(1). It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of the light, it was the season of darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going to heaven, we were all going direct the other way. （这是最美好的时期，这是最坏（糟糕）的时期；这是智慧的时代，这是愚蠢的时代；这是充满信仰的时代，这是顾虑重重（怀疑）的时代；这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节；这是富有希望的春天，这是充满绝望的冬天；我们拥有一切，我们一无所有；我们正笔直走向天堂，我们正笔直走向地狱）
(2).A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lead an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition. （一张小小的贺卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人（朋友）背；它令人喜洋洋，撩得心痒痒，抹去泪汪汪；它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人以温存，给新娘以祝福，给路人以欢呼；它可用于挥手道别，高声喝彩，遥寄飞吻，也可以弥补嫌隙，减轻痛苦，提高士气，解除忧患，开创一种新风尚。）
As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.
Professional literature have been regarded as “intangible asserts”of the whole world because they are, one the one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of theachievements obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies; and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this case, therefore, all kinds of literature are records of precious research findings and academic achievements, and the crystallization of human civilization. （作为一种重要的知识储备手段，各类文献已经成为人类宝贵的资源和财富，大大促进了人类的社会进步。
专业文献一向被认为是全世界的“无形资产”。因为一方面它们是对前人经验或研究成果的总结、概括和发展；另一方面，又是人类长期积累、世代相传的遗产。因此，从这种意义上讲，所有文献都是前人研究发现和学术成果的宝贵记载，是人类文明的结晶。）
（已考）Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major source of indoor air pollution. A major point stressed in both the Surgeon General’s Report and the National Academy of Science’s Report is that methods used to determine the exposure of the nonsmoking population to ETS must be improved. In this dissertation, a semi-real time system for monitoring ETS are proposed and compared with other systems. Several new tracers for ETS are proposed. The generalization and decay of ETS in an indoor environmental laboratory is studied. A new technique for analyzing microgram and submicrogram amount of nicotine and cotinine biological fluids is developed. A unique exposure study to ETS is to carry out wherein never-smokers are exposed to ETS.
Much evidence has accumulated that fine particulate matter in the atmosphere affects human health and atmospheric properties. To monitor airborne particles, it is necessary to separate various particle sizes in the atmosphere and to determine the chemical compositions of the particles. A new high flow rate, multichannel parallel plate denuder sampling system has been developed which is capable of determining the particle size distributions and the semi-volatile organic compounds which can be lost from particles during sampling.
香烟造成的环境烟气(ETS)足使室内空污染的主要污染源。来自(美国)军医局局长报告和国家科学院的报告都着重强调了这一点：传统的用以确定有多少非吸烟者受到ETS危害
的方法必须加以改进。本文提出了一种监控ETS的半实时系统并将该系统与其它系统进行了比较。作者建议使用一些新的跟踪器对ETS进行监控并对ETS在室内环境实验室的一般情况及衰减问题作了研究。作者研制了一项新技术分析尼古丁和可铁宁的生物液微克和亚微克量。并将对ETS进行一项独特的曝露研究，让非吸烟者置于ETS环境进行试验。
现今业已积累的大量证据表明，大气层中的微粒影响人类健康和大气的性质。为了监控空中的微粒，很有必要将大气层中各种微粒的大小分开，并确定其化学成分。已研制出一种新的高流速率，多通道平行盘溶蚀器取样系统，它能确定微粒大小的分布，以及在取样期间从微粒失去的具有半挥发性的有机混合物。
INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS
Selection of papers for presentation and inclusion in the digest will be made on the basis of abstracts submitted by intending authors. Abstracts and any supporting figures must be confined to a single A4 or 210 x 297mm page.
The letter accompanying the abstract must include the principal author’s complete mailing address and fax number. All abstracts must be received by 6 DECEMBER 1992.
Forward abstracts to the Technical Program Chairman: (omitted)
Following review of abstracts by the Technical Committee authors will be advised by 6 March 1993 whether or not their papers have been accepted. All papers must be in English.
Complete papers, of length up to 4 pages, will be sought at that stage and must be received by 8 May 1993. The digest will be prepared directly from photo-ready materials submitted by authors and be provided to Conference attendees.
