初三英语总复习资料
八种动词时态，有的只要求达到理解层次，有的则要求达到熟练运用层次。至少其中五种时态包括过去进行时是要求达到熟练运用层次的，而且其考查方式肯定不会以某一时态的独立形式出现，而是时态的综合运用，尤其要重视各种时态之间的区别。
找出它们之间的不同冠词的用法.
现以冠词为例：
1.John was given _______ orange bag for his birthday but ______ bag was lost just now.
A.an,a
B.a,the
C.the,a
D.an,the
2.There's ________ old tree near _______ house. A.a,an B.an,the C.a,the D.the,a
3.There is ___ 800-metre-long road behind ___ hospital.A.an,an B.a,a C.an,the D.a,the
4._______ good,kind girl she is! A.How B.What a C.What D.How a
5.________ bad weather!I hope it won't last long. A.How B.What C.What a D.How a
6._______ they are listening to the teacher!
A.How careful
B.What careful
C.How carefully
D.What carefully
由上例题我们可以发现冠词和感叹句是必考内容。同样，象宾语从句的语序、代词的格、主谓语一致、动词和介词的搭配、近义词的比较以及习惯表达法和情态动词的使用等，无一不在考查之列。所有这一切语言基础知识，我都将通过对典型试题的解题分析，展开讨论，分层展示难易对比，系统归纳。对于语言基础知识是这样处理，那么对以能力测试为主要目的的中考其他试题形式又该怎么办呢？这里我们以一篇完形填空题为例：
A poor farmer had never left his small village.After he(1) a lot of money,he decided to spend a holiday in an expensive hotel(旅馆)in a bigtown.(2)lunch time came on his first day there,he went to eat in the restaurant(餐馆)of the hotel(3) his new clothes.The head waiter(服务员)(4)him to the table,took his order and went away.When he turned and (5)the farmer again,he had a (6)!The farmer had tied(系)his table cloth round his (7).
The head waiter told another waiter to go to the farmer and (8) him that people (9) do such a thing in his restaurant.So the waiter went tothe farmer and said in a (10) voice(声音),"Good morning,sir.Would you like a haircut?"
1.A.lent B.made C.paid D.gave
2.A.During B.Though C.When D.Because
3.A.for B.with C.on D.in
4.A.wanted B.put C.showed D.brought
5.A.looked at B.watched C.saw D.found
6.A.look B.rest C.table cloth D.surprise
7.A.arm B.neck C.hand D.head 8.A.ask B.tell C.taught D.told
9.A.can't B.don't C.won't D.mustn't 10.A.friendly B.tired C.sad D.ter
要求考生从所给的选项中选出正确答案，使补足后的短文意思通顺，结构完整。对此，考生必须通篇考虑，不能拿来就做，那样必然顾此失彼，前后意思不得连贯。目前的中考完型还侧重于语法，这将在逐年试题的变革中转向按上下文的要求来推断理解。
在解这类题时，必须掌握“词感现象”，注意学会区分“干扰项”。所谓词感，“the sense of word"是指一种对词或词群的感受能力。对词的感受力强，在解题时会较为容易地找到它与情景的关系。词感并不仅仅指词与词之间的细微差异，也并不注重词的搭配与组合，它较多地强调选用恰当的词，以利于对情景作出合乎逻辑的判断。同时也就把其它三个作为干扰项的选择项排除掉了。最后复读一篇全文，就会语感流畅，句意明确。
这儿举例的目的是想说明，我从一个较高的立意来对中考题型，特别是完形、阅读等，进行分析、探讨，借以使同学们获得较为完整的解题思路和解题方法。
词汇（一）
这一讲里，主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法，特别是针对同学不易掌握的方面。
一、名词关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数，名词的格。
单数可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an，而不是a
1.复数的构成方法：(1)一般在复数名词后加s，如：dog--dogs。
(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es，如：watch--watches。
(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es，如：country--countries。
请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s。如：monkey--monkeys。
(4)以o结尾的名词，只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西红柿)加es构成复数。
(5)以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v再加es，如：knife--knives。
2.单复数形式相同的词：sheep--sheep，fish--fish Chinese--Chinese，Japanese--Japanese
3.特殊变化的单词有：(1)tooth--teeth，foot--feeth
(2)man--men，woman--women，policeman--policemen,Frenchman--Frenchmen
请区别：German(德国人)—Germans (3)child—children
4.常以复数形式出现的名词：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours.
5.有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理) No news is good news.
6.可用how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any等来修饰可数名词复数。How many are there in your pencil-box?(knife)
不可数名词： 1.常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.
2.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。如：Some bread__________over there.(be)
3.常用how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any等来修饰不可数名词。
4.常用a piece of,a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，bread仍为不可数名词，不加s，而piece则可加s。即：twopiecesof bread
请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示，如：三箱苹果three boxes of apples
例：1、These two pieces of bread __________over there.(be)
2、Could I have three ___________,please？
A.piece of bread
B.piece of breads
C.pieces of bread
D.pieces of breads
名词的格名词所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“ 's”。如：Tom→Tom's译为“…的”，若遇上以s结尾的复数名词，则在s后加“ '”即可。如：Teachers'Day , twoweeks'holiday，而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加's 。如：Children's Day
关于名词所有格，应掌握以下几点：
1.可用名词所有格表示地点。如：my aunt's 我姑姑家。go to the doctor's 去医生家。
2.表示两人共同拥有，在最后一个名词后加's 如：Lucy and Lily's 露西和莉莉的
3.掌握词组：a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
eg;The white shirt is and blue one is . A、Kate,my B.Kate's,mine C.Kate,mine D.Kate's,my
二、冠词
冠词是词汇中的基础的，也是简单的部分，所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法，归纳起来，同学们应该掌握以下几点： 1.冠词指不定冠词a,an和定冠词the
2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an hour,an English car. 请区别：a useful machine
3.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the
4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如：the sun,the moon,the earth
5.定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如：the first,the best ,in the south
6.在复数姓氏前加the，表示××一家人，常看成复数。
如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.
7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the，如：in the box ,behind the chair
8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面：
(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer,in August
请区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)
(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如：have breakfast ,play football
(3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school,by bus ,at night.
9.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：
in front of 在…前面in the hospital 在医院里
in the front of 在…范围内的前部in hospital (生病)住院
练习:There's _________800-metre-long road behind _________hospital.
A.an,an
B.a, a
C.an, the
D.a, the
三、数词
同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词，以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。对数词的考查，中考常采用单选题及听力题，这些题型归纳起来，应掌握以下几点特别容易出错的地方。
1.基数词变序数词。其规律为：
1,2,3特殊记，加th从4起(first,second,third,fourth)
8少t，9去e，千万别忘记(eighth,ninth) 逢5逢12，ve变f (fifth,twelfth)
20到90，y要变ie (twentieth,ninetieth) 若是几十几，前基后序别倒位(ninety-first)
2.hundred,thousand,million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。如：five hundred people. 只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s，构成复数形式。
hundreds of 数以百计的，成百上千的thousands of 数以千计的，成千上万的
millions of 数百万的这些词组前不能用具体数字。
3.序数词常与定冠词the 连用。
练习:①Henry has learned eight _________ French words this year.
A.hundred
B.hundreds
C.hundred of
D.hundreds of
②The _________lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)
另外，同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。
顺读法(钟点＋分钟) 如：4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five
4:15 four fifteen 倒读法(分钟＋to／past＋钟点) 如：4:30 half past four
4:15 fifteen past four／a quarter past four 4:45 fifteen to five／a quarter to five
练习题:
1.At the beginning of the_____(twenty) century,the world's population was about 1700 million.
2.Are these_____(watch)yours? Yes.
3.You don't look well.You'd better go to the______(doctor) at once.
4.Would you give me________,please?
A.two papers
B.two piece of paper
C.two pieces of paper
D.two pieces of papers
5.There are three_____and seven____in the picture.
A.monkeys,sheeps
B.monkeys,sheep
C.monkies,sheep
D.monkies,sheeps
6.A lot of____are talking with two_______.
A.Germans,Frenchmans
B.Germen,Frenchmans
C.German, Frenchmen
D.Germans,Frenchmen
7.June 1 is __. A.the Children's Day B.the Childrens' Day C.Children's Day D.Childrens' Day
8.__________people went out to see what had happened.
A.Thousands of
B.Three thousand of
C.Thousand of
D.Three thousands
9.We have been in the school for______.
A.three and a half month
B.three and a half months
C.three month and a half
D.three months and half
10.__________English is___________ useful language. A.A, an B./, a C.The, an D. A, /
11.John was given _______ orange bag for his birthday but ______ bag was lost just now.
A.an,a
B.a,the
C.the,a
D.an,the
12.There's ________ old tree near _______ house. A.a,an B.an,the C.a,the D.the,a
13.There is ________ 800-metre-long road behind _________ hospital.A.an,an B.a,a C.an,the D.a,the
四.代词
①人称代词: 主格: 单数I 、you 、he 、she 、it 复数we 、you 、they
宾格: 单数me 、you 、him 、her 、it 复数us 、you 、them
⑵物主代词: 形容词性my 、your 、his 、her 、its 、our 、your 、their
名词性mine 、yours 、his 、hers 、its 、ours 、yours 、theirs
③反身代词: myself 、yourself 、himself 、herself 、itself 、ourselves 、yourselves 、themselves
1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词，名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语，相当于一个名词。
2.注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。
如：⑴These books aren't ours. Ours are new. (这里ours=our books)
⑵This is not our room. Ours is over there. (这里ours=our room)
3."of+名词性物主代词"表示所属如：a sister of his 他的一个妹妹 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友
4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为：“第二人称，第三人称，第一人称”。
如：You, she and I all enjoy the music.
5.关于反身代词，同学们须掌握其固定结构：
enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快) by oneself=alone (单独、独自)
help oneself to… (随便吃/喝些...) learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学)
练习题
1.-Whose trousers are these? -_____, I think.
A.They
B.Their
C.Theirs
D.Them
2. Nobody taught___English. He taught____. A.him, himself B.his, himself C.him, by himself D.his, his
（二）修饰可数名词many few 表否定意义 a few 表肯定意义
修饰不数名词much little 表否定意义a little 表肯定意义few 和little 与quite 或only 连用时，常加不定冠词a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.=
用little, a little, few, a few填空:
1.I often stay at home because I have _______ friends here.
2.Jim,don't go and get some water. There is ______ water in the glass.
3.Though he learned French only ________ weeks. He can speak very well.
4.Lily had _________ bread because she was hungry yesterday.
（三）不定代词: something, anything, nothing.
当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时，常后置。如：something new
There's __________ in today's newspaper. 中考题
A.important anything
B.important something
C.anything important
D.something important
(四)另外，还要注意代词some, every, all, both, either, another
1.some（一些，某）一般用于肯定句中注：some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。
any（任何）多用于疑问句和否定句
① Will you give me some water? ② Would you like some meat?
③ May I ask some questions? ④ Could I have some apples?
2.every＋单数名词“每一个” 强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。
each “每一个” 强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常与of连用。
如: Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice skirt.
