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高中英语语音基础讲义

高中英语语音基础讲义
高中英语语音基础讲义

高中英语语音基础讲义

基本功训练――英语单词拼读规则

总目标:见词能读音,听音能写词。

第一讲元音字母在重读开音节中的读音

目标: 1. 知道单词由一个或几个音节组成;知道音节有重读和非重读之分,元音字母在重读音节和非重读音节中按照不同的规律发音。2.掌握元音字母a, e, i, o, u 在开音节中的读音,一眼看出并立即读出开音节词;3. 掌握发音单一的辅音字母b, d, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, v, w, y, z 在单词中的发音; 4. 会拼读5个元音音素[ei], [i:], [ai], [ ?u], [u:]; 16个辅音音素[j], [b], [d], [f], [h], [d?], [k], [l], [m], [n], [p], [r], [t], [v], [w], [z]

一单词的音节

英语26个字母中,有5个元音字母:。(a, e, i, o, u)

字母y在其后无元音字母时,充当元音字母,发音与i相同,称为半元音字母。

其余的叫做辅音字母。辅音字母在单词中发音比较单一,不随音节变化而变化。

所以,读音规则的重点是元音字母的发音规律。

单词由一个或多个音节构成。音节是以元音为中心的语言单位([l]或[n]在前后无元音时也能成为音节中心,构成音节)。一般说来,元音字母发元音,但有时元音字母(如e)不发音,而两个元音字母组合在一起时常常发一个元音(双元音算一个元音),所以,音节的个数以音标中的元音个数(含构成音节的

...............[l]...或.[n]

...)来判断。

单音节词:由一个音节构成的单词。如big[big], face[feis], teach[ti:t];

双音节词:由两个音节构成的单词。如china['t ain?], teacher['ti:t?], apple['?pl];

多音节词:由三个或三个以上的音节构成的单词。如remember[ri'memb?],(三个音节), necessary['nesis?ri](四个音节), university[?ju:ni'v?:siti](五个音节)。

单音节词一般都重读(不用标重读符号),双音节词和多音节词至少有一个音节重读(在重读音节左上角标“'”)。单词的重读音节和非重读音节中的元音字母按照不同的规律发音。

二元音字母在重读开音节中的发音

朗读或跟读下表内各组单词,注意观察各组单词的结构特点,总结元音字母的发音规律,把每一列单词所发的元音填在下面的中括号内:

Ⅰtake gate snake age plate name [ ]

eve

Steve

these

theme

[ ]

time

like

ice

bike

five

type

[ ]

home

hope

smoke

woke

bone

note

[ ]

use

tube

huge

cube

[ ]

通过观察可看出:都具有“(辅音字母+)元音字母+辅音字母+e”的结构,结尾的e不发音,另一个元音字母发它们各自的名称音,即a发[ei], e发[i:], i(y)发[ai], o发[?u], u发[ju:]

我们把具备这种形式的音节叫做开音节。

上表中的单词都是单音节词。双音节、多音节词中的重读音节具备开音节形式也按这一规律发音,例如:recite[ri'sait], polite[p?'lait], delete[di'li:t], devote[di'v?ut]

还有一种形式的开音节:以发音的元音字母结尾。如:①be, he, she, me;②hi, my, by, cry, try, dry, fly;③no, go, so等。这些单词中的元音字母都是发它们的名称音。所以①中的e发[i:], ②中的i或y发[ai], ③中的o发[?u]。这种开音节在双音节词和多音节词的重读音节中更多,例如:deny[di'nai], student['stju:d?nt], contribution[?k?ntri'bju:

?n]

不管是以不发音的e结尾,还是以发音的元音字母结尾,总之都是以元音字母结尾。因此,可以总结如下:以元音字母结尾的音节叫做开音节。在开音节中,元音字母发它们的名称音,即a发[ei], e发[i:], i(y)发[ai], o 发[?u], u发[ju:]

三辅音字母在单词中的发音(1)

下面我们先学习发音单一的16个辅音字母在单词中的发音(详见Exercise 1)。[注] ①h在某些单词中不发音,如:hour[au?], honor[?n?] ;②n在音素[k]前发[?],如:ink[i?k], thank[θ??k],uncle['?kl];

