语法复习五：强调句、It的用法、省略和插入语
一、强调句
（一）强调句句型
1、陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。
e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。
e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？
e.g. When and where was it that you were born?
4、强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。
强调主语：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.
强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.
强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.
强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.
5、注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was … ，其余的时态用It is … 。
（二）not … until … 句型的强调句
1、句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分+ that + 其它部分
e.g. 普通句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；
因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
（三）谓语动词的强调
1、It is/ was … that … 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。
e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！
2、注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。
二、It的用法
（一）作人称代词
1、it代替前面（或后面）的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。
e.g. You cannot eat your cake but have it.（it代替前面的cake）
Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us. （it代替后面的air）
They say he has left town, but I don’t believe it.（it代替前面They…town分句中的情况）
2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。
e.g. Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was fully twenty metres high. （it代替前面的tree）
The baby cried because it was hungry. （it代替前面的baby）
3、在某些习惯说法中，可以代替人。
e.g. ---- Someone is knocking at the door, Peter. ---- Who is it? ---- It’s me.
---- Who are singing? ---- It is the children.
---- The light is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year students doing the experiment.
4、it与one的区别：这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词，但it用于同名同物的场合；one则用于同名异物的场合。
e.g. ---- Do you still have the bicycle? ---- No, I have sold it.
---- Is this knife yours? ---- No. It is Xiao Zhang’s. Mine is the one on the desk.
5、it与that的区别：两词都可代替某一特定名词，但that指同一类，并非同一个。
e.g. The climate of South China is mild（温和的）; I like it very much.（it指the climate of South China）
The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.（that指the climate）（二）作无人称代词
it作无人称代词时，除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外，另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。
It is fine (rainy, windy, etc.).
It is noon.
It is a half hour’s walk to the factory.
It is eighteen square metres in area.
What does it matter?
（三）作强调词，构成强调结构
用以帮助改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调。“It is (was) + 所强调的成分+ that (who) + 其它成分。”在这个句型中，it本身没有词义。详见“一、强调句”。（四）引导词it作形式主语（宾语）
为了使句子平衡，常采用形式主语（或宾语）it ，而把真正的主语（或宾语）置于句子后面。通常引导词it与它所代替的句子成分中间要夹有某些词。
e.g. It takes half an hour to go there on foot.（It与to go there on foot之间夹有takes half an hour四个词）
We thought it strange that Mr Smith did not come last night. （it与that从句中间夹有strange）
但有时it与所替代部分之间并不夹有其它词。
e.g. You may depend on it that they will support you.（因为介词on之后一般不直接接that引导的宾语从句。注意：it不是多余的，不能当作错句）
练习一、强调句、It的用法
1. My bike is missing. I can’t find ____ anywhere.
A. one
B. ones
C. it
D. that
2. ---- Who’s that?---- ____ Professor Li.
A. That’s
B. It’s
C. He’s
D. This’s
3. ____ was Jane that I saw in the library this morning.
A. It
B. He
C. She
D. That
4. ---- Have you ever seen a whale alive? ---- Yes, I’ve seen ____.
A. that
B. it
C. such
D. one
5. The color of my coat is different from ____ of yours.
A. this
B. that
C. it
D. one
6. ____ will do you good to do some exercise every morning.
A. It
B. There
C. Those
D. You
7. We think ____ our duty to pay taxes to our government.
A. that
B. this
C. its
D. it
8. The climate of Shanghai is better than ____ of Nanjing.
A. that
B. it
C. which
D. what
9. ____ four years since I joined the Army.
A. There was
B. There is
C. It was
D. It is
10. How long ____ to finish the work?
A. you’ll take
B. you’ll take it
C. will it take you
D. will take you
11. It was through Xiao Li ____ I got to know Xiao Wang.
A. who
B. whom
C. how
D. that
12. It was in the rice fields ____ we had our league meeting.
A. where
B. that
C. in which
D. on which
13. It was on October 1st ____ new China was founded.
A. which
B. when
C. as
D. that
14. Was it because he was ill ____ he asked for leave?
A. and
B. that
C. that’s
D. so
15. Mary speaks in a low voice; ____ is difficult to know what she is saying.
A. it
B. that
C. so
D. she
16. It was ____ I met Mr Green in Shanghai.
A. many years that
B. many years before
C. many years ago that
D. many years when
17. ____ is not everybody ____ can draw so well.
A. It, all
B. It, that
C. There, who
D. There, that
18. So ____ that no fish can live in it.
A. shallow is the lake
B. the lake is shallow
C. shallow the lake is
D. is the lake shallow
三、省略
为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：（一）简单句中的省略
1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。
e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括号内为省略的词语，下同）
(I) see you tomorrow. (It) Doesn’t matter.
2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。
e.g. (There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong? Why (do you) not say hello to him?
3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。
e.g. ---- Are you going there? ---- I’d like to (go there).
He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).
注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。
e.g. ---- Are you an engineer? ---- No, but I want to be.
---- He hasn’t finished the task yet. ---- Well, he ought to have.
4、省略表语。
e.g. ---- Are you thirsty? ---- Yes, I am (thirsty).
5、同时省略几个成分。
e.g. Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.
---- Have you finished your work? ---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet.
（二）并列句中的省略
两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。
e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.
I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.
（三）主从复合句中的省略
1、主句中有一些成分被省略。
e.g. (I’m) Sorry to hear t hat you are ill.