GENERAL ENQUIRIES
For general enquiries concerning the 1993 ASIA-PACIFIC MICROW A VE
CONFERENCE direct enquiries to: (omitted)
作者须知
用于宣读和编入文摘的论文将根据作者提交的摘要中选出。摘要以及任何所附插图必须限制在一页之内，其规格为A4纸或210 x 297毫米。
寄稿附函须包括主要作者的完整邮政地址和传真号码。所有摘要的收稿截止日期为1992午12月6日。
请将摘要寄送大会技术委员会主席。(地址略)
技术委员会在对所收文摘进行审阅以后，无论接受其论文与否，都将于1993午3月6日之前通知作者本人。所有论文都必须用英文写成。
论文全文的长度应在4页以内，在作者收到入选通知时便可寄出，收件截止日期为1993午5月8日。论文要点将根据作者提供的直接复制的论文资料进行概括，并提供给与会者。
会议咨询
有关1993年亚太地区微波会议的咨询，请直接向……(地址略)询问。
Dear Professor Liang,
The Conference Steering Committee is pleased to inform you that your abstract rifled above has been accepted for presentation at the ASEE 4th International Conference on Engineering Computer Graphics and Descriptive Geometry, to be held in Miami, Florida, USA, June 11 ~ 15, 1990.
We hope you will accept our invitation to participate. To assist with program planning, please
complete and return the enclosed Confirmation and Speaker Information Form by fax before December 12, 1989 so that we may include the correct information in the program and notify alternates if necessary.
Please start writing your paper. In a separate package, you will receive the instructions on the preparation of manuscripts. You should be getting this information sometime after the first of the year. Completed manuscripts are due on March 1, 1990.
The final program and registration information will be sent to you in early March, 1990. We look forward to working with you and to having you on the program at the Miami meeting.
If you have any questions at any time, please feel free to contact me at (305)554-2824. Our fax number is (305) 554-3582.
Sincerely,
Oktay Ural, Ph.D.P.E.
Conference Chairman
亲爱的梁教授，
大会指导委员会很高兴地通知您，您的抽象上面膛线已被接受为介绍在工程上的计算机图形和画法几何的ASEE第四届国际会议，将在迈阿密，佛罗里达州，美国6月11日?15日，1990年举行。
我们希望您能接受我们的邀请来参加。为了协助方案规划，请填妥并1989年12月12日之前交回随附之确认和扬声器信息表格并传真，以便我们可以包括在程序中正确的信息，并在必要时通知交替。
请开始写你的论文。在一个单独的软件包，您将收到稿件的编写说明。一段时间后的第一年内，你应该得到这个信息。完成手稿的截止日期是3月1日，1990.The最终方案和注册信息将在三月初，1990发送给您。我们期待着与您合作，并有你的节目在迈阿密会议。
如果你有在任何时间任何疑问，请随时与我联系（305 ）554-2824 。我们的传真号码是（305 ）554-3582 。
真诚的，
奥克塔伊乌拉尔，Ph.DPE
会议主席
The history of computing began with an analog machine. In 1623 German scientist Wilhelm Schikard invented a machine that used 11 complete and 6 incomplete sprocketed wheels that could
add and, with the aid of logarithm tables, multiply and divide.
French philosopher, mathematician, and physicist Blaise Pascal invented a machine in 1642 that added and subtracted, automatically carrying and borrowing digits from column to column. Pascal built 50 copies of his machine, but most served as curiosities in parlors of the wealthy. Seventeenth-century German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz designed a special gearing system to enable multiplication on Pascal's machine.
In the early 19th century French inventor Joseph-Made Jacquard devised a specialized type of computer: a loom. Jacquard's loom used punched cards to program patterns that were output as woven fabrics by the loom. Though Jacquard was rewarded and admired by French emperor Napoleon I for his work, he fled for his life from the city of Lyon pursued by weavers who feared their jobs were in jeopardy due to Jacquard's invention. The loom prevailed, however: When Jacquard passed away, more than 30,000 of his looms existed in Lyon. The looms are still used today, especially in the manufacture of fine furniture fabrics..