Every child likes playing games.
3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般放在连系、助动词之后，行为动词之前。
none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of
如：We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.
None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（单、复数均可）
4.both “（两者）都” ,作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。
either “两者中任何一个” ,作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，后跟名词单数。
neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同either。
如：①They both swim well. ＝Both of them swim well.
②There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street.
③Neither of us is going to Beijing next week.
④Neither answer is right.
5. another +单数名词, “另一个”
one … the other “一个……，另一个……”
the other +复数名词= the others “其他的人或物” （指确定范围内剩下的全部）others “别人”
(五)疑问代词5个“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which
这里，which是同学们不易掌握的内容，其实，同学们只须记住，对作定语的内容提问，常用which.
例如: I like the red shirt. ___________ ___________ do you like ?
练习:
一、根据所给单词的适当形式填空，使句意通顺，语法完整
6．Can you come with us?(we)
7．These skirts are hers. Yours are over there.(she)
8．Please take care of yourselves, boys and girls.(you)
9．I don't think this is my frisby, though it looks like mine.(I)
10．Look at those books. Are they yours?(that)
二、根据首字母填空
11．Is there anything interesting in the newspaper?
12．She asked us to help each other.
13．The old man can neither read nor write.
14．Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.
15．Please help yourself to some fish, Lucy.
三、同义句转换
16、A: The children played happily in the zoo yesterday.
B: The children enjoyed themselves in the zoo yesterday.
17、A: He doesn't like mutton, and she doesn't, either.
B: Neither he nor she likes mutton.
18、A: All the American people don't like sandwiches.
B: Not all the American people like sandwiches.
19、A: They don't often hear the twins sing the song in the school.
B: Neither of the twins is often heard to sing the song in the school.[ZK)]
四、单项选择
(C)20、-Can you speak Chinese, Peter?-Yes, but only .
A. little
B. few
C. a little
D. a few
(A)21、-Do you like Jane's new skirt?
-Yes, very much. I'll ask mum to buy for me.
A. one
B. it
C. the other
D. a
(B)22、The color of her skirt is different from of mine.
A. one
B. that
C. it
D. this
(B)23、Students are usually interested in sports. Some like running, some like swimming. like ball games.
A. the others
B. others
C. the other
D. other
(A)24、-I'll give the boys to eat.
-Oh, I know, fish and chips.
A. something English
B. English something
C. anything English
D. English anything
(D)25、-Shall I help you with the heavy box?
-No, thanks, I can do it .
A. me
B. my
C. mine
D. myself
(D)26、-What time shall we meet this afternoon,3:00 or 4:00?
-I don't mind. time is OK.
A. Neither
B. Each
C. Any
D. Either
(C)27、-My bag is full, what about ?
- is full, too.
A. you, Yours
B. his, He
C. yours, Mine
D. hers, She
(D)28、-I've had enough bread, Would you like ?
-No, thanks.
A. a few more
B. one more
C. another more
D. some more
(A)29、There are many trees on sides of the river.
A. both
B. either
C. neither
D. each
(A)1、He has two bikes, one is new, is old.
A. the other
B. other
C. the others
D. others
(C)2、Without the sun, could grow in the world.
A. anything
B. something
C. nothing
D. everything
(B)3、of them is going to play basketball with you this afternoon.
A. All
B. Neither
C. Some
D. Both
(B)4、-Can you tell me what a panda looks like?
-Look! This is a picture of .
A. it
B. one
C. two
D. some
(B)5、There are not many pears here, but you can take if you want to.
A. few
B. a few
C. a little
D. little
二、形容词副词
大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级：原级：比较级：比较...，更...一些最高级：最...
（A）1.构成：(规则情况)情况变化方法例词
单音节词和少数双音节词: 一般情况加er, est clever-cleverer-cleverest
以字母e结尾加r, st nice-nicer-nicest
重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写加er, est big-bigger-biggest
以辅音字母加y结尾变y为i加er, est early-earlier-earliest
部分双音节和多音节词在词前加more, most slowly-more slowly-most slowly
2.不规则变化，须熟记：good/well-better-best many/much-more-most far-farther-farthest
bad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-less-least
(B)常见的使用情况
1.as … as … 和...一样（中间用原级）
2.not as(so) … as 和...不一样（中间用原级）
3… than …. ..比...（用比较级）
4.有范围修饰的用最高级如:in, of, among或用从句修饰的
eg.⑴Winter is the coldest season of the year. ⑵This is the best film that I have ever seen .
5.比较级+and+比较级意为“越来越….eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful
6. The+比较级，the+比较级越…...就越…... eg:The more, the better. 越多越好
(C)注意点：1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。
2.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。
3.在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。
eg:The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.
(D)掌握三种同义句转换：
1.He is taller than any other student in his class. =He is the tallest (student)in his class.
2.This film is less interesting than that one. =This film isn't as interesting as that one.
=That film is more interesting than this one.
3.I prefer maths to English. =I like maths better than English.
Which do you like _____, fish, meat _____ eggs? A.best, or B.better,or C.best, and D.better,and
此外，关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握：
1.形容词修饰名词作定语，跟在连系动词之后作表语。
2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词enough属例外词：形/副+enough to do enough+名词
例如;She is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了。
3.区别几组易混淆的副词: 也too用于肯定、疑问句also 较为正式书面语either 用于否定句已经already 常用于肯定句、疑问句yet 常用于否定句、疑问句
不再no (not any) longer 从时间上讲no (not any) more 从动作上讲
如此这样such 修饰名词eg: such a big box
so 修饰形容词、副词eg: so big 单独、独自alone 作表语=by oneself 孤独的lonely 可作表语、定语eg:A group of girls are singing and dancing ______ over there. (happy)
练习题
1.The students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake. _ are climbing the hill.
A.Others
B. Other
C. Another
D.The other
2.There isn't _____ in today's newspaper.
A. important something
B. important anything
C. anything important
D. nothing important
3.-Whose watch is this, Mary? Is it your sister's?
-No,Mum. It's not ______. It's ______. A.hers, my B. her, my C. Mine, hers D.hers, mine
4..The Changjiang River is the third __ river in the world. A.long B.longer C.longest D.the longest
5. An elephant is _____ than a horse.
A.more strong
B. much stronger
C. the most strong
D. much more strong
6. Which do you like _____, tea, orange or water? A.good B.Well C. Better D. Best
一、介词
1．与形容词搭配的词组有：be afraid of （怕）be angry with （生某人的气）
be away from （不在某地）be different from （与…不同）
be good at （善于）be good/ bad for (对…有益/有害) be interested in （对…感兴趣）be late for （迟到）be/get ready for （为作好准备）be sure of (对…有把握)
be worried about （为…感到担忧）
2．介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式
1)You must take good care of her. 2)Thank you for teaching us so well.
3．几组易混淆的介词
A．“在...之后” in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时）
after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时）after + 一点时间（常用于一般将来时）
如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour.
The baby will stop crying in half an hour. They will visit their teacher after Friday.
B．for +一段时间since +过去的一点时间
这两者均用于现在完成时，具体在时态部分，我会继续向同学们讲解。
C．be made of "用……制成" be made in “由某地制造”be made by somebody “由某人制成”
D．in, on, at表时间in “在某月(季节、年)等” eg:in 1996, in January, in summer
固定词组：in the morning, in a week,in a minute,in time, in the end
on "用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等"
eg:on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16
at “用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中”
固定词组：at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time 注意：在表时间里，下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有：next, last, this, that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow 前不用介词。如:不能说in tomorrow ,只能说tomorrow 在明天
E. except +宾格/doing something "除…之外” （不包括本身）
Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. (同义句转换) =Only Lin Tao isn't at school today.
F．“用” 通过交通工具by plane
用语言in English 通过媒介on /over the telephone, on /over the radio, on TV
用工具手段with a pen, with one's hands
G．between “在~和~（两者）之间”
between...and..., between the two... among 在...之间(三者或三者以上)
eg.Sue spent over two hours ___ her homework yesterday evening. A.on B.with C.at D.over
二、连词
1．并列连词both…and 既~又~谓语用复数动词
neither…nor 既不~也不~含否定意义，（就近原则）谓语动词由靠近它的那个主语来决定单复数。either…or… “或者…或者…”“不是…就是…”
and“和” 连接两个并列成分,连接谓语时,两个动词时态应一致。
but “但是” 表转折，不能与though 同时出现在句中。
or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列举常用or，而不用and。Eg: I have brothers and sisters.(否) I don't have brothers or sisters.= I have no brothers and no sisters.
2．引导宾语从句的连词
陈述句：that 可省略一般疑问句：if /whether “是否” 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词
3．引导原因状从的有：because (不能与so同时出现在句中)
4．引导时间状语从句的连词：
A. when（当…时候），as soon as…（一…就），not…until（直到…才），after（在…之后），引导的主从复合句，主句为一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。Eg: I won't leave until he comes back.
B. since（自从…以来）引导的主从复合句，主句为现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。Eg：We haven't met each other since she left here last year.
C. while（当…时候，一边…一边…）它引导的时间状语从句常用进行时态。
Eg: My father came in while I was doing my homework.
5．引导条件状语从句的连词：if “如果”，引导条件状从，主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时。请区别于if“是否”相当于whether，引导宾语从句，时态根据语境确定
eg:1)I don't know if it ＿＿＿＿(rain) tomorrow.
2)If it ______ (rain) tomorrow, I _____________ (not climb) the hills.
3)Joan and Mary haven't seen each other_____they left school five years ago.
