托福听力TPO21原文Lecture2
下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO21原文中Lecture2的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，同时，大家也可以登录前程百利论坛进行TPO练习辅导，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。
TPO21Lecture2Computer Science
Professor：We’ve been talking about the software development cycle,and today I’d like to move on to the next stage of that cycle-testing,and why finding bugs during testing is actually a great thing.Eh...eh... the quality of the software product often relies heavily on how well it’s been tested.Liz?
Student：Um...just a quick thing.Bugs is the word for problems in the program code,right?
Professor：Yeah,in code or in a computer itself.There is a bit of a story behind that term.Um...back in the1940s,when the computer industry was just starting,a group of computer scientists was working late one night,and there was a problem in one of the computers’circuits1.When they examined it,they found a five-centimeter long moth caught in there.Once they debugged the computer,it worked just fine.And ever since then,all kinds of computer problems have been known as bugs.Anyway,you want to find bugs while the software is still in the development and testing phases.Finding them when the software product has already been put on the market can be quite embarrassing.Generally speaking,every software development project has a group of testers and a group of developers.Jack?
Student：And they are different people?
Professor：They are generally completely different group of people.My personal opinion is that they have to be different groups of people because developers often have a bias for their own work,and it blinds them to certain problems that might be obvious to somebody else.So it is always good to have a different set of eyes to go in there and make sure that everything is tested properly.Ok,now,here’s the key. Developers and testers have different mentalities.The mentality of the software developer is construtive, creative,they are spending long hours working together to create and build something new.A software tester,on the other hand,their entire goal is to look at this product and find problems with it,to improve it. Now,this difference between the testers and the developers can lead to an environment where there is a bit of friction.And that friction sometimes makes it difficult for the two teams to work together.There are two projects that I worked on a couple of years ago.One,which I’ll call Project Split,well,the testing and development teams did not work well together.And the other,I’ll call Project Unity,during which both
teams worked very well together.Now,during Project Split,we had defect meetings where the developers and the testers met together,eh...eh...to discuss various problems and how they should be fixed.And you could sense the conflict just by walking into the room.Literally,the testers and the developers sat on opposite sides on the table.Um...and...and the developers were very defensive about the feedback.
Student：Well,if bugs are being pointed out they wouldn’t be too happy since its their work.
Professor：Exactly.Now,‘cause the two teams weren’t working well together,the fixes were coming very very slowly.And you know,a lot of times when you fix bugs you introduce new bugs,or you discover bugs and other areas that only come to light because something has been changed,so fixing all those new additional bugs was also being delayed.Um...the test process went on much longer than expected and we ended up having to put the product on the market with known bugs in it,which was obviously not ideal.
Student：Ok,and what about Project Unity?How was it different?
Professor：Um...this was different because two teams worked closely together during the defect meetings,instead of put up walls.Um...we didn’t even talked about,you know,who should fix this,who is at fault2.We all acknowledge what needed to be fixed.So if we had ten bugs,we said,‘Hey,you know what?Let’s do this one first‘cause this would expose another whole bunch of defects that we haven’t even seen yet.’So we were being proactive3and effective.And because we were so much more effective with our time,we were actually able to do more than just fix the bugs,we even put in some improvements that we hadn’t planned.
教授：之前我们一直在讲软件开发周期，今天我们进入下一阶段的讨论-----软件测试，以及为何在测试过程中找到bug是件好事。呃，软件产品的质量往往很大程度在取决于它的测试情况。利兹，有什么问题吗?
学生：就一个小小的问题，bug是指编程码存在的问题是吗?
教授：是的，编程码或者计算机本身存在的问题都叫bug.其实这个术语的背后还有一个小故事。恩，追溯到20世纪40年代，那还是计算机产业刚刚起步的时候，几个计算机科学家一直工作到很晚，因为计算机的一个回路出现了问题。当他们去检查的时候，发现一个五公分的飞蛾卡在了那里。当他们拿走飞蛾以后，计算机就恢复正常工作了。从此以后，所有计算机的问题都被称为bug了。不管怎么说，bugs最好是在开发或者测试阶段就被发现。如果当软件产品已经投放市场了才发现bug 的话，局势就会比较尴尬了。大致来讲，每个软件工程都有一组开发人员和一组测试人员，杰克?
学生：他们都是不同的人吗?