计算器的历史起始于一台模拟机。1623年德国科学家Wilhelm Schikard首创了一台模拟机，该机器利用11个完整的、6个不完整的链轮进行加法运算，并能借助对数表进行乘除运算。
法国哲学家、数学家、和物理学家帕斯卡于1642年发明了用机器进行加减运算，该机器可以自动进行竖式借位运算。帕斯卡将机器复制了50部，但其中的大多数成了富有人家客厅中引入好奇的摆设。17世纪德国数学家Gottfried Leibniz设计了一种特殊齿轮传动装置，能在帕斯卡的机器上进行乘法运算。
19世纪初，法国发明家Joseph Marie Jacquard设计出一种专用计算机：织机。Jacquard 的织机利用打了孔的卡片为图样编制程序，而输出的是织好的布匹。尽管Jacquard的发明受到法国皇帝拿破伦一世的奖赏和赞许，但为了躲避织布工匠的追捕，他逃离了里昂城，亡命他乡——因为工匠们害怕他的发明会砸了大家的饭碗。然而，织机最终还是越来越流行。Jacquard逝世时，里昂市的织机总量已超过30,000台。织机沿用至今，在精美家具布帘(垫)制造业尤甚。
The following is a sample of Letter Report and its Chinese version.
The General Manager,
Acme Electronics Ltd.,
Canberra, ACT2600.
Dear Sir,
RENOV A TIONS, 153 HILLCREST
You instructed me on 20th June, 1998 to report on the repairs and renovation needed at the Company’s premises at 153 Hillcrest. I accordingly visited the premises on 25th June and made the following observations:
1. That the walls of the Branch Office Manager’s office need to be repainted.
2. That the air-conditioning plant needs to be serviced in the near future.
3. That the carpet in the reception hall is very worn and needs to be replaced by a new one.
4. That the lock on the rear door of the premises can very easily be forced and needs to be replac ed by a stronger “dead lock.”
5. That an additional telephone is needed in the General Office.
I therefore recommend that the Maintenance Office be instructed to carry out the renovations l—4 above and that the Telephone Company be requested to install an additional receiver in the General Office on the same line as the existing receivers.
Yours faithfully,
C. S. Spencer
Maintenance Engineer 堪培拉，ACT2600
Acme电子有限公司
总经理
总经理先生：
您于1998年6月20日指示，要我对HILLCREST街153号公司房舍需修整翻新的事宜向您报告。为此，我于6月25日视察了该处房屋，现向您书面汇报如下：1．分公司经理室的墙壁需要粉刷油漆。
2．空调设备需要尽快维修。
3．接待厅地毯严重磨损，需要更新。
4．房舍后门的锁很不牢实，需要更换成结实的”单闩锁印”。
5．公司办公室需要加装一部电话。
综上所述，请您指示公司维修部对上述前四项进行维修，并请电话公司利用现有电话线路为办公室另安装一部电话。
维修工程师
C．S．斯宾塞翻译的意义是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地讲，它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一种艺术。从以上翻译的定义来看。我们知道词句的原意必须尽可能保持准确，不可有所增删。翻译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。因此，翻译有良种要素：准确性与表达性。
准确性是翻译的首要条件。译者必须谨慎地遵循原作者的意思。字词的选择与句式结构必须如实传达原作的思想。表达性是使译文易于理解。换言之，译者必须用自己的文字尽可能将原作思想清楚而有力地表达出来。准确性是使译文的意义确切无误，而表达性则是使译文生动，引人入胜。
(Translation means the conversion of an expression into another language. To say plainly it is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original. From the above definition of the translation, we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as exactly as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simple to change vocabulary not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness.
Accuracy is the first requisite of the translation. The translator must be stick to the author’idea carefully. Words selected and sentences construction must be of such nature as will convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understand. In other words, translator must express his author’s idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.)