A.as
B.before
C.after
D.since
三、构词法
构词有法记无定法
一、利用构词法记忆：
1．合成法：note＋book→notebook，school＋yard→schoolyard，book＋mark→bookmark
2．派生法（即在词根上加前、后缀记忆）：
en－（使……有）＋courage→encourage；inter－（one with another；face to face）＋view→interview；foreign＋er（人）→foreigner，play＋er（执行动作的人）→player，sharpen＋er（执行动作的物）→sharpener；library＋（y→i）an（人）→li brarian；miss（v．）＋ing→missing（adj．），probable（adj．）＋（l）y→probably（adv．），sad（adj．）＋ly→sadly （adv．）；compose（v．）＋（e→i）tion→composition（n．），inform（v．）＋（a）tion→information（n．）
3．转化法：know（v．）→knowledge（n．）
二、意义关联帮你记忆：
dictionary—words，umbrella—rain，library—book—shelf，kitchen—cook
三、英英解释，温故知新：
abroad—in or to another country，overseas；interview—meeting with sb．
说说记忆单词的方法
词是构成句子的重要元素，词汇量的多少在英语学习中占有重要地位。今天我们讲讲怎样记忆单词。
一、把单词放入句子中，在一定的语言环境中记忆单词。如果一旦忘记词义，就回忆它所在的句子。很多成绩较好的同学都有一个体会，抓住对句子的理解和背诵这样一个关键，记忆单词一般来说是毫不费力的。
二、将单词按归类的方法进行记忆。把同义词归成一类，如learn－－study，between－－among；反义词归成一类，如left－－right，high－－low，strong－－weak；或根据含义和用途把同一类型的词归成一类，如交通工具类：car，bus，ship，plane，truck，…学科类：maths，science，art，geogra phy，…频度副词类：always，usually，often，sometimes，never，…等等。这样当遇到其中一个词时，头脑中出现的就是一组词，这样记忆单词的效率就会大大提高。同时，还可以掌握词与词之间的区别和各自特殊的用法，将平时极易混淆的单词清楚地区别开来。
三、利用构词法记忆单词。比如happy（幸福的），加前缀“un”成为unhappy（不幸福的），改“y”为“i”加后缀“ness”则变成了名词：happiness（幸福）；“pea（豌豆）”与“nut（坚果）”可合成为“peanut（花生）”；when（何时）＋ever（在任何时候）＝whenever（无论什么时候）等等。
四、根据记忆与遗忘的规律来记忆单词，即应及时在第二天、第三天甚至以后再读第一天记忆的单词，定期作阶级性的复习，同遗忘作斗争。要记忆单词就不能怕重复，重复也是记忆的一种好方法。
五、初中阶段还有一个很实用的记忆单词的好方法就是根据音标即单词读音来记单词。只要你首先根据音标把一个单词读准、读对，那么就可根据其读音基本拼写出该单词。首先这要掌握一定的拼读规则。比如“dirty”，根据音标我们就能拼写出d-ir－t－y（在非重读音节中发［i］）。这种方法对于记忆字母较多的单词尤其有效，如“contribution”，根据音标我们可把它分成四部分来记忆：con－tri－bu－tion，这样就能较快地记住单词。
以系统的方式来学习记忆知识能起到事半功倍的效果。因此背单词时我们一定要留心观察，寻找词与词之间的关系，这样将有助于我们记忆单词。总之，只要我们掌握一些科学的方法，并用心去记忆，就一定能记住英语单词。
合成形容词
英语中有许多种形式的合成形容词，仅在初中阶段需要学习使用的就达九种。现分述如下：
1．数词＋单数名词。
如：20－minute 20分钟的It＇s 20－minute walk．步行20分钟的路程。second－class 二等的That＇s the second－class room．那是个二等房间。500－word 五百字的
This is a 500－word composition．这是一篇五百字的文章。
2．数词＋单数名词＋形容词。
如：8－year－old 八岁的Mr Green has an 8－year－old child．格林先生有个八岁的孩子。
3．数词＋名词的ed形式。如：three－legged 三条腿的Tom bought a three－legged table yesterday．昨天汤姆买了一张三条腿的桌子。
4．形容词＋名词。如：
round－trip来回的；往返的Do you need a round－trip ticket﹖你想要一张往返的车票吗？
part－time 非全部工作时间的；兼职的He found a part－time job．他找到了一份额外的工作。
5．形容词＋名词的ed形式。
如：kind－hearted 好心的Father Christmas is very kind－hearted．圣诞老人的心肠非常好。
6．名词＋过去分词。如：man－made人造的
China has sent up many man－made satellites．中国已发射了许多人造卫星。
7．名词＋名词的ed形式。如：glass－topped带有玻璃罩的
I want to own a glass－topped table．我想要一张带有玻璃罩的桌子。
8．副词＋过去分词。如：so－called所谓的
I don＇t like those so－called singers．我不喜欢那些所谓的歌星。
9．副词＋副词。
如：so－so马马虎虎；不好不坏的My English is just so－so．我的英语很一般。．
Eg:To an American,a Chinese is a ______. (foreign) 前缀例词派生词
un-“不” happy unhappy like unlike usual unusual friendly unfriendly
im-“不” possible impossible 后缀例词派生词-er“人” teach/play/clean teacher/player/cleaner drive driver （以e结尾，-r）run runner（重读闭音节，双写-er)
win winner travel traveller -or“人” invent inventor visit visitor
-ly（副词后缀）
bad badly quick quickly careful carefully happy happily
deep deeply lucky luckily usual usually noisy noisily
slow slowly angry angrily strong strongly quiet quietly
特例：true - truly terrible - terribly possible - possibly
-ful（形容词后缀）care careful help helpful use useful forget forgetful
-y （形容词后缀）
rain rainy luck lucky cloud cloudy noise noisy（以e结尾，去e，加-y）
snow snowy sun sunny （双写，加-y）wind windy
-ion（名词后缀）invent invention operate operation
-ness（名词后缀）busy business good goodness
一些特例：
动词形容词动词现在分词转化为名词
sleep asleep boat boating die dead build building
enjoy enjoyable begin beginning cross crossing
名词形容词meet meeting friend friendly turn turning
south southern shop shopping wool woolen
danger dangerous 动词过去分词转为形容词difference different fry
fried worry worried
动词名词break broken know knowledge lose lost
fly flight please pleased please pleasure colour coloured
名词名词动词现在分词、过去分词转为形容词
farm farmer 农夫follow following interest interested“感兴趣的” 只作表语，仅用于be interested in develop interesting “有趣的” 可作表语和定语developed “发达的” developing “发展中的”
练习题1、Lucy can write a letter___Japanese though she has learned it only a few months.
A. from
B. to
C. in
D. with
2、They will have an English test___two days. A. for B. at C. in D. after
3、Wu Dong was born___the evening of April 2,1975. A. at B. in C. on D. to
4、I haven 't heard _______ her _____ she left home.
A. from, since
B. from, after
C. of, when
D. of , as
5、Tom didn't know___Jack would leave for Beijing tomorrow.
A. how
B. weather
C. whether
D. what
6、His parents were _________ (happy) because he had failed the exam again.
7、Mrs. Green liked to stay _____ (safe) at the same place.
8、The_______ (visit) from France are going to visit our school this afternoon.
思考题1、The farmer was___tired___he couldn't fall asleep.
A. very…to
B. too…to
C. so…that
D.neither…nor
2、Work hard, ___you won't catch up with the others. A. but B. and C. if D. or
3、The game is very ___ and she's ___ in it. A. interesting, interesting B. interested, interested
C. interested, interesting
D. interesting, interested
重要的短语、句型和惯用法（一）
1. get on/off(the bus) 上/下车get up 起床get ready for 为...作准备
get oneself dressed 自己穿衣服get well (better) 身体好get in 进入，收集
get sb.sth.=get sth.for sb. 为某人买某物
get on well with sb/sth. 与某人相处很好，...进展顺利
2. have an accident 出事故have a good time =enjoy oneself 玩得很高兴
have a cold wet day 天气又冷又湿have a cough 咳嗽have a drink(of)... 喝一杯...
have a talk 听报告have lunch 吃午饭have...for lunch 午饭吃...
have a meeting 开会have no idea 不知道have a rest 休息一下
3. make a mistake 犯错误mistake A for B 把A错认为B
take sth. by mistake 错拿某物
4. make friends with 与...交朋友
make faces 做鬼脸make a fire 生火make an excuse 找籍口
make a...sound 发...音make tea 沏茶make room for... 为...找出空间
make it 如期赴约make a team 组成一个队
eg.Let's make it half past one. 注意：时间前不用介词at
5. turn sth. on/off 打开/关掉... turn sth. up/down 把...音量开大/小
注意：当sth 是代词时，常放中间
6. try sth. on 试穿（衣、鞋、帽）注意：当sth 为it或them, 常放中间try out 试验、尝试
try one's best to do sth. 尽力干某事=do one's best to do sth.
7. send sb. away 开除、解雇某人send for sb. 派人去请某人send up 发射
8. hear from sb 收到...的来信hear of 听说
9. hurry off 匆匆离去，赶快去hurry up 赶快
10. get to +名词get +副词(不用to) reach+名词/副词arrive in/at +大/小地点（后接副词，不用at/in）
eg. get to Shanghai、reach Shanghai 、arrive in Shanghai到达上海
eg. reach home、get home、arrive home 到家
11. teach sb. English 教某人英语teach oneself=learn sth.by oneself 自学
12.到...末为止by the end of +过去时间（用于过去完成时）
by the end of +将来时间（用于一般将来时）
at the end of+地点在...尽头in the end= at last 最后，终于
13. hundreds of 成百上千thousands of 成千上万的millions of 成百万的
14. be pleased to do sth 很高兴地干某事be pleased with sth. 为某事而高兴
15. be used for 被用来be used as 被当作be used by 被...所使用
16. so far 到目前为止，用于现在完成时
17. on a Tuesday morning 一个星期二的早上
on the morning of June 15th.1998 在1998年6月15日早上
18. keep sb.doing sth. 让某人一直干某事keep doing sth. 继续做某事
keep on doing sth. 持续不断地做某事
19. much too+形容词／副词原级实在太...
too much+不可数名词相当多的... eg. It's _______ expensive. I can't buy it.
There's ___________ rain this year.
20. thanks to...由于，多亏
thanks to one's help=because of one's help 由于某人的帮忙thanks for one's help 谢谢某人的帮助
21. be far away from＋a place/sb 远离某地
22. wear out 穿坏、穿旧、用尽常用于被动语态。其P.P为worn
sell out 售完卖完
23. two-month holiday=two months' holiday 二个月的假期
24. fall asleep 入睡（进入状态）get to sleep 入睡（还没睡着）
25. stop sb.from doing sth. 阻止某人干某事eg. She stopped the child from listening. stop doing sth. 停止干某事，不再干某事stop to do sth. 停止下来干另一件事。
26. hardly any +n. 几乎没有...
27. quite a/an+形容词＋名词一个相当...eg. Two months is quite a long time.
a very ＋形容词+名词eg. English is a very useful language.
28. be afraid of+名词害怕... be afraid to+动词担心、害怕... be afraid that+从句恐怕...
29. so+形容词so strong so beautiful such+形容词+名词(复数或不可数)
such beautiful pictures such nice smell such + a/an+形容词+名词（单数）
such an interesting story
30. feel like doing 想干某事
31. be made/grown/produced
三个词的被动语态都可解释为“生产”
归类: 机器一类→make(制造)
盐.糖.丝绸→produce (经机器加工生产) 农作物、水果→grow (人工种出来的)
32. finish doing sth. 做完某事be busy doing sth. 忙于干某事
go on doing sth. 继续干某事be always doing 老是干某事
33. hope to do sth. 希望干某事...hope that...希望某人干某事,不可用hope sb.to do sth.
34. in surprise 惊奇地（作状语）be surprised at sb. 对某人的举动感到诧异
be surprised to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶
35. no space(room) to stand in 没有站的地方、空间
36. be angry with sb. 生某人的气agree with sb. 同意某人的观点with one's help 在某人的帮助下
选择题：
1.They arrived ___ London___ a cold winter night.
A.at, in
B.in, on
C.at, on
D.in, at
2.It's rather cold today.You'd better ___ more clothes before you go out.
A.put on
B.wear
C.to put on
D.to wear
3.You must be very tired. Why not ___ a rest?
A.stop taking
B.stop to take
C.to stop taking
D.to stop to take
4.___, I've caught up with my classmates in my English studies.