教授：大致来说他们是由两组完全不同的人组成。我个人的观点是开发人员和测试人员一定要是由两组不同的人来组成，因为软件开发人员总会自己的作品有些偏爱，这就导致他们忽视一些其他人看起来很明显的问题。所以说有不同的人来参与到项目中来的话，会使测试更完善。好啦，其实是这样，开发人员与测试人员的心态是不一样的。软件开发人员是有建设性、有创意性，他们往往花大量的时间来共同创建新的产品。而软件测试人员的主要任务就是观察这些产品并发现问题，然后来提升软件的质量。那么软件开发人员和测试人员之间的不同就会引起一点小摩擦。这种摩擦有时就会使开发人员和测试人员很难在一起协调的工作。两三年前我参与了两个项目。我称其中的一个为分离项目组，这组的开发人员和测试人员就很难在一起共事。另一组我称之为团结项目组，这组人员就合作起来很愉快。第一组人员在进行缺陷讨论会议时，也就是开发人员和测试人员在一起讨论各种各样的问题并找出解决方案，你在一进入会议室的时候将就能感到那种紧张的气氛。准确来讲是，测试人员和开发人员完全对立来坐。呃，而且开发人员对收到的反馈总是持有怀疑的态度。
学生：恩，当bugs被指出的时候他们肯定不会开心，毕竟那是他们做的产品嘛。
教授：的确如此。正因为这两组人员不能协调的工作，所以修正工作总是进行的很缓慢。而且正如你们所知道的，有些时候当你在修正bugs的时候又会引发一些新的bugs，或者在进行了一些调整之后，新的bugs才显现出来，所以说这些新加的bugs总是未能及时修复。呃，测试的过程比预期的要长得多，我们最终就不得不将存有bugs的产品投放市场，当然这并不是明智之举。
学生：好的，那么团结项目组呢?有何不同吗?
教授：恩，这组的不同之处体现于缺陷讨论会上，开发人员和测试人员并没有产生对立的局势，而是很好的进行协作。呃，我们甚至无需指明谁来进行修复，这又是谁的错。我们也都知道到底哪些地方需要修复。所以，假如说我们有十个bugs，我们就会说“嘿，不如这样吧，我们先来修复这个吧”，因为这样就可以显露出一系列我们还没有发现的缺陷问题。因为我们也很有前瞩性和效率性。正因为我们做事很有效率，事实上我们总能不仅仅是修复了bugs，还能注入一些之前没有计划过的升级元素。
以上就是托福听力TPO21原文中Lecture2的文本内容，希望大家能够用心体会，更多TPO文本内容小编稍后为您呈现。最后，小编祝大家在托福考试中取得好成绩！
托福TPO5综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文 【雷哥托福整理】 在备考托福写作的过程中，总是将托福的独立作文放在了第一位，但是实际上，综合作文也是占到了作文总分30分里面的50%的分值，不要等到分数出来了，才发现其实是综合作文的limited或者fair极大的影响了自己的分数。 考过的同学会发现托福综合作文分数不高，很大程度上是受我们听力实力的影响，我们很多托福考生的听力分数只有16分上下的时候，对于托福综合作文的听力妥妥的是束手无策，而且很多托福考生还感觉自己都听懂了，那也只能说明你听懂了大意，但是听力里面要的是每一个细节！请注意，是每一个细节！ 雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-33综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。文末教你如何使用这个材料。 TPO5 综合写作听力+阅读原文 Reading As early as the twelfth century A.D., the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their "great houses," massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high. Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used. While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation, there are three competing theories. One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential, with each housing hundreds of people. Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies. In particular, the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large, well-known "apartment buildings" at Taos, New Mexico, in which many people have been living for centuries.