(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.
2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。
e.g. ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so.
---- Is he feeling better today? ---- I’m afraid not.
这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。
（四）其它省略
1、连词that的省略：
①、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。
②、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。
③、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。
2、不定式符号to的省略
①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。
e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.
②、某些使役动词（如let, make, have）及感官动词（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。
e.g. ---- I saw the boy fall from the tree. ---- The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
③、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。
e.g. The boy did nothing but play.
3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语+ be”部分。（参看“状语从句”有关部分）
4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分）
5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。
e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).
四、插入语
英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语”。
（一）插入语的类型：
1、单词（多是副词），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。
e.g. She is looking fit, though. 他看起来倒是健康。
I can, however, discuss this when I see you.
2、短语
e.g. China and India, for example, are neighbours.
By the way, where are you from?
3、句子
e.g. He is an honest man, I believe.
Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever.
（二）插入语的位置
通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末（见上面例句）。也有时，并不用逗号隔开。
e.g. You know that I think you are wrong. 我认为，你明白你错了。
What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？
（三）插入语在句中的作用
一般来说，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。
e.g. He got the news from nobody knows where. 他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的。
（四）插入语的特殊用法
下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问句（有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”）常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、
判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。
e.g. How long did you say she would stay here?
When do you suppose they’ll be back?
How old did you think she was
（五）大纲中要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语
by the way 顺便说，顺便问一下；so far 到目前为止；and so on 等等；on the contrary 相反；no wonder 不足为奇；as a matter of fact 事实上；come along 快点，来吧；in other words 换句话说；as usual 如同以往；as a result 因此，结果。
练习二、省略和插入语
1. ---- Won’t you have another try?---- ____.
A. Yes, I will
B. Yes, I won’t
C. Yes, I will have
D. Yes, I won’t have
2. ---- I won’t do it any more.---- ____?
A. Why don’t
B. Why don’t do it any more
C. Why not
D. Why not do
3. ---- Do you think it will snow tomorrow? ---- ____.
A. No, I don’t think
B. I don’t think
C. No, I don’t so
D. I don’t think so
4. ---- Will he fail in the exam? ---- ____.
A. Don’t hope to
B. Let’s hope not
C. Not hope so
D. Let’s hope not to
5. ____ usual, I have forgotten something.
A. As
B. As it is
C. It’s
D. That is
6. ____ she a man, she might be elected president.
A. If
B. Unless
C. Was
D. Were
7. ____ I had time, I would have played it again.
A. If
B. Unless
C. Had
D. When
8. ____ it rain tomorrow, I’d stay at home.
A. Should
B. Would
C. When
D. If
9. I like sports and ____ my brother.
A. so
B. so does
C. so is
D. so likes
10. Francis, ____ born in Kentucky, lived and practised law in Missouri.
A. was
B. He was
C. who is
D. although
11. ---- Aren’t you the manager?---- No, and I ____.
A. don’t want
B. don’t want to
C. don’t want to be
D. don’t
12. ---- Have you fed the dog? ---- No, but ____.
A. I am
B. I’m just going to
C. I’m
D. I’m just going
13. Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard（标准）—____, you failed.
A. in the end
B. after all
C. in other words
D. at the same time
14. How long ____ she would stay here?
A. did she say
B. she said
C. did
D. /
15. ____ could do such thing?
A. Whom do you think
B. Who do you think
C. Do you think whom
D. Did you think who
练习三、综合训练
1. John was ill. Have you heard about ____?
A. this
B. he
C. it
D. the one
2. Hurry up! ____ getting darker and darker.
A. The sky is
B. It’s
C. Weather is
D. Time is
3. It’s the third time ____ I have been here.
A. that
B. when
C. after
D. who
4. It was simply for that reason ____ I wouldn’t tell him the truth.
A. why
B. which
C. so
D. that
5. Was it in the place ____ the last emperor died?
A. where
B. that
C. which
D. in which
6. ____ is no difference between A and B.
A. It
B. Where
C. There
D. What
7. It ____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago.
A. was
B. were
C. are
D. had been
8. He said, “ ____ a long way to school. ____ a long way to go yet before we arrive.”
A. It is, It is
B. There is, There is
C. There is, It is
D. It is, There is
9. I don’t like ____ you speak to her.
A. the way
B. the way in that
C. the way which
D. the way of which
10. If you go to Xi’an, you’ll find the palaces there more magnificent than commonly ____.
A. supposing
B. suppose
C. to suppose
D. supposed
11. ____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There
B. This
C. That
D. It
12. It was about 600 years ago ____ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.
A. that
B. until
C. before
D. when
13. It was not until 1920 ____ regular radio broadcast began.
A. while
B. which
C. that
D. since
14. ---- Do you mind my taking this seat? ---- ____. A. Yes, sit down please B. No, of course not C. Yes, take it please D. No, you can’t take it
15. ---- I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?--- Not at all. ____.
A. I’ve no time
B. I’d rather not
C. I’d like it
D. I’d be happy to
16. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _____.
A. not to
B. not to do
C. not do it
D. do not to
17. It was not until she came to see us ____ her mother was ill in bed.
A. when we knew
B. that did we knew
C. that we knew
D. that did we know
18. ---- This store has such high prices. ---- I agree. Never again ____ here.
A. I will shop
B. will I shop
C. I do shop
D. shop I
19. ____ was his kindness that everyone praised him.