A.Under his help
B.With his help
C.Under the help of him
D.With the help of him
5.Mother told me ____ in the sun. A.not read B.don't read C.read not D.not to read
6.Watching TV ___ is bad for your eyes. A.much too B.many too C.too much D.too many
7.Those foreign visitors ___ our city the day before yesterday.
A.arrived
B.reached
C.reached to
D.got in
8.She asked me to help her ___ her Chinese. A.at B.with C.for D.on
9.Look ___ the words in the dictionary when you don't know ___ they mean.
A.up, what
B.up, that
C.for, that
D.for, what
10.One after another, three of them ___.
A.fell asleep
B.got to asleep
C.went to asleep
D.were sleeping
完成句子：
1.你想不想喝杯桔子汁？Do you ______ ______drinking a glass of orange?
2.小杨毕业离校以来，我们从未收到他的来信。
We have never ______ ______ Xiao Yang since he _______ school for the last time.
3.人们兴建绿色长城是为了阻止风将土刮走。
People started to build the Great Green Wall ___ ___ it could stop the wind from ___ the earth away.
4.魏华把你错当成他的兄弟，是吗？
Wei Hua ________ you ______ his brother,didn't she?
思考题：
1.人造卫星能用来向国外发送电视和广播节目
Man-made satellites can be ___ for ___ TV and radio programmes to foreign countries.
2.多亏有了绿色长城，现在他们种的棉花比以前多得多了。
____ to the Great Green Wall, they can grow a lot ___ cotton than before.
3.学生们相互交朋友，通常相处得很好。
The students make friends ___ one another and usually ___ ___ well.
4.店主说你的尺寸的羊毛衫已售完了。
The shopkeeper said the woolen sweaters ___ your size were ____.
重要的短语、句型和惯用法（二）
1.There be 结构
a.这是英语中常见的一种结构，表示“某地有某物”其含义为“存在有”。
eg.There are twenty girls in our class.have也解释为“有”但是与there be有区别，它的含义是“所有，属有”，其主语为某人。eg.I have a nice watch.
b.There be 结构中的be动词要和后面所跟名词保持一致。
c.There is a river near our school.否：There is not a river near our school.
问：Is there a river near our school.回答：Yes, there is. No, there isn't.
划⑴How many rivers are there near our school? ⑵What's near our school?
d.there be 结构的一般将来时，同学们较难掌握，其正确形式为：there is going to be
e.反意疑问句的构成：There is no water in the glass, is there?
①There is going to _____ a football match this afternoon. A.have B.watch C.be D.play
②They were sure that they were going to ____ a rest. A.be B.have C.be on D.on
2.so,neither引导的倒装句,为了避免和前一句话的内容重复，英语中习惯用so,neither引导的倒装句。
a.So+be(助动词，情态动词)+主语。表示某人也是如此。
eg.Mike has bought some foreign stamps. So has Bob.=Bob has bought some,too.
b.Neither+be(助动词，情态动词)＋主语，表示某人也不。
eg.Mother has never been to Japan. Neither has Father.=Father has never been to Japan, either.
c.So＋主语＋be(助动词，情态动词)。表示果真如此(赞同), 请同学们与a.区别。
eg.A:Mike is right in the classroom. B:So he is.=He is really in the class room.
3.It's+时间+since动词过去式。自从...起已有...时间了。
⑴It's two weeks since we met last.(自从我们上次见面已有两个星期了)
⑵How long is it since we left Beijing?(自从我们离开北京已有多久了
4.祈使句+and (那么)...eg.Go straight on and you'll see a school.=If you go straight on, you'll see a school.
5.祈使句+or...否则...eg.Work hard, or you will fall behind the other students. =If you don't work hard, you'll fall behind the other
6. The+比较级...，the+比较级... 越...越...
eg.⑴The more, the better. 越多越好。
⑵The harder you work on it, the better you'll be at it.(你越用功，你就越好。)
7.How do you like the film? =What do you think of the film? (你认为这部电影怎样？)
8.What...do with...?怎样对付...?怎样处理...?
虽然中文为怎样，我们绝不可照字面翻译为how.
eg.A:What have you done with the library book? B:I've just returned it to the library.
9.I don't know what to do.我不知道该怎么办？I don't know how to do. ×
10.What...be like?...是什么样的？
eg.⑴What's the weather like? 天气如何？⑵What's your school like? 你们学校是什么样的？
11.What...for?为何目的？为什么？eg.What do you want a science lab for?=Why do you want a science lab?
12.one of +最高级＋复数最...之一eg.Miss Zhao is one of the most popular teachers.
13.find it +形容词+to do eg.I find it useful to learn English well. (我发觉学好英语是很有用的)
find +宾语+名词eg.I find him a good boy. (我发现他是个好男孩.)
find +宾语+形容词
eg.I find the door open/closed. (我发现门开/关着) I find our bags filled with/full of presents. (我发现我们的包装满了礼物)
14.I don't think+肯定句我想...不eg.I don't think I'll take it. (我想我不买它了)
请注意:中文意思否定在从句中,但是英语的表达否定在主句中。
15.prefer A to B=like A better than B 更喜欢A不怎么喜欢B.
eg. I prefer fish to chicken.= I like fish better than chicken
16.had better do sth.最好干某事.否定:had better not do sth.
特别注意:had better后面跟be动词词组,不可漏掉be.eg.You'd better catch a train.
You'd better not talk in class.You'd better not be late for the class.
17.It is good (nice)of+宾格+to do sth.
eg.It is very good of you to teach me English. (你教我英语真是太好了)
18.It takes sb. some time to do sth.(干某事化费某人多少时间)
=sb.spend some time on sth. (in) doing sth.eg.It took me half an hour to do the work.
=I spent half anhourin doing the work.
19.sb.pay 钱for 物某物化费了某人多少钱=sb.spend 钱on 物=物cost sb.钱, pay的过去式为paid 而不是payed. eg.I paid thirty yuan for the coat. =I spent thirty yuan on the coat.
=The coat cost me thirty yuan. 20.have been to 某人曾去过某地,现在人不在那儿
sb.have been in +地点某人呆在某地(一段时间) have gone to 某人已去某地,人不在这儿
21.⑴ too…形容词(副词)+to…"太…而不能" "太…以致于不"
eg.①The basket is too heavy for me to carry. 这篮子太重我拿不动。②This colour TV is too expensive for us to buy. 这台彩电对我们来说太贵了，买不起。
⑵so...that 如此...以致于...上面的too...to结构的句子，可以换成so...that 引导的句子转换。①The basket is so heavy that
I can't carry it. ②This colour TV is so expensive that we can't afford it.
22.What's the population of ...? ...人口有多少？不说How much population in...?形容人口数量的大用large eg.The population of China is ten times as large as that of the USA
23.I've come to return your pan. (我跑来是还你锅的) →Why have you come? 而不用What
24.not...until (连词)方才，才
eg.He says that he won't be free until tomorrow.他说他需到明天方才有空。肯定句＋until 到
eg.You'd better wait until tomorrow. (你最好等到明天)
25.neither...nor... 既不...也不... either...or... 或者...或者...
eg.Neither Tom nor his brothers know how to spell the word "hundred".
Either you or she is right. (谓语动词就近原则)
both...and... 两者都... eg.Both Jim and I are in Grade One (主语看作复数)
练习题：
1.-Where is Mary? -Oh, she _____ the librory.
A.has gone to
B.went to
C.has been to
D.had gone to
2.He knew little about the film ____ he saw it yesterday evening.
A.if
B.since
C.until
D.because
3.I____ change his mind. Don't worry, He'll surely come to get it.
A.think he won't
B.think he will
C.don't think he won't
D.don't think he will
4.- _____do you_____ the TV play? - Not bad, I think.
A.How;think of
B.What;like
C.How;like
D.What;think
5. I _____ have a good time _____ the party.
A.hope you will;at
B.like you; on
C.hope you to ;in
D.want you that; from
完成句子：
1.中国有多少人口，中国的人口大约是世界人口的四分之一。_____ the population of China?
It's about _____ ______ of the world's population.
2.门铃一直响着，直到门被林涛打开才停。
The doorbell ______ _____until the door was opened by Lin Tao.
3.午饭后他休息了一会儿，我也休息了一会儿。
He had a short rest after lunch, and ______ ______ I.
4.史密斯夫妇离开他们的家乡已有十多年时间了。
______ more than ten years ____ Mr and Mrs Smith left their home town.
5.公共汽车里挤得几乎连站的地方都没有.
The bus was_____ crowded that there was hardly ______ standing room in it.
思考题：
1、做饭花了她半个小时。It ___ ____ half an hour ___ ___ some cooking.
=I ______ half an hour _______ some cooking.
2、你真好，经常在数学上帮助我。It?s really nice _____ you to ____ me _____ my ______.
3、Lily跑得不快，赢不了比赛。
Lily ______ run quickly _____ ______ _____ the race.=Lily ____ ____ ___ ___ ____the race.
4、在美术课上做一张教师节卡片怎样？
_____ ____ _____ a Teachers? Day card ____ the art lesson?
5、足球是我校最受欢迎的运动项目之一。
Football is ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ games in our school.
Have 的两种特殊句型
have是英语中最活跃的动词之一，它与不同的词搭配表示不同的意思。如：have a meeting（开会），have a rest （休息），have a class（上课）等。你可知道have构成的两种特殊句型吗？不看不知道，一看就明了。
1．have＋宾语＋省略to的动词不定式
该句型中作主语的“人或物”让作宾语的“人或物”去做某事。此时的宾语与省略to的不定式（宾语补足语）之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：I would have you buy a new bike．我想让你买辆新自行车。We can＇t have the car stop．我们无法让汽车停下来。
2．have＋宾语＋过去分词
该句型中作主语的“人或物”让作宾语的“人或物”被……。此时的宾语与过去分词（宾语补足语）之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。如：I＇ll have my hair cut tomorrow．
我明天要理发。They have just had their car repaired．他们刚找人把车修理了一下。
注意：大多数情况下，这两种句型之间可以互换。如：
1）He had me wash the table cloth．→He had the table cloth washed．
2) The man had the bike mended．→ The man had someone mend the bike．
练习：根据汉语意思，完成英语句子，每空一词。
1．你应该找人建一座房子。
You should have someone＿＿＿＿＿a house．You should have a house＿＿＿＿＿．
2．现在我们请下一位演讲者到前面来。Now we＇ll have the next speaker＿＿＿＿＿to the front．
3．你必须让人把这些书送到教室去。
You must have these books＿＿＿＿＿to the classroom
情景交际英语（一）
1.问候：⑴A:Good morning/afternoon/evening. Hello/Hi. How do you do ?
Nice to meet you. B:回答相同⑵A:How are you? B:Fine, thank you.And you? Very well,thank you.
2.介绍：⑴This is Mr/Mrs/Miss...⑵ I'd like you to meet my parents.⑶ My name is....I'm a student.
3.告别A:Goodbye.See you later/tomorrow. Good night.
B:回答相同4.感谢和应答表示感谢通常回答
Thank you very much. Not at all. Thanks a lot. That's OK. Many thanks. That's all right.
Thanks for helping me. You're welcome.