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO12综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。 托福TPO12综合写作阅读原文文本： Jane Austen (1775-1817) is one of the most famous of all English novelists, and today her novels are more popular than ever, with several recently adapted as Hollywood movies. But we do not have many records of what she looked like. For a long time, the only accepted image of Austen was an amateur sketch of an adult Austen made by her sister Cassandra. However recently a professionally painted, full-length portrait of a teenage girl owned by a member of the Austen family has come up for sale. Although the professional painting is not titled Jane Austen, there are good reasons to believe she is the subject. First, in 1882, several decades after Austen's death, Austen's family gave permission to use the portrait as an illustration in an edition of her letters. Austen's family clearly recognized it as a portrait of the author. So, for over a century now, the Austen family itself has endorsed the claim that the girl in the portrait is Jane Austen. Second, the face in the portrait clearly resembles the one in Cassandra's sketch, which we know depicts Austen. Though somewhat amateurish, the sketch communicates definite details about Austen's face. Even though the Cassandra sketch is of an adult Jane Austen, the features are still similar to those of the teenage girl in the painting. The eyebrows, nose, mouth, and overall shape of the face are very much like those in the full-length portrait. Third, although the painting is unsigned and undated, there is evidence that it was painted when Austen was a teenager. The style links it to Ozias Humphrey, a society portrait painter who was the kind of professional the wealthy Austen family would hire. Humphrey was active in the late 1780s and early 1790s, exactly the period when Jane Austen was the age of the girl in the painting. 托福TPO12综合写作听力原文文本： Professor：The evidence linking this portrait to Jane Austen is not at all convincing. Sure, the painting has long been somewhat loosely connected to Austen's extended family and their descendants, but this hardly proves it's a portrait of Jane Austen as a teenager. The reading's arguments that the portrait is of Austen are questionable at best.First, when the portrait was authorized for use in the 1882 publication of her letters, Jane Austen had been dead for almost 70 years. So the family members who asserted that the painting was Jane had never actually seen her themselves. They couldn't have known for certain if the portrait was of Austen or not.Second, the portrait could very well be that of a relative of Austen's, a fact that would explain the resemblance between its subject and that of Cassandra's sketch. The extended Austen family was very large and many of Jane Austen's female cousins were teenagers in the relevant period or had children who were teenagers. And some of these teenage girls could have resembled Jane Austen. In fact, many experts believe that the truesubject of the portrait was one of those relatives, Marianne Kempian,
1 Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program called "One On One" helps elementary students who've fallen behind. Y ou education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching—that is, tutoring in math and English. Y ou'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. Y ou can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors---he'll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. Y ou can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week. I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service and you'll gain valuable experience at the same time. It looks good on your resume, too, showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about your community. If you'd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodge's office this week. 2 I hope you've all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance so
下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO1原文中Lecture 4的文本内容吧，大 家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。 TPO 1 Lecture 4BiologyNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a biology class. ProfessorFor today’s discussion, we’ll review the case study on how some animals have behaviorally adapted to their environments. Now you had to read about two animal species, the Eastern marmot and the Olympic marmot. Marmots are rodents. They are large ground squirrels, about the size of an average house cat. And they live in a variety of habitats. And even though they spend the significant portion of the year hibernating, according to this case study, marmots are still considered excellent subjects for animal behavioral studies. Why is that? StudentWell, when they are not hibernating, you can find them in open areas. And they are pretty active during the day, which makes them easy to observe, right? ProfessorUh-huh, so first let’s discuss the Eastern marmots. They reside throughout the eastern region of North America where there is a temperate climate, where the growing season lasts for at least five months of the year, which is when they do all their mating, playing and eating. StudentOh, I see. At first I wasn’t sure what growing season meant, just from the reading. But now I get it. It's the amount of time it takes for them to grow, right? So it would be five months? ProfessorUmm? Oh, uh… I’m sorry but no. It has nothing to do with that. It's not about the time it takes for Eastern marmots to grow. It’s when the food is available. That is when it’s not covered in snow and there is no frost covering the grass and, umm, vegetative parts of a plant’s herbs and the flowers the marmots like to eat. So growing season refers to the availability of the food they eat, OK? So now how would you describe the Eastern marmots’ social habits? StudentWell, they are really territorial, and loners, and just so aggressive even with other Eastern marmots. And their mating ritual is just so impersonal. ProfessorUh-huh? Now when they emerge in the spring from hibernation, the mating process begins. For them, well, they come together to mate and then they
