Unit 3 英汉对比与翻译 (二)

“It is the meaning of a message that is transferred from one language to another, and the transfer is accomplished by analyzing and then reconstructing semantic relationships.”1 “Translation can therefore be defined as the operation by which the relevant signification of linguistic signs is determined through reference to a meaning as formulated in a message, which is then fully reconstructed in the signs of another language.”2 1、2. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive Approach[M]. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 3；52
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义 Nhomakorabea就保留原文句法与译文体现原作精神的问题，傅雷也有精辟的论述:“假如破坏本国文字的结构与特性，就能传达异国文字的特性而获得原作的精神，那么翻译真是太容易了。不幸那种理论非但是刻船求剑，而且结果是削足就履，两败俱伤。” 1
01
怒安. 傅雷谈翻译[M]. 沈阳：辽宁教育出版社2005:2
关于英汉语言的比喻
陈安定：英语句子好比“一串珍珠”，而汉语句子则像“一盘大小各异的珍珠，散落玉盘，闪闪发光，灿烂夺目。”1

英语
汉语
转换，省略，增 译和调整语序
形合
意合
例1：All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. 过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了 地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。 例2： If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ 例3：他不来，我不去。 If he won’t come here, I’ll not go there. 例4：不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？ If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey?
英语
汉语
转换
静态
动态
例1：In the cities, there were strict curfews, empty hotels, abandoned streets and office buildings, looters, trigger-happy patrols, and all the rest. 各城市都严格实行宵禁，饭店旅社都已人去楼空，大街小巷行人绝迹， 办公大楼门可罗雀，歹徒趁火打劫，巡逻队动辄开枪杀人，完全是一片兵 荒马乱的景象。 例2： Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 读书可以怡情养性，可以摭拾文采，可以增长才干。

Examples of Negative Transfer
5、他建议我接受这个报价。 He suggested me to accept this offer . He suggested that I (should) accept this offer . He suggested my (me) accepting this offer .
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer 2. Linguistic contrast 欢迎光临 3. Contrast and translation
Causes: • analogical use of one‟s prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用 • scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少 • unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
Negative Transfer (负迁移): Interference (干扰)
Please translate the following:

04.英汉语⾔对⽐与翻译_讲义第四章英汉语⾔对⽐与翻译Fiona Ma April, 201221. 英汉语⾔特点2. 英汉语⾔特点对翻译的启⽰3. 课堂互动及课后练习英汉语⾔对⽐与翻译1.英语重形合，汉语重意合2.英语偏静态，汉语偏动态3.英语重抽象，汉语重具体4.英语重物称，汉语重⼈称5.英语重被动，汉语重主动6.英语多替换，汉语多重复7.英语重后饰，汉语重前饰8.英语重聚焦，汉语重流散9.英语重时体，汉语轻时体1. 英汉语⾔特点返回章重点 4例1: Children will play with dolls equipped withpersonality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.【译⽂】⼉童将与装有个性芯⽚的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为⼯作伙伴⼉不是⼯具，⼈们将在⽓味电视前休闲，这时数字时代就来到了。

例2: 早知今⽇，何必当初？【译⽂】If I had known it would have come to this, I would have acted differently.1.1 英语重形合，汉语重意合1. 英汉语⾔特点返回章重点 5例3: As we lived near the road, we oftenhad the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.【译⽂】我们就住在路边。