(已考)在本《国际标准》中，”文摘”一词的意义是：对原文献内容准确、扼要而不加解释或评论的表述。无论作者是谁，对此均不应有所不同。一篇文摘应该根据文献的内容与文体，使之具有尽可能多的报道性。也就是说，文摘应尽可能多的表达文献内容中包含的定量或定性的信息。报道性文摘对于叙述实验研究和主题单一的文献足较为理想的。但某些内容庞杂或冗长的文献，例如泛述、综述以及整篇或整集的专著，则允许备有一个仅仅起指示性、描述性指南作用的文摘。还有一种必不可少的融报道性与指示性于一体的综合性文摘，这类文摘适用于文摘长度受限制，或因文献类型与文体的限制，而有必要对文献的要点作报道性介绍的情况。
美洲的第一批发明专利足于1642年由殖民政府发布的。1790年美国的首批专利法根据宪法第一条第八款在国会获得通过，该项法令由一个三人委员会监督实施，这三人分别为美国国务卿，陆军部长，司法总长。美国现行专利体系是在1836年7月4日通过的法令的基础上建立起来的。很多立法条例修改了最早的专利法，其中最重要的有1870午7月8日通过的法令，以及后来的1952年7月19日法令。后者修订和整理了专利法和一些修正案一起，构成了现行专利法。1849年专利局成为内政部的一部分，1925年总统颁布行政命令，将专利局转属商业部管辖。1975年1月2日，专利局更名为专利商标局。
The first American patent wholesale Ming foot in 1642 released by the colonial government. 1790 The first U.S. patent law under the Constitution, paragraph 8 of the first to get through Congress, the Act consists of a three-member committee to oversee the implementation, the three men were the United States Secretary of State, Secretary of the Army, Assistant Attorney General. Current U.S. patent system is built on the basis of the Act of July 4, 1836 passed on. Many of the earliest legislative regulations amend the Patent Law, the most important are the 1870 decree by the afternoon of July 8, and later the 19 July 1952 decree. The latter revision and consolidation of the patent law and some amendments together, constitute the current patent law. Patent Office in 1849 became part of the Ministry of Interior, the President issued Executive Order 1925, the Patent Office will transfer to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Commerce. January 2, 1975, the Patent Office was renamed Patent and Trademark Office.
Unit 1 general description of literature reading and translation 1.Definition of Literature Literature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations. As an important means for preserving knowledge, literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race. 2.Classification of Literature 1) Textbooks（课本） a kind of professional writing（一种专业的写作） 2) Monographs（专著） various viewpoints and discussions 3) Papers（论文） the theoretical analysis and experimental description title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references 4) Encyclopedias(百科全书) every branch of knowledge 5) Periodicals （期刊） a series of publications 6)Special Documentation（特殊文档） all the printed materials 3.Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature stylistically (文体上) scientific literature is a kind of form writing; syntactically（结构上）scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures and in most cases is rather unitary; Morphologically（语法上）scientific literaure is featured by high specialization,the use of technical terms and jargons ,unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word Principles or Criteria of Translation Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu’s three- character guide”-----xin, da, ya, namely, faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅). These three principle has always been regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation. Despite a variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted by all, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these two criteria as the principle scientific literature translation. By faithful/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free form stiff formula and mechanical copying form dictionaries. Unit 2 professional papers 2.1.Definition of professional papers A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic. It is variously known as the “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”. The task of the author of a paper is essentially the same: to read on a particular topic, gather information about it, and report the findings in it. 2.2.Classification of professional papers
Unit 1. General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing 1. Classification of Professional Papers A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic. 1) Report Paper The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of author(s) on a particular subject. The author(s) may not give his/their own opinion on the issue, nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them ins sensible sequence. 2)Research Paper A research paper can be intelligent, well-informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions. It draws its material from many sources. Its aim is to assemble facts and ideas and by studying then to draw new conclusions as to facts or interpretations, or to present the material in the light of a new interest. Research papers are or can be the most important and reliable sources for textbooks, monographs, and all other documentary works. 3) Course Paper Different from the report paper and research paper, a course paper mainly refers to the paper written after a specific course is learned or at the end of the term. So its contents usually should be in line with the course requirements and under the instruction of the course instructor. Since this type of paper is always written and handed in at the end of the term , it is also called ―term paper‖. 4) Thesis Paper (Dissertation论述) A thesis paper is usually written and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA or MS (or Ph.D) in a specific discipline.Unlike a report paper, a thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that the writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. Writing a thesis paper requires the writer to exercise judgment, evaluate evidence, and construct a logical argument, whereas writing a report paper does not. 2.General Characteristics of English Academic Writing Style Academic writing in English is linear, which means it has one central point or theme with every part contributing to the main line of argument, without digressions（扯开，离题）or repetitions. Its objective is to inform rather than entertain. Accordingly, academic writing is structured, formal and objective. Its language is often abstract and complex.
