考研英语长难句:名词性从句-表语从句
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考研英语的长难句考研英语的长难句篇1一、逆序法逆序法即倒置法。
有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语习惯不同,甚至语序完全相反,这就必须从原文的后面译起,逆着原文的顺序翻译。
例如:“There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”该句可分为三部分①“There was little hope”;②“continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose”;③“in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”前两层表结果,第三层表原因。
这句英语长句的叙述层次与汉语逻辑相反,因此要打破原句的结构,按照汉语造句的规律重新加以安排。
译为:这一带我不熟悉,天黑以后继续进行调查,取得结果的希望不大。
二、顺序法有些英语长句按逻辑关系安排,与汉语的表达方式比较一致,或者叙述的一连串动作按发生的时间先后安排,这类句子可按原文顺序译出,相比较要容易一些,大家可以按照正常的思维翻译即可。
三、分译法有些英语长句的主句与从句或主句与修饰语间的关系并不十分密切,为使意思连贯,建议考生们可把长句中的从句或短语化为句子分开来叙述,有时还可适当增加词语。
例如:“He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.”该句有两个介词短语,代表两层意思。
因此,按照分译法,打破原句的结构翻译成:他五岁的时候,生了一场伤寒病,变成了聋子。
四、综合法另有一些英语长句用前三种翻译方法翻译时都有困难,需要用综合法。
即或按时间先后,或按逻辑先后,或按逻辑顺序,有顺有逆地进行综合处理。
例如:“The phenomenon y in which light physically scatters when it passes through particles in the earth’s atmosphere that are1/10 in diameter of the color of the light.”该句可以分解为四个部分①“The phenomenon describes the way”;②“in which light physically scatters”;③“when it passes through particles in the earth‘s atmosphere”;④“that are1/10in diameter of the color of the light.”其中,第一、二和三、四部分之间是修饰与被修饰的关系。
考研英语阅读理解长难句真题分析详解含译文1. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers . And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics , there are already robot systems that can perform some kind of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy ——far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone .结构:•Our subway trains [主] are controlled [谓(被动)] by tireless robot-drivers .•条件状语:And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics ,•There be句型:there are already robot systems•定语从句:that [主] can perform [谓] some kind of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy [宾] ——far greater precision than highly skilled physicians [主] can achieve [谓] with their hands alone [宾]单词:Tireless a.不知疲劳的Miniaturization n.小型化微型化Perform vt.执行演出vi.表现Submillimeter n.亚毫米Accuracy a.精确的Precision n.准确性词组:Thanks to 由于Some kind of 某种某些解析:•Thank to引导条件状语•There be 句型表示有...•that引导定语从句修饰robot systems,句子中做主语•单个破折号表示解释说明,这里补充说明submillimeter accuracy直译:我们的地铁由不知疲倦的机器人司机控制。
考研英语语法入门篇:表语从句的用法大总结摘要:英语从句的熟练使用是作文一个强有力的加分项,考研英语也不例外。
在英语中,我们常见的从句有三大类:名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句。
表语从句隶属于名词性从句中的一种,但却常常被考生分不清。
今日为大家带来表语从句的类型和词类总结,希望各位考生能够在正式开启考研复习前完全掌握这一知识点。
表语从句是名词性从句的一种,也是往往最令大家迷糊的一种,很多人都弄不清表语的概念,因而也弄不清表语从句的用法,这次为大家带来表语从句用法大总结,快点学起来吧!►表语从句的类型表语从句位于主句系动词之后,可分为两类:be + that型从句和be + 疑问词型从句。
1. be + that型从句eg. The fact is that we have no idea to solve this problem.事实就是我们没办法解决这个问题。
The reality is that the party must be cancelled because of the storm. 现实就是因为暴风雨这个聚会必须得取消了。
2. be+疑问词型从句eg. The question is whether they will help us. 问题是他们会不会帮我们。
The problem is why she didnt go back home directly. 麻烦就麻烦在为什么她没直接回家。
3. 表语从句使用陈述语序。
eg. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 问题是他什么时候能到酒店。
4. 主句主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导,不可用becauseause。
但reasons作主语时,表语要用名词短语并列。
eg. The most common reasons for ...... are 名词短语1,名词短语2 and 名词短语3。
长难句(1)考研英语长难句四大类型及五大特点一、长难句的特点英语长句一般指的是各种复杂句,复杂句里可能有多个从句,从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、嵌套,也可能并列或平行。
从功能来说,英语有三大复合句,即:①名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句,即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句。
英语长难句五大特点:1)结构复杂,逻辑层次多;2)常须根据上下文作词义的引申;3)常须根据上下文对指代词的指代关系做出判断;4)并列成分多;5)修饰语多,特别是后置定语很长;二、考研英语长难句分析类别第一类:复杂修饰成分句子本不难,但是修饰成分多且长。
1、从句(定语、状语、同位语从句等)修饰;2、介词短语修饰;3、分词修饰;4、不定式修饰。
