感染相关英文词汇小结G+（1肺炎球菌感染）
1. Gram-Positive Bacteria
革兰阳性菌
2.micrococci
微球菌
3. Louis Pasteur
路易斯，巴斯德
4. etiology of pneumonia
肺炎的病因学
5.Etiologic agent
病因学微生物
6.Streptococcus
链球菌
7.cell division occurs along a single axis
细胞分裂沿单一轴进行
8. grow in chains or pairs
成链或成对生长
9. hemolytic properties
溶血特性
10.S. pneumoniae（Streptococcus pneumoniae）
肺炎链球菌
11.α-hemolytic group
α溶血组
12. blood agar
血培养皿13.characteristically produces a greenish color
特征绿色
14. reduction of iron in hemoglobin
还原血红蛋白中的铁
15.fastidious
苛养（菌）
16. mucoid(smooth/shiny) colonies
粘液状克隆（光滑/金属色）
17.Pneumococci without a capsule
无夹膜的肺炎球菌
18. colonies with a rough surface
克隆表面粗糙
19. optochin
(ethyl hydrocuprein hydrochloride)
奥普托欣试验（）
20.bile soluble
在胆汁中溶解
21. a polysaccharide capsule
多糖夹膜
22. serogroups/serotypes
血清群/血清型
23. rabbit polyclonal antisera
兔多克隆抗血清
24. the Quellung reaction
Quellung反应：在特定抗血清处理下，夹膜肿胀25.phagocytosis
吞噬作用
26.determinant of pneumococcal virulence
毒力的决定因素
27. Unencapsulated variants
无夹膜的变种
28. invasive disease.
侵袭性疾病
29. host defense mechanisms
宿主防御系统
30. Pneumolysin
肺炎球菌溶血素
31. cytolysis of cells and tissues
细胞和组织的溶解
32. cell wall proteins
细胞壁蛋白
33. complement pathway
补体系统
34. complement deposition
补体沉积
35.preventing lysis an/or opsonophagocytosis
防止溶解和补体发挥调理作用
36. The pneumococcal H inhibitor (Hic) 肺炎球菌H抑制体
37.impedes the formation of C3 convertase
抑制C3转话体的形成
38.pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC)
肺炎球菌表面蛋白C 39. choline-binding protein A (CbpA) 胆碱结合蛋白A
40.surface-anchored sialidase (neuraminidase) NanA
表面锚定唾液酸酶（唾液酸苷酶）
41. sialic acid
唾液酸
42.pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA)
肺炎球菌表面粘合分子
43. potential vaccine candidates
潜在的疫苗靶点
44. Molecular typing
分子型
45. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis 脉冲凝胶电泳
46. genetic relatedness
基因相关性
46.superseded by sequencing of housekeeping genes
管家基因测序已取代（电泳）
47.multilocus sequence typing,MLST 多位点序列分型
48.pneumococcal MLST Web site ( https://www.doczj.com/doc/9b2092449.html,/)
肺球菌多位点分型查询
49.whole-genome sequencing will soon supersede MLST
全基因组测序不久将替代MLST
50.routine childhood administration of pneumococcal
polysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccine (PCV)
幼年期常规注射肺球菌多糖蛋白结合物疫苗
51. secular trends
长期趋势
52. epidemiologic features
流行病学特征
53.serotype distribution
血清学分布
54.invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD, defined as infection of a normally sterile site)
侵袭性肺炎球菌病（通常体无菌出现感染）
55.disease burden
疾病负担
56. military barracks
军营
57.intermittent inhabitants of the healthy human nasopharynx
正常人鼻咽腔的间断定植菌
58.respiratory droplets
呼吸道飞沫
59.socioeconomic status
社会经济状况
60.major vectors of pneumococcal transmission
主要的肺链球菌传播者
61.Cross-sectional prevalence data 横断面发病率数据
62.high rates of colonization 高定植率
63. community transmission dynamics 社区传播动力学
64. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
脑脊液
65. aspiration of pneumococci