四练习

Exercise 1请反复大声朗读下面字母、音素和例词,做到脱口而出 (除划线单词外,均为开音节词):

b [b] be bake tube bone bite bride brake

d [d] dat

e dive hide wide bride dove fade

f [f] fate life wife fine fly fame flame frame

h [h] home he hi hate

j [d?] joke jeep just joy Jack

k [k] kite bike like lake bake wake snake Kate

l [l] like late lame line life hole pole pale apple

m [m] mate mine make male name lame time fame

n [n] name no note nine fine bone line stone

p [p] pile pipe pine plane hope tape

r [r] rape role ride rope rate pride prize fry

t [t] tape time take tube type tone date fate plate

v [v] vote five dive eve

w [w] we wake wave woke wife

y [j] yes yellow you your

z [z] zone zoo prize

Exercise2. 拼读音标

[dei] [wei] [plei] [eik] [eim] [eid?] [teik] [pleit] [rein] [reind] [reil] [peid?] [heid] [hi:] [wi:] [i:t] [i:v] [d?i:p] [ri:d] [ni:d] [li:d] [pli:z] [pli:zd] [dai] [hai] [krai] [flai] [wai] [faiv] [waif] [pail] [fain] [n?u] [d??u] [d??uk] [?uld] [h?um] [r?up] [kl?uz] [z?un] [v?ut] [du:] [tu:] [nu:n] [fu:d] [ru:m] [ju:] [ju:z] [mju:t] [fju:] [fju:z] [tju:b] [dju:] [hju:d?]

Exercise 3下列单词的发音都是符合开音节规则的,请根据规则写出单词的音标:

hate [ ] fade [ ] mate [ ] plane [ ]

file [ ] bite [ ] wipe [ ] ripe [ ]

joke [ ] role [ ] pole [ ] tone [ ]

fly [ ] my [ ] hi [ ] he [ ] me [ ] we[ ]

Exercise 4请根据音标写出符合开音节规则的单词:

[deit]________ [pleit]________ [meik]________ [teip]________

[haid]________ [mail]________ [waid]________ [daiv]________

[h?up]________ [n?ut]________ [z?un]________ [r?up]________

[tju:b]________ [mju:t]________ [i:v]________ [n?u]________

第二讲元音字母在重读闭音节中的读音

目标: 1. 掌握元音字母a, e, i, o, u在闭音节中的读音,一眼看出并立即读出闭音节词; 2. 掌握发音有变化的辅音字母c, g, s, x,qu在单词中的发音;3. 掌握5个元音音素: [ ? ], [ e ], [ i ], [ ? ], [ ]; 2个辅音音素: [g], [s]。

一闭音节

朗读或跟读下表内各组单词,注意各组单词的结尾和其中元音字母的发音与开音节有什么不同,并把每一列单词发的元音填在其下的中括号内:

at fat bad bank pan lap [ ]Ⅱ

red

bed

bell

help

ten

let

[ ]

it

hit

him

fit

did

film

[ ]

hot

from

job

off

on

nod

[ ]

but

us

jump

mum

hunt

run

[ ]

我们可以看出:这些单词都是以辅音字母结尾;元音字母a, e, i, o, u分别发[?], [e], [i], [?], []。(中括号内分别填?、e、i、?、。) 以辅音字母(r除外)结尾的音节叫做闭音节。在闭音节中,元音字母发音如下:a 发[?], e发[e], i发[i], o发[?], u发[]。

双音节、多音节词中的重读闭音节同样适用这一规则。如:adopt[?'d?pt], dentist['dentist], remember[ri'memb?] [注] 闭音节中的特殊情况:字母a前面是音素[w]时,a不发[?]而发[?]:如:want[w?nt]wash[w ?] watch[w ?t] what[w?t] quantity['kw?ntiti]

二辅音字母在单词中的发音(2) (c, g, s, x)

c主要发两种音:[s]和[k]。

在字母e、i、y前发[s]: eg. nice mice face race city cycle ;

在其它情况下发[k]: eg.cake coke cube close crime music 。

g发两种音:[d?]和[g]。

在字母e、i、y前发[d?]: eg. page huge age gene giraffe biology;

在其它情况下发[g]: eg. go gate grade globe big bag。

但有例外: give[giv], gift[gift], girl[g?:l], get[get]等

s 主要发两种音:[s]和[z]。

①一般在词首发[s]: eg.sit study so side;

②在清辅音(发音时声带不振动的音,见后面音标总结)前发[s]:eg. vest risk grasp;

③ss发[s]: eg. miss less;

④在元音之后,没有规律,发[s]、[z]的都有,靠平时积累。Eg [s]: us plus this gas base; [z]: is as nose close. x主要发两种音:[ks]和[gz]。

发[ks]为主:eg. box six text exercise except;