经常是在同一个句子里既有从句又有介词短语,且都不止一个.例:The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that community perceives as essential.分析:主语:The methods;谓语:come into being;that a community devises to perpetuate itself为定语从句,修饰the methods;不定式to表示目的状语;that community perceives as essential为定语从句,修饰the cultural legacy。
译文:一个社会设计出来保存自己的方法得以形成来保持那个社会认为最重要的一些方面。
第二类:大段的插入与或同位语,打断读者的思路,割裂前后之间的语义,造成理解的困难。
我们称之为“打岔”。
例:Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations, rather than representations, of reality.分析:在浏览该句时,发现句子中出现了双逗号,其中间的内容rather than representations为插入语,浏览的时候先跳过。
各类从句详解英语从句可以分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三大类:下面我们逐一进行说明:一、名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在复合句中的充当的成分和其名称相同,分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。
上述这四种从句均被称为名词性从句。
所有的名词性从句均不能用逗号分开,并且它们都用相同的关联词,关联词如下:①主从连词:that (无意义), whether (是否), if (是否)(在句子中不充当任何成分)②连接代词:who (谁), whom (谁), whose (谁的), what (什么), which (哪一个)③连接副词:when (什么时候), where (什么地方), how (怎样), why (为什么)主从连词只起连接作用,连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外,还充当从句某一个成分。
另外,可以用whatever, whichever, whoever, who(m)ever等连接代词引导名词性从句,来加强语气。
下面分别对各种名词性从句进行介绍(一)主语从句(subject clause)在主句中用作主语的主谓结构称之为主语从句。
例如:That he will come to the discussion is certain.他来参加讨论是确定的。
That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us.月球绕地球转动,这是我们大家都熟知的。
When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decide.会议什么时候召开还没有决定。
主语从句放在句首,句子常常显得比较笨重,因此通常可以把it放在句首,作形式主语,而将主语从句放在后面。
例如上面的句子可以分别改写为:It is certain that he will come to the discussion.It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth.It has not yet been decide when the meeting is to be held.下面再举一些例句:What they are after is profit.他们追求的是利润。
第七章名词性从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句一、名词性从句的关联词1. 连词that, that本身没有意义,在宾语可以省略,但在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中不能省略。
2.连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever.这些词在句中既起连接作用,又充当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。
3. 连接副词when, where, how, why.这些连接副词在句中既起连接作用,又作状语。
注:名词性从句一律都用陈述句语序e.g. We didn’t know why she didn’t come.The real measure of success is how happy you are.It’s still a question whether he can buy a ticket.(一)主语从句1. it引导的主语从句e.g. That prices will go up is certain.That she was chosen makes a tremendous stir in her village.注:that引导的主语从句通常不这样放在句首,而是利用形式主语it来完成句子,使句子结构看起来更加平衡。
e.g. It is natural that they should have different views.It is a pity that he can’t swim.It never occurred to me that perhaps she was lying.It is reported that there has been an earthquake in Japan.It may be that you’ll prove yourself the most suitable man.2. 由连接副词(代词)引导的主语从句1)可放在句首e.g. When he’ll be back depends much on the weather. How it was done was a mystery.Whether we’ll succeed remains to be seen.2)也可以用形式主语ite.g. It was not clear to me why he behaved like that. It was a mystery how the burglars got in.It doesn’t matter much where we live.3. what引导的主语从句• e.g. What you said is perfectly true. Whoever comes will be welcome.(二)宾语从句1. 由that引导的宾语从句(that 可省略)e.g. I felt that she had a strong will. 我感到她有坚强的意志。
【英语】名词性从句难题及答案经典一、名词性从句1.______ has caused great confusion is ______ he made it without anyone else's help. A. What; that. B. What; how. C. It; how. D. It; that.【答案】 B【解析】【分析】句意:让人极大困惑的是他如何在没有别人帮助的情况下做到这一点的。
表示“让人困惑的事情”用what引导主语从句,表示“如何做到的”用how表方式,引导表语从句。
故选B.【点评】考查名词性从句,本题涉及what引导的主语从句和how引导的表语从句。
2.In the past decade, our education system too much on grades. However, grades have a direct connection with future success is still a question.A. focused; whetherB. focused; ifC. has focused; whetherD. has focused; if【答案】 C【解析】【分析】考查时态和主语从句。