A. It
B. What
C. So
D. Such
20. ____, he would have passed the exam.
A. If he were to study
B. If he studied hard
C. Had he studied hard
D. Should he study hard
21. ---- David has made great progress recently. ---- ____, and ____. A. So he has, so have you B. So he has, so you have C. So has he, so have you D. So has he, so you have
22. No sooner ____ they rushed out into the street. A. did they hear the news than
B. did they hear the news when
C. had they heard the news than
D. had they heard the news when
23. He was unable to make such progress, ____.
A. hard as he tried
B. as hard he tried
C. hard he has tried
D. tried hard as he
必修一至必修五特殊句式 《劝学》 1．蟹六跪而二螯，非蛇鳝之穴无可寄托者，用心躁也。（判断句，“……也”表判断）2．蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强。（定语后置） 3．取之于蓝而青于蓝；冰，水为之而寒于水。（状语后置） 4．輮以为轮【省略句：輮（之）以（之）为轮】 5．輮使之然也【省略句：輮（之）使之然也】 6．善假于物也（状语后置） 7．金石可镂（被动句） 《师说》 1．句读之不知，惑之不解 2．学于余 3．耻学于师。 4．师不必贤于弟子。 5．师者，所以传道受业解惑也。 6．人非生而知之者。 7．非吾所谓传其道解其惑者也。 8．不拘于时 《赤壁赋》 1．苏子与客泛舟游于赤壁之下 2．客有吹洞箫者，倚歌而和之 3．何为其然也？ 4．而今安在哉？ 5．相与枕藉乎舟中 《始得西山宴游记》 1．居（于）是州（省略介词“于”） 2．故为之文以志（之）（省略宾语“之”，代指宴游西山这件事） 3．是岁元和四年也（语气词“也”，表判断） 4、以为凡是州之山水有异态者 5．皆我有也（可以认为都被我所拥有） 《六国论》 1．赵尝五战于秦 2．齐人勿附于秦 3．其势弱于秦 4．子孙视之不甚惜，举以予人 5．为国者无使为积威之所劫哉---------被动+省略 6．洎牧以谗诛 7. 有如此之势，而为秦人积威之所劫 8．是又在六国下矣 9．是故燕虽小国而后亡，斯用兵之效也
10．赂秦而力亏，破灭之道也 11．苟以天下之大 《阿房宫赋》 1．灭六国者六国也，非秦也 2．族秦者秦也，非天下也 3．函谷举 4．秦人不暇自哀 5．使负栋之柱，多于南亩之农夫 6．管弦呕哑，多于市人之言语 7．可怜焦土 8．五步一楼，十步一阁 《<指南录>后序》 1．为巡船所物色 2．为巡徼所陵迫死 3．予羁縻不得还 4．死生，昼夜事也 5．所谓誓不与贼俱生所谓鞠躬尽力，死而后已，亦义也。 《五人墓碑记》 1．缙绅而能不易其志者应按“能不易其志之缙绅”顺序翻译2．待圣人之出而投缳道路 3．四海之大，有几人欤？ 5．郡之贤士大夫请于当道 6．且立石于其墓之门 7．不能容于远近 8．令五人者保其首领以老于户牖之下 9．故今之墓中，全乎为五人也。 10．不可谓非五人之力也。非，否定判断 11．斯固百世之遇也固，副词表判断 12．激于义而死焉者也 13．予犹记周公之被逮 14．盖当蓼洲周公之被逮 15．断头置城上 16．激昂大义 《烛之武退秦师》 1．晋军（于）函陵，秦军（于）氾南 2．敢以（之）烦执事 3．若舍郑以（之）为东道主 4．是寡人之过也 5．邻之厚，君之薄也 6．以乱易整，不武
专题十六倒装句和省略句重难点分析 一、倒装句 倒装句主要考查以下几个方面： ◆含有否定意味的词置于句首，用部分倒装； ◆“only+状语/状语从句”置于句首，用部分倒装； ◆so/such…that句型中，“so+形容词/副词”提前，用部分倒装； ◆表示方位的副词或介词短语放在句首，要用完全倒装。 1. 倒装句用法一览表：
2. 特别提示 (1) there be结构的倒装句型中，除了be动词之外，there后还可接lie, live, seem to be等。如：There lived an old man in the village long long ago. 很久很久以前，村子里住着一位老人。 (2) here, there, now, then, up, down, away, out等副词位于句首，主语为代词时不到装。如：Away it flew. 它飞走了。 (3) 直接引语的一部分或全部位于句首，主句倒装，主句倒装，但是主语为代词时不倒装。如：“You have to finish it tonight,” she said. “今晚你必须完成它，”她说。 (4) so位于句首不倒装的情况：
① 主语与前句相同，表赞同，译为“确实如此”。如： — Mike studies hard. 迈克学习很刻苦。 — So he does. 确实是。 ② 表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事，前句如果列举了两种事实以上，用“so it is/was with sb./sth.”回答。如： — Tom is kind and often helps those in trouble. 汤姆很友好，经常帮助处于困境中的人。 — So it is with his father. 他父亲也是。 (5) 使用as/though进行倒装时注意： ①句首有名词，名词不能带任何冠词。如：Child as he is, he can tell right from wrong. 尽管他是个孩子，却能够明辨是非。 ②句首是实义动词时，其他助动词则放在主语之后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，则宾语和状语随实义动词一起放在主语之前。如： Try hard as he will, he never seems to be able to do the work satisfactorily. 虽然他尽力了，但他的工作总做得不尽如人意。 (6) not until位于句首的倒装结构中，如果是复合句，只有主句用倒装，从句不用。如： Not until he loses his health will he give up smoking. 他直到失去健康才会戒烟。 二、省略句 高考命题导向：省略是一种避免重复，保持简洁的语法手段。缺少一个或一个以上的必要语言成分，但在一定语境中能够独立存在，意义明确，并且能发挥交际功能的句子叫作省略句。高考主要是考查省略在固定结构中的运用。 省略句用法一览表：