发[gz]较少,中学阶段主要是这几个单词:exam examine examination exact exactly example exist。

辅音字母还有一个q,这个字母总是与u一起出现,一起发音,qu发[kw],eg. quite quilt question quit quick。

[注] c、s在少数单词中还有别的发音,如[ ]、[?]。学到有关单词时作为特殊情况记。

三练习

Exercise1请反复大声朗读下面字母、音素和例词,做到脱口而出:(除划线单词外,均为开音节或闭音节词) c[s] ice face race cell cent city cycle

c[k] cap fact cake code crop clock cut club cry

g[d?] page huge age gene giraffe biology

g[g] gate grade globe go god golf pig bag mug

s[s] sit so side vest risk list miss less kiss loss us plus this gas base

s[z] is as nose close his

x[ks] box six text fox fix ax fax exercise except

x[gz] exam examine exact exactly example exist

qu[kw] quite quilt quit quick quest quiz quake

Exercise2. 拼读音标

[f?kt] [?z] [?ks] [d?ns] [d??k] [b?g] [g?s] [f?ks] [bed] [eks] [eg] [ten] [let] [nekst] [sed] [twelv] [kwest] [hit] [wit] [it] [iz] [twist] [kwit] [kwilt] [kwiz] [fist]

[d?g] [?n] [s?k] [?d] [k?st] [kr?p] [b?ks] [kl?ks] [l?k] [b s] [m st] [g n] [w n] [s] [d?∧st] [l k] [p mp]

Exercise3.下列单词的发音都是符合闭音节规则的,请根据规则写出单词的音标:

cat [ ] add [ ] sat [ ] want [ ] ax[ ]

bit [ ] quiz [ ] rid [ ] dig [ ] fill [ ]

job [ ] stop [ ] fox [ ] mop [ ] loss[ ]

hen[ ] met [ ] wet[ ] desk [ ] quest [ ]

mug [ ] sum [ ] jump [ ] cup [ ] cut [ ]

Exercise4.请根据音标写出符合闭音节规则的单词:

[f?t]________ [pl?n]________ [m?p]________ [b?g]________

[bed]________ [leg]________ [wed]________ [rest]_________

[fit]________ [in]_________ [zip]_________ [rid]_________

[t?p]________ [h?t]________ [?n]________ [n?d]________

[h∧t]________ [b∧t]________ [d∧g]________ [r∧n]_______

Exercise 5 开音节和闭音节词对比朗读:

no—not—note fate—fat site—sit hop—hope hide—hid hat—hate tap—tape us—use quit—quite bite—bit win—wine plane—plan rid—ride no—on

第三讲元音字母在重读r-音节中的读音

目标: 1.掌握ar, er, ir, or, ur在重读音节中的读音,一眼看出并立即读出r-音节词;

2.掌握辅音字母组合ck, ch, tch, sh, ph, th, gh, wh, ng, tr, dr, ts, ds, mb, wr, kn, gu的发音;

3.掌握3个元音音素: [a:],[ ?: ],[? : ];9个辅音音素: [ t],[],[θ],[e ],[ ?],[tr],[dr],[ts],[dz]。

一r-音节

朗读或跟读下表内各组单词,注意各组单词中ar, er, ir, or, ur的发音,并把每一列单词发的元音填在其下的中括号内:

Ⅰcar arm park yard carve hard [ ] Ⅱ

her

term

serve

clerk

herb

[ ]

girl

first

sir

bird

skirt

[ ]

for

horse

sort

born

fork

storm

[ ]

fur

turn

burn

nurse

hurt

burst

[ ]

我们可以看出:这些单词都含“元音字母+r”;ar, er, ir, or, ur分别发[a:], [?:], [?:], [?:], [?:]。(中括号内分别填a:、?:、?:、?:、?:) 含有“元音字母+r”的音节叫做r-音节。在r-音节中,“元音字母+r”发音如下:ar发[a:], or发[?:], er, ir, ur发[?:]。

双音节、多音节词中的重读音节同样适用这一规则。如:cigar[si'ga:] important[im'p?:t?nt] university[?ju:ni'v?:siti] 但是,如果双音节、多音节词中的重读r-音节后面紧接着元音字母或“r+元音字母”,则该重读r-音节按闭音节发音:如:very['veri] Mary['m?ri] forest['f?rist] carry['k?ri] hurry['h ri] sorry['s?ri]carrot['k?r?t] [注] r-音节的特殊情况:

①ar前面是音素[w]时, ar发[ ?:]: eg. war[w?:] warm[w?:m] warn[w?:n] quarter['kw?:t?]