根据In the past decade,在最近的几十年里,可知句子用现在完成时态,our education system是句子的主语,单数形式,所以第一空填has focused;第二空是主语从句做主语,if是否,不能引导主语从句,所以第二空填whether。
故选C。
【点评】主语从句主要有三类:1)(1)由连词that引导的主语从句:引导词that无含义,在句中不做成分,不可以省。
例如:That you will win the medal seems unlikely.你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。
(2)用连词whether 引导的主语从句:whether有含义(是否),在句中不做成分,不可以省。
考研英语长难句语法精髓第一个就是关于主从句一,关于主句和从句的划分如何区别主从句:引导词往后数的第二个谓语动词前的那部分就是从句。
那什么是谓语动词:系动词am/are/is算一个谓语动词比如:I am a boy.am就是谓语动词实义动词算一个谓语动词(有实际动作意义的词称为实义动词如:play、swim、run、eat...等等)比如:I play basketball.p lay就是谓语动词助动词+实义动词算一个谓语动词(助动词不能单独充当谓语,必须与实义动词连用才能构成谓语)常见的助动词有do,will,have等等比如:I don’t have an apple.don’t have算一个谓语动词情态动词+实义动词算一个谓语动词(情态动词不能单独充当谓语,必须与实义动词连用才能构成谓语)常见的情态动词有can/could、may/might、have to、ought to、shall/should 比如:I can play football.can play算一个谓语动词请看这个长难句:The noodles that I cooked were delicious.引导词that往后数的第二个谓语动词前的那部分,即were之前的那部分就是从句。
即括号里面的就是从句:The noodles(that I cooked)were delicious.二,如何判断是哪种从句从句可分为:定语从句,名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句和表语从句)和状语从句。
状语从句比较容易理解,我们主要讲下如何区别定语从句和名词性从句。
一个长难句由主句和一个或者多个从句组成。
在我们把主从句区别出来之后,下一步就是判断这是哪种从句。
如何辨别从句:划掉从句,看主句,主句完整就是定语从句(除了同位语从句),主句不完整,就是名词性从句(常见的包括主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句),若缺的是主语,就是主语从句;缺宾语就是宾语从句;缺表语就是表语从句。
考研英语长难句:名词性从句-表语从句
表语从句比较简单,通常是将从句置于系动词,尤其是is后面,一般由that, what, why, how, when, where, whether等连词和关联词引导。
表语从句结构:主语+连系动词+句子作表语。
例如:
That is just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
That is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t go to bed. 那就是他为什么不睡觉的原因。
It looks as if it’s going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
1. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues. (2013 Text 4)
【念念有词】
I)congress n. 代表大会;(尤指政治性)协会,组织,团体。
the National People’s Congress人民代表大会。
The president has lost the support of Congress.(总统已经失去了国会的支持。
)【同】meeting,conference,convention。
II)envision(US envisage)v. 想象,设想;预想;展望。
This journey becomes lengthier and more dramatic than she envisioned at the start.(这旅程比她在一开始设想的更漫长,更具有戏剧性。
);When do you envision finishing the project?(你什么时候
能完成这个项目?)
III)joint a.共同的,共有的,联合的;n.关节;接头,结合处,接合点;v. 接合,联合;把(动物)切成大块。
The joint winners of the competition will each receive $500.(这次比赛同时获胜的参赛者每人可获奖金500英镑。
);He has hurt the joints of his fingers.(他伤了指关节。
)
IV)enforcement n. 实施;强制执行;加强;强调;强调的事。
This process concerns the design and enforcement of policies.(这个流程关心的是策略的设计和执行。
)law enforcement(执法)。
V)explicitly ad.明确地,明白地;显而易见地;直言地。
You have to grant us control explicitly.(你们必须允许我们明确地控制。
);explicit a. 详尽的,明确的;清楚的;直率的。
He made the rules without being explicit about them.(他在对他们不了解的情况下做了规定。
)
【句理力争】
本句主干为That’s because…..,后面是一个由because 引导的表语从句,该从句的主干结构为Congress has….envisioned……enforcement….and encourages state officers…..。
and 连接的是两个并列的谓语部分,其中句尾to share information…作为从句state officers的宾语补足语,说明国会鼓励state officers 所做的事情。
【译译生辉】
这是因为国会一直都希望联邦政府和州政府联合执行移民法律,并明确鼓励州官员与联邦官员共享信息,共同合作。
2. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”(2011 Text 2)
【念念有词】
I)fundamentally ad. 基础地;根本地;从根本上讲。
Two approaches are fundamentally different(这两个处理方法完全不同。
);Fundamentally, this is a matter for doctors.(从根本上讲,这是医生的事。
)【同义词】basically
II)invert n. 颠倒的事物,翻转;同性恋;逆转;v. 使反转,使转化,使颠倒。
In some languages, the word order in questions is inverted. (在某些语言里,问句的顺序是颠倒的。
)
【句理力争】
本句的主干结构是says one headhunter,将谓语前置,形成主谓倒装。
引号内为直接引语,充当says的宾语。
直接引语由两个独立的句子构成,第一个句子由两个并列分句构成,前一个并列分句的主语为The traditional rule,后面跟随一个表
语从句,(that)it’s safer to stay…,其中还包括一个地点状语从句。
后一个并列分句由but引出。
第二个独立句包含两个定语从句,均由who引导,分别修饰people和those。
【译译生辉】
一位猎头说:“传统的规则是待在现在的职位上更安全,但现在已完全不同了。
那些受到最大伤害的人恰恰是在一个地方待得太久的人。
”。