5.祝愿、祝贺和应答
⑴A:Good luck! Best wishes to you. Have a nice/good time/journey. Congratulations! B:Thank you.
⑵A:Happy New Year! Merry Christmas! B:The same to you.
⑶A:Happy birthday to you. B:Thank you.
6.道歉和应答A:I'm sorry.I'm sorry to trouble you. B:It doesn't matter.
It's not important. That's nothing.
7.遗憾和同情What a pity!I'm sorry to hear that.
8.邀请和应答A:Would you like to … ?B:Yes, I'd love to.
9.提供帮助和应答
A:Can I help you?=What can I do for you?Here, take this/my bike.
Let me do it for you.B:Thanks for your help. Yes, please. No, thanks.
That's very kind of you.
10.请求允许⑴A:May I...? Can I/Could I...? B:Yes/Certainly/Of course. Yes, do please. OK/All right. ⑵A:Do you mind if I open the window? B:No, not at all. 或Never mind.
11.表示同意和不同意
(1):Certainly/Sure/Of course.Yes, please. Yes, I think so. All right/OK.
That's a good idea. I agree with you.
(2):No, I don't think so. I'm afraid not. I really can't agree with you.
12.表示肯定和不肯定1: I'm sure. I'm sure that... 2: I'm not sure. I'm not sure whether/if... Maybe.
13.喜欢和厌恶1: I like /love...(very much) I like /love to... 2: I don't like to... I hate to ...
14. 问时间、日期的应答A:What day is it?
B:It's Monday.A:What's the date?B:It's Jan. 10th.
A:What's the time,please? B:It's five o'clock/half past five... It's time to ...
15.请求(1): Can/could you...for me? Will/would you please do sth.? May I have...?
(2): Please give/pass me... Please wait (here/a moment). Please wait for your turn. Please stand in line.
(3): No smoking, please. No noise, please.
16.劝告和建议1:You'd better... You should... You need to...
2:Shall we do sth. ? Let's do sth. . What/How about doing sth. ? 回答: OK. Good idea.
17.禁止和警告1:You mustn't play on the road. If you ... you'll ...
2:Take care.=Be careful.
18.表示感情A:喜悦Great!That's nice.
I'm glad/pleased/happy to...B:焦虑What's wrong? What's the matter with you?I'm/He's/She's worried. Oh, what shall
I do? C:惊奇Really?Oh, dear!Is that so?
19.约会A:Are you free this afternoon? What/How about tomorrow morning?
Shall we meet at 4:30 at the school gate?
B:Yes, that's all right. Yes, I'll be free then. All right.See you then.
20.语言困难Pardon?Please say that more slowly again.
What do you mean by...?I'm sorry I know only a little English.
21.表示称赞：A:Oh, how nice! Your dress is beautiful.B:It's nice of you to say so. 或Thank you.
22.常见的标志和说明
BUSINESS HOURS NO PHOTOS OFFICE HOURS THIS SIDE UP OPEN CLOSED PULL PUSH EXIT ENTRANCE 营业时间禁止拍照办公时间这边向上开关
1.-Would you like to go to the zoo with us? ____.
A.Yes, please.
B.That's true.
C.Yes, I'd love to.
D.Quite well.
2.-I've done quite well in the exam this term. -___ __.
A.I don't know.
B.Congratulations.
C.So do I.
D.Go on, please.
3.If your friend tells you that he is ill, you may say"_ __"
A.Excuse me.
B.I'm sorry to hear that.
C.It doesn't matter.
D.I don't think so.
4.-Have a good journey, Alice. A.All right B.Thanks a lot. C.Very good D.Much better
5.The sign"THIS SIDE UP" is often seen ____.
A.on a box
B.in the street
C.in a cinema
D.in a park
思考题：
1.-Thank you for your help. -__ ___
A.All right.
B.That's all right.
C.That's right.
D.It's very kind of you.
2.-Do you mind if I close the window? -____ __
A.No, I mind.
B.Yes, I don't mind.
C. No, not at all.
D.Yes, I'm afraid not.
3.-Help yourself to some apples.-__ A.I don't like it. B.Sorry, I can't help it.
C.Never mind.
D.Thank you very much.
4.-Tom will take care of our cat while we're away. -____
A．Fine, thank you. B.I'll do it myself. C.That's very kind of him. D.It doesn't matter.
5.-You speak English quite well. -__ __
A.I don't think so.
B.You don't say so.
C.No, I don't speak well.
D.Thank you.
动词的时态与语态的综合运用
确定正确的时态
1.根据时间状语确定时态.时间状语与时态有着密切的关系.
a. I ________ (write) now.
b. I ______(lose) my pen yesterday.
c. We ___________ (study) English for two years.
2.根据上下文来确定时态
有些句子没有明显的时间状语,又不能用时态呼应规则来对照,这时就可以根据上下文内容来判断时间关系,确定正确时态. A.Where are the twins? B.They ______ (go) to visit Uncle Wang.
3.根据主从句的关系来确定时态.
4.根据语言习惯来确定时态
*https://www.doczj.com/doc/9a1100515.html,e,go,leave 等趋向性动词的进行时可用来表示即将发生的动作.
*2.永恒的真理和客观存在的状态用一般现在时.
*3.祈使句中,或在情态动词,助动词后,谓语动词用原形
Don't _____ (read)in the sun , will you? You'd better _____ (stay)at home since it's raining outside.
注意所填动词的语态
Today both basketball and volleyball _________(play) in many countries.
确定动词的形式
1. be busy,what about等后用动词的-ing 形式.
2.在介词后一般应用动词的-ing 形式.
3.在keep,enjoy,finish,mind 等动词后采用动词的--ing 形式.
4.在动词decide,hope,wish,hate 等动词后应用动词不定式作宾语,而在ask, tell,want,teach 之后则用动词不定式的复合结构,即“ask sb. to do sth.”的形式
5.在see,hear,watch,make,let等后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式应省略动词不定式符号“ to”, 但在被动句中, 应添上"to".
6.在It…s time(for sb.)to do sth. It's kind/nice/good of sb. to do sth.
It takes sb. some time to do sth. 的句型中, 动词不定式短语作句子真正的主语.
7.疑问代词/副词(why 除外) + to do sth. 结构,可在句中作主语, 表语和宾语.
练习题：
1.The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from ________(blow) the earth away.
2.Mr Smith kept on _____ (ask) the players to remember-----TEAMWORK
3.Alice didn't hear what the teacher said just now,so she doesn't know how ____ (do) the problem.
4.The policeman asked the old granny to put down her heavy box and let him ______ (carry) it for her.
5.用help,happen,listen,have,ask,be,plant,miss,leave,look的适当形式填空:
(1).WangHai is a good comrade.He always does his best ________others.
(2).Dig the hole big enough,or the trees can?t ___________well .
(3).It's time for class.Let's stop _______to the teacher.
(4).Her face turned red when she _______ to sing a song for all of us.
(5).She is older than Mary but ________much younger.
(6).--I can't find my keys.--Maybe you ___________ them at home.
(7).We waited in the next room while they ____________a meeting.
(8).Hurry up.You __________the train if you don't.
思考题：
用send,show,turn,cost,write,fly,get,stop,see,do,hear,go 的适当形式填空
1.____ you ___ each other since you left school ten years ago?
2.What ___they ___at 8:00 yesterday evening.
3.The Smiths are getting ready ___to Australia for their holdiay.
4.The beautiful jacket___too much , doesn't it?
5.Lucy and Lily were playing cards when they ___ a loud knock at the door.
6.The radio says the rain ___later on.
7.The boy ___to hospital as soon as the traffic accident happened.
8.Today films___in English everywhere in the world.
9.It's summer now.The days___longer and the nights shorter.
10.Mother ___ to Shanghai and she'll be back in a week or so.
动词的时态（上）
A:一般现在时棗通常表示目前阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态。
结构：1）be动词的第一人称单数为，第三人称单数为，其他人称为。
有一顺口溜体现了它的用法：我是am你是are ，is跟着他她它, 复数都用are
肯定式:主语+ am /is/are +其他否定式:主语+ am/is/are +not + 其他
疑问式:Am /Is /Are + 主语+ 其他?简略回答: (肯) Yes,主语+ am/ is /are
(否) No,主语+ am /is/are not缩写形式: I'm == I am That's ==That is
We're ==We are What's== What is You're == You are Who's == Who is
They're ==They are Where's ==Where is He's ==He is isn't==is not
She's ==She is aren't==are not It's == It is
2）行为动词除主语是第三人称单数外，都用动词原形，主语是第三人称单数时，在动词词尾加-s或-es 肯定式:主语+动词原形/动词的第三人称单数，否定式:主语+助动词don't/doesn't +动词原形+其他疑问式:Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+do/does (否)No,主语+do/does not 缩写形式: don't == do not doesn't ==does not
注意：have的第三人称单数为has
用法：1.表示事实,现状,性质或经常的,习惯的动作,常与often, usually, always, sometimes, today,every day,once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用, eg. He has a brother. 2.表示普遍真理. eg. The earth goes round the sun.
3.表示在现在时间里所发生的一个动作. eg. Here comes the train.
4.在时间和条件状语从句中代表一般将来时. eg.I'll go with you if you are free tomorrow.
B:一般过去时棗表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，一般过去时通常由动词的过去式表示。
结构：1.动词的第一、三有称单数用,其他人称用,其肯定式,否定式,疑问式和简略回答形式与一般现在时相似。 2.行为动词的过去式分为规则和不规则两种, 规则动词的过去式是在动词后加或,不规则动词参照不规则动词表,需要专门记忆。
肯定式:主语+动词的过去式+ 其他eg. I got up at six this morning.
否定式:主语+ did not + 动词原形+ 其他eg.John didn't live here last year. 疑问式:Did + 主语+ 动词原形+ 其他eg.Did you see him a moment ago?
简略回答.(肯)Yes, 主语+did (否)No , 主语+ didn't.
用法：1.主要用于过去某个时间发生的动作或状态. eg.My father was at work yesterday.
2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与often,always 等表示频度的时间状语连用.
eg.He always went to work by bus last summer.
3.和when等连词引导的状语从句连用. eg.When she reached home, she had a short rest.
4.常与表示过去的时间状语, 如… ago, yesterday, last week, in the old days, when I was five y ears old, in 1995 等连用. eg.They began the work two months ago.
Were you born in 1981? Yes, I was.
C:一般将来时棗表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态
结构：助动词shall/will + 动词原形（当主语第一人称时，一般用shall，当主语为第三人称时，用will，但主语为第一人称时，也用will 肯定式:主语+shall/will+动词原形+其他
否定式:主语+shall/will+not+动词原形+其他.
疑问式:Shall/Will+主语+动词原形+其他简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+shall/will .
(否)No,主语+shall/will+not … 缩写形式: 'll ==shall/will
shan't== shall not won't == will not
用法: 1.表示将要发生的动作或情况,常用时间状语有: later (on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等. eg. I shall be eighteen years old next year.
Maybe China's population _______ (pass) 1,300,000,000 by the year 2005.