②or前面是音素[w]时, or发[?:]: eg. word[w?:d] work[w?:k] world[w?:ld] worse[w?:s] worst[w?:st] 注意:worn[w?:n]例外

二常见辅音字母组合的发音

某些辅音字母组合有特定的发音(见Exercise1),记单词时要把这些辅音字母组合作为一个发音整体来记。下面通过练习来熟悉常见辅音字母组合的发音。有的辅音字母组合除了主要的发音外,还有别的发音,列在第一行的是主要发音,第二行以后的发得少一些,极个别的发音以后遇到作为特殊发音处理,此处就不列出来了。三练习

Exercise1请反复大声朗读下面字母、音素和例词,做到脱口而出:(除划线单词外,均为开音节、闭音节或r-音节词)

ck[k] back luck clock duck black sick Jack jacket

ch[t] chick charge chat check much church China

[k] school Christmas chemistry chemical chemist

tch[t] match watch kitchen catch fetch

sh[] ship shop shut sharp short shirt fish wish

ph[f] phone phrase[z] photo physics physicist telephone

gh[-] (表示不发音) eight weigh high light bought caught

[f] enough cough laugh

th[θ] think thank math thick three tenth worth

[ e] this these those then them the with father

wh[w] which when why what where white while

[h] who whose whom whole

ng[?] sing sang sung song bring long strong singer

[?g] angry English longer longest stronger strongest

[?d?] change strange stranger

tr[tr] truck trick strike track trade trap trust trip

dr[dr] drive drove dress drug dry drink drop drag

ts[ts] its cats shorts parts it’s that’s what’s let’s

ds[dz] hands beds cards birds yards hundreds

mb[m] bomb comb tomb[u:] climb[ai] (mb位于词尾)

kn[n] knife knock know knew knee (kn位于词首)

wr[r] write wrong wrap wrist wrinkle wr位于词首)

gu[g] guide guard

注:th的两个发音都很多,不分主次,数词中th发[θ]音; 代词中th发[ e]音,其它单词规律不强,靠平时积累。Exercise2拼读音标

[ka:] [sta:] [pa:k] [t a:d?] [a:p] [pa:θ] [pa:ts] [ja:dz] [?:] [?:ts] [f?:] [d?:] [θ?:t] [st?:m] [w?:mθ] [fl?:] [dr?:] [w?:dz] [w?:ld] [t?:t] [b?:dz] [?:ts] [s?:t] [θ?:d] [?:θ] [tri:] [trip] [tr?k] [dr?p] [l?ts] [dru:] [draiv] [ki?] [sin] [si?] [l?] [l??] [eis] [ei:z][e?u] [wie] [e?t] [een] [eЛs] [eei] [eem]

Exercise3下列单词的发音都是符合r-音节规则的,请根据规则写出单词的音标:

cart [ ] hard [ ] chart [ ] war [ ] sharp[ ] for [ ] sort [ ] lord [ ] words[ ] sports [ ] her [ ] term [ ] serve [ ] girl [ ] bird[ ] sir[ ] fur [ ] turn [ ] church [ ] warn[ ]

第四讲元音字母在非重读音节中的读音

目标:1. 会读重读音节和非重读音节; 2. 掌握元音字母在非重读音节中的读音; 3. 学会分析双音节词和多音节词的读音,学会按照音节记忆双音节词和多音节词; 4. 掌握1个元音音素: [? ]; 1个辅音音素: [? ]

一非重读音节

双音节词和多音节词中,有的音节重读,有的音节不重读;元音字母在重读音节按照前面学习的开音节、闭音节、r-音节规律发音;在不重读的音节(称为非重读音节)中另有一套发音规则。在非重读音节中,元音字母发音不再那么复杂。一般来说,a、o、u、ar、er、or、ir、ur发[?];e、i、y发[i]。现以下面几个单词为例分析双音节词、多音节词的发音:

China 有两个音节:Chi-na。第一音节重读。重读音节Chi是开音节,i发[ai]; 非重读音节na中a 发[?]。因此,单词China发音为['t ain?]。

better有两个音节:bet-ter,第一音节重读。重读音节bet是闭音节,e发[e]; 非重读音节ter中er 发[?]。因此,单词better发音为['bet?](两个相同的辅音字母只发一个音)。

beside有两个音节:be-side,第二音节重读。非重读音节be中的e发[i];重读音节side是开音节,i发[ai];。因此,单词beside发音为[bi'said]。

important 有三个音节:im-port-ant,第二音节重读。重读音节port是r-音节,or发[?:]; 非重读音节im中i 发[i], 非重读音节ant中a发[?]。因此,important单词发音为[im'p?:t?nt]。