4) 幽幽岁月，苍海桑田． 5) 门铃一响，来了客人，从不谢客，礼当 接待． 5) Suddenly the bell rang, announcing the arrival of a visitor. As I had never rejected any guest, I thought I should this one as well.
五四运动的杰出的历史意义在于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态这就是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地不妥协地反封建主义
汉英对比与翻译教学
华东师范大学 张春柏
I. 为什么要对比 (why): to help improve the teaching/learning of translation, composition, and grammar
II. 比什么 比什么(What): From words to sentences and discourse, as well as ways of thinking.
My purpose here: to call our attention to the importance of form in the teaching/learning of translation 1) word form: morphology (as well as sounds, esp. in poetry) 2) sentence form: structure 3) cohesion: how sentences are connected to each other to form a coherent piece of discourse
3) 五四运动是反帝国主义的运动，又是反封
建的运动。五四运动的杰出的历史意义，在 于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态，这就 是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地不妥 协地反封建主义。五四运动所以具有这种性 质，是……五四运动是在当时世界革命号召 之下，是在俄国革命号召之下，是在列宁号 召之下发生的。五四运动是当时无产阶级世 界革命的一部分。……

奥黛丽赫本——人间天使1 Audrey Hepburn thrilled audiences with starring roles in noteworthy films like Breakfast at Tiffany's, Sabrina, Roman Holiday, My Fair Lady, War and Peace, and Always.奥黛丽赫本在《蒂凡尼的早餐》、《龙凤配》、《罗马假日》、《窈窕淑女》、《战争与和平》和《直到永远》等出色电影中主演的许多角色让观众为之陶醉。

2 Despite her success in the film domain, the roles she most preferred portraying were not in movies. She was an exemplary mother to her two sons and a UNICEF (the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund) Ambassador of Goodwill serving victims in war-torn countries.尽管在电影界获得成功,但她最愿意塑造的角色却并不在影片中,而是做两个儿子的模范母亲和联合国儿童基金会亲善大使,为饱受战争蹂躏的人们服务。

3 As a young girl during the Nazi occupation of her native Holland, Audrey Hepburn was aware of the brutality, death, and destruction of war. She was hungry and malnourished, as her family was bankrupted as a result of the invasion. Audrey's father abandoned the family, and two of her uncles were taken captive and killed. Audrey was grabbed off the street by Nazis and placed in line to be sent to a work camp. When the guards glanced away she darted off, barely escaping, and huddled in a cold, foul basement full of rats.作为一名在纳粹占领下的祖国荷兰生活的小女孩,奥黛丽?赫本清楚战争所带来的野蛮、死亡和破坏。

1.
Verb into Nouns 名词派生出来的动词，为符合汉语表达 习惯，可将其还原成名词来译。 A. He was blacklisted and lost his job. B. Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.


I. Write
Section 6 Practice
First Street
第一大街
Do
Not Enter 请勿入内 ＹＩＥＬＤ 请让行！

II.
1.
Dangerous Bend 弯路危险 2. Entry to Motorway 机动车道入口 3. No Parking Except For Loading 禁止停车（装货车辆除外）
Come
In A Rush, Leave With A Flush.
Other Signs
1.
Left Baggage 行李寄存 2. Photography and video are not permitted inside the building 楼内禁止拍照、录像 The use of cameras or video equipment is prohibited
PEDESTRIAN
DO
NOT DISTURB 请勿打扰
5）文化 银狐美容美发中心 Silver Fox Beauty and Hair Design Center Fox 让人想到狐狸精，贬义。 Yinhu Beauty and Hair Design Center Yinhu Beauty Saloon and Hair Design Center

d) Omisห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ion
• A serious matter this for you and me. (= A serious matter is this for you and me./ This is a serious matter for you and me.) 对你和我来说，这是件严重的事情。
• b) extension of sentence parts • Adverbial extension • It would be nice if one had two heads and neither required sleep.
b）Expansion
• b) extension of sentence parts
a）Conversion
―There be…‖ • There was a knock at the door.
b）Extension
b）Extension
• a）adding modifier • Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputers.
• 钢的结构及其形成的性质，取决于加热的温度和冷却 的速度。
c) Combination
c) Combination
• Simple sentences • Compound sentences • Complex sentences
c) Combination