吸入肺球菌
66.a positive blood culture
血培养阳性
67.routine pediatric vaccination schedule
常规幼儿疫苗接种计划
68.pneumococcal pneumonia
肺炎球菌肺炎
69.bacteremia
菌血症
70. a definitive etiologic diagnosis 病原学诊断明确
71. radiographically confirmed pneumonia
影像学确诊的肺炎
72.clinically diagnosed pneumonia 临床确诊的肺炎
73.The case-fatality ratios (CFRs) 病死率
74. underlying medical condition
基础疾病
75. access to care
治疗情况
76.severity of disease at
presentation
起病时病情的严重程度
77.hospitalized patients
住院患者
78.appropriate and timely management is available
适当及时的治疗
79. the first 24 h of hospitalization 住院后24h
80. rapidly progressive cascade of events
快速进展
81. irrespective of antibiotic administration
与抗菌药物应用无关
82.temperate climate
温带气候
83.ethnic group
民族
84.crowded settings
拥挤的环境
85. susceptible individuals
易感人群
86.preceding viral respiratory disease (especially but not exclusively influenza)
曾患呼吸系统疾病（尤其但不限于流感）
87. secondary pneumococcal infections 继发的肺炎球菌感染
88.seasonal and pandemic influenza 季节性、流行性感冒89.Reduced pneumococcal susceptibility to penicillin
肺炎球菌对青霉素敏感性下降
90.prevalence of pneumococcal isolates resistant to single or multiple classes of antibiotics
分离出的肺炎球菌对一种或多种抗菌药
物耐药的趋势明显
91. minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs)
最小抑菌浓度
92.rising absolute magnitude
绝对值提高
93.penicillin G
青霉素G
94. cefotaxime
头孢噻肟（3nd）
95. ceftriaxone
头孢曲松
96. macrolides
大环酯类
97.difficult-to-treat infections
难治性感染
98.pneumococcal antimicrobial nonsusceptibility
肺炎球菌抗菌药物耐药问题
99.mucosal surfaces
膜状表面
100.otitis media
中耳炎
101.pneumonia
肺炎
102.distant sites:brain
远处播散
103. joint
关节
104. bones
骨骼
105. peritoneal cavity
腹腔
106. pneumococcal meningitis
肺炎球菌性脑膜炎
107. secondary to hematogenous spread
继发于血流感染
108.flow of mucus
粘液的流动
109.avoid local immune factors 逃避免疫因子
110. leukocytes
白细胞
111. complement
补体
112. cilia
纤毛（cilium的名词复数）
113.mucociliary escalator
纤毛的活动
114.mechanical clearance of pneumococci
机械清除肺炎球菌
115. colonization episodes
定植的时间116. persistent colonization
长期定植
117.development of capsule-specific serum IgG
（导致）夹膜特异性血清IgG抗体
118.Intercurrent viral infections 并发的病毒感染
119.Local cytokine production
局部细胞因子的产生
120. upregulate adhesion factors
上调粘附因子
121.peptidoglycans
肽葡聚糖
122. teichoic acids
磷壁酸
123.interleukin I and IL-6
白介素-1和白介素-6
124.tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
肿瘤坏死因子
125.Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
多形核白细胞
126. innate immune factors
固有防御因子
127. splenic function
肾功能
128.cough reflex
咳嗽反射
129. C-reactive protein (CRP)
C反应蛋白
130.phosphorylcholine
磷脂胆碱
131.Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) Toll样受体2
132. lipoteichoic acid
脂膜酸
133.cell wall peptidoglycan
细胞壁肽聚糖
134.cystic fibrosis
囊肿性纤维化
135.bronchiectasis
支气管扩
136. sickle cell disease
镰状细胞（贫血）病
137. cross-reactive antigens
交叉反应抗原
138. T cell–independent antigens
不依赖T细胞的抗原
136.delayed ontogeny
（儿童）个体（B细胞防御系统）发育慢
137. agammaglobulinemia