二两个元音之间的辅音字母归属问题

分析双音节词和多音节词的音节时,两个元音(或构成音节的[l]、[n])之间的辅音字母属于哪个音节,有时会影响单词的发音(决定重读开音节或闭音节)。一般来说,两个元音之间有一个辅音字母或辅音字母组合,往往属于后面的音节;两个元音之间有两个相同的或非组合的辅音字母,前一个属于前面的音节,后一个属于后面的音节;两个元音之间有三个辅音字母的情况很少,且大多有字母组合(组合当一个字母处理)。有时因为构词法方面的原因,两个元音之间辅音字母并不按以上法则分割。不过,单词表和词典一般都对单词音节进行了划分,我们只需要根据音节记单词就行了。

请根据以上法则,解释下列每组单词读音为什么不同,并根据读音记住它们:super['sju:p?] supper['s p?];later['leit?] latter['l?t?]

这些第一音节重读的双音节词,中间有一个辅音字母时,属于第二音节,第一音节就是开音节;中间有两个辅音字母时,分别属于第一第二两个音节,第一音节就是闭音节了。

两个相同的辅音字母,从辅音字母读音上体现不出来,但从元音字母读音上可以体现(前面重读音节是闭音节),这样就不易记错了。请朗读下列第一音节重读的双音节词:apple happen happy traffic manner letter bitter little middle offer common butter button collar differ dollar dinner hammer ladder matter 注:1. 双音节词的音节大多能依照以上规律去分析记忆,但有很多多音节词无法按以上规律去分析,比如第一个音节重读的三个音节的单词,重读音节大多按照闭音节规律发音,

................................或者说,即使第一、第二音节之间只有一个辅音字母,该辅音字母通常都属于第一音节。如:elephant['elif?nt] element['elim?nt] general['d?e n?r?l]

2. 多音节词中重读音节左边还有两个以上的音节时,还要出现次重读音节(音标中标在该音节左下角),一般来说,次重读音节位置在重读音节左边,与重读音节之间隔一个音节。元音字母在次重读音节中的发音规律与在重读音节中相同。eg. invitation[?invi'tei?n] institution[?insti'tju:?n]

三音素[?]

音素[?]在单词中用得很少,它是s在某些单词中的读音:measure[`me??] treasure['tre??] pleasure['ple??]

usual['ju:?u?l] usually['ju:?u?li]

四练习

Exercise 1.根据单词的音标分析字母的发音,大声朗读并体会重读音节和非重读音节的读法:

produce[pr?'dju:s] absorb[?b's?:b] regard[ri'ga:d] duty['dju:ti] depend[di'pend] ladder['l?d?] public['p blik] barber['ba:b?] remember[ri'memb?] embassy['emb?si] department[di'pa:tm?nt] difficult['difik?lt] interrupt[,int?'r pt] university[,?ju:ni'v?:siti]

Exercise 2.下列发音规则的双音节词重读在第一音节, 朗读并试着写出单词的音标:blanket collar cubic differ merchant dinner hammer dirty dusty fever focus fancy forward harvest human husband[z] market meter quarter dentist razor finger doctor empty enter entrance kingdom rabbit thunder[θ] Exercise 3.下列发音规则的双音节词重读在第二音节,朗读并试着写出单词的音标:

afford alone cigar combine complete construct delete deny elect escape except excuse forget insert inform invent mistake percent prefer prevent invite refuse regret suggest divorce discuss intend report advise equip consist

Exercise 4.试根据重读位置提示,拼读下列多音节词,写出他们的音标:

①重读第一音节difficulty embassy industry alphabet

②重读第二音节ge·ography diploma December remember

③重读第三音节interrupt represent[z] introduce

第五讲元音字母发音总结

目标:1.整体把握元音字母在单词中的发音; 2.了解元音字母在重读音节和非重读音节中一些特殊发音。

一元音字母发音总结

英语单词中辅音字母发音比较简单,所以关键是掌握元音字母的发音。元音字母发音首先要看是在重读音节还是非重读音节;重读音节中分开音节、闭音节和r-音节;非重读音节并不分得那么细,元音字母就发两个音:[?]或[i]。元音字母在单词中的发音如下表所示:

元音字母在单词中一般按照上表所显示的规律发音,但在有些单词中,元音字母发音并不规则,我们把它们作为特殊情况来记忆。对这种发音不完全符合读音规则的单词,靠平时积累。以下是元音字母在重读音节或非重读音节中一些常见单词的特殊发音:

