translation

Definition of translation1) 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。

2) 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言，跨文化的交际活动。

Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3)翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换. meaning-based汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。

Classification of translation1)Translation—— Intralingual translation(语内翻译)；Interlingualtranslation(语际翻译)；Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)2) Interlingual translation——Oral (interpretation) : consecutive(交替传译); simultaneous(同声传译)3) Written: whole text literature; pragmatic excerpt; selective; adapted; rewriting; MAT & MTCriteria of translationCriteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.1) Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则)Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration.•他是只纸老虎He is a paper tiger.•这事让他丢脸This makes him lose face.2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则) Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptationfor the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.•What is done is done. 木已成舟•Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石•三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮Two heads are better than one.3)Author-and-reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.•繁华也罢，贫穷也罢，丈夫和妻子携手一生，情深意长。

translate的名词形式translate的名词形式有两个，分别是：translation和translator。

其中translation主要译为：翻译、译文、译本、译作、转变、转化等含义；而translator主要译为：(尤指专职)翻译，译员，译者，翻译家等含义。

【translation】一、读音英式读音：trænzˈleɪʃn]美式读音：trænzˈleɪʃn]二、词性及释义（n.）：翻译、译文、译本、译作、转变、转化等含义；三、双语例句例句 1. Poetry always loses something in translation.诗歌一经翻译总会失去某些东西。

例句 2. The exam consists of an essay and an unseen translation.考试包括一篇作文和一篇即席翻译。

例句 3. Most of the translation he did for me was complete nonsense.他给我做的大多数译文完全不知所云。

例句 4. The book loses something in translation.此书在翻译过程中丢失了一些原意。

例句 5. Publishers have commissioned a French translation of the book.出版商已委托人把这本书译成法语。

【translator】一、读音英式读音：[trænzˈleɪtə(r)]美式读音：[trænzˈleɪtər]二、词性及释义（n.）：(尤指专职)翻译，译员，译者，翻译家等含义；三、双语例句例句 1. The translator failed to capture the spirit of the original.译者没有体会原文的精神。

翻译的形式和类型（同声传译篇）翻译包括口译(interpretation) 和笔译(translation) ，是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动，并且决不能脱离原文内涵而进行硬译、死译，必须要做到译文的忠实、通顺。

翻译要做到“ 译成之文，适如其所译” ，并要尽可能地达到“ 信、达、雅” 的境界。

除了人可以从事翻译活动外，人还可操纵机器从事翻译活动。

不过目前看来，机器翻译还不尽人意。

口译的形式和类型：交替传译(consecutive interpreting) 、咬耳朵(whispering) 和同声传译(simultaneous interpreting) 。

同声传译（simultaneous interpreting ），又称同步翻译、同声翻译、会议翻译，简称同传；交替传译（consecutive interpreting ），又称连续翻译，简称交传。

同声传译同传，顾名思义，即基本同步地实现对讲话者发言的口译，多用于国际会议、专业研讨会等场合。

同传的形式：译员通过专用的传译设备提供即时口头翻译，即译员通过话筒讲话，听众通过耳机接收，这种翻译形式可同时有几种语言，如联合国大会就有六种语言的同声传译。

鉴于同传有一定的技巧性要求，专门的培训和大量的练习都不可或缺。

同声传译最早始于1919 年的巴黎和会。

在巴黎和会上开始借助英、法两种语言的翻译进行谈判，其中一部分谈判采用了同声传译，这也意味着同声传译作为一种专业开始形成。

后来，二战后的纽伦堡军事审判法庭（1945-1946 ），同声传译第一次得到相当大规模的采用来审判纳粹战犯，效果不错。

于是在1946 年的联合国会议上开始正式采用同传，结果使会议的时间缩短了一大半，经费也相应的减少了许多。

中国是在1952 年在北京召开的亚洲地区和平会议上首次使用，时至今日也不过是40 年的发展历程。

同声传译时间效率高，有利于听众对发言全文的理解。

翻译的定义1词典定义：1)Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.-------- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia翻译，是指在准确通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的活动。

