学生身上，却不给自己留一丁点时间。她是如此的伟大，我为她感到骄傲;我爱她。 2020高考英语作文素材篇三 Is Watching TV a Good Thing(看电视是一件好事情吗)
高中英语语法练习题-高考精粹(带解析答案) 1. Ms Nancy didn't mind at all ______ to the ceremony. A. being not invited B. not being invited C. not inviting D. not to be invited 2. "_____ your meeting is!" he offered them his sincere congratulations. A. How a great success B. What a great success C. How great success D. What great success 3. We must remember that _____fashion is not the most important thing in _______ life. A. /; the B. /; / C. the; / D. the; the
4. It _____ quite a few years _____ the accused was declared innocent and set free. A. was; since B. is; that C. will be; when D. was; before 5. The professor said he could talk on _____ interested the audience. A. any topic B. which topic C. whichever topic D. the topic he thought it 6. Under no circumstance _____ to tell lies to parents. A. children are allowed B. are children allowed C. children will allow D. will children allow
英语语法——英语句子成分分析 句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。 1）主语：是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于句首。如： Students study. (学生学习。) We are friends.(我们是朋友) 这两句话中单词students是个名词，we是代词，它们在句中做主语。 2）谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。如： Students study. (学生学习。) We are friends. (我们是朋友) 这两句话中单词study和are都是动词，study叫做实意动词，are叫做be 动词，它们在句中作谓语。 3）宾语：表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如： They are teachers. ( 他们是老师。) I play with him. (我和他一起玩。) 这两句话中单词teachers是名词，单词him是带词，它们在句中作宾语。4）定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。如： This is a red sun.(这是个红太阳.) He is a tall boy.（他是个高个子男孩。） 这两句话中单词red和tall都是形容词，它们作定语。 ５）状语是用来说明动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如： The students study hard. (这些学生学习努力。) I often write to him. (我常给他写信。) The bag is too heavy. (这个书包太重了。) 这三句话中单词hard 和often修饰的都是动词，第三句话中单词too修饰的是形容词，它们都作状语。 ６）表语：用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。如：This table is long. (这个桌子是长的。) 通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间词作状语
高考英语作文写作素材100篇汇总一 401. Providing Support Fathers The idea of fatherhood is both personal and universal. We all have ideal concepts surrounding fatherhood, and we also have our real fathers—fathers who were there or not there for us, fathers who provided financial support for our families or failed to do so, fathers who loved or neglected us, fathers who were our role models or gave us someone to rebel against. Our father may have been there for us sometimes and not there for us at other times. The process of reconciling the ideal father that resides in our minds with the father that we actually have is a fertile one that can teach us a great deal about ourselves. Our relationship with our father will often affect our relationships with the other men who will come into our lives. You may have learned to behave and think in certain ways because those were the ways that your father acted and thought. Certain talents that you possess may have been passed down to you by your father. There also may be personal issues that you inherited by virtue of who your father is. Understanding how your relationship with your father has influenced you can help you better understand yourself and the life that you have created. In a time when mothers, the sacred feminine, and female energy are being honored, it is important not to forget the importance of fathers. Father energy and mother energy are the two complementary energies necessary to bring a healthy human being to fruition in the world. Many of the ideas surrounding fathers are changing in the wake of more modern parenting styles and the more egalitarian roles that are evolving between the sexes. More men are embodying the mother energy these days, and a woman can provide father energy for her children. Either
一．时态： 一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时 1. 一般现在时 表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。 ◆?????? 含有be动词的句子 He is a teacher. The girl is very beautiful. Tim and Jack are students. ★变疑问句将be动词移到句首 Is he a teacher? Is the girl very beautiful? Are Tim and Jack students? ★变否定句在be动词后面加not He is not a teacher. The girl is not very beautiful. Tim and Jack are not students. ★肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, he is. No, he is not. Yes, she is. No, she is not. Yes, they are. No, they are not. ◆?????? 不含有动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子 第三人称单数及单数名词 He likes books. She likes him. The dog likes bones. ★变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型 Does he like books? Does she like him? Does the dog like bones? ★变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn’t, 动词变为原型 He doesn’t like books. She doesn’t like him. The dog doesn’t like bones. ★肯定回答及否定回答： Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t. 注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。 其他人称及复数名词 I want to have a bath. We have some meat. The students like smart teachers. ★变疑问句在句首加do Do you want to have a bath? Do we have any meat? Do the students like smart teachers? ★变否定句在主语和动词之间加don’t. You don’t want to have a bath.