1.字母u的其它发音

①u在重读开音节中发[u:]。如:June July junior rude rule ruler ruin true pollute

②u在重读闭音节中发[u]。如:bush butcher full pull push put

③u在非重读音节中发[ju] 。如:popular population calculate monument communist

④u在非重读音节中发[ju:] 。如:communicate educate menu value

⑤u在非重读形容词后缀ful中发[u] 。如:thankful careful beautiful wonderful hopeful helpful

⑥否定前缀un无论是否重读,都发[n] 。如:uncomfortable unfair; unhappy unable unknown unlike 2.字母o的其它发音

①o在重读开、闭音节中发[u:] 。如:do to prove lose move movie shoe whose who; whom

②o在重读开、闭音节中发[u] 。如:do to; whom wolf woman

③o在重读开、闭音节中发[]。如:above come love mother none; compass front London

3. 重读开音节的不规则发音

①按闭音节发音。如:have give live fence edge prince bridge fridge

②特殊发音。如:machine[m?`i:n] magazine[m?g?`zi:n] police[p?`li:s]

4.结尾具有开音节形式,但不重读的情况

①构成词根或组成合成词发音不变。如:airplane meanwhile lifetime housewife telephone sunshine

②大部分非词根或非合成词也按开音节发音。如:graduate operate educate mobile organize apologize

③少数非词根或非合成词按非重读音节读音,但e仍不发音。如:opposite medicine examine engine

determine practice

④少数a发[i], e仍不发音。如:chocolate necklace fortunate comrade climate accurate

⑤-tive发[tiv]; -sive发[siv] 。如:active passive native detective sensitive alternative

⑥-age发/id?/。如:message marriage manage luggage package language

5.e在非重读音节中发[?]

①非重读-ment结尾发[m?nt] 。如:movement government moment environment experiment

②非重读-ent结尾发[?nt] 。如:accident independent excellent continent different intelligent

③非重读-ence结尾发[?ns] 。如:sentence licence intelligence difference independence

④非重读-en结尾发[?n]或[n] 。如:happen sudden wooden golden woolen garden (kitchen chicken 按规则发[in])

第六讲含有元音字母的字母组合的发音

目标:1. 掌握常见含元音字母组合的发音; 2. 掌握6个元音音素[u], [i?], [?], [u?], [?i], [au];3. 国际音标总结。一含有元音字母的常见字母组合的发音

大量的英语单词中含有元音字母组合或元音字母与辅音字母的组合,下面是常见字母组合的发音。排在第一的是主要发音。有些教材对于符合读音规则的单音节词不注音标,其中的字母组合一般发的是主要发音。第一步我们掌握主要发音就行了。其它发音列出来作为参考。字母组合很多,很难一下子记住,我更希望大家把它当作一个资料来查,通过经常使用、经常总结来达到掌握的目的。

are [?] hare square care careful careless share prepare

其它发音:[a:]are

air [?] air hair chair fair unfair upstairs repair pair

ear [i?] ear dear near fear clear tears hear appear

其它发音:

1. [?:] early earn earth learn search research

2. [?] pear tear(撕) wear bear(生[孩子])

3. [a:] heart

ire [ai?] fire hire tired wire entire retire require admire

ere [i?] here atmosphere

[?] there where

ore[?:] score bore store shore more ignore before

ure [ju?] sure pure ensure cure

其它发音:非重读ure[?] figure injure

ture[t?](非重读)picture agriculture temperature future gesture

sure[??](非重读)treasure pleasure

eer [i?] cheer cheers cheerful deer beer volunteer

oor [?:] door floor

其它发音: [u?] poor

our [au?] our ours ourselves hour flour

其它发音:

1. [?:] four your mourn

2. [?](结尾不重读)neighbour colour labour honour (这些词在美语中都去掉u)

3. [u?] tour

4. [?:] journey journalist

au [?:] cause applaud August autumn

其它发音:[?] because

augh[?:] caught taught daughter naughty

其它发音:[a:f] laugh laughter

aw [?:] law lawyer draw straw strawberry raw dawn

ai [ei] afraid wait fail rain e-mail train again paint

其它发音:

1. [e] said

2. [?](不重读时) curtain ,

3. [i](不重读时) captain mountain

4. 不发音(不重读时) certain certainly

ay [ei] day today play player may say stay way pay lay

其它发音:day在合成词中不重读时发[di]: birthday holiday Monday-- Sunday al [?:] all tall call fall wall ball hall small talk walk

其它发音:

1.[?:l] always already also although altogether salt

2. [a:] half palm calm

3.[?l](词尾不重读时) festival several natural medical

4.有些al不按组合发音: shall[ ?l] alcohol [`?lk?h?l] allow [?`lau] alley [`?li] ass[a:s] (位于词尾)class glass grass pass brass (美语按闭音节发音)

ast[a:st] (位于词尾)fast last past cast (美语按闭音节发音)

ance[a:ns] dance glance chance advance advanced(美语按闭音节发音)

ea [i:] tea team meat eat seat sea read bean leave

其它发音:

1. [e] ready weather dead breakfast bread head

2. [ei] great break breakthrough steak

3. [i?] real really idea

ee [i:] bee meet green three thirteen sleep week free keep

ey [ei] they obey grey(gray)

[i:] key keyboard

其它发音: [i](非重读音节) money monkey valley turkey

ei [i:] receive seize

[ai] neither either

eigh [ei] eight neighbor height weigh weight

ew [ju:] new few knew

[u:] flew drew crew chew

ie [i:] piece niece thief relief relieve chief achieve

其它发音:

1. [ai?] science scientist variety quiet quietly diet

2. [ai] die(死) lie(躺) tie(系、捆) pie

3.[e] friend

ind [aind] find kind wind(旋转) behind blind

其它发音:[i] wind(风) windy

ild [aild] child wild mild

特殊:children [t ildr?n]

old [?uld] old cold told sold gold hold fold unfold

igh [ai] high light right bright night sight flight

oa [?u] coat boat goat coast throat soap road load coal

其它发音: [?:] broad

oar [?:] board blackboard aboard

oi [?i] noise oil soil voice join point appoint choice

oy [?i] boy joy toy employ …

oo [u:] cool pool food zoo too school moon noodle

其它发音:

1.oo在k前和多数d前发[u]:book look cook cookie took good goods wood

2.oo在一些其它单词中发[u]: wool foot washroom …

3. [] blood flood

ou [au] out about house found mouth mouse loud cloud ground

其它发音:

1.[] young country double touch enough

2.[u:] you group

3.[?u] soul shoulder (注意: should[ud])

ough[?:] thought ought brought bought fought

其它发音:

1.[u:] through

2.[?u] though although

3.[f] rough enough

ous [?s] (结尾非重读) mountainous famous continuous

ious [j?s] or[i?s](结尾不重读时) previous obvious curious

cious/tious [?s]( 结尾不重读时) precious ambitious

ow [au] cow how however flower now down town

其它发音:

1.[?u] know snow slow low show throw borrow

2. [?] knowledge

tion[??n] station information attention composition invention

其它发音: [t?n] question suggestion

sion[ ??n] profession comprehension admission permission

其它发音[??n] television decision conclusion

ic [ik] magic electric electronic Atlantic Pacific scientific

注:含字母组合tion、sion及形容词后缀ic的单词重音是它前面那个音节

le [l] (结尾、非重读、构成音节)table settle people middle apple

ible [?bl] possible impossible horrible flexible

二元音音素[u], [i?], [?], [u?], [?i], [au]

英语国际音标中共有48个音素:20个元音,28个辅音(其中有两个又称作半元音)。前面几讲我们已经学习了14个元音和全部辅音。本讲结合字母组合发音又学习了剩下的6个元音:[u], [i?], [?], [u?], [?i], [au],现在来做拼读练习。

Exercise1朗读下列音标:[buk] [luk] [fut] ['m rum] [di?] ['ni?li] [kli?] [ri?l] [t?] [?] [d

?] [di'kl?] [u?] [tu?] [ju?] [pju?] [b?i] [d??in] [s?il] [im'pl?i] [hau] [?'baut] ['daunst?z] 三国际音标总结

一些简单的概念:

元音:发音时声带振动,气流不受阻碍,发得响亮的音。它分为单元音和双元音。单元音又有长元音和短元音之分:长元音后带有(:),发得较长;短元音没带(:),发得比较短。双元音由两个元音组成,前面的音发得长而重,后面的音发得短而轻。

辅音:发音时气流受阻碍的音。它分为清辅音和浊辅音。清辅音发音时声带不振动;浊辅音发音时声带振动。表中加底纹的清辅音和浊辅音是一一对应的,它们发音口型相同,拼音时,紧跟[s]后面的清辅音往往不送气,有点像它对应的浊辅音(下面将练习)。[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]这六个辅音叫爆破音,两个爆破音连在一起时,前面那个只做发音口型,不发音,叫做失去爆破。

半元音:[w]、[j]两个音在拼音时可以辅音一样和后面的元音相拼,又可以像元音一样和前面的辅音相拼,叫半元音。

单个的叫音素,为单词注音时叫音标。

国际音标48个音素总结

[ei] [ai] [au] [?u] [?i][i?] [?] [u ?]