2.表示某种必然的趋势eg. Fish will die without water.
解析：1.在以第一人称为主语的问句中,常用shall 表示提议和询问情况,在以第二人称作主语的问句中,用will 表示请求. eg. Where shall we have the meeting?
Will you please lend me your pen?
2.当主语是第一人称时,用will 表示意愿.决心.允诺.命令等.
eg. I will give you an English--Chinese dictionary for your birthday.
3.在时间或条件状语从句中,一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时. eg. Tom will write to me when he gets there.
4.be
going to +动词原形也可表示将来时.
(1).表示主观意愿.打算等. eg. He's going to learn English next term.
(2).根据已有迹象,可能要发生的情况eg. Look at the black clouds! ----It is going to rain.
D:现在进行时棗表示目前或目前阶段正在进行的动作。
结构：am/is/are + 动词的-ing形式
用法：1.表示目前发生(进行)的动作(不指状态),常用时间状语有:now,at the moment 等,并常出现在祈使句的句子中,与look, listen连用.
eg. Are you writing a letter to your father at the moment? Listen! She is singing in the next room.
2.表示目前阶段正在进行,而此刻不一定在进行的动作. eg. They are planting trees these days.
3.表示按计划或安排即将进行的动作,表示这种动作的动词有:come, go, leave, arrive, start, see等,并常与表示将来时间的状语连用. eg. They are leaving for Australia tomorrow afternoon.
注意: 某些表示感觉或状态的动词,如love, like, prefer, hate, see, know等一般不用现在进行时. eg. Lucy prefers art to science.
练习题：
1.Mary and Joe go to the Shopping Center ___ . a.once a week b. in a week c. next week d. for a week
2.Be quiet! The baby ________ (sleep) in the next room.
3.Dick will pass the message on to your sister as soon as he ______ (meet) her in her office tomorrow.
4.The bell for the class rang while they ___________ (play) on the playground.
5.Lucy said it ___________ (rain) later on.
思考题:
1.The Chinese people ____(work) hard to make their country stronger and more beautiful.
2.He'll write to you as soon as he _____ (arrive ) in Hainan.
3.The students of Class One ___(have)a meeting from three to five yesterday afternnon.
4.The sky is black. It ____ (rain), I'm afraid.
5.If it ___(not snow)tomorrow,we'll go skating
6.Mr and Mrs Green____(travel)to the south of China next week,aren't they?
7.I___(not see)the film with you because I've seen it already.
8.He told us that he_____(stay)here till the next week.
9.I_____(lose)my pen this morning. I haven't found it yet.
动词的时态（下）
G:现在完成时棗表示到目前为止已经完成，并对现在留下某种后果和影响的动作。
结构：助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词
用法:
1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与一些时间状语,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once,twice等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如these days,today,this year,so far等连用.eg.I have already posted the letter. (信已经不在我这儿了)
2.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,一直持续到现在,也许还将继续下去,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用,即for +时间段,since+时间点/从句, in the last ten years等,谓语只可用延续性动词.
解析： 1.英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或点动词),如begin,start,die,buy,leave, come等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句中.
eg. I've left Shanghai for three days.(×) I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( √ ).
I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √ ) It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √ )
2.初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become等.终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法:
⑴.将时间状语改为时间段+ ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时.
eg.我弟弟参军两年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.
⑵.若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句, 或用在how long 句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词
常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下
come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at open-----be open
die------be dead close----be closed become---be borrow---keep begin/start-----be on put on----wear
leave-----be away (from) buy-----have fall asleep----be asleep
end/finish-----be over catch a cold-----have a cold
join the army----be in the army be a soldier join the Party----be in the Party be a Party member
→My brother has been in the army for two years. →My brother has been a soldier for two years.
3.现在完成时中been to,gone to和been in/at been to去过某地,表示某人的一种经历,可以和once,twice,already,ever,never 等连用. eg. She has been to Shanghai twice. (表示目前人在这里)
gone to 去某地了,说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的途中或已在某地,
eg. She has gone to Shanghai。(表示现在她人不在这里)
been in/at 逗留在某地(已经一段时间).常和for ten days,since I came here等连用.
eg. She has been in Shanghai since she moved there.
4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时所表明的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响,强调的是现在的情况,不可以和表示过去的时间状语yesterday,in 1991,three days ago last time,last night等连用一般过去时表明的是过去发生的事实,和现在不发生关系.
5.现在完成时中的for 与since
for + 时间段与延续性动词的现在完成时连用since + 时间点/从句
I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago.
6. It is /has been +一段时间+ since 从句.自从某事发生已有一段时间了. eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army. 注意:1.since 引导的从句中动词用过去时
2.when 引导的特殊问句不与现在完成时连用.
3.have got,has got 虽然是现在完成时,但have got=have has got==has
练习题: 1.It's a long time since we ____ (meet) last,isn't it?
2.--I know you _______ (choose) a picture book among these. --Yes,Have a look at it, please.
3.So far,spaceships without people _______ (reach) the moon and some other partsof the universe.
4.My father____ home for nearly three weeks.
A.has gone away from
B.has left
C.has been away from
D.went away
5.Mr and Mrs Green have_____in China for a week. A.been B.got C.arrived D.reached
6.--Where's Mary? --Oh,she _____the library.
A.has gone to
B.went to
C.has been to
D.had gone to
H:过去完成时棗表示过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作
结构：助动词had + 动词的过去分词
用法：1.表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,动作发生的时间为“过去的过去“.表示过去某一时间可用by,before 等构成的短语,也可用when,before等引导的从句或通过上下文表示. eg. By the end of last term,we had learned a thousand English words.
He had finished his homework before his father came back last night.
2.表示过去某个时间之前发生的动作或状态, 一直延续到这一过去时刻,或还将继续下去. eg. When I got to know him, he had worked there for twenty years.(注意) 否定式had not == hadn't
时态的呼应
1.主句中谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,从句中的谓语动词可以用任何所需要的时态, he wants to speak to the headmaster. He said that he won't be free tomorrow. he came last night.
2.主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时态,从句中的谓语动词一般情况下要用过去时态的某种形式. He said that he was working hard on his Chinese.
he had a very good journey home. he hadn't bought the present yet.
he would stop in Moscow on the way. 3.如果从句所述内容是客观真理,则谓语动词总是用一般现在时,而不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响.
eg. Miss Gao told us that light travels much faster than sound.
4.时间或条件状语从句中,若主句是一般将来时或祈使句,从句要用一般现在时代替将来时.
eg.Stop talking when the headteacher ______(walk)into the classroom.
Jim won't watch TV until he ___ (finish) his homework every time.
练习题： 1.They were so pleased to see each other that they almost ____ (forget) everything else around. 2. The girl put on her dress and then _______ (go) to the mirror to look at herself.
思考题： 1.I____(leave)my ruler at home. Can I use yours?
2.Who's Jack London? I ___ never ____ (hear) of that man before.
3.I'm afraid I ___ (keep) you waiting for such a long time.
4.--Where ___ you___ (be)? --I'm looking for you all the time.
5.____they____ (know) each other when they were young?
6.The baby will cry if she ___ (not see) her mother
动词的语态
动词的语态---表示谓语与主语之间的关系的动词形式叫做语态，分为主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者
一、被动语态
结构:1.行为动词的被动语态: 助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词.
be有人称.时态.数的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样.
一般现在时am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词一般过去时was/were +及物动词的过去分词
一般将来时will +be +及物动词的过去分词现在完成时have/has+been+及物动词的过去分词
2.情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词+ be +及物动词的过去分词
否定式:是在助动词be 或情态动词后加not构成
疑问式:是把上述助动词或情态动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成.
用法: 1.不知道动作的执行者是谁,或没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者.
eg. The window was broken yesterday. Is English taught in your school? 2.强调或突出动作的承受者,此时如想同时指出动作的执行者,可用“by +动作执行者(宾格)来表示.
eg.The red dress was made by her mother. The letter must be written by me.
注意点： 1.只有及物动词能构成被动语态, 不及物动词不能构成被动语态.
2.某些不及物动词与介词.副词搭配构成短语动词,带有宾语时,则有了动作的承受者,这时应把它们看作一个整体,变为被动语态,不能丢掉其中的介词,常用的有look after,take care of,cut down, laugh at,talk about,turn on等eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl.→The little girl is always taken care of by Carhe rine.
3.有些动词短语本身即是被动语态的形式, 不要再加by 短语,常用的有
be covered with be surprised at be interested in be worried about be made of/from be known to
4.某些动词形式是主动语态,但含有被动的意思. eg. This dictionary sells well.
This kind of car drives fast. The woolen sweater costs $ 88.
5.主动语态与被动语态的相互变化关系
主动句: 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语(动作执行者) (动作承受者)
被动句: 主语+谓语动词的被动形式+ by + 动作执行者(动作承受者)
1）主动句如何变为被动句
a.找到动作的承受者(常为主动句的宾语)作被动句的主语.
b.找到谓语变为be + 过去分词的结构.
c.找到动作的执行者(常为主动句的主语)作by 的宾语.若不必指出动作的执行者,可省去by 短语.
d.确定be动词的时态.数. 例如: She makes the beautiful kites.
The beautiful kites are made by her. (被动句)
2）被动句如何变为主动句. a.找到动作的执行者(常为被动句的宾语)作主动句的主语.
b.找到be+过去分词结构还原为及物动词原形.
c.找到动作的承受者(常为被动句的主语)作主动句的宾语.
d.确定及物动词的时态.数(注意)在以上转换中,代词作主语用主格, 代词作宾语用宾格.
6.主动语态中有些动词如:make,see,listen, watch,feel后常跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,变为被动语态要带上to He made the boy work for him. →The boy was made to work for him.
7.主动语态中若有双宾语,变为被动语态时, 通常把指人的间接宾语变为被动语态的主语. His uncle gave him a dictionary yesterday.→He was given a dictionary by his uncle yesterday.
练习题:
把下列句子变为被动句: 1.They asked me to come a little later. →I ___ _____ to come a little later.
2.Women often talk about food and clothes. →Food and clothes ____ often _____ about by women.
3.Do they make this kind of truck in Nanjing? → ___this kind of tr uck _____ in Nanjing?
4.We must clean our teeth twice a day. →Our teeth must ___ ____ twice a day.
5.Can I answer this question in simple English? →_____this question __ ______ in simple English?
6.You may clean the room after work. → The room may _____ _______ after work.