c 煎、炒、炸、爆、爆炒 send: 送、寄、发送、派遣、打发
www.art-com.co.kr
Copyright © by ARTCOM PT All rights reserved.
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Company
Logo
2.2 有的英语词语词义小于汉语的词义。如： 主人: master, host, owner, housemaster, Goodman 下: below, descend, down, give birth to, go to, leave off, lower, next, take 拿: fetch, hold, seize, take 行：go, walk, travel; circulate; behavior, conduct; capable, com petent 如：“神州行，我看行” China Talent, I find it competent!
转告呀。结果自然是，不用了，等他回来再打吧，谢谢。
(韩石山《接电话》) With the passage of time and with the experience gathered from having answered many more calls like this, I‟ve found the calls follows this regular pattern. When my son is wanted, the caller is usually a girl; and it is usually a boy who is calling my daughter. Girls are always sweet and polite. Even though it is not me that they want to talk to, their calls may leave a sort of pleasant impression. If my son happens to be out, I‟ll ask, “Your name, please?” “Any message?”… The response is only expected: “No, thank you, I‟ll call later, bye-bye.” (Translated by Ju Zhuchun)

2.主语的选择
1.修饰语位置不对等
英语语法中，短语和从句只能位于名词后面做后置修饰语， 而汉语的定语，无论是词、短语、短句均位于名词之前。
例： 事实上，除了学者对于老龄化的担忧，支持延长退休 年龄的呼声，主要来自于机关事业单位的工作人员。 In fact, in addition to academics’ concerns over aging, voices backing retirement delay largely come from employees in the government offices and public institutions.
要注意的是，如果状语从句位于主句之后会影响构句、连 句或上下文的逻辑关系，那么这种情况下一般就将其位于 主句之前即可。
2.主语的选择
句子的主干包括主语和谓语。主语的选择和确定对翻译尤 为重要，主语一旦确定，谓语也跟着变化，在逻辑上、数 量上与主语保持一致。
汉语的句子结构复杂，有些汉语的主语可以和英语的主语 直接对应，有的不能。无论是汉语典型的“主题－述位” 结构还是英语的“主－谓－宾”结构，假如一味地直接将 原文的主语或主题取作译文的主语，译文则有可能显得生 硬，结构不平衡或是不连贯，那么其他成分的翻译也会受 到影响。
力大如牛 （strong like a horse）
糟糠之妻 (a humble wife)
挥金如土（ spend money like water）
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英汉词汇的褒贬意义上有时也有不一致。 例： 宣传 propaganda 个人主义 individualism 自由主义 liberalism 实用主义 pragmatism famous(褒) – notorious（贬） statesman(褒) - politician （贬） amaze(褒) - shock（贬）

第三章：英汉词汇对比与翻译英汉两种言分属印欧语系和汉藏语系，英语是拼音文字，汉语是表意文字，两者之间存在着很大的差异。

这种差异首先反映在词汇上。

与翻译关系比较密切的因素主要包括词义、词形、和词的音律和节奏等。

3.1英汉语的词义对比与翻译说到翻译，人们自然会想到词的选择。

有人以为手持一本英汉词典和一本汉英词典就可以翻译了。

这是一种非常幼稚的想法。

这不仅是因为翻译牵涉到诸多非语言因素，如文化知识和科学常识等，而且还因为英语和汉语和词汇之间本身就有着很大的差别。

这种差别首先表现在词义上。

英国语言学家利奇把最广义的意义划分为七种不同的类型：外延意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义、反映意义、搭配意义和主题意义。

除了主题意义外，其他六种意义都与词义密切相关。

显然，词典告诉我们的主要是词的外延意义，如“土地”、“红色”、和“荷花”在英语中分别为earth、 red和 lotus flower，而它们的其他意义则不大可能作全面的反映。

可以毫不夸张地说，除了科技词汇外，英语和汉语中几乎没有两个词在所有的意义和用法上是完全对等的。

具体而言，英汉词汇在意义上主要有以下区别：1 词汇的意义范围（semantic scope）不一样，如英语中的kill 一词和汉语中的“杀”就相去甚远。

例如：1 Japanesekilled millions of innocent people during the war.army在那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千万无辜的平民。