1）五种句型 1.基本句型一： S V （主＋谓） 2.基本句型二： S V P （主＋谓＋表） 3.基本句型三： S V O （主＋谓＋宾） 4.基本句型四： S V o O （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 5.基本句型五; S V O C （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 2）八大时态 一、一般现在时： 1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, 3.基本结构：动词原形（如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要加（e）S） 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 6.例句：. It seldom snows here. He is always ready to help others. Action speaks louder than words. 二、一般过去时： 1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just n ow, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词 4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 6.例句：She often came to help us in those days. I didn't know you were so busy. 三、现在进行时： 1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc. 3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. 5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。 6.例句： How are you feeling today? He is doing well in his lessons. 四、过去进行时：
Unit5 First aid-语法篇 __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 1.学会if引导的省略句的用法； 2.能够使用if引导的省略句的知识点作对相关题目，灵活使用。 省略句 状语从句中的省略用法 一、如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句的谓语含有be动词的某种形式（am/is/are/was/were）可同时省略从句的主语和be动词的某种形式。 1. when，while引导的时间状语从句
e.g. 当你过马路的时候一定要小心。 Do be careful when (you are) crossing the street. 在我去工作的路上，我遇见了她。 When/While (I was) on my way to work，I met her. 2. if ，unless，once引导的条件状语从句 e.g. If (it is) properly treated，waste will do no harm to the environment. 我不会去晚会的，除非我被邀请。 I’ll not go to the party unless (I am) invited. 一旦你在超市里被抓到偷东西，你会受到惩罚的。 Once (you are) caught stealing in a supermarket，you will be punished. 3. though，although，whether，no matter whether/what/how/who等引导的让步状语从句 e.g. 他很开心，尽管他很贫穷。 He was happy，though/although (he was) poor. 他虽然年轻但懂得很多。 Though (he is) young，he knows a lot. No matter how/However hard the task (is)，we must fulfill it in time. （注：从句的主语和主句的主语不一致时，只省略从句中的be动词形式） 4. as if，as though引导的方式状语从句 e.g. She lay there，as if (she was) dead. （省略的主语和主句的主语一致） He opened his lips as if (he were going) to say something. 他张开嘴唇，好像要说什么话似的。 He stood up as if/though (he wanted) to leave.（as if/though + to do表示一个将来的动作） 二、than，as引导的比较状语从句中的省略用法：当不同的主语进行比较时，一般省略从句中的谓语；当从句中的主语与谓语（be动词除外）和主句中的主语与谓语相同时，通常省略从句中的主语和谓语，只保留比较部分。 e.g. He is taller than his brother (is). I have as much as confidence in you as (I have confidence) in him. 三、以if从句为代表的状语从句中的特殊省略用法：通常省略了it is，that is，there is/are。 E.g.如果有必要的话，这个老庙会被重新修建。 If (it is) possible/necessary，this old temple will be rebuilt. If (that is) so，I will call you back at 5:00 pm. There are only a few books in our school library，if (there are) any. 四、定语从句中的省略用法 关系词的省略 关系代词that，which，whom等在限制性定语从句中充当宾语且不位于介词之后时，可以省略；in which 或that在先行词way后作方式状语从句时可省略。 e.g. 你昨天拜访的那个人是我的祖父。 The man (that/who/whom) you visited last night is my grandpa.