中考英语语法专项练习题及答案中考英语专项练习之主谓一致及直接引语和间接引语 主谓一致 英语中句子的主语要与其后的谓语保持一致，即“主谓一致”。一般遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。 【练习导航】 Ⅰ. 用适当的be动词或助动词填空。 1. Every student _______ got a book. 2. The number of students in the school _______ now rising. 3. A number of boys _______ playing basketball at the moment. 4. There _______ something else in the desk. 5. Tom, together with his mother, _______ gone to New York. 6. The teacher with two students _______ playing sports. 7. This pair of trousers _______ made by my aunt last year. 8. Five months _______ a long time to wait. 9. Here _______ some books. 10. To clean the room _______ your duty. Ⅱ. 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。 11. When I got there, they each _______ (read) a book. 12. Neither of us _______ (like) the storybook. 13. Everyone except me _______ (go) to the cinema yesterday. 14. A football team often _______ (have) eleven players. 15. No one but my parents _______ (know) the truth. 16. Jim’s family _______ (enjoy) watching TV after supper. 17. What you said _______ (be) quite useful to us. 18. Look! The class _______ (do) morning exercise on the playground. 19. Twenty years _______ (have) passed since he left his hometown. 20. Three glasses of milk _______ (be) enough for us. Ⅲ. 单项选择 ( )21. Either Tom or I ______ going there tomorrow. A. are B. is C. am D. be ( )22. Jenny as well as her friends ______ swimming. A. are going B. has gone C. were going D. have gone ( )23. No one ______ swimming in such bad weather. A. like B. likes C. liking D. liked ( )24. —What ______ the number of the students in your school? —About two thousand. A number of them ______ from the USA.
第二篇句法 一、主要句式 (一) 知识概要 初中所学的句型一般要分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。陈述句中有肯定句与否定句之分。其中可以分为以下五种：① 主语+不及物动词。如：I arrived at six last night.② 主语+及物动词+宾语，如：I bought a good English Chinese Dictionary yesterday.③ 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语，如：Please tell me a story before I go to bed. 这样可加双宾语的句子有buy,tell, give, ask, pass, teach.④ 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语，如：I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.⑤ 主语+系动词+表语，如：Tom is an American boy. The grass turned green in spring.在初中常见的句型中有There be…句型，表示存在某种事物，如：There is a map on the wall其be动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后，也要保持be动词，不要换用have,如：There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题，即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点：① 用and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数，但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式，如：A singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演员。而 a singer and a dancer 则要译为：一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。②有些以 s 结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数，如： The news is good (news 为不可数名词)。③ 有量词时应按量词的数量计算；如： This pair of glasses is good My glasses are broken. ④有些形单却意为复数的名词，如： People are coming here这样的词还有 Police，如果要讲一个警察时，应讲 a policeman。两个警察为 two policemen。又如 a policewoman, two policewomen⑤所有不定代词 each， either， neither， one， the other， nobody， nothing， anyone， anything，someone，something … 要作为单数如： Someone is waiting for you在并列句中表示联合关系的连词有：and not only … but also，ne ither … nor，either … or如: My sister and my parents are going to the cinema。表示转折关系的并列连词有： but 和 yet，如： She is a good student, but she didn't pass the final exam. 又如： I think the news is strange, yet it is true表示选择关系的连词有：or，either … or，如： Hurry up, or you will be late for school表示因果关系的并列连词有： for， so 如： They studied very hard， so they all passed the exam 在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种，而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述，为了使同学阅读文章方便，我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。①在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语，如： I knew the man, 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语，如：I knew that he was a good man这时宾语从句的连接词有 that, (that 只在从句中起联接作用，不
马上就要中考了，祝大家中考都考上一个理想的高中！欢迎同学们下载，希望能帮助到你们！ 2020最新中考英语语法知识点汇总
一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see .
6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、 程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、 状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通 常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小 姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词 担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打 扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者 “怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由
最新2015中考英语语法总复 习讲义 金社中学内部资料 专题一名词 名词是中考考查的重点。考查内容主要为： 1. 名词单、复数的变化规律及其用法； 2. 不可数名词量的表达法； 3. 名词所有格的变化及其用法； 4. 名词作主语的一致问题； 5. 常用专有名词的表示法； 6. 具体语境中名词的词义和一些常用易混淆名词的区别。 Ⅰ.名词的定义 名词是表示人、事物、现象和其他抽象概念的名称的词。名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。 专有名词是具体的人和事物等特有名称。专有名词的第一个字母要大写，人名、地名、公共节日及月份、周日的名称等等都是属于专有名词。（见资料） 如：Yao Ming 姚明；China 中国；Christmas 圣诞节等。 Ⅱ. 可数名词和不可数名词普通名词按照其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。 1．可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。如：an apple; two apples 。 ★注意：a 用于以辅音音素( 指音标) 开头的单数名词前； an 用于以元音音素( 指音标) 开头的单数名词前。 如：a book/b uk/, a useful/ju:sful/ book ，an apple/’aepl/ ，a red apple , an hour/’aua/ 2．不可数名词: 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，没有复数形式。 (1)物质名词。如：water; rice; tea; milk; food; fruit; meat; fish(鱼肉); chicken(鸡肉); beef; mutton; orange(橙汁)；sugar; salt; paper(纸); porridge; bread; sand; juice等。这类不可数名词需要计量时要在名词前加表示量的词。如：a cup of tea; two bags of rice; three bottles of water等。 (2)抽象名词。如：news; music; time(时间); information等。 (3)不可数名词不能与数词或不定冠词连用。 (4)注意有些名词既可做可数名词也可做不可数名词。 如：fish; time; glass; orange; room; noise; chicken等。但使用时一定要区分它们表达的不同意义。 Ⅲ. 名词的数 (1)元音或词尾发生变化 如：man→men; woman→women; Frenchman→Frenchmen; tooth→teeth; foot→feet; child→children (2)单复数形式相同
2020中考英语精华知识点全汇总！ 一．英语语法重点与难点 1、as…as…结构： You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom. 你和汤姆是一样好的孩子。 2、 (1)too…to与so…that sb. can’t…的句型转换：前者为简单句，主语只有一个，而后者为复合句，主语有两个，试比较： The man was too angry to be able to speak. The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak. (2) too…to…与not enough to句型的转换： He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married. The book is too difficult for me to read.= The book is not easy enough for me to read. 3、形容词原级表示比较级含义：
约翰不象迈克那么笨。 John is not so stupid as Mike. John is less stupid than Mike. John is cleverer than Mike. 4、用比较级表示最高级：约翰是班里最高的男生。 John is taller than any other boy in the class. John is the tallest boy in the class. 5、the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”: The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is. The more food you eat, the fatter you are. 6、 more and more….表示“越来……越……”: More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language. Our country is getting stronger and stronger. 二．中考考点—词组
中考英语语法专题详解三 介词、连词 一. 介词 1. 介词概述：介词表示它与后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。介词是虚词，不能单独做句子成分。介词在英语中用法很活，也无一定规律可循。在初中范围内还应学一个记住一个，特别是那些和动词的特殊搭配。 2. 常用介词的意义和用法。 ⑴时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别： 表示时间时, in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后), on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间; 表示地点时, in表示在某个范围之内, on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如： He was born on the night of May 10th. I usually get up at 7：00 in the morning. His glasses are on the desk. My brother is at the bus stop. ⑵after与in表示时间的用法区别：“after+(具体时刻/从句)”表示“在…时刻之后”常用于一般过去时态;“in+(一段时间)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于将来时态。如：He said that he would come back after 6：00. My father is coming back from Astralia in about a month. ⑶since与for表示时间的用法区别：“since+(具体时刻/that-从句)”表示“自从…起一直到现在”,“for +(一段时间)”表示“持续一段时间”,都常用于完成时态;如：
中考英语语法填空知识点(大全)经典 一、初三中考语法填空（含答案详细解析） 1．阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号中所给单词的正确形式。 About ten years ago when I was at university, I worked at my university's museum. One day ________ I was working in the gift shop, I saw two old people come ________ with a little girl in a wheelchair （轮椅）. As I looked closer ________ this girl, I realized she had no arms or legs, just a head, neck and body. She was ________ （wear） a little white dress. When the old people pushed her up to me, I was looking down at the desk. I turned my head and gave ________ （she） a smile. As I took the money from her grandparents, I looked back at the girl, who was giving me the cutest, ________ （happy） smile I had ever seen. Just at that ________ , her physical handicap （生理缺陷）was gone. All I saw was this beautiful girl, whose smile just impressed me ________ almost gave me a completely new idea of what life is all about. She took me from a poor, unhappy university student and brought me into her world, a world of smiles and love. That was ten years ago. I'm a ________ （success） business person now and whenever I feel frustrated and think about the trouble of the world, I will think of that little girl and the unusual lesson about life that she ________ （teach） me. 【答案】when/while；in；at；wearing；her；the happiest；time/moment；and；successful；taught 【解析】【分析】文章大意：大学期间遇到的一个坐轮椅的小女孩，她的可爱的乐观的微笑改变了我的人生观。十多年以来，她的微笑始终激励着我。 （1）句意：有一天，我在礼品店工作时，看到两个老人带着一个坐轮椅的小女孩进来。分析句式结构可知，I was working in the gift shop是一个时间状语从句，要用when或while 来引导；第一空格故填when或while；因I was working in the gift shop，因此two old people需要进来，我才能看到。固定短语come in，进来，第二个空格故填in。（2）句意：当我走近这个女孩时，我发现她没有胳膊或腿，只有头、脖子和身体。根据后面语句I realized she had no arms or legs, just a head, neck and body. 可知，我近距离地看到了这个小女孩。固定短语look at，看到，故填at。 （3）句意：她穿着一件白色的小裙子。wear，穿，动词，根据前面的was可知，此句要用过去进行时，故填wearing。 （4）句意：我转过头对她笑了笑。she，人称代词主格，她；固定短语give sb. sth.给某人某物，人称代词作give的宾语要用宾格，故填her。 （5）句意：她给了我一个我所见过的最可爱、最快乐的微笑。happy，开心，快乐。根据语句中的the cutest与I had ever seen可知此空要用最高级，故填the happiest。 （6）句意：就在那时，她的生理缺陷消失了。固定短语at that time，at that moment，在那时，故填time或moment。 （7）句意：我看到的只是一个美丽的女孩，她的微笑给我留下了深刻的印象，几乎让我对生活的意义有了全新的认识。分析句式结构impressed me与almost gave me a，……是小
