glossary_arch
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2013.12.12abbreviation n.abidevt. vt. abolish vt. absenta. absorptionn. abstract a. n. absurda. abundancen. accessoryn. a. accordn. acknowledge vt.acquaint vt. actionn. adherevi. adjacent a. adjoinvt. adjustablea.administrationn. ( )admirationn.adoption n. adorevt. advantageous a.advertisevt. vi. advocate n. vt. aeriala. aerospacen.affirmvt. agitationn. agreeablea. alas int. albumn. alerta. algebra n.aliena. n. alignmentn. allieda. allowancen alongsideprep.ally n.alterationn.alternatevt. a.amateur a. n.ambassadorn.ambient a.ambiguousa.ambitiousa.amplea.amplituden.amusementn.analogue n.analogy n.analytic(al) a.anniversary n.announce vt.annually ad.anoden.answervi.antarctica. n.antenna n.antique a. n.anybody n.apparent a.appendix n.applaud vt. vi.applause n.appreciable a.appreciation n.apt a.arc n.arch n. vt.architectn.arctica. n.arrayvt. n.ascendvi.ascertainvt.ascribe vt.ashoread.ass n.assassinate vt.assault vt. n.assertvt.assessmentn.assumptionn.assurancen.astonishment n.astronomyn.atom n.attachmentn.attendancen.attendantn.attorney n.audience n.authorn.automate vt.availvt. n.availability n. ( )aviation n.awakevi.awfula.awkward a.axiala.axis n.axle n.( )baby n.bachelor n.baconn.bacteriumn.badgen.bafflevt. n.bait n.balcony n.bald a.balletn.bamboon.bandage n.banditn.bank vi.bankern.bankrupt a. vt.banquet n.barelyad.bargen.barleyn.barometern.baronn.barrena.baseball n.basement n.basinn.battery n.battlevi. vt.bazaarn.bead n.beam vi.bearing n.bed n. ( )beetlen.beforehandad.bend vt. vi.bestowvt.between ad.bewarevt.&vi.bewilder vt.bid vt. vi.bishopn.( )bitternessn.blacksmithn.blastn.blazevt. vi.bleachvt. vi.blindn.blockn.blondn.blousen.blue a.blunder vi. n.blushvi. n.boardvt.( )body n. ( )boilern.bore n.bounda.bourgeoisa.box n.boycott vt.&n.bracen. vt.brandvt.breakdownn.breakfastvi.breedn.( )briben. vt.bridegroomn.bridgevt.bridlen. vt.brightnessn.broaden vt.&vi.bronzen.broodvt. vi.Buddhism n.budgetn.buffalo n.bug n.buglen.bull n.bulletinbump vt. vi. n.bureaucracy n.burglar n.burialn.burnern.busheln. ( )butt n.buzz vi.( )bypassn. vt.by-productn.cablen.calculus n.calibration n.can vt.cane n.( )cancelvt.capabilityn.capacitance n.capacitorn.1cape n. captive a.carryvt.cartoon n. cartridgen.cataloguevt. catalyst n. category n. catervi. Catholic a. n.caution n. vt. cautious a. cavityn. cementvt. vi. censorvt. cerealn. certaintyn.challengen.champion n. characterize vt. charcoal n. chargen. vt. charmn. vi. charter vt. n. chatter vi.&n. cheatn. checkn.cherish vt. ( ) chestnut n. chillvi.chip n. choicen. a. chop n. chordn.( ) vi. chorusvt.&vi. Christn. ( ) Christiana. cigarn. circular n. circulation n. ( ) circusn.cite vt.civilian n. a.claimn.clampn. vt.clap n.clashn.claspvt.classic n. a.clatter n.cleanliness n.clearing n.( )clientn.climaxn.( )clingvi.clinicn.clip vt. n.clip vt.cloakvt.clockwisea.&ad.closetn.cloudya.clownn.( )cluster n. vt.clutchvt. vi.coachvt.cock n.coefficient n.coffinn.coherent a.coin vt. ( )coincide vi.coke n. vt.&vi.collaborate vi.collide vi.colonial a.colonist n.combatvt. vi.combustionn.comedyn.commence vt. vi.commend vt.commissionn.commodityn.commonplace a. n.commonsense a.commonwealth n.compact a. vt.comparablea.compatiblea.compensatevt.&vi.compensation n.competitive a.competitorn.complaintn.complementvt. n.( )completionn.complexityn. ( )complication n.complimentn. vt.complyvi.composer n.compositea. n.composition n.comprehendvt.compression n.compulsorya.conceit n.conceive vt.concentrate vt.&vi.conceptionn.concern n.concert n.concessionn.confidencen.confidential a.confirmation n.conform vt. vi.confront vt.conquerorn.consciousnessn.consequence n. ( )consequenta.conservative a.consistenta.console n.consolidate vt. vi.constituent a. n.constitutevt.constitution n.( )constraintn.construction n. ( )consuln.consumer n.consumption n. ( )contend vi. vt.context n.continental a.contradictvt.contrary n.contrast vt. vi.controversy n.conventionn. ( )convert vt.conveyvt.convictionn.cooperative a. n.coordinatea. n.correctlyad.correlaten.correlation n.correspondencen.corrosionn.corrupt vt. a.cosmica.cosmosn.couchn.counsel n.countn.counter a.&ad. ( )courageousa.courteousa.courtesy n.cowarda.crab n. vi.crackvi.&vt.cradlen.craftn.crankn. vi.crashvi.creditvt.&n.crisisn.crispa.criterionn.crooked a.crossa.cruelty n.cruisevi. vt.cubica.cuckoon.curlya.currency n.2currentlyad. customn. customarya.cuttern. cylinder n. ( )damn vt. n. datumn. dazzlevt.&vi. deafenvt.deal vi. dealern. dean n.( ) decayvt. decidedlyad. decimal a. decisive a. declaration n.decline vt. decomposevt.&vi. decorativea.decreen. dedicate vt. deem vt. vi. deepenvt.default n.&vi. deficiencyn. deficienta. definevt. ( ) deflect vt.&vi.( ) deflectionn. deformvt. deformation n.defy vt. degradation n.degrade vt. delegate n.deliberatea.deliberately ad.denialn.denotevt.denounce vt.dentist n.dependantn.deposit n.depositionn.depressionn.deprive vt. ( )deputyn. a.derivationn.descendantn.descent n.desertvt. ( )designatevt.desolate a.dessert n.destine vt.destiny n.destructive a. ( )detachvt. ( )detailn.detainvt.detectiven.detector n.develop vt. ( )deviate vt.( )deviationn.devotion n.devourvt.diagnose vt. ( )dictator n.dieseln.diet n.difficulta.dignity a. ( )diminish vt.dine vi. vt.dioxide n.diploma n.diplomatica.directoryn.disagreement n.disappearancen.disastrousa.discern vt.discount n.discoursen.discriminationn.disgrace n.disillusion n. vt.dismayn.dismiss vt.disorder n.dispatch vt. n.disperse vt.( )displace vt.displacement n.disregardvt. n.dissatisfaction n.dissipatevt. vi.dissolve vt. ( )distinct a.distinctlyad.distinguish v.distort vt.distortionn.distract vt. ( )disturbance n.diverge vi.diversionn.divertvt. vi.divinea.dizzya.dock vt.doctrine n.documentary a.dome n.domestic a.dominant a. n.dominate vt.doom n. vt.doubtlessad.dove n.drainvi.( )drainage n.draman.drastic a.drawback n.dreadful a.dry a.duke n.duplicaten. vt.dust n.dwarfn.dwelln. vi.dynamic(al) a.dynamon.ear n.( )earnings n.earthenware n.eastward a.&ad.echo vt. ( )eclipse n.( )ecology n.economically ad.economicsn.edit vt.editorialn.Egyptian a. n.ejectvt.elapsevi.( )elbowvt.electrician n.electroden.electronics n.elegant a.( )elementala.elevate vt. ( )elevationn.ellipticala.eloquencen.embarrassvt.embassy n.embodyvt.embrace vt.embroideryn.emergevi.emigrate vi.emission n.empiricala.enchant vt.enclosuren.end n.endanger vt.endeavor vi.&n.endowvt.endurancen.energetica.energize vt.engagevt. ( )engagementn.enhance vt.enlightenvt.enrichvt.enrollvt. vi.enterprisen.entertainmentn.entitle vt.entreat vt.&vi.3entryn. environmentala.episode n. epochn.( ) equation n.equator n. equilibrium n.equivalenta. ( ) erecta.erosion n. errandn. escortn.&vt. essence n. essentiala. establishvt.estaten. eternal n. evaporatevt. vi.even a. evenlyad. everlasting a. evil n. evolutionn. ( )excelvt. vi. exceptvt. exceptional a. excessn. excessively ad. exclamation n.exclusivea. excursionn. excusevt. executionn.executiven. exemplifyvt. ( ) exertvt. ( ) exilevt. n. expectvt. expeditionn.expenditure n.( )expelvt.experimentallyad.experimentation n.expirevi.explicit a.exploration n.expositionn.extinct a.extinguishvt.extran.extract vt. n.extractionn.extraordinarily ad.extravagant a.extreme n.fabricatevt.fabrication n.facilitatevt.faction n.fair a.fake n. a.fall vi.fantastica.fascinatevt. vi.fastener n.faultlessa.fearless a.feel vi.fell vt. ( )fellowshipn.feminine a.fencen. ( ) vi.ferrous a.ferryn. vt.fertile a.( )fighter n.filament n.fill vt. ( )filtervi.filthn.finance vt.finelyad.finitea.fireplacen.firework n.firmness n.first-ratea.fission n.fitness n.fitting a. n.fixture n.flaken.flamevi. vt.flankn.flannel n.flap vt.&n. vi.flaskn.flatten vt.flatter vt.flavour vt.flaw n.flee vi. vt.flexible a.flightn.flingvi.&vt.( )floatn.flockvi.fluctuatevi. vt.fluctuation n.flushn.flutter vi.( )flux n.fly v.foam n.followvt. ( )follower n.footpath n.fore ad. a.foreign a.foresee vt.forgevt. ( )formala.formerly ad.formidablea.formulatevt.formulation n.forsake vt.fort n.forthcoming a.fortress n.forumn.forward ad. vt.fossiln. a.fostervt.foul a.fowl n.fraction n.fracture n. vi.fragile a.fragrant a.fraila.frameworkn.freight n.frequencyn.frequent a.freshen vt.fret vt.&vi.( )friction n.frightn.frightfula.fringen.fro ad.frockn.( )frustratevt.furious a.further vt.fury n.fuse n.fuss n. vi.gamblen. vt.gangster n.gap n.garagen.garlicn.garment n.gathervt.gatheringn.gear n.generalizationn.generalizevt. vi.generate vt.generosityn.geographical a.( )geology n. ( )geometrical a.germ n.gesture vi.( )gigantic a.gingern.gleamn. vi.glidern.globala.glorify vt. ( )glossary n.glue vt.gnaw vt. vi.goddess n.goodness n.gorilla n.gorgeous a.gossipn.governvt.grab vt.&vi.gracious a.gradient n. a.gramophonen.granite a.grantn.graphite n.grasshopper n.4grassya. grateful a.graveln. grazevi. ( ) greasen. greedn.griefn. grim a. grin vi.grindvt. grooven. vt. gropevi.( ) grossa.( ) groven. growlvi.( ) grumble vi. gruntvi. guiltn. guitarn.gust n. guttern.hail vt. vi. halvevt.ham n. ( ) hampervt. handbook n.handicap vt. handout n. handya. harbour vt. hard a.( )hardya. harmoniousa. harp n. harsha. hatchvt. haughty a. haul vt. hauntvt. vi. hazardvt. n. head vt. ( )vi. heading n. headlong a.&ad. ( ) headquarters n. hearthn.heatern.heartya.heavevt.( )Heavenn.heighten vt.hemispheren.henceforthad.heraldad.herb n.herd vt. vi.hesitate vi.hide n.hike vi.hindrancen.hingen.hip n.hiss n. vi.historiann.historic a.hit n. ( )hitherto ad.hoarsea.( )hoe vt.