信用合作社的会员增长，多个成员团体以 及代理控制问题 Keith J.Leggett，Robert W.Strand 美国银行家协会，美国，华盛顿特区20036-3902，北部康涅狄格大道1120 2001年8月30日接收 摘要 从1982开始，联邦信贷联盟监管机构允许信用合作社添加多个会员组。该政策在1988年被美国最高法院驳回，但之后美国国会在晚些时候使其重新生效。允许信用社附加多个会员组，大大促进了行业的快速发展。为信用社增加无关的群体扩大，所有权和控制权的分离增加的前景，创造了潜在的代理控制问题。这可能是由一信用合作社一人一票的治理结构形成的。本研究发现的证据表明，由于信用社增加会员组和成员，代理问题才发展。如果一个信用联盟，接纳多个会员组，当会员增加时，管理层显然是能够把剩余收益又会员（在净息差高的形式）向自己引导（更高的工资和运营费用）。?2002爱思维尔科学公司版权所有。JEL分类:G21；G28；G34 关键词:信用联社；公司治理结构 1.介绍 Keith J.Leggett，Robert W.Strand/金融经济学回顾Ⅱ（2002）37-46 信用合作社资产 数据来源据国家信用合作社管理局 在过去的二十年里，美国信用社行业又有飞速增长。如图1所示，在这个时期行业资产年均增长近11%，大部分的增长可以归因于在1982年由美国国家信用合作社管理局（NCUA）的一个决定。联邦政府特许的信用合作社的监管机构允许不同的会员团体加入。在最高法院裁定NCUA多个集团政策违反了联邦信用社法案之后，国会于1998年考证了立法监管机构的行为。 最近发生的这些事情可能会影响管理者和信用合作社所有者之间的权力平衡。不像其他存款金融机构（银行和储蓄机构），由于他们无需被征联邦所得税，信用合作社享受补贴收入。管理者可能会充分利用统治结构请求更大份额的税务补贴。信用社是免税的金融机构。 *联系人/：+1-202-663-5506；传真：+1-202-828-4547 电子邮箱：kleggett@https://www.doczj.com/doc/9b7012292.html,(K.J.Leggett).
课程名称：马克思主义基本原理概论试题类别：A 一、单项选择题：1~40小题，每小题1分，共40分。下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合试题要求的。 请将答案填入试卷第二页末的答题卡内。 1. 马克思主义最重要的理论品质是（ D ） A．实事求是 B．具体问题具体分析 C．博大精深 D．与时俱进 2. 就理想的内容来划分，有生活理想、职业理想、道德理想、社会理想等。其中全部理想的核心是（ A ） A．社会理想 B．道德理想 C．生活理想 D．职业理想 3.马克思主义革命性与科学性统一的基础是（ C ） A．战斗性 B．理论性 C．实践性 D．逻辑性 4.两大哲学基本派别是（ A ） A．唯物主义和唯心主义 B．可知论和不可知论 C．思维和存在 D．辩证法和形而上学 5.物质的唯一特性是 ( B ) A. 不可逆性 B. 客观现实性 C. 可知性 D. 伸张性 6.空间是物质运动的 ( A ) A.广延性和伸张性 B.持续性和顺序性 C.绝对性和无限性 D.有限性和特殊性 7. 实践的最基本形式是（ B ） A.处理人和人之间关系的活动 B.改造自然的生产活动 C.推动历史进步的活动 D.一切创造性活动 8.“世界上除了运动着的物质，什么也没有。”这是一种（ B ） A.机械唯物主义观点 B.辩证唯物主义观点 C.庸俗唯物主义观点 D.朴素唯物主义观点 9.在客观规律面前，人的主观能动性表现在（ C ） A.人可以创造规律 B.人可以改变规律 C.人可以认识和利用规律 D.人可以消灭规律 10.唯物辩证法的总特征是（D） A.对立统一的观点B．绝对和相对的观点 C．共性和个性的观点D．联系和发展的观点 11.医学科学证明，如果人的大脑皮层受损，就会丧失思维能力，没有意识，这说明（ B ）
读书笔记的要求： 1、Topic 主题是什么（重要吗？） 2、Theory 理论背景是什么（充分吗？） 3、Issue 要研究的问题是什么（有趣吗？/有意义吗？） 4、Hypothesis 研究假设是什么，推导的逻辑是什么（合理吗？） 5、Study 求证的方法是什么（科学吗？） 6、Result 主要的结果是什么（令人惊奇吗？surprise?) 7、Explanation 结果的意料/意外是什么，基于文献如何解释，有什么意义和启示，存在的问题（有价值/不足吗？) 8、Implication 对该领域的研究有什么启发，对你的研究有什么借鉴（有实用/收获吗？） 9、如果让你来做这样一个研究，你会这么做吗？你还能怎么做？ 一篇文献阅读笔记都要对以上问题给予回答，从读每一篇文献开始积累idea，为今后 的 study 积累素材。 上一个读书笔记的要求是把具体细节都给说清楚了，下面是关于读书笔记写法。 读书笔记的写法是： （1）什么杂志，第几期，什么地方有关于什么问题的什么论述，它对于我即将做的博论文有什么参考作用，或者我对于这个问题有什么自己的见解，可能会有什么贡献等等。 （2）读书笔记要进行分类，如分为数学模型方面的；实证研究方面的；中文文献方面的；外文文献方面的；数据方面的；纯理论方面的；政策分析方面的；学术争论方面的；案例材料方面的等等。 （3）重点分析或者精读几篇代表性的文献； （4）重要的是要写心得体会； （5）重要的数据要及时记下来； （6）前面的过程可能有反复，自己的见解也会有变化的。 以上只是简单的对网络上关于读书笔记写法的一个汇总。有点乱，但是还比较全。等自己写出一篇像样的读书笔记后，再结合自己的写作过程好好修改整理下该日志。 做好读书笔记是获取知识的一种基本工具，一篇好的读书笔记要让自己几乎不用阅读原文就可以掌握大致内容。所以读书笔记的结构、内容不重要，重要的是能提供一个直观的理解。以本人阅读经济管理类外文的经验，做这类读书笔记一般包括以下几个方面： 一、作者简介 要简要说明作者的学术和工作背景，主要成就、主要书籍、论文和研究方向。 二、当前学习的动机（motivation） 读书笔记开头就应该明确地交代本文的写作背景或者写作目的，即本文是为了解决什么理论问题或解释现实问题的。通常的做法，就是简要交代一下文章所追叙的理论线索。这部分的内容单单依靠原文的综述怕是不够，需要作者自己整理。