【篇一】高考英语作文素材范文 各国的饭堂Canteen In Different Countries Today, when I read the news on the Internet, I saw the very interesting news that caught my attention immediately. The news reported all kinds of food in the canteen of different countries. I thought about my canteen, which was complaining by students all the time. There were always students felt not satisfied with their schools’ canteens, so I was so curious about the foreign canteens. When I scanned over all the pictures, I was so surprised that I felt the food in our canteen was delicious. The food in countries like American and England had the meat and some dry vegetables, while the food in Asian countries like Japan and Korea look delicious. After seeing these pictures, I realized the food in our canteen was not that bad, we had the rice and the food choices were balanced, which helped to keep fit. 今天,当我在互联网上看新闻的时候,我看到了非常有趣的消息,立即引起了我的注意。新闻报道各种食物在不同国家饭堂的情况。我想到我的食堂,总是被学生抱怨。总有学生不满意学校的食堂,所以我很好奇外国的食堂。当我浏览了所有的照片后,我很惊讶,我觉得我们食堂的食物是美味的。像美国和英国的食物有肉和一些干蔬菜,而亚洲国家如日本和韩国的食物看起来很好吃。看到这些照片后,我意识到我们食堂的食物并不是那么糟糕,我们有米饭，食物搭配是平衡的,有助于保持健康。 【篇二】高考英语作文素材范文 广告的负面影响The Negative Sides of Advertisement Today, as the development of the media, people are affected by the advertisements greatly. When we are walking on the street, we can see the ads everywhere, they are spread by the newspaper, the radio and so on. The most obvious are the ads attached in the buildings. When we see the advertisements, we will be attracted by them and have the strong desire to buy the products. But the negative sides of advertisements will mislead the customers. Some products exaggerate the function, when people use them, they will realize that they are cheated and waste the money. The worst situation is that people use the fake products and get sick seriously, their health is under threat. So we must check out the advertisements before we buy t he products. We should ask the doctor or see the customers’ real reaction. 今天，由于媒体的发展，人们受到广告的很大影响。当我们在街上走的时候，可以看到广告无处不在，广告通过报纸，广播等等方式传播。最明显的广告就是
新概念英语第二册语法精粹及练习（一） 新概念二册语法精粹一、一般现在时 一、一般现在时： 1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。 （1）直接加“s”，works，takes （2）以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”,carry → carries （3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”, goes dresses watches brushes 2．功能： （1）表现在的事实、状态或动作： eg: Birds fly. She loves music. Mary's parents get up very early. （2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，seldom，occasionally，frequently等时间副词连用。 eg: I always take a walk after supper. She writes to me very often. Tom and his girlfriend go out to take a picnic occasionally. （3）表客观真理，格言警句或事实： The earth moves round the sun. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
Two and two makes four. No man but errs. 人非圣贤，熟能无过。 （4）表将来： A．在由when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，so long as, where, whatever，wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。 （黄金重点，所有考试都不放过它！） 例如：I'll tell her when shecomes tomorrow. Even ifit rains this afternoon, I'll meet you. Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. （不错的句型，背下！！） I'll be right here waiting for you wherever you go.（很感人的句型！） B．按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。 The play begins at 6:30 this evening. When does the plane take off? He leaves for that city next week. According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning. （按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列车早上7 点出发。） 测试精编 1. The Browns ________ a nice car and Brown's brother ________ a nice jeep. A. have / have B. has / has C. have / has D. has / have 2. If their house ________ not like ours, what ________ it look like? A. is / is B. is / does C. does / does D. does / is