0401 W: Hey Steve, got any plans for tonight? M: Hi, Jane. No, I don't think so. Why? Got any suggestions? W: In fact, I do. I just got two tickets to the opening of the exhibit of the reprints by Julia Margaret Cameron. I would have tomention it earlier, but I was on the waiting list for these tickets and I wasn't sure I'd even get them. M: An exhibit, huh? I like such things. But I don't know who Julia…… W: Margaret Cameron! She was a photographer in the 1800s. She is interesting to art-historians in general and students ofphotography in particular because she ... how should I say, change the aesthetics for photography. M: What do you mean? W: Well, her specialty was portraits and instead of just making a factual record of details like most photographers did, you know, justcapturing what a person look like in a dispassionate thought of way. She, like a portrait painter, was interested in capturing hersubject's personality. M: Interesting! How did she do that? W: She invented a number of techniques that affect the picture. Like one of these things she did was blur images slightly by using asoft focus on the subject. That's pretty common now. M: Yeah, seen that. Who did she photograph? W: Famous people of her day, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Charles Darwin, I don't know who else. We'll seeat the exhibition. M: You really pick my curiosity. I am going to enjoy this. 31. What is the conversation mainly about? (A) A famous photographer 32. What did Julia Margaret Cameron emphasize in her portraits? (C) Her subject's personality 33. According to the conversation, what unique photographic technique did Margaret Cameron use? (D) Soft focus 34. What will be the subject of the pictures at the exhibit? (C) Well-known people M: Do you want to the movies with on Saturday? W: Thanks, but I have to study my research project. I'm taking that same anthropology course you took with Prof. Grady. M: The one on ethnographic interviewing? Oh, good! I'm sure you'll get a lot out of it. W: I have to admit the word "ethnography"(人种学) scared me a little at first. It seems so technical. But then when she explained that it's what anthropologists do, you know, how they investigate and record aspects of a culture, I didn't seem so intimidating! M: Yeah, it's all part of the fields work anthropologists conduct and it's good to start doing that now before you become a graduatestudent and have to conduct large projects yourself. Who are you going to interview? W: You know the publishing office where I used to work? Vivian, the woman I worked for, she's been a manager there for over 30years and had seen a lot of changes in the industry. I thought I'd start out by interviewing her about how the people in the officeinteract with each other and with outside clients. M: Isn't it funny how we use the thing that anthropologists study to foreign cultures and had the travel halfway across the world to doit? The best part of that course is that it shows you that ethnographic research can also be done on a familiar ground. W: Yeah. I got the idea from my project from reading Robert Marshal's study of office life and I
官方网站：https://www.doczj.com/doc/9c12858074.html, 老托福听力30篇下载之地球内部构成（原文+翻译） 老托福听力30篇下载之地球内部构成（原文+翻译）。托福考试备考资料你选老托福听力30篇了吗？没选也不要紧，下面小马编辑为大家精选了老托福听力30篇中地球内部构成相关的原文及翻译，同学们不用下载完整版的老托福听力30篇也可以，还等什么，赶快来下载吧。 老托福听力30篇是托福听力考试备考必备的材料，下面为大家整理了老托福听力30篇中地球内部构成相关内容，还附带有原文及翻译，同学们可下载进行练习。 I'm glad you brought up the question of our investigations into the makeup of the Earth's interior. In fact, since this is the topic of your reading assignment for next time, let me spend these last few minutes of class talking about it. There were several important discoveries in the early part of this century that helped geologists develop a more accurate picture of the Earth's interior. The first key discovery had to do with seismic waves. Remember they are the vibrations caused by earthquakes. Well, scientists found that they traveled thousands of miles through the Earth's interior. This finding enabled geologists to study the inner parts of the Earth. You see, these studies revealed that these vibrations were of two types: compression or P waves and shear or S waves. And researchers found that P waves travel through both liquids and solids, while S waves travel only through solid matter. In 1906, a British geologist discovered that P waves slowed down at a certain depth but kept traveling deeper. On the other hand, S waves either disappeared or were reflected back, so he concluded that the depth marked the boundary between a solid mantle and a liquid core. Three years later, another boundary was discovered, that between the mantle and the Earth's crust. There's still a lot to be learned about the Earth. For instance, geologists know that the core is hot. Evidence of this is the molten lava that flows out of volcanoes. But we're still not sure what the source of the heat is. 我很高兴你对我们关于地球内部构成的研究提出问题。事实上，这个话题将是你们的下一个阅读作业，现在让我用占用课堂上的几分钟说说这个话题。在这个世纪有几个重要的发现，它们帮助地质学家显影出一张更精准的地球内部构成图。第一个关键的发现与震波有关。记住震波是地震引起的震动。于是科学家发现这些震波是穿过数千英里从地球内部传来的。这个发现使科学家能够研究地球里面的部分。你看，这些研究显示震动有两种类型：压缩波或者叫P型波，和切变波或者叫S型波。研究人员还发现P型波可以穿过液体和固体，而S型波只能穿过固体物品。在1906年，一位英国地质学家发现P型波在一定的深度传播很慢，但是会继续向更深的地方传播。另一方面，S型波不是消失就是被反射回来，所以他推断出深度标志着固体地幔与液体地心的边界。三年后，另一个边界被发现，是地幔与地壳的边界。还有很多关于地球的奥秘等着我们去了解。例如，地质学家根据从火山流出的熔岩知道地心是炎热的，但是我们还是不能确定地心热量的来源是什么。
Conversation 1: Passage 1 Man: Hi. Are you Paula? $ Woman: Jim? $ Man: Hi. Nice to meet you. $ Woman: Glad to meet you. $ Man: So, you need some tutoring in English? $ Woman: Yeah. I'm taking English composition, and I'm not doing very well on my essays. $ Man: Right. Um, well, first let's see if we can figure out a time to meet . . . that we're both free. $ Woman: Okay. $ Man: How about Mondays? Maybe in the morning? I don't have any classes until eleven on Mondays. $ Woman: That would work, but I was hoping we could, you know, meet more than once a week. $ Man: Oh. Well, Tuesdays are out. I've got classes and, uh, I work at the library part time on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Bu t I could get together on Wednesdays. $ Woman: In the morning? $ Man: Probably nine-thirty would be best. That way we'd have an hour to work before I'd have to get ready for my eleven o'clock.