丙种球蛋白缺乏
138. chemically distinct
（夹膜）化学结构不同
139.serotype specific
血清型特异性抗体
140. pathognomonic presentation of pneumococcal disease
肺炎球菌疾病的特征表现
141. self-limited
自限性疾病142.life-threatening
危及生命的
143.differential diagnosis
鉴别诊断
144. convulsions
抽搐
145. tachypnea(>30 breaths/min)
呼吸急促
146. defined according to specific age strata
根据特殊的年龄分层确定
147.lower chest wall indrawing
下胸壁凹陷
148. noninvasive or invasive infection 侵袭性或非侵袭性感染
149.contiguous spread
临近组织器官传播
150. infection of a normally sterile body fluid
无菌体液区感染
151.Pneumonia（invasive with a positive blood culture）
肺炎（血培养阳性考虑为侵袭性）
152. a mild community-acquired infection
轻度社区获得性感染
153. intubation
插管治疗
154. at the outset
起病时
155.a viral upper respiratory infection
上呼吸道病毒感染
156. abrupt onset of cough and dyspnea 急性起病的咳嗽和呼吸困难
157. fever
发热
159. shaking chills
寒战
158. myalgias
肌肉疼痛
160. nonpurulent
无脓性
161.purulent
有脓的
162.tinged with blood
痰中带血
163. stabbing pleuritic chest pain
胸肋膜刺痛
164.parietal pleura
胸膜壁层
165.tachycardia
心动过速
166. dullness
沉闷
167. percussion
触诊法
168.consolidation
实性病变
169. crackles 噼啪声
170.auscultation
听诊
171.Pleural rub
胸膜摩擦音
172.cyanosis
苍白
173. nasal flaring
鼻翼煽动
174.diaphragmatic pleura
胸膈膜
175.upper abdominal pain
上腹疼痛
176.myocardial infarction
心肌梗死
177.heart failure with atypical pulmonary edema
心力衰竭伴不典型肺水肿
178.cardiac conditions
心脏疾病
179. pulmonary conditions
肺部疾病
180. atelectasis
肺不
181. mycoplasmas
支原体
182.etiologic diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia
肺炎球菌肺炎的病原学诊断
183. pathologic examination of lung
tissue
肺组织的病理学检查
184.In lieu of
代替
185.an infiltrate on chest radiography
胸部影像学表现渗出
186.lobar or segmental consolidation 大叶性或节段性实变
187. patchy
分散不均的
188. pleural effusion
胸腔积液
189.empyema
脓胸
190. round pneumonia
圆形肺炎
（wenku.baidu./link?url=wuFa5cMxt56 xl_Ds5QOeQbwzHhjIch77EO95SchnzWjqCq u1a5WKr51nKTHc1b8Vg2eXXKQmidweX3yeR VMzXxXASmuL5ppLBfB0JxTffQ7）
191. Urinary pneumococcal antigen assays
泌尿系统肺炎球菌抗原检验
192.culture of sputum
痰培养
193. Parapneumonic effusions
并发于肺炎的胸腔积液
194. aggressive and complete drainage 充分引流
195. pyogenic condition
化脓性疾病196. skull fracture
头颅骨折
197. gradual-onset headache
逐渐出现的头痛
198. stiff neck
颈僵
200. photophobia
畏光
201.altered consciousness
意识状态变化
202. seizures
癫痫
203. bradycardia
心动过缓
204. increased intracranial pressure 颅压升高
206. Kernig’s or Brudzinski’s sign Kernig征、Brudzinski征
207. cranial nerve palsies(3rd and 6th cranial nerves)
颅神经麻痹（3、6脑神经）
208. examination of CSF
脑脊液检查
209. evidence of turbidity (visual inspection)
浊度（肉眼检查）
210. elevated protein level, elevated white blood cell count, and reduced glucose concentration (quantitative measurement)
蛋白、白细胞水平升高，葡萄糖水平降低（定
量检查）
211. specific identification of the etiologic agent (culture, Gram’s staining, antigen
testing, or PCR)
病原鉴定（培养，革兰染色，抗原鉴定，PCR）
212. in conjunction with
同时伴随
213. deafness
耳聋
214. hydrocephalus
脑水肿
215 mental retardation.