2)《辞海》：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。

3)《牛津英语词典》：在保留意义的情况下从一种语言转变成另一种语言4) Changing (speech or writing) from one language into another.-------------- Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) 5)2 国内学者下的定义：老舍：翻译不是结结巴巴的学舌，而是漂漂亮亮的再创造傅雷：翻译如临画, 如伯乐相马，'重神似, 不重形似'，得其精而忘其粗, 再其内而忘其外萧乾：翻译好象走钢丝，实在艰难……郭沫若：创作是处女, 翻译是媒婆。

---------黄忠廉.翻译本质论〔M〕.武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2000.14 -15 .茅盾：文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作一样得到启发、感动和美的感受”。

(1954 年, 茅盾在当年全国文学翻译工作会议上所做的《为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译译质量而奋斗》所作的报告)------矛盾.为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译质量而奋斗[A] .罗新璋.翻译论集[C] , 北京:商务印书馆, 1984.朱维之:翻译是一种艺术……这是一种难度较大的艺术工作, 不但要把原著的字句翻译出来, 更主要的是要把它的思想、精神传达出来, 还要把作者的特殊风格表露出来.------翻译通讯编辑部.翻译研究论文集:1949 -1983[C]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1984.许渊冲:翻译的艺术就是通过原文的形式(或表层)，理解原文的内容(或深层)，再用译文的形式，把原文的内容再现出来。

1. Definition of Translation 翻译的定义Down through the ages, people’s definitions of translation are diversified. It differs from person to person, it evolves with time. Changes of the world also helped to shape the connotation of translation. From the following definitions, you may have a glimpse of what translation is.﹒Translating is both a craft and an art, that is to say, it involves an accurate andcontrolled manipulation of language, tempered by a degree of freedom,imagination and creativeness.﹒Transferring the meaning of a stretch or unit of language, the whole part of astretch or unit of language, the whole part of a text, from one language toanother.﹒Translation is like busy matchmakers: they sing the praises of some half-veiled beauty and extol her charms, and arouse an irresistible longing for the original.（歌德）﹒The replacement of textual material in one language (ST) by equivalent textual material in another (TL) (Catford, 1965:20)﹒Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closestequivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style (Nida&Taber1969)Assignment 1What is your idea of “meaning” and “style” of Nida’s work? What is the connotation of style ? Exercise:If you were given two poems, one is by Li Bai (李白) , the other is by Dufu (杜甫) can you differentiate them, what is the author’s habitual use of the language? Similarly, if you were offered two pomes, one by Li Qingzhao (李清照)，the other by Xin Qiji(辛弃疾)，could you differentiate them?2. Principles and Criteria of Translation翻译的原则和标准The so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two aspects of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who should follow these principles while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Y an Fu’s “three-character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, would be mentioned, namely the principle of “信、达、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance).In the past decades, Mr. Y an’s principle of translation has been generally regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal fortranslators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people have come to find some limitations to the three characters and put forward a variety of new standards instead.Three kinds of opinions are expressed on the principle of faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. The first group maintains the original three characters, and in the meantime, adds some new concepts to the character “雅”. According to them, “雅”means far more than the English word “elegance”. Apart from the traditional interpretation, it also means classicism, and the adherence to the original style and flavor. The second group, however, argues that the word “雅” is out of place in tradition. While adopting the first two characters of Mr. Y an Fu’s principle, they discard the character “雅” and try to find some other new criteria instead. Noticeably, there are revisions such as “信、达、切” (faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness), “信、达、贴” (faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness), and so on. The third group of people, by casting away the three-word guide, proposes some new principles or criteria of translation of their own. Of the various popular theories, two of them are the most influential: spiritual conformity (神似) and sublimed adaptation (化境), the former, proposed by Fu Lei (傅雷) , emphasizes the reproduction of the spirit or the flavor of the original, while the latter, advocate by Qian Zhongshu (钱钟书), focuses on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.Despite the variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted, namely the criteria of faithfulness and accuracy (忠实准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these tow criteria as the principles of translation in general. By faithfulness and accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expressions in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanically copying from dictionaries.Assignment 2Exercise: 对比原文与译文，探讨忠实与通顺的关系1) All your moods are created by your thoughts o r “cognitions. “Y ou feel the way you do right now because of the thoughts you have at this moment. ”所有的情绪都是由思维产生的，或者说来源于“认识”，“你之所以感到这么做是对的，那是因为你的大脑就是这么想的。