省略号的作用和例句 省略的内容主要有四：一是引文；二是重复性词语；三是类似语句；四是列举。 除省略外，省略号还有以下几种用法： 1、表示沉默： 例：何为：梅伯母的身体已经经不起路上的颠簸了！欧阳平：…… 2、表语言中断： 例：穿长袍的问："这位是……""我的兄弟。"戴礼帽的回答。 破折号也可表语言中断，但两者有不同：破折号表语言戛然而止，省略号表余音未尽。3、表语言断断续续。 例：上级……派我……到这儿……工作，我没……有……完成……上级……交给我的……任务。 4、表含糊其辞，欲言又止 例：我即刻胆怯了起来，便想全翻过先前的话来，"那是……实在，……我说不清……。其实，究竟有没有魂灵，我也说不清。" 5、表明语意未尽。 例："可恶！然而……。"四叔说。 使用省略号时应注意以下问题： （1）不可滥用省略号。一是省略号后语境不明的不能用省略号，而是没有上述特殊语意不能用省略号。 （2）、用了"等"、"等等"就不能再用省略号。（省略号和"等"、"等等"有不同，省略号表示的可以是各种需要省略的，而后者只能是类似的词语或意思。） （3）要正确处理省略号前后的点号问题：一是省略号前是个完整的句子的，省略号前应使用句末标点，表示省略的是句子；二是省略号前不是完整句子的，省略号前一般不用点号，表示省略的是词语、短语；三是省略号后一般不用标点。 （4）、如果省略的是一大段或几段文字，就用十二个圆点表示，单独成行，不顶格。 破折号的作用和例句 破折号是一个用途比较广的标号。它的主要用法可以归纳如下。 1. 用以表示对上文的解释说明或补充。例如：“亚洲大陆有世界上最高的山系——喜玛拉雅山，有目前地球上最高的山峰——珠穆朗玛峰。” 括号也表示解释说明，但是破折号引出的解释说明是正文的一部分，是较重要的信息，要读出来的。而括号里的解释说明不是正文，只是注释，没有它不影响句子的完整性，读时也不必连着正文念出来。 解释说明或补充的语句如果是插在句子中间的，可以前后各用一个破折号。例如：“太阳系除了九个大行星——水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星和冥王星——以外，还有40个卫星以及为数众多的小行星、彗星和流星体等。”“直觉——尽管它并不总是可靠的——告诉我，这事可能出了什么问题。” 2. 表示话题的转变。例如：“我在珠海的公司干得挺顺心。老板对我不错，工资也挺高，每月三千多呢!——我能抽支烟吗？”破折号前是讲述自己情况, 后面突然转而询问对方别的事。 3. 表示话语的中断。例如：“…班长他牺——?小马话没说完就大哭起来。”“他很大了，——(顿)并且他以为他母亲早就死了的。”前一例的破折号表示下面的话没说出来。后一例表示说了半句暂时中断，停顿了一下又接着说下去。 4. 表示声音的延长。例如：“…顺——山——倒——?林子里传出我们伐木连小伙子的喊声。” 5. 表示引出下文。例如：“在一篇题为《论气节》的文章里，他对…五四?以来中国知识分子
英语语法省略句 省略句 1)不定式在love, mean, want, like, wish, expect, try, intend, plan, refuse, prefer, seem等动词后面 2)在happy，glad，eager，ready，willing等形容词后面。 1.---will you join us? --- I should love to(join you). 2.I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to(s ee the film). 3.--- Would you like to go with us? --- Yes, I’m glad to(go with you) 4.He doesn’t get up early as he used to. (get up) 注意: 如果不定式中含有be, have(助动词), have been, 通常保留be, have(助动词), have been. 1.--- Are you a sailor? --- No, but I used to be. 2.---He hasn’t finished yet. ---well, he ought to have. 1. —I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? —Not at all, ________ . (NMET 1995) A. I have no time B. I'd rather not C. I‘d like it D. I'd be happy to 2. —Does your brother intend to study German? —Yes, he intends ________ . (NMET 1998上海卷)
必修五语法重点练习题 第一单元三种形态作定语和表语 练习一、用括号中的词的正确形式填空 1.Have you read the novel by Dickens.（write） 2.I know the man on the bench.（sleep） 3.Listen! The song is very popular with the students.（sing） 4.The students the meeting will arrive here tomorrow. （attend）【总结】非谓语作定语 现在分词V-ing being done 主动；进行, 被动；进行 过去分词V-ed 被动；完成；状态 不定时to do 将来，目的，计划 【加强练习】 1. Do you know the boy ___________ (lie) under the big tree? 2. You will see this product _____ (make) in this factory advised wherever you go. 3. --- What’s the language ____________(speak) in New Zealand? -- English. 4. There are many people ______________ (want) to buy cars in the modern world. 5. The car _____________ (produce) in Germany in the 1960s looks old now. 6. --- What are on show in the museum? -- Some pictures ____________(draw) by the Africans. 7. What is the best way do you think ____________ (protect) the wild animals? 8. There was a sudden burst of light (show) a terrible noise. 9. The problems (discuss)at the meeting tomorrow are really hard to solve． 10. The words _______ (start) with “L” aren’t easily forgotten 练习二、表语从句练习请根据句意填进正确的引导词 1. The question is ________ we will have our sports meet next week. 2．The reason why he failed is _____he was too careless. 3. Go and get your coat. It’s _____you left. 4. What I want to know is ______ he likes the gift given by us. 5. The reason is_________I missed the bus. 6. That is_________ we were late last time. 【总结】在表语从句中，从句充当了表语的成分。 练习三、非谓语作表语练习 1. In April, thousands of holiday-makers remained___abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud(火山灰). stick abroad 坚持出国 A.sticking B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck 2.The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _______it more difficult. A. not making B. not make C. not to make D. to not make https://www.doczj.com/doc/9312123348.html,dies and gentlemen, please remain_______until the plane has come to a complete stop. A. seated B. seating C. to sea t D. seat 4.He lost all his money when travelling long distance. The only thing he could do was____his wife for help. A. calling B. call C. called D. calls 5. What Tom said is______at the next meeting. A. to discuss B. to be discussed C. discussing D. to have discussed