&vi.hoistvt. vi.hollowvt. vi.homelya.homogeneous a.hook vt.hop vi. ( )horizon n.horn n.hose n.hospitality n.hostage n.hostess n.hostile a.houndn.housen.hovervi.howl n. vi.hug vt. n.hull n.hum n. vt.humanitarian a. n.humanity n.humidity n.hurl vt. vi.hurrahint.hurricanen.hurt n.hush n. int.hydraulica.hydrocarbon n.hymn n.hypothesisn.ice vt. vi.icy a.idealism n.ideally ad.identicala.identificationn.idiotn.idleness n.ignitevt. vi.ignorancen.illiteratea. n.illuminatevt.illusion n.imitationn.immerse vt.immigratevt.( )immortal a.impartvt.impartiala.implementn. vt.implore vt.imposevi.impress vt.improper a.impulse n.impurity n.inaccessible a.inaccuratea.inadequatea.inasmuch ad.inauguratevt.incapablea.incense n.incidencen.incidentally ad.inclination n.incline n.inclusivea.incompatible a.incompletea.incorporate vt.incrediblea.indefinitea.indicativea.indignation n.indispensablea.individuala.indoora.inducevt.inductionn.indulge vt. ( )vi.industrious a.inertia n.inevitablyad.infectvt.infectiousa.infervt.&vi.inferencen.inferior n.infinite n. ( )infinitelyad.infinity n.inflationn.influencen.ingeniousa.ingenuityn.ingredientn.inherent a.initial a.initiallyad.initiate vt.initiativea. n.injectvt.inlanda.inletn. vt.innovationn.innumerable a.inorganica.inputvt. n.insertvi.( )insight n.insignificanta.insistenta.inspectorn.inspiration n.instability n.installment n.instantaneousa.instructorn.instrumental a.insulate vt.insulatorn.intaken.integral a.integratevt.5ntegrityn. intellectn. intenta. interact vi. interconnect vt. intercourse n.interfacen.interior n. a. intermediate n.interpretvt. vi. intervenevi. interviewvt.intonationn.introducevt. ( ) invalid n. a. invariablyad. inverselyad.invoice n. ion n.irregularity n. irrespective a.irrigationn. irritate vt. Islamn. ivoryn. jack n. jam n. vt. jealousy n. jean n. jellyn. jerk vt. vi. Jesusn.jewelleryn. jinglevt.&vi.( )jog vt. ( )jug n. junction n.junglen. juniorn. Jupiter n. kerneln.( )kidnapvt.kidneyn.kilowatt n. ( )kindlevt. vi.kinetic a. ( )kit n.knightn.lace vi.landscapen.largely ad.late a.latenta.lathen. vt.latitude n.lattice n.laundry n.leaflet n.leakage n.leasen.legislation n.lengthn.lengthen vt. vi.leopard n.lessenvt. vi.levern.liabilityn.liablea. ( )lighter n.likelihoodn. ( )likeness n.lily n.limb n.limestonen.limp vi. n.line vt.lineara.linern.lingervi.liningn.( )lipstick n.literal a. ( )literallyad.literary a.littern. vi.lobbyn. ( )locality n.location n.locomotivea.locustn.lodging n.loftya.log n.longing n. a.longituden.loosely ad.loosenvi.loungen.( )lubricatevt. vi.luminous a.lump vt.( ) vi.lunara.luncheon n.luxuriousa.magician n.magistraten.magnetn. ()magnetismn.magnify vt.magnituden.maid n.maidenn.main n.maintenance n.majesty n.makeupn.malicen.mammaln.manifest vt. a.manipulatevt.mansion n.manuscriptn.maplen.marginn.marginal a.marketvt.( )Mars n.marshn.marshal n.martyrn.marveln. vt.masculinea.massacre n.massive a.mast n. vt.maturevt. vi.measurement n.( )mechanicsn.mechanismn.meditate vt.melancholyn.&a. ( )melodyn.membershipn.menacevt.&vi.&n.( )mend vt.merchandise n.merciful a.mercury n.meritvt. vi. ( )mesh n.mess vt.message n.metallic a. n.metallurgyn.metropolitan a. n.microprocessorn.microscopic a.microwaven.mightya.migrate vi.mild a.( )milkya.millionaire n.minglevt. vi.miniaturen. a.minimize vt.mint n.mint n.mirrorn.mishief n.misern.miseryn.misfortunen.missionaryn.mist n. vi.mistress n.mittenn.mixern.mob vi.mobilize vt. vi.mock n. vt.moderatelyad.modesty n.modification n.modulate vt. ( )modulen.moleculara.momentarya.monarch n.monk n.monopoly n.monster n.monstrousa.moor vt.mop n.morality n.mortgage n. vt.Moslemn.&a. ( )6mosquen.moss n. moteln. motivea. motorway n. mountv. n. mountainous a.move n. multiplicationn.multituden. municipala. murmurn. muscular a.muse vi. mustard n.mute n. mystery n.napkinn. ( ) narrationn.negative a. negligiblea. negotiatevi. neighbouring a.nest vi. vt.net vt. network n. neutron n.nice a. nickeln. nickname n. nightmaren.nominate vt.norm n. normalizationn.northward(s) ad. a.nose n. ( ) notable n.noteda.notifyvt.notionn.notoriousa.notwithstanding prep.noughtn.nourish vt.nourishment n. ()novela.novelty n.nucleus n.numbervt.numericala.nun n.nursery n.nut n.oar n. vi. ( )oath n.obediencen.obedient n.objectiven. a.obligationn.obligevt.obscure a.observation n.observe vi.obstinatea.occurrencen.offence n.offensivea.offervt. vi.offsetn. vt.offspringn.ohm n.oliven.onward(s)a. ( )opaquea.operationn.opiumn.optical a.optimism n.optimum n.optionn.orchard n.orchestran.ordinarilyad.orientn.orientation n.originatevi. vt.ornament n. vt.ornamentala. n.otherwisead.oughtv.auxoutbreak n.( )outcome n.outermosta.outlawn.outletn. ( )outline vt.outside prep.oval a. n.over prep. ( )overall a. n.overestimate vt.overflow vt.overhang vt. vi.overhear vt.overlap vt. vi.overload vt.overlook vt.overseas ad. ( )overtake vt.overthrowvt. n.overwhelmvt.overwhelming a.oxiden.oxidize vt.oystern.pace vi.( )pacific a.pal n.pamphlet n.paneln.( )panicn.pant vi.panther n.pantryn.pantsn.papervt. ( )parachuten.paradevt. ( )paragraphn.paralyse vt.parametern. ( )participant n. a.participate vi. vt.particulara.partitionn.passport n.pasture n.patenta. n.pathetic a.patriot n.patriotica.patroln. n.patronn.pattern vt.peacock n.peak n.( )peck vt.&vi.peculiarity n.pedaln.pedestriann.pedlarn.( )peel n.peer vi.penalty n.penetration n.pendulum n.( )perceptionn.perchn.( )perfect vt.perfectionn.periln.perimetern. ( )periodic n.periodicaln.peripherala.perishvi.perpendiculara. n.( )perpetuala.perplex vt.persecutevt.perseverevi.persist vi.persistence n.personality n.personneln.persuasionn.pertinenta.pest n.petition n. vt.pettya.photoelectrica.photography n.physicallyad.picklen.pier n.( )piercevt.pilgrim n.pineapplen.piousa.pipe n.piraten.pistonn.7pitchn. plaguen. plaina. plastic a. plateau n. platform n. plea n. pleadvt. vi. pledgen. vt. pluckvt. ( ) plumpvt. plunder v.&n. pneumatica. poke vt. ( ) polara. ( ) polarity n. ( ) politics n. poll n. vi. polymer n. pondervt. vi.pop vi.( )pope n.( ) popularityn.porcelainn. a. pore n. portable a.pose vt.( ) position n. positive a. positivelyad. possibility n. postala. postulatevt. poultry n.practicable a.prairie n. preachvt. precede vt. vi. predecessor n. predictionn.predominant a.pregnant a.prejudicen.prescription n.presentation n.preservation n.presetvt.preside vi.pressn.pressure n.prestige n.presumablyad.presume vt.prevalenta.preventionn.prey vi. vi.prickvt. ( ) n.primitivea.principally ad.printer n.priority n.prismn. ( )proben. vt.proceedingn.producer n.productivea.productivity n.proficiency n.proficienta.profitablea.profound a.program vi.prohibition n.projectorn.prolong vt.promotionn.promptly ad.propagandan.propagatevt.propagation n.propelvt.propellern.propera.prophecy n.prophet n.proposition n.propulsionn.prosen.protonn.prototypen.proverb n.province n.provisionn.provoke vt.prudent a.psychologyn.puff vi. vt. ( )pulleyn.pumpkin n.punchvt. n.puppyn.purifyvt. ( )pyjamas n.( )qualificationn.qualify vt.qualitative a.quantify vt.quantitative a.quarterlya. ad.quartzn.quenchvt.questvt. vi.question vt.questionable a.questionnairen.quivervi.( )radiala.radiant a.radiator n.radical a.radiusn.raisevt.raisinn.rallyn.&vt.&vi.( )ramblevi.ranchn.( )randomn. a.rangevt.rap n. vt.rapidity n.rapture n.rascaln.rash a.rate n. vt.rational a.rattlevt.reactor n.realistica.realization n.( )rear vt.reasonvt.rebukevt.receiver n.recipen.reciprocala.reckless a.reckonvi. vt.reclaim vt.recognition n.recommendationn.reconcilevt.recreationn.rectanglen.rectify vt.reed n.reef n.reel vt.referee n.( )referencen.refinery n.refrain vi.refreshment n.( )refugee n.regenerative a.regimen.regiment n.regularityn.regulate vt.regulationn.reignn.rejectvt.relayvt.religion n.remaindern. ( )repayvt.&vi.repealvt. n.repelvt.replace vt.replacement n.reportn.representationn.representativea.reproducevt.reproduction n. ( )reptile n.requisitea. n.resemblance n.resentvt.reservation n.reserve n.residevi.resident n.residual a.resignvt.resignation n.resolute a.respectable a.8response n.responsible a. restrain vt. resultanta. resumen.( )retailn. a. retardvt. retirementn.retortvt.&vi. revealvt. revenue n. reverse n. revivevt.&vi. revolve vt.&vi.( ) ridicule vi.&n. rigorous a.( ) rim n. ( ) rinsevt.riot n.&vi.rip vi. ripplen. roam vt. rollern. Romann. romance n. romantic a. rooster n. rotatevt.&vi.( ) roundabouta.routine a. n.row n. royalty n. ruby n.rule n.ruthless a. safeguardn. salmonn. salutevt. sandwich vt. sardine n. satelliten. satisfaction n.satisfactorilyad.saturationn. ( )Saturnn.scan n.scandal n.scar n.scarcity n.scarlet n. a.schemevt. vi.scholarship n.scoffvt.&vi.scopen.scorchvi.scoutvt.scramble vi.&n.scrapn. vt.scratch n.scripturen.scrubn.&vt.sculpturen. ( )seam n.seaport n.seaside n. ( )secondvt.second-hand n.section n.seeminglyad.segment n.selectionn.senator n.sensationn.senselessa.sensible a.sensitivity n. ( )sensorn.sentimentn.sequence n.sermonn.serpent n. ()set n. ( )settlementn. ( )severea.shabbya.shaden.( )shadowy a.shadya.shaftn.( )sham n. vt.shamevt.shameful a.sharkn.sharply ad.shatter vt.sheera.shelln.sheriff n.shipbuilding n. ( )shipment n.shipwreckn.shortage n.shortcut n.shorten vt.shorthandn.shouldv.aux.shoulder vt.shovevt. vi.( )shoveln. vt.showervi. vt.shrilla. vt.shrimpn.( )shrinen.shrubn.shrugvt.&vi. ( ) n.shutter n. ( )shuttle n.( )sideways ad.siegen.sift vt. vi.sightn.sign n.significant a.signify vt.silicon n. ( )similarityn.simplea.simplicityn.simultaneous a.sincerityn.singular a.sink n.( )sirenn.sitting-room n.situated a.situationn.( )skeleton n.skip vi.skyscrapern.slacka.slander n.&vt.slangn.slap vt. n.slaughtervt.&n.slavevi. vt.sliden.slim a.slit vt. n.slumber n.smartvi.smashvt.smuggle vt. vi.snackn.snailn.snap vt.sneervi.