2) Three men were killed in the accident.有三个男子在事故中丧生。

3) The engine was killed by the flood.汽车的引擎由于大水而熄了火。

4) Your joke nearly killed me.你的笑话真是笑死人。

5) I’m reading this book just to kill time.我读这本书只是为了消磨时间。

增补译法




(1) The equipment should enter production in 2000 with first deliveries being made in 2001. (2) The project has been considerably speeded up. (3) According to the U.S. Commerce Department, the United States foreign debt swelled to $ 263.3 billion in 1986, up from $ 111.9 billion in 1985. (4) The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods, to make them better, cheaper and more abundant. (5) Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business, contract and draft. (6) A foreign trade staff must have a good foundation in economics, mathematics, statistics, accounting and intercultural communication.源自

(4) The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods, to make them better, cheaper and more abundant. 工程的目的是要创造有用的物品，使他们的质量更好， 价格更便宜，数量更充足。（语义搭配需要） (5) Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business, contract and draft. 买卖双方正忙于交易磋商，合约谈判和汇票议付。 (6) A foreign trade staff must have a good foundation in economics, mathematics, statistics, accounting and intercultural communication. 一位外贸人员必须在经济学，数学，统计学，会计学 和文化交际等五个方面具有良好的功底。（增加范畴 词，表概括）

2. There is a crying need for a new remedy.
3. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal.
Difference 3
English : Static (静态)
英汉语言对比与翻译 Contrast and Translation between
English and Chinese
Lecture 2 英汉语系统对比与翻译
小结
1
被动与主动
2
物称与人称
3
静态与动态
翻译下面三张PPT的 句子，并结合本讲内容 找出英汉表达的不同点。 10月16日上课检查。
课后思考
Difference 1 English : Passive (被动) Chinese: Active (主动)
课后思考
1. Astonishment and even horror oppressed him.
2. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.
1. They are paid for this. 2. The difficulties have been
overcome, and the problem solved. 3. Table tennis is played all over China. 4. Why should all these unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?
出来。
3. The sight of the big tree 我一看到那棵大树就想 always reminds me of my 起了童年的情景。 childhood.

七、大量无主句是省略主语。 大量无主句是省略主语。 区长问：“你给你闺女找了个婆 家？”三仙姑答：“找下了！”问： “使了多少钱？”答：“三千五！” 问：“还有些什么？”答：“有些 首饰布匹！”问：“跟你闺女商量 过没有？”答：“没有！”问： “你闺女愿意不愿意？”答：“不 知道！”（《小二黑结婚》）
六、增添具有泛指意义的人称代 词或名词充当主语
弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。 If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。 If one does not enter the tiger’s den, how can he get a tiger’s cub?
不能不佩服他多年来埋头苦干的精神。 One cannot help but admire the way he has kept his nose to the grindstone for all these years. His large growing family kept his nose to the grindstone. 他的日益增多的家庭人口使他埋头从事辛苦 的工作 不努力便不会成功。 One can never succeed without making great efforts.
没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难， 也无所谓顺利。 Without facility, there would be no difficulty; without difficulty, there would also be no facility.
五、采用it作主语译出 采用 作主语译出
刮风了/下雨了。 It’s blowing / It’s raining. 出太阳了。 The sun is rising. / The sun appears. 天阴了。 It’s cloudy.