一、用于引文的省略 引用别人的话、文章的语句，根据作者的需要，保留必要的，省略不必要的。例如： 1．周恩来同志用命令的口吻说：“不要管我，大家要沉着，不要慌张……” 张……” 二、省略同类词句在叙述中，有时需要列举一些同类的东西， 比如花儿、颜色、数字、动作行为等等，许多时候，并不需要把这些同类的东西全部列出，只需要一部分就可以说明问题了，余下部分就可以用省略号标志。如： 3．有的像蜜蜂一样嗡嗡，有的像小鸟一样啾啾，有的像小狗一汪 汪，有的还好像在打鼾…… 三、用于重复的词句的省略 例如： 6．我扑到指导员身上大喊：“指导员，指导员……” 四、表示话没有说完（有时又作语意未尽） 在叙述中，作者故意终止叙述，给读者留下一个含蓄的空白；有人在说话中欲言而又不言；有人在说话中被迫中断；有的暂时搁下正在进行的语言而转叙别的事物等等。这些都属于“话没有说完”，都可用省略号标志。 例如： 8．想着想着，我的心里，好像有一颗种子在生根、发芽…… 四、双用省略号 (用四个三连点，即十二个圆点)，标志整段文字或大片语言的 省略。 五、这种用法在小学课本上没有出现，我们引用并节选《瀑布》和《参观人民大会堂》两篇课文让同学们明白该怎样使用双省略号。 瀑布………… 山路忽然一转，啊！望见了瀑布的全身！这般景象没法比喻，千丈青山衬着一道白银。………… 六、表示不语这是一种极为少见的用法。 当事态发展到该某个人讲话而这个人却没讲时，就可以用省略号来表示。 渔夫催桑娜去抱西蒙的孩子，桑娜既没有说话也没有行动。我们改写一下，渔夫讲的话不变，桑娜的表现：“……”桑娜坐着一动不动。引号标志桑娜讲话的 内容，可是引号内是省略号，它表示桑娜没有讲话。 六、表示声音的延长 例如： 15．嗒嗒嗒……从一座桥上，突然喷出六条火舌，封锁了我军前进的道 路。 八、表示语言的断断续续 例如： 16．他轻轻地摇了摇头，两眼望着那捆书，用微弱的声音说：“你们
2019 小升初英语语法省略句知识点：空缺与增补 小升初英语语法省略句知识点：空缺与增补 两个主语不同的句子，谓语有相同部分，也有不同部分，如果用 连词连接起来实行对比，则其相同部分在后面分句中能够省略，这样，后 面分句中就出现“空缺”现象。“空缺” 处通常被省略的是动词， 或动词及其宾语、补足语等。汉译时不妨采用“补齐”的方法。例如： A sound must be heard ，a colour seen ，a flavour tasted ， an odour inhaled.，颜色必须目视，滋味必须口尝，气味必须鼻吸。( 后三句省略 must be) Histories make men wise；mathematic logic and rhetoric able to contend. ；数学使人精细；逻辑和修辞 使人善辩。( 原文后两句省略make men) 注意 than 引出的比较从句中，套有 when引导的时间从句或 if 引导的条 件从句，而且该比较从句中的省略部分与整个句子的主要结构一致时则 比较从句的省略部分可省略不译。例如： My uncle is better than when I wrote to 我伯父的身体比我上 次给你去信时好些了(...than 后面省略了he was) 灵活使用 对英语中一些特殊省略结构译法需灵活，指的是按正常语法规则 分析，有的无法增补，有的要用不同的方式来增补，使之成为完全句。 所以，汉译英时，视上下文加以灵活处理。 1.“宾语 +主语 +谓语 and + 谓语”结构 其中 and 连接的，是用作不同成分的同一个词，这个词既是第一分 句的宾语，又是第二分句的主语。此结构的特点是，把宾语提到句
教学目标： 1.让学生掌握英语学习中的五种基本句型； 2.学会分辨句子属于哪种句型； 3.懂得使用不同的句型造句； 教学重点与难点： 1.五种句型的分析与理解； 2.句型4（主+动+宾+补）与句型5（主+动+宾+宾）的掌握与比较； 教学方法： 1.ppt演示； 课堂练习： 一、下列的句子属于哪种类型 1. The sun rises 2. She is walking along the lake. 3. I like this book very much. 4. That man seems kind 5. He bought his sister a piano. 6. She kept us waiting for over three hours. 7. Let me give you a hand. 8. We tried to make her happy. 二、请说出五个句子，并说出属于哪种句型 家庭作业： 1.每个句型各举出3个句子 2.翻译句子
导入主题：我们现在能用英语写简单的作文，也可以用英语进行简单的交流与沟通，可是大家知道英语中有多少种基本句型吗？那这些句型分别是什么？ （让学生自由思考、讨论，引出今天的课题，英语学习中的五种基本句型）1.Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是不及物动词,本身能表达完整的意思,后面不需跟宾语,但有时可跟副词、介词短语等作状语。如: He laughed. John has read widely. He lives in London. 2. Subject(主语) ＋Verb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是及物动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语。如: Our team beat all the others. 3. Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是连系动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态的表语。常见的系动词有:be(是),become(成为),get(变得),turn(变得),grow(变得),look(看起来),feel(感到),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来),seem(似乎),keep(保持),stay(保持)等。如: The rose smells sweet. 4. Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 此句型的特点是:谓语动词虽然跟有一个宾语,但意思还不完整,必须加上另外一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有:名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。如: We must keep our school clean. They made him their monitor. 5. Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 此句型的特点是:谓语动词跟有两个宾语,这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者,其中指人的是间接宾语,指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时,通常需要加介词for或to。可跟双宾语的动词 有:answer,bring,buy,find,get,give,lend,make,pass,pay,send,show,sing,take,teach,tell, write等。如: Mr. Li told us an interesting story. Would you please give this dictionary to Li Hua？ 【注】S=Subject(主语). V=Verb(谓语动词). P=Predicative(表语). O=Object(宾语).