&n.sneezevi.sniffvi. vt.snob n.snobbish a.snorevi.sociologyn.sodiumn.sofa n.softenvt. vi.softness n.software n.( )solara.solidarityn.solidify vt.&vi.solo n.sophisticateda.sorrowfula.southwardsad.sovereignn. a.souvenir n.soy n.spacious a.span n.( )spatial a.specializevt.species n.specificationn.specimen n.spectaclen.spectatorn.spectrum n.speculatevi.sphericala.spicen.spilln.( )spirala. ( )spiten.splashvt. vi. n.splitn.spokesmann.squashvt. n.squatvi.&vt.( )squeeze n.stabilityn.stagger vi. vt.stainlessa.stairway n.stalkn.stalln.stammer vt. n.standardize vt.startvt.stationeryn.statisticsn.steadya.9teakn. stealvt.stem n. ( ) stereon. a. sternn.stew vt. vi. n. stiffa.stiffnessn.stillnessn. stingn. vt. stitchn. vt. stonen. ( ) storage n. stormn. vt.&vi. stouta. straightenvt. vi.straightforward a. ad.straitn.strange a. strayvi. a. streamlinen. strength n. stridevi. n. strifen.striking a. stripn.strivevi. strolln. stubborn a. studion. stuffya. sturdya. subdividevt. subduevt. subject vt. subordinate a. subscribevi.subscripta. n.subscription n.subsequenta. subsequently ad.subsidiarya.substancen.substantial a.subtlea.successionn. ( )successorn.suffice vi.suicide n.&vi.&vt.suit vt. vi.suitcase n.sullena.summary a.summitn.summonvt. ( )superba.superficial a.superiority n. ( )supersonica.superstition n.supervisevt.&vi.supplementn.support vt.suppress vt.surpass vt.surplus n. ( )survival n.suspiciousa.sweeten vt. vi.sweetnessn.swellvi.&vt.switchn.( )symmetrical a.symmetry n. ( )symphony n.symposiumn.symptom n.synthesisn.systematica.systematicallyad.tabulate vt.tack n. vt.tacklevt. n.tact n.tactics n.tanglevt.tankern.tape vt.tapern.tar n.team vi.teasevt.telexn.temptvt.tensile a.terminal n.terminatevt.&vi.terminology n.terrace n.terrify vt.terroristn.testify v.Thanksgiving n.theatre n.theftn. ( )themen.theorem n.theoryn.thereafterad.therein ad.thereof ad.thermal a.thesisn.thicken vt. ( )thighn.thorough a.thoughtless a.thrashvt. vi.threshvt.thresholdn.thrifty a.thrillvt.&vi.( )through prep.ticketn.( )ticklevt.tighten vt.&vi.( )tightly ad.tile n.tilt vt.&vi.( )timelya.tiresome a.toad n.tokenn.tolerant a.tone n.torment n. vt.torpedo n.torquen. ( ) ( )toss vi.tow vt.&n.towards prep.towervi.trackvi.tradevi.tradern.tradesmann.tragica.trampvt.&vi.&n.trample vt.&vi.&n.tranquil a.transaction n.transformvt.transitionn.transmission n.transplantvt.&vi.transversea. n.traverse vt.treadvi.&vt.treasurern.trenchn.triangulara.tribute n.triflevi.trigger n. vt.triumphanta.trivial a.trolley n.troopn.tropicn.tropical a.trot vi.&n.( )troublesome a.tuberculosis n.tug vi. n.tulipn.tuna n.turtlen.tutorvt.twilight n.twistv.tyranny n.tyrantn.ultimate a.ultrasonica. n.ultraviolet a. n.unanimousa.( )uncertaina.underestimatevt.underlinevt.undertakevt.undertaking n.underwearn.undesirable a.uneasya.unemployment n.unfita.unfoldvt. vi.uniformlyad.uniquea.universally ad.unlimiteda.unlockvt.unpaida.10。
旅游的词汇很多,大师平时多看看都有好处。
这里面有我们讲义上的那几个诗句,还有四字词是按字母挨次排的。
TOURISM1.1 话题扩充1. accommodations n. 膳宿;住房[glossary] [扩展]adjoining room [ ] n.相邻的房间single room - a room with one bed for one person n. 单人房〔一张床〕twin room - a room with two beds for two people n. 双人房〔两张床〕double room - a room for two persons with a double bed n. 双人房〔一张床〕triple room - a room for three persons, usually consisting of twin beds (or double bed)plus a roll-away cot n. 三人房standard room n. 尺度间deluxe room [ ] n. 豪华间luxury suite[ ] n. 豪华套房presidential suite [ ] n. 总统套房ocean front - a room directly facing the ocean n. 面朝海洋的房间ocean view -a room from which it is possible to secure a view of the ocean (usuallylocated on the side of the hotel) 海景房wet bar小吧台n. 〔旅馆房间里有自来水和水槽的小吧台〕book/ reserve a room v. 订房booth n. 餐厅中的包厢或火车座bowling alley [ ] n. 保龄球场check in v. 入住check out v. 结账、退房close-circuit television [ ] n. 闭路电视deposit[ ] n. 预定金discotheque [ ] n. 迪斯科舞厅front desk; reception desk n. 前台gym [ ] n. 健身房hotel registration form n. 旅馆登记表karaoke [ ] n. 卡拉OKlobby n. 大堂make a reservation预订massage parlor [ ] n. 按摩室, (挂按摩院招牌的)倡寮pool table n. 台球桌stay at v. 在。
魔方词典--------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 — 9~' 魔方某面或某层逆时针转动("~"代表某个字母)。
# blindfoldcubing专用标记。
以此来表示角块与边块的颜色、位置关系。
(~) 括号内字母表示高阶魔方以某几层为一个单位同时向一定方向转动。
- blindfoldcubing专用标记。
以此来表示角块需要逆时针旋转。
+ blindfoldcubing专用标记。
以此来表示角块需要顺时针旋转。
1 blindfoldcubing专用标记。
某角块颜色需要顺时针旋转归位或某边块未归位。
15 Tilt的角度。
也包括30和45。
1st Layer 请参考“First Layer”。
1x1x2 请参考“Marvin Boob”。
~2 魔方某面或某层转动180度。
例:R2;S'2。
2 blindfoldcubing专用标记。
某角块颜色需要逆时针旋转归位。
2x2x2 请参考“Rubik's Pocket Cube”。
2x2x3 请参考“Slim Tower”和“Franken Tower”。
2-Second Penalty 2003年由提议开始正式列为世界魔方比赛规则。
选手虽完成还原但某面或某层未完全归位且超过一定限度会被施与完成时间增加两秒的处罚。
2nd Layer 请参考“Second Layer”。
3x3x1 请参考“Rubik's Layer”。
3x3x2 请参考“Magic Domino”。
3x3x3 请参考“Rubik's Cube”。
3x3x5 请参考“Grown Tower”。
3x4x4 请参考“Specter Cube”。
3-Cycle 魔方某三色块作一定规则的循环置换。
3rd Layer 运用LBL还原魔方的第三层。
三阶魔方的最后一层。
Week 1Mondayabort v.中止;使流产absurd a.荒谬的abundance n.丰盛academician n.院士accession n.就职;正式加入accessory n.附件;装饰品accommodate vt.留宿;使……适应accountability n.负责accountable a.负有责任的accounting n.会计行业accusation n.控告accustom vt.使习惯于activate vt.激活actuality n.实际addict n.吸毒成瘾的人;对……入迷的人addicted a.上了瘾的addictive a.使人上瘾的adhere vi.粘附;坚持adherence n.遵守adjacent a.邻近的adjoin v.与……毗连administer vt.管理;施行admittance n.进入admittedly ad.公认地adolescence n.青春(期)adolescent n.青少年a.青春期的,青少年的advancement n.推动advantageous a.有利的adventurer n.冒险者adventurous a.大胆的;充满新鲜事物的adverse a.不利的aerial a.空气中的n.天线aerospace n.航空affiliate v.(使)隶属于n.附属机构affirm vt.断言affix v.粘上n.词缀afflict vt.折磨aggravate vt.使加重,使恶化aggregate v.使聚集;合计a.合计的n.合计airborne a.空降的;飞行中的aisle n.通道alien a.外国的;不相容的;陌生的n.外国人;外星人alienate vt.离间allege vt.宣称allegedly ad.据说alleviate vt.减轻allocate vt.分配allotment n.分配aloft ad.在高处alternate v.(使)交替ambiguity n.含糊不清ambiguous a.含糊不清的amend vt.修改ample a.富裕的;丰满的amplify vt.放大;详述analogy n.类比analytical a.分析的anew ad.重新animate a.有生命的vt.使具活力animated a.栩栩如生的;生气勃勃的Tuesdayannoyance n.烦恼(事) anonymous a.匿名的;无名的apparatus n.器械;机构appease vt.平息appendix n.附录;阑尾appraisal n.估计;评价appraise v.估价;评价appropriation n.拨专款;挪用apt a.恰当的;有……倾向的arch n.拱门v.(使)成弓形armour n.盔甲;装甲array vt.排列arrogance n.傲慢arrogant a.骄傲自大的artful a.精巧的;巧妙的articulate v.明确表达a.善于表达的;口齿清楚的artifact n.人工制品artwork n.艺术品ascend vt.攀登vi.上升ascertain vt.查明ascribe vt.把……归因于assault n./vt.袭击assertive a.坚定自信的assimilate v.(使)同化assurance n.信心;保证;保险attendant n.服务人员a.伴随的attributable a.可归因于……的authenticity n.真实性authoritative a.权威性的authorize vt.授权automation n.自动化autonomous a.自治的autonomy n.自治(权)avail n.效用availability n.可用性avert vt.转移(目光等);避免aviation n.航空avoidance n.避免axis n.轴;坐标轴baffle vt.使困惑ballet n.芭蕾舞;芭蕾舞剧;芭蕾舞团ballot n.投票总数;选票v.(使)投票表决bankruptcy n.破产barren a.贫瘠的;不孕的;没有结果的batch n.一批;一批生产的量battalion n.营batter v.连续猛击n.面糊beforehand ad.预先behavio(u)ral a.行为的beneficiary n.受惠者bewilder vt.使迷惑bias n.偏见vt.使有偏见bilingual a.熟悉两种语言的binder n.装订者;活页夹blaze vi.熊熊燃烧;迸发n.光辉bleed vi.流血vt.榨取bless vt.为……祈神赐福blink v.眨(眼睛) vi.闪亮blunder vi.跌跌撞撞地走;犯愚蠢的错误n.愚蠢的错误blunt a.钝的;率直的vt.使变钝;使减弱Wednesdayblush vi./n.脸红boastful a.好自夸的boycott n./vt.抵制brace n.大括号;支架vt.支住bracket n.括号;等级breach n.违背;缺口vt.违反breakdown n.破裂;故障;分类brew vt.酿造;冲泡(茶等) n.啤酒brewery n.啤酒厂briefing n.情况介绍会brighten vt.使发光brink n.边缘brood n.(雏鸡等)一窝;一个家庭的所有孩子vi.孵蛋;焦虑,忧思bruise n.青肿;伤痕v.(使)出现伤痕vt.挫伤buck n.美元vi.猛然弓背跃起bully v.欺负n.恃强欺弱者bureaucracy n.官僚体制;官僚主义bureaucrat n.官僚(主义)者bureaucratic a.官僚(主义)的bust n.胸部vt.打破buzz vi./n.(发出)嗡嗡声calling n.使命感;职业cape n.海角capsule n.胶囊;太空舱caption n.说明文字;字幕cardinal a.最重要的n.红衣主教carve vt.雕刻;切casualty n.伤员;受害人cater v.承办酒席vi.迎合caution n.小心;警告vt.提醒cavity n.洞certification n.证明certify vt.证明;颁发证书给charitable a.慈善的cherish vt.珍爱;怀有chord n.和弦;弦chorus n.合唱队;副歌;齐声vt.齐声说chronic a.慢性的;积习难改的chronicle n.年代记circulation n.发行量;循环;流通clamp n.夹具vt.夹紧clarification n.澄清clarity n.清楚clasp n.扣环;紧握vt.扣紧;握紧classified a.分类的;保密的clearance n.清除;批准;(支票的)兑现;间隙clear-cut a.明显的climax n.高潮cluster n.串;群v.群集clutch n.离合器coalition n.结合;同盟cognitive a.认知的coherent a.有条理的cohesion n.内聚力coincide vi.同时发生;相符;重叠coincidence n.巧合;一致collaboration n.合作;勾结collide vi.碰撞;冲突commemorate vt.纪念commend v.称赞Thursdaycommentary n.实况报道;评论(文章) commodity n.商品commonplace n.平常的事a.普通的commonwealth n.英联邦;联合体compassionate a.有同情心的competence n.能力compile vt.编写complement vt.补充n.补充;补语complexion n.肤色complexity n.复杂性;难题complication n.使复杂化的事物;并发症compliment v.赞美n.问候comply vi.遵从composite a.混合成的n.合成物compulsory a.强制的;必修的conceited a.自负的conceive v.构思;怀胎conception n.构想;怀孕concise a.简洁的concurrently ad.同时地condemnation n.谴责confer v.商讨;授予(某人) confidential a.机密的conform vi.遵守;符合conformity n.遵守confrontation n.对抗congressman n.国会议员conqueror n.征服者conscientious a.认真的consecutive a.连续的consequent a.作为结果的conserve v.保存,保护console v.安慰consolidate vt.巩固;合并conspicuous a.明显的constituent a.形成的n.成分;选民constrain vt.限制constrict v.(使)束紧consultancy n.咨询公司;专家咨询consultative a.咨询的contemplate vt.思量;注视contempt n.轻视contend v.竞争,斗争;坚决主张contention n.争辩;论点continuance n.连续contradict vt.反驳;相矛盾contrive vt.设法做到;谋划convene v.召集;集会converge vi.聚集;汇合conversion n.变换;皈依convertible a.可改变的cooperative a.合作的;配合的n.合作企业cordial a.热情友好的corporate a.公司的correlate vt.使相互关联correlation n.相互关系corrode v.(受)腐蚀corrupt a.堕落的vt.使堕落councilor n.(州、市、镇等的)议员counterclockwise a./ad.逆时针方向的(地) Fridaycounterpart n.与另一方作用相当的物courageous a.勇敢的coverage n.覆盖范围;新闻报道crackdown n.严厉打击cradle n.摇篮;发源地vt.轻轻地抱credible a.可信的criterion n.标准culminate vi.以……告终cultivation n.耕作;教养cumulative a.累积的customary a.习惯的dart n.飞镖;急驰vi.猛冲dazzle vt.使眩目;使倾倒decimal a.十进位的n.小数decisive a.决定性的;果断的decree n.法令;裁决vt.判决dedicate vt.把(一生等)献给;题献词于(著作等)上dedication n.奉献;献词deduce vt.推论deduction n.推论;扣除deem vt.认为default n.不履行;弃权vi.不履行defection n.背叛defective a.有缺点的defendant n.被告defiance n.违抗deficient a.缺乏的;有缺陷的definitive a.