．代词： I. 代词可以分为以下七大类： II. 1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every: each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no： no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another:
中考英语语法总复习 Ⅰ词类。 词类英语名称意义例词 名词The Noun (缩写为n) 表示人或事物的名称Basket, mouth, hospital, year, train 冠词The Article (art) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物a, an, the 代词The Pronoun (pron) 用来代替名词、形容词或数词They, his, him, mine, which, all 形容词The Adjective (adj) 用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征Long, empty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry 数词The Numeral (num) 表示数量或顺序Three, thirteen, twenty, second 动词The Verb (v) 表示动作或状态Hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing 副词The Adverb (adv) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词Quickly, early, out, soon, then, sometimes 介词The Preposition (prep) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系From, with, at, into, behind, between, for 连词The Conjunction (conj) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句And, or, but, so, because 感叹词The Interjection (interj) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感Oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear （一）名词： 专有名词：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如China, John, London, the USA, Harbin . 个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。如boat, chair, desk, apple . 集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如family, people, class, police . 可数名词 普通名词物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如water, air, tea, sea, money, cotton . 抽象名词：表示抽象概念的词。如health, help, work, friendship . 不可数名词 2．名词的数。可数名词有单复数，不可数名词没有单复数。X| k |B| 1 . c|O |m 3．名词的格：名词有三个格：主格（作主语）、宾格（作宾语）、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。 （二）冠词 1．定冠词－the . ○1 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。The students are very good. ○2 说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Where is the toilet ? ○3 重复提到上文的人或事物。I have a cat , the cat is white and black . ○4 表示世界上独一无二的事物。The moon moves around the earth . ○5 形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south . ○6 乐器的名称前常用定冠词－the 。I like playing the piano / violin . ○7 和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表某一类人。We should help the poor . ○8 放在某些专有名词前。We will go to visit the Great Wall next week . the people’s Republic of China . ○9 放在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇两人。The Whites are watching
2017中考英语语法专题详解 一：名词 专题一名词 1. 名词的数 概述: 名词按其表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词及其单复数：可数名词有单复数变化，其前通常用不定冠词和数词来修饰，还可用many, few, a few, some, any, plenty of, lots of, a number of 等修饰。构成名词复数形式的方法分为规则法和不规则法两种。 复数的规则构成法：绝大多数英语中的名词复数都是在单数名词后加上词尾-s或-es构成的。具体规则如下图： 规则 例词 一般情况下加-s apple-apples, ruler-rulers 以s, x, ch，sh,结尾的加-es bus-buses, box-boxes, watch-watches, brush-brushes 以辅音字母加y结尾的，把y变成i再加-es city-cities, county-countries 以f或fe结尾的，把f或fe变成v,再加-es knife-knives, leaf-leaves 以o结尾的，有的词尾加-es，有的加-s
在初中英语范围内加-es的主要有以下4个：tomato-tomatoes， potato-potatoes Hero-heroes，Negro-Negroes 2) 复数的不规则构成法： a.单复同形的：Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese, deer-deer, sheep-sheep, fish-fish(表示鱼的数量) b. 熟记下列词的复数变化：man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, child-children c. 以man, woman做定语构成的复合名词，变复数时要全变：a man teacher-two men teachers; 其他情况一般只变主体名词而作定语的名词不变：a girl student-two girl students 3. 不可数名词：不可数名词没有单复数。如：water, meat, air等。在表示数量时，通常用以下方法。 1)用some, much, a little, little, a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等表示多少。 There is little milk at home. The old man has lots of money. 2) 若要表示不可数名词的数量，应用“数词+量词+of+名词”这种形式，若数字超过一，量词应用复数形式。如：a glass of water-two glasses of water, a piece of bread-two pieces of bread
初中英语语法速记口诀大全 很多同学认为语法枯燥难学，其实只要用心并采用适当的学习方法，我们就可以愉快地学会英语，掌握语法规则。笔者根据有关书目和多年教学经验，搜集、组编了以下语法口诀，希望对即将参加中考的同学们有所帮助。 一、冠词基本用法 【速记口诀】 名词是秃子，常要戴帽子， 可数名词单，须用a或an， 辅音前用a，an在元音前， 若为特指时，则须用定冠， 复数不可数，泛指the不见， 碰到代词时，冠词均不现。 【妙语诠释】冠词是中考必考的语法知识之一，也是中考考查的主要对象。以上口诀包括的意思有：①名词在一般情况下不单用，常常要和冠词连用；②表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a或an，确指时要用定冠词the；③如复数名词表示泛指，名词前有this，these，my，some等时就不用冠词。 二、名词单数变复数规则 【速记口诀】 单数变复数，规则要记住， 一般加s，特殊有几处： 末尾字母o，大多加s， 两人有两菜，es不离口， 词尾f、fe，s前有v和e； 没有规则词，必须单独记。 【妙语诠释】①大部分单数可数名词变为复数要加s，但如果单词以/t蘩/、/蘩/、/s/发音结尾(也就是单词如果以ch，sh，s，x等结尾)，则一般加es；②以o结尾的单词除了两
人(negro，hero)两菜(tomato，potato) 加es外，其余一般加s；③以f或fe结尾的单词一般是把f，fe变为ve再加s；④英语中还有些单词没有规则，需要特殊记忆，如child—children，mouse—mice，deer—deer，sheep—sheep，Chinese—Chinese，ox—oxen，man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，tooth —teeth。 三、名词所有格用法 【速记口诀】 名词所有格，表物是“谁的”， 若为生命词，加“’s”即可行， 词尾有s，仅把逗号择； 并列名词后，各自和共有， 前者分别加，后者最后加； 若为无生命词，of所有格， 前后须倒置，此是硬规则。 【妙语诠释】①有生命的名词所有格一般加s，但如果名词以s结尾，则只加“’”；②并列名词所有格表示各自所有时，分别加“’s”，如果是共有，则只在最后名词加“’s”；③如果是无生命的名词则用of表示所有格，这里需要注意它们的顺序与汉语不同，A of B要翻译为B的A。 四、接不定式作宾语的动词 【速记口诀】 三个希望两答应，两个要求莫拒绝； 设法学会做决定，不要假装在选择。 【妙语诠释】三个希望两答应：hope，wish，want，agree，promise 两个要求莫拒绝：demand，ask，refuse 设法学会做决定：manage，learn，decide 不要假装在选择：petend，choose 五、接动名词作宾语的动词
专题一名词 Ⅰ.名词的定义 名词是表示人、事物、现象和其他抽象概念的名称的词。名词可分为专有名词和普 名词。 专有名词是具体的人和事物等特有名称。专有名词的第一个字母要大写，人名、地名 公共节日及月份、周日的名称等等都是属于专有名词。（见资料） 如：Yao Ming 姚明； China 中国；Christmas 圣诞节等。 Ⅱ. 可数名词和不可数名词普通名词按照其所表示的事物的性质分为可数 名词和不可数名词。 1．可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。如：an apple; two apples 。 ★注意： a 用于以辅音音素( 指音标) 开头的单数名词前； an 用于以元音音素( 指音标) 开头的单数名词前。 如：a book/buk/, a useful/ju:sful/ book ，an apple/’aepl/ ，a red apple , an hour/’aua/ 2．不可数名词: 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，没有复数形式。(1)物质名词。如： water; rice; tea; milk; food; fruit; meat; fish(鱼肉); chicken(鸡肉); beef; mutton; orange(橙汁)；sugar; salt; paper(纸); porridge; bread; sand; juice等。这类不可数名词需要计量时要在名词前加表示量的词。如：a cup of tea; two bags of rice; three bottles of water 等。 (2)抽象名词。如： news; music; time(时间); information等。 (3)不可数名词不能与数词或不定冠词连用。 (4)注意有些名词既可做可数名词也可做不可数名词。 如：fish; time; glass; orange; room; noise; chicken等。但使用时一定要区分它们表达的不同意义。 Ⅲ. 名词的数 (1)元音或词尾发生变化 如：man→men; woman→women; Frenchman→Frenchmen; tooth→teeth; foot→feet; child→children (2)单复数形式相同 如：sheep→sheep; fish→fish; Chinese→Chinese; Japanese→Japanese; yuan→yuan (3)形式为单数意思为复数如：people，police（集合名词） (4)形式为复数意思为单数如：news, maths, physics, the United States等。 (5)只用复数形式如：pants, shorts, clothes，glasses(眼镜)等。 3. 不可数名词的量的表示：（不能直接用数字；不能直接加a。an；无复数形式）(1)表不定数量时，一般用much，(a)little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等词修饰。 (2)表确定数量时，一般用“数词＋量词＋of＋不可数名词。 如：a piece of paper, a piece of news, a bag of rice, two glasses of milk, four bottles of water
动词 ( ) 1. -- How long may I ______ your book? --For a week. But you must n’t ______ it to others. A. borrow; lend B. keep; lend C. lend; borrow D. keep; borrow ( ) 2. It won’t ______ them much time to fly to Beijing from Shanghai. A. spend B. use C. take D. pay ( ) 3. Mr. Wang ______ be in Nanjing now, he went to Beijing only this morning. A. mustn’t be B. may not C. can’t D. needn’t ( ) 4. –Do you like the music the Moonlight Sonata? --Yes, it ______ really beautiful A. feels B. sounds C. listens D. hears ( ) 5. Lily finished _______ the book yesterday. A. read B. reading C. to read D. reads ( ) 6. Mrs. Brown isn’t here. She has to ______ her baby at home. A. look at B. look for C. look like D. look after ( ) 7. I have to go now. please remember to _______ the lights when you leave.
最新中考英语语法填空知识点总结和题型总结 一、初三中考语法填空（含答案详细解析） 1．阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号中所给单词的正确形式。 About ten years ago when I was at university, I worked at my university's museum. One day ________ I was working in the gift shop, I saw two old people come ________ with a little girl in a wheelchair （轮椅）. As I looked closer ________ this girl, I realized she had no arms or legs, just a head, neck and body. She was ________ （wear） a little white dress. When the old people pushed her up to me, I was looking down at the desk. I turned my head and gave ________ （she） a smile. As I took the money from her grandparents, I looked back at the girl, who was giving me the cutest, ________ （happy） smile I had ever seen. Just at that ________ , her physical handicap （生理缺陷）was gone. All I saw was this beautiful girl, whose smile just impressed me ________ almost gave me a completely new idea of what life is all about. She took me from a poor, unhappy university student and brought me into her world, a world of smiles and love. That was ten years ago. I'm a ________ （success） business person now and whenever I feel frustrated and think about the trouble of the world, I will think of that little girl and the unusual lesson about life that she ________ （teach） me. 【答案】when/while；in；at；wearing；her；the happiest；time/moment；and；successful；taught 【解析】【分析】文章大意：大学期间遇到的一个坐轮椅的小女孩，她的可爱的乐观的微笑改变了我的人生观。十多年以来，她的微笑始终激励着我。 （1）句意：有一天，我在礼品店工作时，看到两个老人带着一个坐轮椅的小女孩进来。分析句式结构可知，I was working in the gift shop是一个时间状语从句，要用when或while 来引导；第一空格故填when或while；因I was working in the gift shop，因此two old people需要进来，我才能看到。固定短语come in，进来，第二个空格故填in。（2）句意：当我走近这个女孩时，我发现她没有胳膊或腿，只有头、脖子和身体。根据后面语句I realized she had no arms or legs, just a head, neck and body. 可知，我近距离地看到了这个小女孩。固定短语look at，看到，故填at。 （3）句意：她穿着一件白色的小裙子。wear，穿，动词，根据前面的was可知，此句要用过去进行时，故填wearing。 （4）句意：我转过头对她笑了笑。she，人称代词主格，她；固定短语give sb. sth.给某人某物，人称代词作give的宾语要用宾格，故填her。 （5）句意：她给了我一个我所见过的最可爱、最快乐的微笑。happy，开心，快乐。根据语句中的the cutest与I had ever seen可知此空要用最高级，故填the happiest。 （6）句意：就在那时，她的生理缺陷消失了。固定短语at that time，at that moment，在那时，故填time或moment。 （7）句意：我看到的只是一个美丽的女孩，她的微笑给我留下了深刻的印象，几乎让我对生活的意义有了全新的认识。分析句式结构impressed me与almost gave me a，……是小