Unit 1 General Description of Literature Reading and Translation 1. Definition of Literature Literature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations. 2. Classification of Literature 1) Textbooks(教科书)：In general, a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning. 2) Monographs(专著)：A monograph is an artide or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply. 3) Papers(论文)：A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc. 4) Encyclopedias(百科全书)：An encyclopedia is a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with one particular branch, in alphabetical order. 5) Periodicals(期刊)：A periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals. 6) Special Documentation(特别文件)：Special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals. 3. Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature 1) Stylistically(在文体上), literature is a kind of formal writing. 2) Syntactically(在语句构成上), scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary. 3) Morphologically(在词法上), scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word. 4) Besides, non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc. 4. Discussion 1. What is your opinion on the importance of translation? Can you cite some examples to support your idea? As a means of communication, translation plays an important role in human civilization. for example , in the West, literary translation can be traced back to 300 BC; while in China, recorded translation activities are even earlier, dating from Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC). A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. Proper and dexterous translation helps promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds. For example ,the ordinary word “menu”. Its original meaning is “a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals. However, when it is used in computer science, its meaning shifts to “a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform.” 2. What is translation? Do you agree with the author’s point of view? Why or why not? If the word “translation” refers to a subject, it is a science. If it refers to some specific pieces
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.doczj.com/doc/9b7012292.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.doczj.com/doc/9b7012292.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。https://www.doczj.com/doc/9b7012292.html, 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：https://www.doczj.com/doc/9b7012292.html,/6946901637944806 翻译时的速度： 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本《英汉科学技术词典》，基本上挺好用。再加上网站如：google CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。 具体翻译时的一些技巧（主要是写论文和看论文方面） 大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我强烈建议大家仔