最可靠的degenerate v.衰退a.衰退的degrade vt.降低……的身份denote vt.指示denounce vt.谴责;告发deplore vt.哀叹;痛惜deploy v.部署;施展deport vt.把……驱逐出境deprive vt.剥夺derail v.使……出轨descendant n.后裔descent n.下降;血统designate vt.标示;指派desirability n.值得向往desirous a.渴望的despatch v.派遣;发送n.急件despise vt.鄙视destined a.命中注定的;以……为目的地的destiny n.命运;天命detach vt.拆卸detain vt.耽搁;拘留detention n.拘留deteriorate vi.恶化deterioration n.恶化;变坏deviate vi.背离diagnosis n.诊断dictator n.独裁者differentiate v.区别;表明……间的差别diffuse v.扩散;传播a.冗长的dilute vt./a.稀释(的)diminish v.减少,降低disable vt.使伤残;使无效Week 2Mondaydiscern v.辨别;看出disciplinary a.纪律处分的disciplined a.受过训练的disclose vt.揭露disclosure n.揭发discreet a.谨慎的discrepancy n.不符合discrete a.分离的discriminate v.区别vi.歧视dismay vt./n.(使)失望dismissal n.解雇;不予考虑dispense v.分配;配(药)disperse v.(使)分散displace vt.取代;迫使……离开家园disposition n.性情;排列;意向disregard vt./n.忽视,漠视disrupt n.扰乱distill vt.蒸馏;吸取distinguishable a.可辨别的distort vt.扭曲;歪曲distracted a.思想不集中的diversion n.转移;临时绕行路divert vt.使转向;转移;使娱乐dividend n.分红;被除数divine a.神的dodge v.躲闪dole v.发给domain n.领地;领域dominance n.优势domination n.支配;优势donate v.捐赠doom n.厄运vt.注定dread vt.惧怕n.担忧drought n.旱灾dub vt.配音;起绰号dubious a.怀疑的duplicate vt.重复n.复制品a.复制的dwell vi.居住dweller n.居民eccentric a.古怪的n.古怪的人eclipse n.(日、月)食vt.使暗淡eject vt.喷射,弹出;驱逐elapse vi.消逝elastic n.松紧带a.有弹性的;灵活的elasticity n.弹性electrician n.电工elevate vt.提拔;举起elicit vt.诱出eligible a.有恰当资格的;合适的eloquent a.口才流利的;明白显示出的emancipate vt.解放embark vi.上船(或飞机、汽车等);从事embed vt.把……嵌入;使深留脑中embody vt.体现;包括emigrant n.移民emission n.散发物enclosure n.圈占地;附件endanger vt.危害endeavo(u)r vi./n.努力endorse vt.赞同;宣传Tuesdayendow vt.资助enforcement n.执行;强制enrol(l)ment n.注册ensue vi.接着发生entail vt.使成为必要entrust v.委托envisage vt.想象equator n.赤道eradicate vt.连根拔除erase vt.擦掉erupt vi.喷发;爆发escort n.护送者v.护送essence n.本质;精髓esteem vt./n.尊重evacuate vt.转移evaporate v.(使)蒸发;消失evoke vt.唤起exceptional a.卓越的;例外的execution n.履行exemplary a.典范的exempt a.被豁免的vt.免除exhaustion n.耗尽;精疲力竭expend vt.花费,消耗expenditure n.经费;耗费expire vi.死亡;期满exposition n.展览会exquisite a.精美的;敏锐的;感觉强烈的extinct a.灭绝的;已废弃的extract v.取出;获得n.摘录;提出物extravagant a.奢侈的;放肆的,过度的fabricate vt.捏造;装配fabulous a.极好的;寓言中的facet n.琢面;一个方面falsehood n.谎言fatality n.死亡feast n.盛宴;节日vi.尽情地吃feat n.功绩;技艺fellowship n.伙伴关系;联谊会feminine a.女性的;女子气的ferry n.渡船v.渡运finite a.有限的fitting a.适合的n.设备;附件;试衣fixture n.固定装置;固定在某位置的人flap v.拍动;振翅n.片状垂悬物;激动flare vi.突发n.闪光信号灯flatter vt.奉承;使显得更漂亮flip v.轻抛;轻拍;快速翻动n.轻弹flush v.冲洗vi./n.脸红a.齐平的flutter v.快速跳动;拍翅;飘动foam n.泡沫vi.起泡沫foil n.箔;陪衬vt.挫败foremost a.最重要的foresight n.远见formulate vt.构想出;确切表达fort n.城堡forthcoming a.即将发生的;现成的;乐于提供消息的foster a.收养(孩子)的vt.收养,养育(非亲生子);培养,促进,助长foul a.发臭的;令人不愉快的;恶劣的v.弄脏;对……犯规n.犯规Wednesdayfracture n.裂缝v.(使)断裂fragile a.易碎的;脆弱的fright n.惊骇;恐怖的经历fringe n.刘海;外围funding n.基金furious a.暴怒的;强烈的fury n.暴怒fuse n.导火线v.熔化fusion n.融合galaxy n.星系;银河系gasp n./v.喘气v.喘着气说出generalize/-ise v.概括generosity n.慷慨giggle vi./n.咯咯笑glare vi.发强光;怒目而视n.刺眼的光;怒视gleam n.微光;流露vi.闪烁;流露glide vi.滑动glossary n.词汇表gorge n.峡谷gossip n.流言蜚语;爱说长道短的人vi.传播流言蜚语gracious a.仁慈的granted conj.因为graphic a.图表的grease n.油脂vt.用油脂涂;给……加润滑油grieve vt.使悲伤vi.感到悲痛grill vt.烧烤;拷问n.烤架;烧烤餐馆groan vi./n.呻吟groove n.槽grope vi.摸索guardian n.监护人;守卫者hamper vt.妨碍handicap vt.妨碍n.不利条件hasty a.草率的;匆忙的hatch vi.孵出vt.孵;筹划n.舱门;开口haunt vt.常出没于;萦绕在……心头n.常去的地方hawk n.鹰hazardous a.危险的heighten v.加强hemisphere n.(地球的)半球heritage n.遗产hesitant a.犹豫不决的hierarchical a.等级制的hierarchy n.等级制度;统治集团hike vi./n.徒步旅行n.增加hinge n.铰链,合叶vi.取决于hoist vt.举起homogeneous a.同种类的honorary a.名誉的hop vi.单足跳跃;齐足跳跃n.蹦跳;短程航行hospitality n.殷勤hound n.猎犬v.烦扰hover vi.翱翔;徘徊humane a.人道的humanism n.人道主义humanist n.人道主义者humanitarian a.人道主义的n.人道主义者hurl vt.猛投;大声叫骂ignite v.点燃;激起illicit a.违禁的illuminate vt.照明,照亮;阐明Thursdayimitation n.模仿;赝品immerse vt.使浸没;使沉浸在immunize vt.使免疫impair vt.损害impart vt.赋予;告知imperative a.必要的n.必要的事imperialism n.帝国主义imperialist n.帝国主义者impetus n.推动;推动力imprison vt.关押impromptu a./ad.即席的(地) inaugurate vt.为……举行就职典礼; 为……举行落成仪式;开创inborn a.天生的incentive n.刺激incidentally ad.顺便提一句inclusive a.包括一切的incompatible a.不一致的,不相容的incorporate vt.把……合并;包含incur vt.招致indefinite a.含糊的indicative a.指示的;陈述的indignant a.愤怒的indignation n.愤怒induction n.感应inductive a.归纳的;电感的indulge v.纵容;沉溺于infectious a.传染(性)的;有感染力的infinity n.无限inflict vt.使遭受打击infringe v.违反;侵犯ingenious a.灵巧的;巧妙的inhabit vt.居住于inhibit vt.阻止initiate vt.创始;使初步了解;接纳inject vt.注入;注射inlet n.进口;水湾innovation n.革新;新方法innumerable a.无数的instal(l)ment n.分期付款instantaneous a.瞬间的institutional a.公共机构的instrumental a.用乐器演奏的insulate vt.使绝缘;使隔离insurgency n.起义integral a.构成整体所必需的intellect n.智力;才智非凡的人intelligible a.可理解的intent n.意图a.专心的interactive a.互相作用的;交互式的interim n.间歇a.暂时的intermediate a.中间的;中级的intervene vi.干涉;干扰intolerance n.不容忍;过敏intolerant a.不能容忍的intricate a.错综复杂的intrigue vi.耍阴谋intrinsic a.固有的intuition n.直觉invalid a.无效的n.病弱者Fridayinvaluable a.非常宝贵的invariably ad.不变地invert vt.使倒转;使倒置investigator n.调查员investor n.投资者irrespective a.不顾及的irritate vt.激怒isolation n.脱离jealousy n.妒忌jeopardize vt.危及jerk n./v.猝然一动jog v./n.慢跑;轻轻碰撞judicial a.司法的junction n.枢纽kidnap vt.诱拐lace n.蕾丝(花边);鞋带vt.用系带束紧lame a.跛的lash v.猛烈抨击n.鞭梢;鞭打;睫毛lawsuit n.诉讼layoff n.解雇leaflet n.传单v.(向……)散发传单legalization n.合法化legend n.传说;传奇人物legislative a.立法的legislator n.立法者legitimate a.法律认可的;合情合理的vt.使合法lever n.杠杆;手段levy vt./n.征税liability n.责任;债务likelihood n.可能(性)linger vi.逗留;继续存留literal a.逐字的;字面意义的locality n.地区locomotive n.机车lofty a.高傲的;高尚的;高耸的lounge n.休息厅lubricate vt.使润滑luminous a.发光的,发亮的lunar a.月的lure n.诱饵;诱惑物vt.引诱magistrate n.地方法官magnify vt.放大;夸大magnitude n.巨大majesty n.陛下;雄伟make-up n.化妆品;组成malicious a.有恶意的manoeuvre v.转动n.策略manifest a.显而易见的vt.表明;显现manuscript n.手稿;手抄本massacre n.大屠杀;(比赛等)惨败vt.大规模屠杀;彻底击败mastermind n.出谋划策者vt.策划maturity n.成熟mediate v.调解medieval a.中世纪的melody n.旋律memorize vt.熟记,记住menace n.威胁;具有危险性的人(或物) vt.威胁merge v.(使)结合merger n.合并midst n.中部Week 3Mondaymigrant n.移民;候鸟militant a.激进的n.激进分子mingle v.(使)混合vi.相交往miniature n.缩影a.小型的minimal a.最小的minimize vt.使减小到最低限度misfortune n.不幸;灾难mobilise/-ize v.动员;调动mock v.嘲笑a.假装的;模拟的momentary a.瞬息间的momentum n.动量;势头monetary a.货币的,金融的monopoly n.垄断;垄断物mortal a.终有一死的;致命的motel n.汽车旅馆mourn v.哀悼;对……感到痛心muddy a.泥泞的;暗淡的vt.使沾上烂泥multitude n.大量;群众murmur v./n.小声说(话)mute a.哑的;缄默的mutter v./n.轻声低语,小声抱怨naive a.天真的;幼稚的necessitate vt.使成为必要neglectful a.疏忽的negligible a.微不足道的negotiable a.可谈判的neutralize vt.使中立;使无效nominal a.名义上的;象征性的nominate vt.提名,任命nominee n.被提名者,被任命者normalize v.标准化notable a.显著的n.名人notation n.记号noteworthy a.值得注意的notorious a.臭名昭著的novelty n.新奇事物;新奇(感) nuisance n.令人讨厌的东西nurture vt./n.养育nutrition n.营养obedience n.听从obedient a.服从的obscure a.费解的;不著名的vt.掩盖offset vt./n.抵消offspring n.子女omission n.省略onset n.开始oppress vt.压迫;使(心情等)沉重optic a.眼的optimism n.乐观(主义)orient n.东方vt.以……为方向(目标);使适应oriental a.东方的orientation n.方向originate vi.起源于vt.创造oust vt.剥夺outdate vt.使过时outrage n.暴行;义愤vt.激怒outreach v.超过;比……到达更远overflow n.容纳不下的物v.漫出;挤满overhear vt.无意中听到Tuesday overlap n.重叠v.部分重叠oversee vt.监督oversight n.疏忽;负责overstate vt.言过其实overt a.公开的overthrow n.推翻v.摒弃overturn v.推翻overwhelming a.势不可挡的pact n.条约parachute n.降落伞v.跳伞paralyze vt.使瘫痪parliamentary a.议会的partition n.分割vt.隔开passer-by n.过路人patent a.专利的vt.得到……的专利权pathetic a.可怜的;无用的patriot n.爱国者patriotic a.爱国的patrol vt.巡逻n.巡查patron n.赞助人;顾客peculiarity n.特点;怪癖;奇特pedal n.踏板v.踩踏板;骑(自行车)peel n.外皮vt.削……的皮vi.剥落peg n.小钉,桩vt.用钉子钉pendulum n.摇摆不定的事态perfume n.香水vt.使充满芳香;洒香水于periodical n.期刊perish v.死亡;消亡permeate v.弥漫;感染permissible a.容许的perpetual a.永久的;无休止的perplex vt.迷惑persecution n.迫害;困扰persistent a.坚持不懈的persuasive a.有说服力的petitioner n.请求者pirate n.海盗;侵犯版权者vt.盗用plaster vt.在……上抹灰泥plateau n.高原;稳定期plea n.恳求;借口plead v.恳求;申诉;为……辩护plight n.苦境poke vt./n.戳vi.伸出polar a.极地的;完全相反的pollutant n.污染物质ponder v.考虑populate v.居住于portfolio n.文件夹;有价证券组合portray vt.描绘;扮演posture n.姿势;看法vi.故作姿态practicable a.可实施的preach v.讲道;说教precede vt.先于precedent n.惯例preclude vt.阻止;排除predecessor n.前任;前身prediction n.预言predominant a.占主导地位的;显著的premise n.前提Wednesdaypremium n.额外费用;保险费a.售价高的presentation n.呈交;介绍preservation n.保护;保持preside vi.主持presidential a.总统的presume vt.假定,推测vi.擅自行事presumption n.假定,推测;冒昧,放肆,擅作主张pretext n.借口prevalent a.流行的preview n.预演;预告片v.为(影视节目)写预评prey n.捕获物;受害者v.捕食privacy n.隐私;个人自由privileged a.有特权的probability n.概率,可能性proceeding n.会议记录profitable a.有利可图的;有益的profound a.知识渊博的;深奥的prolong vt.延长prone a.易于……的;俯卧的propaganda n.宣传propagate vt.传播v.繁殖propel vt.推进proposition n.建议;命题prosecute vi.起诉vt.继续从事prosecution n.起诉;执行prospective a.预期的provincial a.省的;狭隘的provocative a.挑衅的;挑逗的proximity n.接近publicize/-ise v.宣扬punctuality n.准时punctuate v.加标点pursuit n.追赶;追求;消遣quantify vt.确定……的数量quantitative a.(数)量的queer a.奇怪的quench vt.扑灭;止渴quota n.定额radiant a.辐射的;光辉灿烂的;容光焕发的radiate v.辐射;流露random a.任意的rap n.斥责vt.严厉批评rash a.轻率的n.皮疹;令人不快的事物rating n.等级;收视率reactionary a.反动的n.反动分子reassure vt.使放心rebellion n.反叛rebound n./v.反弹recede vi.退去;逐渐减弱receptor n.接收器recipe n.烹饪法;诀窍reciprocal a.相互的reckless a.鲁莽的reclaim v.要求归还;开垦reconciliation n.和解;协调recount①v.重数recount②v.叙述rectify vt.纠正recur vi.再发生Thursdayrecyclable a.可循环使用的redundant a.过剩的;被解雇的reel n.卷轴v.卷referee n.裁判;介绍人;仲裁者refrain vi.抑制refreshment n.饮料,点心refuge n.避难处;庇护refund v.退还n.退款refute vt.驳斥regime n.统治;政治制度regiment n.团;大量regulatory a.监管的rehearsal n.排练rehearse v.排练;讲述,默诵reign vi.统治;成为最重要的rein n.缰绳rejoice vi.感到高兴relay v.传送;转播n.接力赛reliance n.依靠relieve vt.减轻;调剂;接替relish n.享受;调味品vt.从……中获得乐趣remainder n.余下的部分reminiscence n.回忆;回忆录remnant n.残留部分renewable a.可更新的renowned a.闻名的repay vt.归还;报答repel vt.击退;排斥;使厌恶reproach n./vt.责备reproduce v.复制;繁殖resemblance n.相似resentment n.愤恨reside vi.居住residential a.居住的;需要在某地居住的resignation n.辞职;听任resourceful a.富于智谋的respectable a.可敬的respondent n.回答者;被告responsive a.反应积极的restoration n.恢复;修复restructure v.改组resultant a.因此发生的resume①n.摘要;简历resume②v.继续retailer n.零售商retention n.保留retort v./n.回嘴retreat vi./n.撤退;退缩retrieval n.挽回;数据检索retrieve vt.取回;挽回;检索retrospect n.回顾retrospective a.回顾的;有追溯效力的revelation n.