智力迟钝
216. diffuse brain swelling
弥漫性脑水肿
217. subarachnoid bleeding
蛛网膜下腔出血
218. cerebrovascular complications
脑血管并发症
219. bacteremia
菌血症
220. osteomyelitis
骨髓炎
221. septic arthritis
脓毒性关节炎
222. endocarditis
心膜炎
223. pericarditis
心包炎224. peritonitis
腹膜炎
225. sinusitis
鼻窦炎
226. otitis media
中耳炎
227. tinnitus
耳鸣
228. upper respiratory tract infection 上呼吸道感染
229. bulging tympanic membrane
鼓膜突出
230. reduced movement on insufflation or tympanography
注气法或鼓室造影法显示活动减少
231. facial pain
面部疼痛
232. congestion
充血
233. persistent nighttime cough
持续夜间咳嗽
234. aspiration and culture of sinus material
鼻窦分泌物吸出及培养
235. parenteral penicillin G
静脉给予青霉素G
236. the drug of choice for disease
首选药物
237. 50,000 U/kg for minor infections to 300,000 U/kg for meningitis
轻度感染：50,000U/kg
脑膜炎：300,000U/kg
238. parenteral β-lactam drugs
静脉给予β酰胺类药物
239. ampicillin
阿莫西林
240. cefuroxime
头孢呋辛
241. penicillin-susceptible strains 青霉素敏感的菌株
242. offer little advantage over penicillin
与青霉素相比，没有特殊优势
243. Macrolides and cephalosporins
大环酯类和头孢菌素类
244. alternatives for
penicillin-allergic patients
青霉素过敏患者的替代药物
245. clindamycin
克林霉素
246.tetracycline
四环素
247.trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲氧异恶唑
248. Penicillin-resistant pneumococci 耐青霉素的肺炎球菌
249. tetracycline-, fluoroquinolone-and macrolide-resistant strains
四环素耐药，氟喹诺酮类耐药，大环酯类耐药的菌株
250. Multidrug-resistant strains
多重耐药菌251. alteration of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) genes
青霉素结合蛋白基因的改变
252. transformation and horizontal transfer of DNA from related
streptococcal species
基因转导以及从链球菌传递的DNA
253. lower affinity for penicillins
与青霉素的亲和力下降
254. specific PBP(s) and the number of PBPs altered
根据PBPs改变的类型和数量
255. level of resistance ranges from intermediate to high
耐药的程度分为中介耐药和高度耐药
256. penicillin susceptibility breakpoints
青霉素敏感性折点
257. susceptible≤0.06 μg/mL; intermediate, 0.12–1.0 μg/mL; resistant≥2.0 μg/mL
敏感≤0.06 μg/mL，中介0.12–1.0 μg/mL；耐药≥2.0 μg/mL
258. were not predictive
of the response of
可以预测用药反应
259. revised penicillin G breakpoints 修正的青霉素G折点
260.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
临床与实验室标准学会
260. The use of antibiotics selects for resistant pneumococci
抗生素的使用造成了耐药肺炎球菌的出现
261. MICs of ≥0.12 μg/mL indicate resistance（meningitis）
MIC大于0.12μg/mL意味着耐药（脑膜炎）
262. the breakpoints are ≤2 μg/mL for susceptible organisms, 4 μg/mL for intermediate organisms, and ≥ 8 μg/mL for resistant organisms （nonmeningitis）
敏感菌≤2 μg/mL
中介4 μg/mL
耐药≥ 8 μg/mL
（非脑膜炎感染）
263. the Infectious Diseases Society of America
美国传染病协会
264.American Thoracic Society
美国胸科学会
265.the British Thoracic Society
英国胸科学会
266.the European Respiratory Society 欧洲呼吸协会
267. vancomycin
万古霉素
268. rifampin
利福平
269. lumbar puncture
腰椎穿刺
270. dexamethasone
地塞米松
271. compromising clinical evaluation 影响临床判断272. isolate
分离菌
273. advocate the use of glucocorticoids 建议加入糖皮质激素
274. not universally considered the standard of care
并未公认为标准治疗方案
275. neurologic sequelae
神经系统后遗症
276. doses 8 h apart
Q8h
277. severe β-lactam hypersensitivity 对β酰胺类药物严重过敏
278. outpatient management
门诊治疗
279. high-dose amoxicillin
高剂量阿莫西林
280. afebrile
不发热的
281. Acute Otitis Media
急性中耳炎
282. nonsevere illness
非紧急疾病
283. an uncertain diagnosis
诊断不明确
284. a 10-day course
疗程10天
285. should be commenced
应开始使用药物
286. myringotomy
鼓膜切开术
287. tympanocentesis
鼓膜穿刺术
288. obtain samples for culture
取材培养
289. vaccination against S. pneumoniae and influenza viruses
肺炎链球菌和流感病毒疫苗
290. prevention of antibiotic overuse 预防抗生素滥用
291. fuels pneumococcal resistance
加剧肺炎球菌耐药
292. Capsular polysaccharide vaccines 夹膜多糖疫苗
293. Polysaccharide–protein conjugate vaccines
多糖蛋白结合物疫苗
参考资料：1.American Academy of Pediatrics RED BOOK.The report of the Committee on Infectious
Diseases: aapredbook. https://www.doczj.com/doc/9b2092449.html,
2. Pneumococcal Regional Serotype Distribution for
Pneumococcal AMC
TPP:https://www.doczj.com/doc/9b2092449.html,/library/documents/amc/tpp-co debook/