共4页 江苏大学2004年硕士研究生入学考试试题 第1 页 考试科目：分析化学 考生注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题及草稿纸上无效！ 、选择题(40 分) 1、( 2分)下列各数中，有效数字位数为四位的是 (A) 3 (CaO)=25.30% (B) [H + ]=0.0235mol/L (D) 4200Kg 络合滴定中，当被测离子 M 浓度为干扰离子 N 浓度10倍时，欲用控制酸度方法 TE < ±).1%、△ pM=± 0.2 贝U IgK(MY)-IgK(NY) 应大于 (A) K 262O 7 (B) W2S 2O 3 (2分)以下浓度均为 0.1mol L -1 (D)H 2C 2O 4 2H 2O 中，能准确滴定其中强酸(或强 碱)的是 3、 4 、 5、 6 、 (A) 5 (2 分) (A) E o (C) E o (B) 6 Ox-Red 电对，25 C 时条件电位( 0.059 a °x ---- lg — n a Red Ox a Ox (D) E o ° 05 % n Red a Red (B) E ° (2分)将甲基橙指示剂加到一无色水溶液中, (A)中性 (B)碱性 (2 分)反应 2A + + 3B 4+ * 2A 4+ + 3B 2+ (A) ( E A O + E B O )/2 (B) (2 E A O +3E B O )/5 (2分)以下物质必须采用间接法配制溶液的是 (C) 7 E 。)等于 a Ox 0.059 lg n a Red 0.059 I Ox a Red ---- lg ---------- n Re d a Ox (D) 8 溶液呈黄色，该溶液的酸碱性为( (C)酸性 (D)不定 到达化学计量点时电位值是( (C) (3E A O +2E B °)/5 (D) 6(E A O -E B °)/0.059 机密★启用前 (C) pH=10.46 2、( 2 分) 滴定，要求 7、 (C)Z n 的各混合酸(或碱) (A) HCl + 一氯乙酸(pK a =2.86) (B) HCl +HAc (pK a =4.74) (C) HCl + NH 4CI (pK a =9.26) (D) NaOH + NH 8、( 2分)符合朗伯 -比耳定律的有色溶液，当有色物质的浓度增加时，最大吸收波长和吸 光度分别是 (A)不变，增加 (B)不变，减小 (C)增加，不变 (D)减小，不变
研究生如何有效阅读文献 对于一个刚刚进行研究课题的研究生来说，进行大量文献阅读是从事科学研究的第一个阶段，通过文献的阅读可以了解国内外相关领域的研究现状，同时也能从文献中学到很多实验方法，然而，面对大量的英文文献，将所有精力平均分配在每篇文献中是不可取的，毕竟研究生的学习期限较短，谁也不愿意读五年、六年之后才能毕业，因此，对于不同的文献可以采用三种不同的方法，即略读、泛读和精读。如何才能将大量文献进行分类呢？首先我们得学会快速把握文献主体思想的技巧。一般在阅读一篇文献之前，要注意文献发表在什么样的刊物上面，一般影响因子高的期刊相对而言文章质量稍好，但也需要自己去把握，很多期刊的文章并不见得就好，很多也是垃圾，因此，各位同仁不要过多迷信文献，要有自己的判断，如果一篇文献太短，一般质量不会很高，至少说明其文中内容较少或没把问题讲明白。当觉得一篇文献篇幅较多，并且发表于重要期刊，则可以进行略读。略读一般是粗略读读摘要、引言后部分以及结论，一般摘要会将文献的研究内容及方法作简要交代，引言后部一般会说明做这工作的必要性，结论则说明文献的研究得出的结果与不足，通过略读一般我们会知道这篇文献对自己是否重要，是否有必要泛读或精读。如果觉得文献比较重要，有必要将了解其研究方法及实验文析的整个过程，则可进行文献的泛读。泛读一般是对于整个文献在略读的基础上进行全文的阅读，但对于文中的公式与理论或者读不懂的地方暂且放过，主要要了解作者的结论是如何得出来的，作者如何旁征博引来说明自己的观点，从而得出了结论。有的时侯，一篇文献尽管有些地方没有读明白，但并不影响我们学习这篇文献的精华部分，也许不懂的地方对于我们自己的研究并不重要，因此，对于这样的文献我们学到此已经足够了。如果对于一些与自身研究密切相关，并且有些理论或分析可能对自身研究有很重要的意义或启发作用时，则需对文献进行精读。精读则需要对需要做大理的功课，包括学习相应的理论知识，寻找文献背后的参考文献进行学习，以了解文献的相关背景知识。精读一篇牛人的文献或者一篇对自身研究有用的文献，是一个系统的学习过程，也是自身科研能力大幅提高的过程。 之一：1。由点到面。选工作实践中的疑点，热点，由一个小枝节，检索较全的文献，一般近期的20 篇左右已经相当多了。之所以不必在意3年以前的，是因为知识更新非常快，且网上能查到的多为近几年的全文。学习别人是怎么发现解决问题的。知道目前对这个问题的共同看法，和分歧。然后，扩展开，根据兴趣和研究的目的，知道，在研究的领域：谁的文章被引用的次数多，谁的文章最多最新最有启发性。去图书馆找他的文章看全文。逐步扩展自己的视野，构建个人的专业知识结构和看法。2。由杂到精。有了一定的知识基础以后，对于繁杂的文献，要有个人的判断。追踪某个专题、某个专家的研究进展，比较对于同一专题的论点的发展，掌握其新的方法或新结论，或注意作者观点的改变，探究其原因。培养个人的学术修养。对于高质量高水平的期刊，定期浏览，从面上了解学术进展和热点，根据个人的兴趣和工作进展，逐篇仔细阅读新作.3。好记性不如烂笔头。无论是工作中的点滴发现，思想火花，都应该写下来。我和王忠诚院士、顾玉东院士的接触中，发现他们都有记卡片的习惯。病例随访、文献观点，等等。到写作文章时，都是现成的材料。现在有了电脑，但是写文献综述是一个完善知识结构的好方法。随时记下论点，个人心得，会有事半功倍的成绩。无论写在纸上，还是记载在电脑内，都应该有一个记事簿，并且经常整理。4。对于下载的文献，要以其内容建立以专题杂志按时间先后的专门分类。哪些需要仔细阅读并保存，哪些用处不大，待删除，哪些需要阅读却尚未阅读。以后想到时，还能及时找到。5。天天学习。文献天天有。如果只作为一个收藏家，就失去了研究的意义。下载的目的是学习。通过阅读，掌握专业领域的方法和知识。只要坚持学习，就会积累起自己的知识架构。水到渠成，游刃有余。
考试题型： 一．回答问题 二．文体对比stylistic features: subjective(主观的)/objective(客观的) 三．语篇分析---textual development /analogy 四．语篇改写句子和句子之间衔接词语少了 There are numerous reasons for……at first, …….secondly, ….In addition, /additionally, /furthermore, …/what is more, Unit 1 General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing 1.1 Classification of professional paper A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic. 1)Report paper读书报告2)Research paper 研究论文 3)Course paper课程论文4)Thesis paper(Dissertation)学术论文 1.2 General Characteristics of English Academic Writing Style Generally, English Academic writing is: 1) complex(复杂)--Written language is relatively more complex than spoken language 2) formal(正式)--Academic writing is relatively formal. Formal writing doesn’t use contractions, colloquialisms and slang. 