揭示;被揭示的真相revenge n.报仇reversible a.可反转的revert v.恢复(原状);(指财产等)归还revive v.(使)苏醒rigorous a.严密的;严格的rim n.边,缘rivalry n.竞争Fridayromance n.恋爱(关系);浪漫气氛rot v.(使)腐烂routinely ad.例行公事地royalty n.王族(成员);版税rupture n./v.破裂;断绝sabotage n./v.阴谋破坏sacred a.神圣的;宗教的safeguard vt.保护salute v./n.敬礼;致意saturate vt.使充满;使湿透savage a.野蛮的;残暴的n.野蛮人vt.乱咬;激烈抨击scar n.(伤)疤;(精神上的)创伤vt.给……留下伤痕(或创伤) scarcity n.缺乏;稀少scent n.香味;香水;臭迹vt.嗅到scorn v./n.轻蔑,鄙视scramble vi./n.爬行,攀登;争夺scrap n.碎片vt.废弃scrub v.擦洗;取消scrutiny n.详细检查sculpture n.雕刻(作品);雕刻术segregate vt.使隔离segregation n.分离sensation n.感觉;轰动sensational a.极好的sensitivity n.敏感性sentiment n.感情,情绪serial a.连续的n.连续剧setback n.挫折sexy a.性感的shatter vi.碎裂vt.使粉碎;使破灭shutter n.快门;百叶窗shuttle n.梭子vt.短程穿梭运送sieve n.筛子v.筛,滤signify vt.表示vi.要紧simplistic a.显得过于简单的simulate vt.假装;模仿simultaneous a.同时发生的situate vt.使坐落于situated a.坐落在……的;处于……境地的sizable a.相当大的skeptical a.怀疑的skip vi./n.蹦跳vt.略过,跳过slack a.松(弛)的;萧条的n.松弛部分vi.懈怠slash vt.砍;大幅度削减n.斜线号slaughter vt./n.屠杀;屠宰slot n.狭缝v.把……放入狭长开口中slump vi.突然倒下;暴跌n.萧条期smuggle vt.走私snatch v.抢夺sneak vi.溜vt.偷偷地做sneaker n.鬼鬼祟祟的人;胶底运动鞋sniff n./v.以鼻吸气;嗅sober a.未醉的v.(使)醒酒socialize vt.使适合社会需要sociologist n.社会学家solo n.独唱(曲) a./ad.单独的(地)soluble a.可溶的;可解决的sovereign n.君主a.至高无上的;具有独立主权的sovereignty n.最高统治权;国家的主权spacious a.宽广的Week 4Mondaysparkle vi.闪耀speciality n.专业specialization n.专业化,专门化spectacle n.眼镜;壮观的景象;演出spectator n.观众spectrum n.谱;范围speculation n.推断;投机活动speculative a.投机的spice n.香料;趣味v.加香料于;使增添趣味spiral n.螺旋线a.螺旋的vi.盘旋上升;不断急剧地上升sprinkle vt.洒stabilize/-ise v.(使)稳定,(使)稳固stalk n.茎vt.悄悄地跟踪stall n.摊棚;畜栏v.(使)停转standby n.备用物standoff n.僵持局面staple①n.订书钉vt.用订书钉钉staple②n.主食;主要产品a.主要的stern n.船尾a.严厉的stimulus n.刺激(物)stipulate v.规定stitch n.一针;针法v.缝straightforward a.坦率的;简单的strand vt.使搁浅n.(线等的)股,缕; (论据、思想等的)一个组成部分stray vi.迷路;分心a.迷路的streamline vt.使成流线型;使效率更高strive vi.努力stubborn a.顽固的;难对付的stumble vi./n.绊倒stump n.树桩;残根v.使为难;作巡回演说stun vt.使震惊;打昏subjective a.主观(上)的submission n.服从;提交subordinate a.次要的;下级的n.下级vt.使处于次要地位subscribe vi.订阅vt.捐助subscriber n.订阅者subscription n.订购;捐助subsidiary a.附属的n.附属机构successor n.接替人sue vt.控告vi.要求suffice vi.足够suite n.套间;家具summon vt.召唤;召集;鼓起superiority n.优越supersonic a.超音速的supplementary a.增补的suppress vt.压制;查禁surpass vt.超过susceptible a.易受影响的;过敏的;能经受……的suspension n.暂停suspicious a.猜疑的;可疑的swamp n.沼泽vt.淹没swap n./v.交换symmetrical a.对称的symmetry n.对称(性);整齐symphony n.交响乐symposium n.专题讨论会;专题论文集tablet n.药片;碑;(竹)简tack n.大头钉vt.钉住Tuesdaytakeoff n.起飞;起跳tan v.(使)晒成棕褐色tangle n./v.(使)缠结tariff n.关税;价目表tease vt.戏弄;挑逗n.(爱)戏弄他人者temperament n.气质temporal a.时间的;世俗的tempt vt.引诱tentative a.试探(性)的terminate v.停止termination n.终止terrace n.梯田;阶梯看台terrain n.地势terrify vt.使惊吓terrorism n.恐怖主义terrorist n.恐怖分子testify v.作证;表明testimony n.证词texture n.质地thereafter ad.之后thermal a.热的;保暖的thesis n.论文threshold n.门槛;入门tickle n.痒vt.使发痒;逗乐tilt v./n.(使)倾斜timely a.及时的timid a.胆怯的tolerant a.宽容的;耐……的tow vt./n.拖,拉toxic a.有毒的tract n.大片tragic a.悲惨的;悲剧的transcend vt.超出transcribe v.抄写;改编transient a.短暂的;临时的transistor n.晶体管;晶体管收音机transit n.运输transition n.过渡traverse vt.横渡trench n.沟tribute n.颂词trigger n.(枪的)扳机;起因vt.触发triple a.三部分的;三倍的vt.使增至三倍trivial a.琐碎的tuck vt.把……夹入tug v.用力拖(或拉) n.拖船tuition n.教学tumble vi.跌倒;翻滚n.暴跌turbulence n.动荡;湍流turbulent a.动荡的;汹涌的turnout n.出席人数;投票人数turnover n.营业额tutorial a.家庭教师的unanimous a.全体一致的underestimate vt./n.低估underlying a.含蓄的underscore vt.画底线;强调underway a.在进行中;在行进中的undutiful a.未尽职的;不顺从的unfold v.展开;展现Wednesdayunification n.统一unify vt.使联合;使相同unilateral a.单方面的unlawful a.违法的unprecedented a.空前的unsettle vt.使人不安unveil v.除去……的面纱;为……揭幕upcoming a.即将来临的update v.更新n.最新信息upfront a.直率的upgrade vt.提升uphold vt.支撑;支持upside n.好的一面utilization n.利用vacancy n.空;空缺vaccinate vt.给……接种疫苗validate v.使生效validity n.有效性vein n.静脉;叶脉;纹理;方式velocity n.速度venerable a.可敬的vent n.通风孔ventilate vt.使通风;把……公开venue n.聚集地点verbal a.用言辞的;口头的;动词的verdict n.裁定;结论verge n.边缘vi.接近versatile a.多才多艺的;多用途的versus prep.与……相对vicinity n.周围地区vicious a.恶毒的;恶劣的victorious a.胜利的virgin n.处女a.未经开发的,未经使用的;处女的virtuous a.有道德的;自命清高的visibility n.可见性;可见度visionary a.有远见的;空想的visualize/-ise vt.想象vocal a.嗓音的;直言不讳的vocational a.职业的void n.真空;空虚感a.缺乏的;无效的vow n.誓约vt.发誓vulgar a.粗野的;庸俗的vulnerable a.易受伤的;易受攻击的warfare n.战争;斗争warrant vt.使有必要n.正当理由;授权令wasteland n.荒地watertight a.防水的;严密的weary a.疲劳的,厌倦的vi.厌烦wedge vt.把……楔牢n.楔子well-being n.健康;幸福well-off a.富裕的whereby ad.借以whirl n.旋转wholesale n./ad.批发withhold vt.抑制wreckage n.失事wrench vt.猛拧;挣脱;扭伤n.扳手;痛苦wretched a.极不愉快的;令人苦恼的zigzag n.之字形Thursdayabandon vt.放弃;遗弃abnormal a.异常的abolish vt.废除absorb vt.吸收;使全神贯注;同化abundant a.丰盛的accelerate v.(使)加快accept v.接受;认可access n.通道;接近的机会accessible a.易接近的;可到达的accommodation n.住处,膳宿accord n.一致;协议vi.相符合accordance n.一致account n.叙述;账户accumulate v.积累acknowledge vt.承认……的权威acquire vt.取得acute a.敏锐的;急性的;严重的address n.地址;演说vt.向……作讲话adequate a.足够的;恰当的affection n.喜爱afford vt.买得起;提供agenda n.议事日程aggressive a.侵略的;进取的alert a.警觉的n.警戒alliance n.结盟allowance n.津贴alter vt.改变alternative n.可供选择的事物a.两者择一的ambition n.雄心;野心ambitious a.有雄心的;有野心的announce vt.宣告;声称anticipate vt.预料anxiety n.焦虑;渴望appearance n.露面;外观appliance n.电器applied a.实用的arbitrary a.专断的;任意的assemble v.(人)集合;(物)装配asset n.优点;财产;资产assign vt.分配;指派assist v.帮助astronomer n.天文学家attach vt.把……固定;与……有关联attitude n.态度;姿势attribute vt.把……归因于n.属性authentic a.真正的;可靠的awkward a.笨拙的;尴尬的;不方便的blame vt.责备;把……归咎于n.责任bloodshed n.人员伤亡boiler n.锅炉boom vi.发出隆隆声;繁荣n.隆隆声boring a.令人厌烦的bound v./n.跳(跃)breakthrough n.突破breed v.繁殖;饲养;引起n.品种brilliant a.卓越的budget n.预算v.编预算a.低廉的bulk n.容积;大量a.大量的bump n.碰撞;隆起v.碰;颠簸地行驶Fridaycabinet n.陈列柜;内阁cancel vt.取消candidate n.候选人;考生capacity n.容量;能力career n.生涯;职业challenge vt.向……挑战n.挑战(书);质疑chip vt.削下n.碎片;炸土豆条circuit n.环行,环行道;电路citizenship n.公民权claim vt.声称;要求;夺去n.索赔clap v.拍(手) n.鼓掌clash n.冲突;不协调;撞击声coarse a.粗糙的;粗劣的collapse v./n.倒坍;崩溃collision n.碰撞combat n.战斗combine v.联合n.联合企业(或团体);联合收割机comment n.批评v./n.评论commission n.委员会;佣金;委托commitment n.承诺;奉献compact a.紧密的,结实的n.协议compatible a.能和睦相处的;兼容的compel vt.强迫compensate v.弥补;补偿compensation n.补偿(或赔偿)的款物; 补偿compete vi.竞争competitive a.竞争的;有竞争力的competitor n.竞争者complain v.抱怨complaint n.抱怨;疾病complicated a.复杂的composer n.作曲者comprehension n.理解(力);理解练习comprehensive a.综合的compress vt.压紧comprise vt.由……组成computerize v.用电脑处理conceal vt.隐藏concede v.(不情愿地)承认;让步;允许concern n.关心;重要的事vt.涉及;使担心conclusion n.推论;结尾;缔结condemn vt.谴责;宣判condense v.浓缩;压缩confirm vt.证实;批准confirmation n.确认confront vt.遭遇;面对Confucian a.儒家的,孔子的confuse vt.使困惑;混淆consent vi./n.同意consequently ad.因此,所以conservation n.保存conservative a.保守的n.保守的人consider v.认为;考虑;关心considerable a.相当大的considerate a.体贴的consist vi.由……组成;在于consistent a.一致的,符合的constant a.不变的n.常数constitute link v.组成constitution n.组成;宪法;体格Week 5Mondayconsult v.请教;商议vt.查询consultant n.顾问;会诊医师consumption n.消费(量);挥霍contaminate vt.弄脏contest vt.争夺;争辩n.争夺context n.环境contradiction n.矛盾;反驳contrary a.相反的n.相反contrast n.对比contribute v.捐款;有助于controversy n.争论convenience n.便利conventional a.普通的;习惯的convey vt.运输,传送convince vt.使确信cooperation n.合作cope vi.对付,应付cord n.细绳;灯芯绒裤court n.法庭;球场crash v./n.碰撞,撞击n.碰撞声critical a.批评的crucial a.决定性的crude a.天然的;粗糙的cruise v.巡航crush n./vt.压碎vt.镇压current a.流行的;现在的n.潮流;流curse v.诅咒,咒骂n.祸害debate v./n.辩论decay v./n.腐烂vi.衰败deceive v.欺骗decent a.得体的decline vi./n.下降,衰退v.婉拒decorate vt.装饰decrease v./n.减少deficit n.赤字defy vt.违抗;挑delegation n.代表团delete vt.删除deliver v.拯救;接生;宣布demanding a.要求高的denial n.否认;拒绝给予deny vt.否认;拒绝depart vi.离开;背离depend vi.依靠;决定于dependence n.依靠depict vt.描绘;描述deposit vt.使沉淀;存放n.沉积物;押金;存款depress vt.按下;使沮丧;使不景气derive v.起源于;取得descend v.下降destruction n.破坏destructive a.破坏(性)的devote vt.献身,致力于dictate v.口授;命令differ vi.不同于;发生分歧dilemma n.困境dim a.昏暗的;模糊的v.(使)变暗淡dine vi.进(正)餐disaster n.灾难;彻底的失败discard vt.抛弃Tuesdaydisguise vt./n.假扮;伪装disorder n.凌乱;骚乱;失调display n./vt.陈列;显示dispose vt.排列vi.处理distinction n.差别distress n.忧虑;贫困;危难vt.使忧虑dominant a.占优势的dominate v.支配donation n.捐赠;捐款doubtful a.怀疑的drag vt.拖,拉drain v.排走n.耗竭;排水沟drift vi./n.漂流economic a.经济(学)的economical a.节约的economics n.经济学;经济情况economist n.经济学家economy n.经济;节约efficiency n.效率elaborate v.精心制作;详述a.精心制作的elegant a.优美的emergency n.紧急情况emphasize v.强调encounter v./n.遭遇endure v.忍受;持续enforce vt.执行;强迫engage v.吸引住;雇用enhance vt.提高enlarge v.扩大;放大enrich vt.使富裕;充实enrol(l) v.注册ensure vt.保证entertainment n.娱乐;招待entitle vt.给……权利epidemic a.传染性的n.流行病equivalent a.相等的;相同的erode v.腐蚀error n.错误estimate v./n.估计;评价eternal a.永恒的exaggerate v.夸大exceed vt.超过exception n.例外excess n.过量a.额外的excessive a.过度的exclaim v.呼喊exclude vt.不包括exclusive a.独有的excursion n.远足execute vt.实施;执行exhibit v.展览n.展览品expand v.膨胀;展开expel vt.驱逐;排出;把……开除explicit a.直言的;清楚明白的explore v.探测expose vt.暴露;揭露;使(照片)曝光extend vt.伸展;提供extinguish vt.熄灭;消灭facial a.面部的facilitate vt.促进Wednesdayfake n.假货;骗子a.假的v.伪装fantastic a.异想天开的;奇异的fantasy n.想象,幻想fascinate vt.迷住fashion n.方式;流行款式fatal a.致命的feasible a.可行的fiction n.小说;虚构的事file v.把……归档;排成纵队行进n.文件;档案finance n.财政,资金v.为……提供资金flexible a.易弯曲的;灵活的fluctuate vi.波动foresee vt.预见forestry n.林学formal a.形式上的;正式的format n.设计;版式vt.使格式化fraction n.小部分;分数frontier n.边境;尖端function n.功能;重大聚会furnish vt.布置;提供gamble v./n.赌博gaze vi./n.凝视gear n.设备vt.使适应generate vt.产生genetic a.遗传(学)的n.遗传学genuine a.名副其实的;真诚的glow n.光辉vi.发光grant n.拨款vt.同意grief n.悲伤;伤心事grim a.严厉的;讨厌的grip vt.握紧;吸引住……的注意gross a.总的;粗鲁的n.总额guarantee v./n.保证guard vt.守卫n.警卫harness vt.给(马)上挽具n.马具haul vt./n.拖n.拖运heave v.举起;扔n.举起highlight vt.强调hinder vt.妨碍historical a.历史(上)的hostile a.敌对的humanity n.人类;人性;人道;人文学科humble a.谦虚的;卑贱的vt.贬低ideal n.理想a.理想的;想象的identical a.同一的identify vt.鉴定illegal a.非法的imaginary a.虚构的imagination n.想象力;创造力immune a.对……免疫的;免除的;不受影响的imply vt.暗示impose vt.把……强加于;征(税等) impress vt.给……留下深刻印象impression n.印记;印象impulse n.冲动;推动力inadequate a.不充足的incidence n.发生率incident n.发生的事incline v.(使)倾斜;(使)倾向于n.斜坡indifferent a.冷漠的Thursdayindispensable a.必需的induce vt.引起;引诱inevitable a.