[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [θ] [] [t] [tr] [ts] [h]

注:有些教科书上标的音标略有不同,下面是有关音素的另一种写法:[?]—[ D] [u]—[?] [au]—[a?] []—[α] [i]—[I] [?i]—[D I][i?]—[I?] [ei]—[eI] [ai]—[aI] [?]—[e?] [u?]—[??] [?u]—[??] Exercise2朗读下列音标:(辅音连缀、s后变音、失去爆破)

[win] [twin] [wel] [twelv] [`kwest?n] [swim] [`l?ngwi?] [tju:b] [`tju:zdi ] [nju:z] [`mju:zik] [`pju:pl] [hju: ?] [st di] [spu:n] [sku:l] [`st?ri] [straik] [spri?] [sk?:] [skai] [st?un] [sp?] [streind?] [stri:m] [`t?pstik] [skw?] [a:skt] [helpt] [`?kt?ub?] [d?mpt] [k?n`d kt?] 至此,我们对读音规则进行了系统的学习,大家对读音规则有一个整体的把握。它能够解决绝大多数单词的拼读。对于少数发音不规则的单词,就可以那它们与规则对比,找出不规则之处,这样有所侧重,不规则单词也容易记忆了。

高中英语语法讲义——名词

高中英语语法讲义——名词 名词的数 单数名词变复数名词的常用法则 (1)一般情况直接加-s, 如:books, trees. (2)以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的加-es, 如:glasses, boxes, watches, brushes. (3)以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词把-y改为-i再加-es. 如:stories, countries. (4)以-o结尾的常在词尾加-s,但中学英语中下列名词要加-es, 它们是:黑人英雄 ..中吃土豆 ..、西. ....在回声 红柿 ..,即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes. 下列以-o结尾的名词既可加-es, 也可加-s,它们是:zeros (zeroes)零, mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子, volcanos (volcanoes) 火山。 (5)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时一般直接加-s,但下列名词需把f或fe去掉,加-ves,它们是:为 了自己 ..和一片树叶 ..上,把狼.劈成了两半.,即:selves, lives, ....站在架子 ..手里拿着刀子 ..和他的妻子 ..活命.,小偷 thieves, wives, knives, loaves, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves. 但下列以-f结尾的名词既可变f为v后加-es,也可直接在f后加-s,它们是:handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕,scarfs (scarves)围巾。 (6)合成名词变复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一部分变为复数。如sons-in-law女婿;passers-by过路人;storytellers讲故事的人;housewives家庭主妇。(7)“man/ woman+ n.”变复数时,作定语的man/ woman和中心词都要变复数。 men teachers男老师women engineers女工程师 (8)不规则复数形式 ①变内部元音 foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth mouse-mice goose-geese gentleman-gentlemen ②单复数同形的名词 sheep deer spacecraft太空船 aircraft飞行器Chinese Japanese

例谈高中英语诗歌的教学设计-2019年

例谈高中英语诗歌的教学设计 随着课堂教学改革的不断深化,英语教师逐渐更新观念,比以往更加关注以学生为主体,更加注重激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣,强调运用语言习得理论,让学生在接近真实的环境中习得语言知识和技能。因此,在教学设计时,教师应该凸显语言习得需要真实环境的特点,充分调动学生各方面的主动性、积极性,使学生参与到所设计的教学活动之中。笔者以高中英语选修6(人教版)的第二单元《诗歌》为例,谈谈该话题 教材分析 本单元以诗歌为话题,从学生初次接触诗歌,一直谈到诗歌创作的动机、有关诗歌的一些基本知识等。旨在通过本单元的学习,使学生在初步了解和掌握诗歌这一文学形式的基本常识的基础上进行简单的诗歌创作。本单元共分8部分:1.热身部分;2.读前部分3.阅读部分;4.理解部分;5.语言学习部分;6.语言运用部分;7.小结部分;8.学习建议部分。 教学目标 ①语言知识:掌握重点的词汇和短语;掌握和理解几种诗歌的类型以及诗歌意镜; ②语言技能:通过听课文捕捉特定信息的能力并且感受诗歌的韵律美、节奏美;通过读课文,形成对所获得信息的处理、判断、分析和推理的能力; ③学习策略:通过合作、讨论、探究等学习形式,使学生进行有效的英语思维与英语表达活动,从而激发学生学习英语的兴趣; ④情感文化:通过学习,感知诗歌的语言美和艺术美,初步培养学生对诗歌的欣赏能力。 教学重点和难点 ①如何帮助学生理解和感知英语诗歌的语言美和艺术美;②如何鼓励学生进行简单的诗歌创作。 教学方法和手段

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