3) impersonal and objective(客观)--Written language is in general objective rather than personal. It therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or the reader. This means that the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather than you. 4) explicit(清楚)--Academic writing is explic it about the relationships in the text. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related. 5) accurate(准确)--Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately. Most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings. 6) cautious or tentative(用词谨慎) 7) responsible(负责)---Academic writing refers to information from a range of print, digital and other sources, all of which must be clearly referenced in your text references other writers’ work. Question & Exercises：Read the following two passages and try to find out the stylistic features of each. Answer: Compared with these two passages, I find that there are differences in styles, passage 1 is informal, subjective, for example: ―I’m......‖，―don’t......‖ While the second passage is a scientific research paper, it’s formal, objective and complex, for example,(长句，被动语态等） (subjective---objective, simple---complex, for example......) Unit 2 Title, Author/Affiliation and Keywords 2.1 Titles 2.1.1. General functions 1). Generalizing the Text (总结全文)
U1 General Description II. Translation 1. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using either literal or free translation. 1) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of the Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. 这是最美好的时期，这是最坏的时期，这是智慧的年代，这是愚蠢的年代，这 是从满信仰的时代，这是顾虑重重的时代，这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节，这是富有希望的春天，这是充满绝望的寒冬；我们拥有一切，我们一无所有； 我们正笔直走向天堂，我们正笔直走向地狱。 2) A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition. 一张小小贺卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背；它另 人喜洋洋，撩得心痒痒，抹去泪汪汪；它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人以温纯，给新 娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎；它可用以挥手道别，高声喝彩，遥寄飞吻，也可用 以弥补嫌隙，减轻痛苦，提高士气，解除忧虑，开创一种新风尚。 2. Put the following passage into Chinese. As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race. Professional literatures have been regarded as “intangible assets” of the whole world because they are, on the one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievements obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies; and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literature are records of precious research findings and academic achievements, and the crystallization of human civilization. 作为一种重要的知识储备手段，各类文献已成为宝贵的资源宝藏，大大促进了 人类社会的进步。 专业文献一向被认为是全世界的“无形财产”。因为一方面它们是对前人的经验 或研究成果的总结，概括和发现；另一方面，又是人类长期积累、世代相传的