不可避免的inferior 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Glossary to ARCH (GARCH)*Tim BollerslevDuke UniversityCREATES and NBERFirst Version: June 25, 2007This Version: February 16, 2009__________________*This paper was prepared for Volatility and Time Series Econometrics: Essays in Honour of Robert F. Engle (eds. Tim Bollerslev, Jeffrey R. Russell and Mark Watson), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. I would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by a grant from the NSF to the NBER and CREATES funded by the Danish National Research Foundation. I would also like to thank Frank Diebold, Xin Huang, Andrew Patton, Neil Shephard and Natalia Sizova for valuable comments and suggestions. Of course, I am solely to blame for any errors or omissions.This paper provides an encyclopedic type reference guide to the long list of ARCH acronyms that have been used in the literature. In addition to the acronyms association with specific parametric models, I have also included descriptions of abbreviations association with more general procedures and ideas that figure especially prominently in the ARCH literature. With a few exceptions, I have restricted the list of acronyms to those which have appeared in already published studies.Keywords:ARCH, GARCH, ARCH-M, EGARCH, IGARCH, BEKK, CCC, DCC.iRob Engle’s seminal Nobel Prize winning 1982 Econometrica article on the AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (ARCH) class of models spurred a virtual “arms race” into the development of new and better procedures for modeling and forecasting time-varying financial market volatility. Some of the most influential of these early papers were collected in Engle (1995). Numerous surveys of the burgeon ARCH literature also exist; e.g., Andersen and Bollerslev (1998), Andersen, Bollerslev, Christoffersen and Diebold (2006), Bauwens, Laurent and Rombouts (2006), Bera and Higgins (1993), Bollerslev, Chou and Kroner (1992), Bollerslev, Engle and Nelson (1994), Degiannakis and Xekalaki (2004), Diebold (2004), Diebold and Lopez (1995), Engle (2001, 2004), Engle and Patton (2001), Pagan (1996), Palm (1996), and Shephard (1996). Moreover, ARCH models have now become standard textbook material in econometrics and finance as exemplified by, e.g., Alexander (2001, 2008), Brooks (2002), Campbell, Lo and MacKinlay (1997), Chan (2002), Christoffersen (2003), Enders (2004), Franses and van Dijk (2000), Gourieroux and Jasiak (2001), Hamilton (1994), Mills (1993), Poon (2005), Singleton (2006), Stock and Watson (2005), Tsay (2002), and Taylor (2004). So, why another survey type paper?Even a cursory glance at the many reviews and textbook treatments cited above reveals a perplexing “alphabet-soup” of acronyms and abbreviations used to describe the plethora of models and procedures that have been developed over the years. Hence, as a complement to these more traditional surveys, I have tried to provide an alternative and easy-to-use encyclopedic type reference guide to the long list of ARCH acronyms. Comparing the length of this list to the list of general Acronyms in Time Series Analysis (ATSA) compiled by Granger (1983) further underscores the scope of the research efforts and new developments that have occurred in the area following the introduction of the basic linear ARCH model in Engle (1982).My definition of what constitutes an ARCH acronym is, of course, somewhat arbitrary and subjective. In addition to the obvious cases of acronyms association with specific parametric models, I have also included descriptions of some abbreviations association with more general procedures and ideas that figure especially prominently in the ARCH literature. With a few exceptions, I have restricted the list of acronyms to those which have appeared in already published studies. Following Granger (1983), I have purposely not included the names of specific computer programs or procedures, as these are often of limited availability and may also be sold commercially. Even though I have tried my best to be as comprehensive and inclusive as possible, I have almost surely omitted some abbreviations. To everyone responsible for an acronym that I have inadvertently left out, please accept my apology.Lastly, let me make it clear that the mere compilation of this list does not mean that I endorse the practice of associating each and every ARCH formulation with it’s own unique acronym. In fact, the sheer length of this list arguably suggests that the use of special names and abbreviations originally intended for easily telling different ARCH models apart might have reached a point of diminishing returns to scale.iiAARCH (Augmented ARCH) The AARCH model of Bera, Higgins and Lee (1992) extends the linear ARCH(q) model (see ARCH) to allow the conditional variance to depend on cross-AARCH(q) model may be expressed as:,where A denotes a q×q symmetric positive definite matrix. If A is diagonal, the model reduces to the standard linear ARCH(q) model. The Generalized AARCH, or GAARCH model is obtained by including lagged conditional variances on the right-hand-side of the equation. The slightly more general GQARCH representation was proposed independently by Sentana (1995) (see GQARCH).ACD(Autoregressive Conditional Duration) The ACD model of Engle and Russell (1998) was developed to describe dynamic dependencies in the durations between randomly occurring events. The model has found especially wide use in the analysis of high-frequency financial datadenote the time interval between the i thand the (i-1)thHigher order ACD(p,q) models are defined in a similar manner. Quasi Maximum Likelihood(see also ACH and MEM).ACH1 (Autoregessive Conditional Hazard) The ACH model of Hamilton and Jordá (2002) is designed to capture dynamic dependencies in hazard rates, or the probability for the occurrence of specific events. The basic ACH(p,q) model without any updating of the expected hazard rates between events is asymptotically equivalent to the ACD(p,q) model for the times between events (see ACD).ACH2 (Adaptive Conditional Heteroskedasticity) In parallel to the idea of allowing for time-varying variances in a sequence of normal distributions underlying the basic ARCH model (see ARCH), it is possible to allow the scale parameter in a sequence of Stable Paretian distributions weighted moving average (see EWMA) of the form,-1-.Many other more complicated Stable GARCH formulations have subsequently been proposed and analyzed in the literature (see SGARCH).ACM (Autoregressive Conditional Multinomial) The ACM model of Engle and Russell (2005) involves an ARMA type representation for discrete-valued multinomial data, in which the conditional transition probabilities between the different values are guaranteed to lie between zero and one and sum to unity. The ACM and ACD models (see ACD) may be combined in modeling high-frequency financial price series and other irregularly spaced discrete data.ADCC (Asymmetric Dynamic Conditional Correlations) The ADCC GARCH model of Cappiello, Engle and Sheppard (2006) extends the DCC model (see DCC) to allow for asymmetries in the time-varying conditional correlations based on a GJR threshold type formulation (see GJR).AGARCH1 (Asymmetric GARCH) The AGARCH model was introduced by Engle (1990) to allow for asymmetric effects of negative and positive innovations (see also EGARCH, GJR, NAGARCH, and VGARCH1). The AGARCH(1,1) model is defined by:where negative values of γ implies that positive shocks will result in smaller increases in future volatility than negative shocks of the same absolute magnitude. The model may alternative be expressed as:surely.AGARCH2 (Absolute value GARCH) See TS-GARCH.ANN-ARCH (Artificial Neural Network ARCH) Donaldson and Kamstra (1997) term the GJR model (see GJR) augmented with a logistic function, as commonly used in Neural Networks, the ANN-ARCH model.ANST-GARCH (Asymmetric Nonlinear Smooth Transition GARCH) The ANST-GARCH(1,1) model of Nam, Pyun and Arize (2002) postulates that-2-APARCH (Asymmetric Power ARCH) The APARCH, or APGARCH, model of Ding, Granger and Engle (1993) nests several of the most popular univariate parameterizations. In particular, the APGARCH(p,q) model,, while the log-GARCH(p,q)GARCH, NGARCH, GJR, TGARCH and log-GARCH).ARCD (AutoRegressive Conditional Density) The ARCD class of models proposed by Hansen (1994) extends the basic ARCH class of models to allow for conditional dependencies beyondthe standardized skewed Student-t distribution (see also GARCH-t and GED-GARCH). Specific examples of ARCD models include the GARCH with Skewness, or GARCHS, model of Harvey and Siddique (1999), in which the skewness is allowed to be time-varying. In particular, for the GARCHS(1,1,1) model,,ARCH (AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroskedastcity) The ARCH model was originally developed by Engle (1982) to describe U.K. inflationary uncertainty. However, the ARCH class of models has subsequently found especially wide use in characterizing time-varying financial-3--4-by:refers to the information set available at time t-1, and the conditional variance,is an explicit function of the pexpressed as:Even though analytical expressions for the Maximum Likelihood Estimates (see also QMLE) are not available in closed form, numerical procedures may easily be used to maximize the function.The q th-order linear ARCH(q) model suggested by Engle (1982) provides a particularlyconvenient and natural parameterizarion for capturing the tendency for large (small) variances to be followed by other large (small) variances,where