省略号的使用 ①表引文或引述的话有所省略：（引用别人的话、文章的语句，根据作者的需要，保 例句：1、她轻轻地哼起了《摇篮曲》：“月儿明，风儿静，树叶儿遮窗棂啊......” 2、周恩来同志用命令的口吻说：“不要管我，大家要沉着，不要慌张……”（这里 保留了最能体现周总理临危不惧、时刻关心他人的高贵品质的话，其它的话用省略号省略了） ②表重复词语的省略： 例句：1、我扑到指导员身上大喊：“指导员，指导员......”（省略了我对指导员的呼喊） 2、呜哇，呜哇……娃娃放声大哭。（省略了娃娃的“呜哇”的哭声） 比如花儿、颜色、数字、动作行为等等，许多时候，并不需要把这些同类的东西全部列出，只需要一部分就可以说明问题了，余下部分就可以用省略号标志，省略号前的列举一般不能少于三项） 例句：1、在广州有花市上，牡丹、吊钟、菊花、山茶、墨兰……春秋冬三季的鲜花都在这里聚齐了。（省略的是各种花的品种） 3、他注意地数着一声一声的鸟叫:“一、二、三、四……”（序数词的省略） ④表说话断断续续：（一句话不能流畅地表达完整，心情起伏，身体状态特殊：哽咽，虚弱，抽泣等） 例句：1、他用微弱的声音说：“你们要......好好学习......”（身体状态虚弱）
3、自己的五个孩子已经够他受的了……是他来啦？……不，还没来！……为什么要把 他们抱过来啊？……他会揍我的!那也活该，我自作自受……（表示心理描写的断断续续，桑娜担心、害怕、忐忑不安的思想感情） ④表示语意含蓄，让读者去想象：（一般放在结尾，余意未尽，用以引发思考，给读者或听众留下无限遐想的空间） 例句：1、想着想着，我的心里，好像有一颗种子在生根、发芽......（什么种子在生根发芽呢？这个省略号让我们去想象、去推断） 2、她慈祥的眼神平静地望着我，像深深的潭水……（引发我们思考，为什么像深深的潭水，这代表了什么呢）
五种基本句型 句子就是由主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等组成得,依其组合方式可分为五种基本句型,如下表所示： 注意句子成分得表示法Ｓ:Ｓｕbject(主语) V:Verｂ(动词)O: Ｏbjｅct（宾语) P：Ｐrｅdiｃａtive(表语) OＣ: Oｂｊeｃｔplement(宾语补足语) 五种基本句型见下表： 第１种S+V主＋谓 第2种S+V+Ｏ主+谓+宾 第３种Ｓ+V＋P 主+谓+表 第 4 种S+V+o(间接宾语)＋Ｏ（直接宾语） 第 5 种S+Ｖ＋O＋OC 主+谓＋宾+宾补 第 1 种句型:主语+不及物动词:S+Ｖ?Ｂirｄs fly、鸟飞、--－-- －-主语谓语（不及物动词) Ｈｅrｕns in ｔｈe park、她在公园里跑、----－- -－－－---－--－--主语谓语地点状语(不及物动词)? 此句型就是主语＋不及物动词构成句子得主体部分。不及物动词,后面当然不能直接带宾语了，要补上相应得介词,但就是可以有状语来修饰。上例中得iｎｔｈe ｐark,就是地点状语。 Ｃlass begins、(bｅgin 在句中就是不及物动词) 开始上课。 比较ｗe ｂegiｎOｕｒcｌaｓs at eｉｇht、我们八点钟开始上课。该句属于第 2 种句型,bｅgｉn 在句中就是及物动词，由此可见有些动词既可作及物动词也可以作不及物动词。 第 2 种句型:主语＋及物动词+宾语:S+V＋O My fatｈｅｒreaｄtｈｅｂooｋ、 我父亲读过那本书、?(及物动词)?注意有些不及物动词后面加上介词就可把它瞧成一个及物动词，后面就可以加宾语了。Ｙou mｕst ｌｉｓten ｔｏmｅ、您必须听我得。(Liｓtｅn 就是不及物动词。但加上ｔo 之后,Ｌistｅn ｔｏ可以瞧成一个及物动词) 后面直接带宾语得动词就是及物动词，名词与名词得相当语(如代词、不定式、动名词……)等都可充当宾语。Ｓｈeｌikｅs Engｌisｈ、（名词作宾语） I knｏｗhim vｅrｙwell、(代词作宾语) (同第一种句型一样,本句型可以有状语、定语修饰）Thｅｙwant ｔo gｏ、(不定式作宾语） Hｅstopｐeｄwｒiting、(动名词作宾语) ?第3 种句型:主语＋系动词+表语:S+Ｖ+P Ｈe ｂｅcａme a ｓｃienｔisｔ、她成为一个科学家了?谓语(系动词) be 动词与ｂee 就是英语中常见得系动词,后面必须接表语,才能用来说明主语,表示“…… 就是……”,“……变成……”等意思。 表语通常就是名词或形容词等。Tｈｅy are honｅst、她们就是诚实得。 Hｅｂecameａsｃiｅntisｔ、她成为了一个科学家。 His face goes reｄ、她得脸变红了。Ｉt grew dark、天变黑了。 注意在英语中,除了bｅ动词与bee 属于系动词外，还有一些实义动词,当表示状态存在或表示状态变化时也可以作系动词。这些词有:keeｐ、lｏok 、
人教版必修五unit5语法：省略句强化训练题 一、用所给词的适当形式填空 （1） 1. When ______________ (heat), water is turned into vapour. 2. Wood gives much smoke while _____________ (burn). 3. The letter is to be left here until _________________ (call) for. 4. He looked about as if __________________ (search) for something. 5. Do you have any difficulty _________________ (express) yourself in English? 6. He spent some time _______________ (squeeze) the wet coat dry. 7. When first ______________ (introduce) to the market, these products enjoyed great success. 8. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________________ (question) at the meeting by my boss. 9. English words are easily forgotten, unless constantly ________________ (repeat). 10. The Olympic Games, first _________(pla y) in 776 BC, didn’t include women players until 1912. （2） 1. Although______________ (tell) to stop, he kept on working. 2. —What’s Joan doing? —_________________ (read) newspapers in the room. 3. You shouldn’t go back to your seat unless__________________ (ask) to. 4. If not______________ (take) care of, the plants will die. 5. While_________________ (drive), one should pay attention to traffic signs. 6. The photos____________ (take) in Beijing attracted many children. 7. She did all she could__________________ (help) us. 8. He spent four hours___________________ (go) over his lessons. 9. Lucy never goes out at night, and so__________________ (do) Mary.