托福听力TPO14原文Lecture4 下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO14原文中Lecture4的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，同时，大家也可以登录前程百利论坛进行TPO练习辅导，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。 TPO14Lecture4Archeology Professor：When we think of large monumental structures built by early societies and Egyptian pyramid probably comes to mind.But there are some even earlier structures in the British Isles also worth discussing,and besides the well-known circle of massive stones of Stonehenge which don’t get me wrong is remarkable enough,well,other impressive Neolithic structures are found there too.Oh,yes,we are talking about the Neolithic period here,also called new Stone Age,which was the time before stone tools began to be replaced by tools made by bronze and other metals.It was about5000years ago,even before the first Egyptian pyramid that some of amazing Neolithic monuments---tombs, were racketed at the very size around ironed Great Britain and costal islands nearby.I am referring particular to structures that in some cases,look like ordinary natural hills.But we definitely build by humans,well-organized communities of human’s to enclose a chamber or room within stone walls and sometimes with a high,cleverly designed sealing of overlapping stones.These structures are called Passage Graves,because in the chamber,
家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。 TPO 1 Lecture 1Contemporary artListen to part of a lecture in a contemporary art class. ProfessorOk, I’m going to begin this lecture by giving you your next assignment. Remember I said that at some point during this semester I wanted you to attend an exhibit at the Fairy Street Gallery and then write about it? Well, the exhibit that I want you to attend is coming up. It’s already started in fact, but it’ll be at the gallery for the next month, which should give you plenty of time to complete this assignment. The name of the artist exhibiting there is Rose Frantzen. Frantzen’s work may be unfamiliar to you since she’s a relatively young artist. But she’s got a very unusual style, compared to some of the artists we’ve looked at this term. But anyway, Frantzen’s style is what she herself calls Realistic Impressionism. So you’ve probably studied both of these movements separately, separate movements, Realism and Impressionism, in some of your art history courses. So who can just sum these up? StudentWell, Impressionism started in the late 19th century. Um…the basic impressionist style was very different from earlier styles. It didn’t depict scenes or models exactly as they looked. Um… Impressionist painters tended to apply paint really thickly, and in big brushstrokes, so the texture of the canvas was rough. ProfessorGood. What else? What were the subjects? StudentWell, a lot of impressionist artists painted everyday scenes, like people on the streets and in cafes, uh, lots of nature scenes, especially landscapes. ProfessorGood. So when you go to the exhibit, I really want you to take a close look at a certain painting. It’s a farm scene. And you will see it right as you enter the gallery. The reason I think this painting is so important is that it stresses the impressionist aspect of Frantzen’s style. It’s an outdoor scene, an everyday scene. It’s kind of bleak, but you can really see those broad brushstrokes and the blurry lines. The colors aren’t quite realistic. The sky is kind of, well an unnatural pinkish yellow. And the fence in the foreground
1 Community service【社区服务】is an important component of education here at our university. 在我们大学这里，社区服务是教育的一个重要组成部分。 We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. 我们鼓励所有的学生在他们毕业前至少志愿参加一次社区活动。 A new community program called "One On One"【一对一】helps elementary students who've fallen behind. 一个新的社区计划，叫做“一对一”，帮助落后的小学生 You education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching—that is, tutoring in math and English. 你们教育专业的可能对此很感兴趣，因为它提供了教学的机会，也就是说，辅导数学和英语 You'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. 你们必须在一学期内每周志愿服务两个小时。你可以选择帮助一个孩子的数学、英语或两个都帮。 Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week. 半个小时的课程就好，所以你可以每项做半个小时, 一周做两天。