for the conditional variance to non-negative and the model well-defined ω has to be positive and all of the αi ’s non-negative. Most of the early empirical applications of ARCHmodels, including Engle (1982), were based on the linear ARCH(q) model with the additional constraint that the αi ’s decline linearly with the lag,in turn requiring the estimation of only a single αq . More generally, any non-trivial measurable function of the time t-1ARCH-Filters ARCH and GARCH models may alternatively be given a non-parametric interpretation as discrete-time filters designed to extract information about some underlying,possibly latent continuous-time, stochastic volatility process. Issues related to the design of consistent and asymptotically optimal ARCH-Filters have been studied extensively by Nelson (1992, 1996a) and Nelson and Foster (1994). For instance, the asymptotically efficient filter (in a mean-square-error sense for increasingly finer sample observations) for the instantaneous volatility in the GARCH diffusion model (see GARCH Diffusion) is given by the discrete-time GARCH(1,1) model (see also ARCH-Smoothers).ARCH-NNH (ARCH Nonstationary Nonlinear Heteroskedasticity) The ARCH-NNH model of Han and Park (2008) includes a nonlinear function of a near or exact unit root process, xt, in the conditional variance of the ARCH(1) model,The model is designed to capture slowly decaying stochastic long-run volatility dependencies (see also CGARCH1, FIGARCH, IGARCH).ARCH-M (ARCH-in-Mean) The ARCH-M model was first introduced by Engle, Lilien and Robins (1987) for modelling risk-return tradeoffs in the term structure of U.S. interest rates. The model extends the ARCH regression model in Engle (1982) (see ARCH) by allowing the conditional mean to depend directly on the conditional variance,This breaks the block-diagonality between the parameters in the conditional mean and the parameters in the conditional variance, so that the two sets of parameters must be estimated jointly to achieve asymptotic efficiency. Non-linear functions of the conditional variance may beEngle and Wooldridge (1988) (see also MGARCH1).ARCH-SM (ARCH Stochastic Mean) The ARCH-SM acronym was coined by Lee andARCH).ARCH-Smoothers ARCH-Smoothers, first developed by Nelson (1996b) and Foster and Nelson (1996), extend the ARCH and GARCH models and corresponding ARCH-Filters based solely on past observations (see ARCH-Filters) to allow for the use of both current and future observations in the estimation of the latent volatility.-5-ATGARCH (Asymmetric Threshold GARCH) The ATGARCH(1,1) model of Crouhy and Rockinger (1997) combines and extends the TS-GARCH(1,1) and GJR(1,1) models (see TS-GARCH and GJR) by allowing the threshold used in characterizing the asymmetric response to differ from zero,Higher order ATGARCH(p,q) models may be defined analogously (see also AGARCH and TGARCH).Aug-GARCH (Augmented GARCH) The Aug-GARCH model developed by Duan (1997) nests most of the popular univariate parameterizations, including the standard linear GARCH model, the Multiplicative GARCH model, the Exponential GARCH model, the GJR-GARCH model, the Threshold GARCH model, the Nonlinear GARCH model, the Taylor-Schwert GARCH model, and the VGARCH model (see GARCH, MGARCH2, EGARCH, GJR, TGARCH, NGARCH, TS-GARCH and VGARCH1). The Aug-GARCH(1,1) model may be expressed as:whereAVGARCH (Absolute Value GARCH) See TS-GARCH.β-ARCH (Beta ARCH) The β-ARCH(1) model of Guégan and Diebolt (1994) allows the conditional variance to depend asymmetrically on positive and negative lagged innovations,where I( @ ) the model reduces to the standard linear ARCH(1) model. More general β-ARCH(q) and β-GARCH(p,q) models may be defined in a similar fashion (see also GJR, TGARCH, and VGARCH1).BEKK (Baba, Engle, Kraft and Kroner) The BEKK acronym refers to a specific parameteriztion-6-of the multivariate GARCH model (see MGARCH1) developed in Engle and Kroner (1995). The simplest BEKK representation for the N×N conditional covariance matrix Ωttakes the form:where C denotes an upper triangular N×N matrix, and A and B are both unrestricted N×N matrices. This quadratic representation automatically guarantees that Ωtis positive definite. The reference to Y. Baba and D. Kraft in the acronym stems from an earlier unpublished four-authored working paper.BGARCH (Bivariate GARCH) See MGARCH1.CARR (Conditional AutoRegressive Range) The CARR(p,q) model proposed by Chou (2005) postulates a GARCH(p,q) structure (see GARCH) for the dynamic dependencies in time series of high-low asset prices over some fixed time interval. The model is essentially analogous to the ACD model (see ACD) for the times between randomly occurring events (see also REGARCH).CAViaR (Conditional Autoregressive Value at Risk) The CAViaR model of Engle and Manganelli (2004) specifies the evolution of a particular conditional quantile of a times series,p, as an autoregressive process.GARCH(1,1) model with i.i.d.allowing for asymmetries may be specified in a similar manner. The CAViaR model was explicitly developed for predicting quantiles in financial asset return distributions, or so-called Value-at-Risk.CCC (Constant Conditional Correlations) TheN×N conditional covariance matrix for the N×1N×N matrix of conditional correlations with typical element-7-N×N diagonal matrix with typical elementthe conditional variances are positive, the CCC model guarantees that the resulting conditional covariance matrices are positive definite (see also DCC and MGARCH1).Censored-GARCH See Tobit-GARCH.CGARCH1 (Component GARCH) The component GARCH model of Engle and Lee (1999)was designed to better account for long-run volatility dependencies. Rewriting the GARCH(1,1) model as:with the corresponding long-run variance parameterized by the separate equation,CGARCH2COGARCH (Continuous GARCH) The continuous-time COGARCH(1,1) model proposed by Klüppelberg, Lindner and Maller (2004) may be expressed as,and-8-whereThe model is obtained by backward solution of the difference equation defining the discrete-time GARCH(1,1) model (see GARCH), replacing the standardized innovations by the increments tois driven by a single innovation process. Higher order COGARC(p,q) processes have been developed by Brockwell, Chadraa and Lindner (2006) (see also ECOGARCH).Copula GARCH Any joint distribution function may be expressed in terms of its marginal distribution functions and a copula function linking these. The class of copula GARCH models builds on this idea in the formulation of multivariate GARCH models (see MGARCH1) by linking univariate GARCH models through a sequence of possibly time-varying conditional copulas. For further discussion of estimation and inference in copula GARCH models, see, e.g., Jondeau and Rockinger (2006) and Patton (2006) (see also CCC and DCC).CorrARCH (Correlated ARCH) The bivariate CorrARCH model of Christodoulakis and Satchell (2002) parameterizes the time-varying conditional correlations as a distributed lag of the product of the standardized innovations from univariate GARCH models for each of the two series. A Fisher transform is used to ensure that the resulting correlations always lie between -1 and 1 (see also CCC, DCC and MGARCH1).DAGARCH (Dynamic Asymmetric GARCH) The DAGARCH model of Caporin and McAleer (2006) extends the GJR-GARCH model (see GJR) to allow for multiple thresholds and time-varying asymmetric effects (see also AGARCH, ATGARCH and TGARCH).DCC (Dynamic Conditional Correlations) The multivariate DCC-GARCH model of Engle (2002a) extends the CCC model (see CCC) by allowing the conditional correlations to be time-varying. To facilitate the analysis of large dimensional systems, the basic DCC model postulatesthat the temporal variation in the conditional correlations may be described by exponential smoothing (see EWMA) so thatwhere,N×1 vector innovation process. A closely related formulation was proposed-9-independently by Tse and Tsui (2002), who refer to their approach as a Varying Conditional Correlation, or VCC-MGARCH model (see also ADCC, CorrARCH, FDCC and MGARCH1). diag MGARCH (diagonal GARCH) The diag MGARCH model refers to the simplification of the vech GARCH model (see vech GARCH) in which each of the elements in the conditional covariance matrix depends on its own past values and the products of the corresponding elements in the innovation vector only. The model is conveniently expressed in terms of Hadamard products, or matrix element-by-element multiplication. In particular, for the diag MGARCH(1,1) model,.It follows (see Attanasio, 1991) that if each of the three N×Npositive definite, the conditional covariance matrix will also be positive definite (see also MGARCH1).DTARCH (Double Threshold ARCH) The DTARCH model of Li and Li (1996) allows the parameters in both the conditional mean and the conditional variance to change across regimes,with the m different regimes determined by a set of threshold parameters for some lag k$1 of theDVEC-GARCH(Diagonal VECtorized GARCH) See diag MGARCH.ECOGARCH (Exponential Continuous GARCH) The continuous-time ECOGARCH model developed by Haug and Czado (2007) extends the Lévy driven COGARCH model ofKlüppelberg, Lindner and Maller (2004) (see COGARCH) to allow for different impact of positive and negative jump innovations, or so-called leverage effects. The model may be seen as a continuous-time analog of the discrete-time EGARCH model (see also EGARCH, GJR and TGARCH).EGARCH (Exponential GARCH) The EGARCH model was developed by Nelson (1991). Theshocks of the same magnitude. This