英语五种基本句型结构 英语中得五种基本句型结构 一、句型1: Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中得动词大多就是不及物动词,所谓不及物动词,就就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见得动词 如:work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, e, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如: 1) Li Ming works very hard、李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon、事故就是昨天下午发生得。 3)Spring is ing、 4) We have lived in the city for ten years、 二、句型2:Subject (主语) ＋Link、V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语得特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类: (1)表示状态。这样得词有:be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如: 1) This kind of food tastes delicious、这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now、刚才她瞧上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有:bee, turn, get, grow, go等。如: 1) Spring es、It is getting warmer and warmer、春天到了,天气变得越来越暖与。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before、这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3:Subject(主语) ＋Verb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中得动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词,就就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语,其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例: 1) He took his bag and left、(名词)她拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties、(代词)当我遇到困难时,李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the ing May Day、(不定式)她打算在即将到来得“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next、(从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意:英语中得许多动词既就是及物动词,又就是不及物动词。 四、句型4: Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中,直接宾语为主要宾语,表示动作就是对谁做得或为谁做得,在句中不可或缺,常常由表示“物”得名词来充当;间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语,去掉之后,对整个句子得影响不大,多由指“人”得名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语得常见动词有:buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如:
省略句 定义：为了使语言简洁或避免重复，要省略句中的一个或几个成分，这种语法现象称之为省略。 1，状语从句的省略 在when, while, whenever, till, as soon as, if, unless, as if, though 等引导的状语从句中，其实是：包括时间，让步，方式等一些状语从句中，若从句主语和主句主语相同，或者是it时，且从句的主语为be动词时，则从句中的主语和be 动词常全部被省略。 If _______________(heat), water will boil . When ___________(walk) the dog , you were careless and it got loose . 常用的一些短语： 1, if possible , when/ if necessary, as … as possible, as please (随便) I will do what I can _____________(help) you when necessary. If necessary , I will write him a letter . 2, if so (如果是这样)，if ever (如果曾经发生过)，if any(如果有些)，if not (如果不)，even so （即便如此） I will go to the party. If not, I will let you know. I do not like reading popular novels. If any, I can read it. It is likely to rain tomorrow. If so, I will stay at home surfing the Internet. 3, 在as, than, however，whatever, no matter what 等引导的从句中，常省略某些成分。 After two hours she became quieter (than she had been). ) 2，虚拟语气中的省略： 1），常省略if，而将had，were, should 提前，构成部分倒装。 __________ he _________(take) my advice, he would have succeeded. 2),在suggest动词串中，应用虚拟语气虚拟语气（should +动词原形），should 可省略。 It suggested that we (should ) go to see a film. 3，在定语从句和名词性从句中的省略。 1），在限定性定语从句中，常将在从句中做宾语或状语的关系词who, whom, that省略。 The girl _________________ the teacher spoke to is my sister. I don't like the way ________________she speaks to her mother . 2), 在know, think, consider等动词后所接的宾语从句中，连词that可以省略，若连接的是两个宾语从句，只有第一个 that可以省略，其余的不可以省略。 He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 5, 动词不定式的省略。 1），使役动词let, make, have, 及感官动词see, watch, hear,等后面作宾语补足语的不定式要省去to,但是被动语态要加上to I saw the boy fall from the tree. =>The boy was seen to fall from the tree. The boy wanted to play football in the street, but his mother told him______.A not B not to C not to do D not to do it 2), 有时候为了避免重复，与前文所表达的内容相同的不定式to后面的内容要省略，而只是保持不定式的符号to。Could you go shopping with me？I am glad to. 3), 不定式作某些动词的宾语时，可省略不定式内容，只保留不定式to, 这类动词包括有like, love, hope, wish, expect, refuse, mean, try, agree等 You can do it if you mean to. 注意：省略的不定式的内容若有作助动词用的have 或be的任何形式时，to 后面的have 或be 要保留。 He did not come, but he ought ________