effect, which is typically observed empirically with equity index returns, is often referred to as a “leverage effect,” although it is now widely agreed that the-10-apparent asymmetry has little to do with actual financial leverage. By parameterizing the logarithm of the conditional variance as opposed to the conditional variance, the EGARCH model also avoids complications from having to ensure that the process remains positive. This is especially useful when conditioning on other explanatory variables. Meanwhile, the logarithmic transformation complicates the construction of unbiased forecasts for the level of future variances (see also GARCH and log-GARCH).EVT-GARCH (Extreme Value Theory GARCH) The EVT-GARCH approach pioneered by McNeil and Frey (2000), relies on extreme value theory for i.i.d. random variables and corresponding generalized Pareto distributions for more accurately characterizing the tails of the distributions of the standardized innovations from GARCH models. This idea may be used in the calculation of low-probability quantile, or Value-at-Risk, type predictions (see also CAViaR, GARCH-t and GED-GARCH).EWMA (Exponentially Weighted Moving Average) EWMA variance measures are defined by the recursion,.EWMA may be seen as a special case of the GARCH(1,1), or IGARCH(1,1), model in whichdefined in a similar manner. The EWMA approach to variance estimation was popularized byF-ARCH (Factor ARCH) The multivariate factor ARCH model developed by Diebold and Nerlove (1989) (see also Latent GARCH) and the factor GARCH model of Engle, Ng and Rothschild (1990) assumes that the temporal variation in the N×N conditional covariance matrix for a set of N returns can be described by univariate GARCH models for smaller set of K<N portfolios,N×1 vector of factor loadings and time tconditional factor, respectively. More specifically, the F-GARCH(1,1) model may beexpressed as:where w denotes an N×1 vector, and α and β are both scalar parameters (see also OGARCH and MGARCH1).-11--12-FCGARCH (Flexible Coefficient GARCH) The FCGARCH model of Medeiros and Veiga(2008) defines the conditional variance as a linear combination of standard GARCH type models,with the weights assigned to each model determined by a set of logistic functions. The model nests several alternative smooth transition and asymmetric GARCH models as special limiting cases, including the DTARCH, GJR, STGARCH, TGARCH, and VSGARCH models.FDCC (Flexible Dynamic Conditional Correlations) The FDCC-GARCH model of Billio,Caporin and Gobbo (2006) generalizes the basic DCC model (see DCC) to allow for different dynamic dependencies in the time-varying conditional correlations (see also ADCC).FGARCH (Factor GARCH) See F-ARCH.FIAPARCHFIEGARCH (Fractionally Integrated EGARCH) The FIEGARCH model of Bollerslev and Mikkelsen (1996) imposes a fractional unit root in the autoregressive polynomial in the ARMA representation of the EGARCH model (see EGARCH). In particular, the FIEGARCH(1,d,1)model may be conveniently expressed as:For 0<d<1FIGARCH (Fractionally Integrated GARCH) The FIGARCH model proposed by Baillie,Bollerslev and Mikkelsen (1996) relies on an ARFIMA type representation to better capture the long-run dynamic dependencies in the conditional variance. The model may be seen as natural extension of the IGARCH model (see IGARCH), allowing for fractional orders of integration in the autoregressive polynomial in the corresponding ARMA representation,0<d<1are all outside the unit circle. FIREGARCH (Fractionally Integrated Range EGARCH) See REGARCH.Flex-GARCH (Flexible GARCH) The multivariate Flex-GARCH model of Ledoit, Santa-Clara and Wolf (2003) is designed to reduce the computational burden involved in the estimation of multivariate diagonal MGARCH models (see diag MGARCH). This is accomplished by estimating a set bivariate MGARCH models for each of the N(N+1)/2 possible different pairwise combinations of the N variables, and then subsequently “paste” together the parameter estimates subject to the constraint that the resulting parameter matrices for the full N-dimensional MGARCH model guarantee positive semidefinite conditional covariance matrices.GAARCH (Generalized Augmented ARCH) See AARCH.GARCH (Generalized AutoRegressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity) The GARCH(p,q) model of Bollerslev (1986) includes p lags of the conditional variance in the linear ARCH(q) (see ARCH) conditional variance equation,Conditions on the parameters to ensure that the GARCH(p,q) conditional variance is always positive are given in Nelson and Cao (1992). The GARCH(p,q) model may alternative be represented as an ARMA(max{p,q},p) model for the squared innovation:,often provides a good fit in empirical applications. This particular parameterization was also proposed independently by Taylor (1986). The GARCH(1,1) model is well-defined and theGARCH(1,1) model may alternatively be express as an ARCH(4) model,the model is covariance stationary and the unconditional variancewhere h$2 denotes the horizon of the forecast.-13-GARCH-∆ (GARCH Delta) See GARCH-Γ.GARCH Diffusion The continuous-time GARCH diffusion model is defined by:andwhere the two Wiener processes,lengthGARCH-EAR (GARCH Exponential AutoRegression) The GARCH-EAR model of LeBaron (1992) allows the first order serial correlation of the underlying process to depend directly on the conditional variance,variance (see also ARCH-M).GARCH-Γ (GARCH Gamma) The gamma of an option is defined as the second derivative of the option price with respect to the price of the underlying asset. Options gamma play an important role in hedging volatility risk embedded in options positions. GARCH-Γ refers to the gamma obtained under the assumption that the return on the underlying asset follows a GARCH process. Engle and Rosenberg (1995) find that GARCH-Γ’s are typically much higher than conventional Black-Scholes gammas. Meanwhile, GARCH-∆’s, or the first derivative of the option price with respect to the price of the underlying asset, tend to be fairly close to their Black-Scholes counterparts.GARCH-M (GARCH in Mean) See ARCH-M.-14--15-GARCHS (GARCH with Skewness) See ARCD.GARCHSK (GARCH with Skewness and Kurtosis) See ARCD.GARCH-t (GARCH t-distribution) ARCH models are typically estimated by maximumthe assumption of conditional normality by instead assuming that the standardized innovations follow a standardized Student t-distribution. The corresponding log Likelihood function may be expressed as:,conditional variance equation (see also GED-GARCH, QMLE and SPARCH).GARCH-X 1 The multivariate GARCH-X model of Lee (1994) includes the error correctionGARCH-X 2 The GARCH-X model proposed by Brenner, Harjes and Kroner (1996) for modeling short term interest rates includes the lagged interest rate raised to some power, say, as an explanatory variable in the GARCH conditional variance equation (see GARCH).GARCHX The GARCHX model proposed by Hwang and Satchell (2005) for modelingaggregate stock market return volatility includes a measure of the lagged cross-sectional return variation as an explanatory variable in the GARCH conditional variance equation (see GARCH).GARJI Maheu and McCurdy (2004) refer to the standard GARCH model (see GARCH)augmented with occasional Poisson distributed “jumps” or large moves, where the time-varying jump intensity is determined by a separate autoregressive process as a GARJI model.GDCC (Generalized Dynamic Conditional Correlations) The multivariate GDCC-GARCH model of Cappiello, Engle and Sheppard (2006) utilizes a more flexible BEKK typeparameterization (see BEKK) for the dynamic conditional correlations (see DCC). Combiningthe ADCC (see ADCC) and the GDCC models results in an AGDCC model (see also FDCC).GED-GARCH (Generalized Error Distribution GARCH) The GED-GARCH model of Nelson (1991) replaces the assumption of conditionally normal errors traditional used in the estimation of ARCH models with the assumption that the standardized innovations follow a generalized error distribution, or what is also sometimes referred to as an exponential power distribution (see also GARCH-t).GJR (Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle GARCH) The GJR-GARCH, or just GJR, model of Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle (1993) allows the conditional variance to respond differently to the past negative and positive innovations. The GJR(1,1) model may be expressed as:,where I( @ ) denotes the indicator function. The model is also sometimes referred to as a Sign-GARCH model. The GJR formulation is closely related to the Threshold GARCH, or TGARCH, model proposed independently by Zakoian (1994) (see TGARCH), and the Asymmetric GARCH, or AGARCH, model of Engle (1990) (see AGARCH). When estimating the GJR model with equity index returns, γ is typically found to be positive, so that the volatility increases proportionally more following negative than positive shocks. This asymmetry is sometimes referred to in the literature as a “leverage effect,” although it is now widely agreed that it has little to do with actual financial leverage (see also EGARCH).GO-GARCH (Generalized Orthogonal GARCH) The multivariate GO-GARCH model of van der Weide (2002) assumes that the temporal variation in the N×N conditional covariance matrix may be expressed in terms of N conditionally uncorrelated components,N×Nimplement two-step procedure (see also F-ARCH, GO-GARCH and MGARCH1). GQARCH (Generalized Quadratic ARCH) The GQARCH(p,q) model of Sentana (1995) isdefined by:zero. Defining the q×1-16-。