春之祭亚瑟•米勒说真的，我从来都不明白，我们到底为什么要有一个菜园子，为什么36年前，当我第一次在乡下买了房子以后，我会别的事情都不做，首先就挖一块菜地。

想想现在买一堆胡萝卜或者甜菜头，相对来说，那么容易，而且又那么便宜，为什么还要自己去种呢？尤其是那些块根植物，自己种的和店里买的，根本就很难分辨。

这里肯定有人的本性在起作用。

人就喜欢脱离现实，毫无意义地瞎折腾。

再说，我又并非特别喜欢吃蔬菜。

我宁可吃些油汪汪、香喷喷、一咬一口肉汁的东西，比如说热狗。

要说，如果能在窗外种热狗的话，那倒真的有了一种可以毫不犹豫为自己辩护的理由。

可是，在现在这种情况下，我无法否认，每当4月来临，我就会发现自己走出家门，倚着园子外的篱笆，望着那块倒霉的地，十分理智地下定决心再也不去种它了。

然而，总有那么一天，当我早晨醒来的时候，一股香味似乎从窗外飘进来，就好像来自地球中心的泥土的清香味。

这时，太阳似乎也突然认真起来，它投射到地毯上的光似乎比往常要更加深黄。

那些鸟开始歇斯底里地鸣叫，心里和我一样，想着那些美味可口的虫子正从那融化的土中慢慢爬出来。

让我回去看那块地的并不只是快乐，而是矛盾和斗争。

每年碰到的问题是一样的;今年我们该使用什么方法？前几年，我们在一行行的蔬菜之间放上了 36英寸宽的黑塑料薄膜。

效果极好。

干旱的时候能够保湿，而且保证没有杂草。

但是黑塑料薄膜一看就是来自工厂的东西，—点浪漫的情调都没有。

所以我就逐步改用干草作覆盖料。

我们收割了不少干草，草一腐烂，的确能改善土壤的结构。

再说，看起来很舒服，而且又不花一分钱。

家里有个菜园子能使你感觉到我们这个小小的星球的表面有多娇嫩，多丰饶，多容易被毁坏。

在我们那块50英尺宽、70英尺长的土地上，肯定有十几种不同的土壤。

西红柿在某个地方长不好，但是在另外一个地方却长得很好。

其他庄稼也一样。

我想，要是你在地里撒满化肥，这种差别就不会那么明显。

但是，我用化肥非常节省。

我只放一点在播了种子的地方，而不是漫撒在整片地上。

英汉翻译中第三人称代词照应衔接手段对比与翻译一、引言在语篇理解中，一个词语的解释不能从词语本身获得，必须从该词语所指的对象中寻求答案，这就产生了照应关系。

(Halliday,1976:31 )照应是一种语义关系，是语篇中某一成分和另一个成分之间指称意义相互解释。

不管是中文还是英文，照应就是用简短指代形式表达上下文中已经或即将提到的内容，使语篇在修辞上言简意赅，结构上更加紧凑。

(邵志洪，2005:97 ) 英汉翻译中，语篇或语义照应关系是译者考虑重点，第三人称代词是语篇层面上照应重要表现形式。

因此，本文主要讨论英汉翻译中第三人称代词照应衔接手段对比与翻译。

二、韩礼德照应理论韩礼德认为，照应性可以指导读者从某个方向回收理解有关语言成分所需要的信息。

照应可为句子层面上，也可是语篇层面上。

句子层面上照应对语篇衔接意义不大；语篇层面照应表现为照应使发话者通过语言手段来指代语篇中所涉及实体、概念或事态。

从语用功能角度看，照应可以分为外指和内指两种。

外指照应指语篇中某个成分参照点存在于语境中；内指所指内容可以在文章中上下文找到所指对象。

照应就是行文中前后语言对应关系，根据照应所指意义位置不同，内指照应包括两种。

前指照应在文中所指内容可以在指代词的前面找到，同理，后指照应在文中指代的意义应位于指代词的后面，相比之下，前指照应在英汉语篇中承担了大部分语篇衔接功能。

因此，内指照应中前指照应就成了照应关系和翻译方法研究重点。

Halliday 根据指代对象不同，又将照应划分为人称照应、指示照应和比较照应。

在这三种照应中，人称照应较指示照应和比较照应使用更多，对英汉翻译影响也更大。

而人称照应中第三人称代词语篇照应功能又主要体现在前指照应上，语言学又把前指照应划分为表层前指和深层前指。

表层前指，从语言学角度来讲，是由该种语言的语法和句法结构特点决定的；而由语境、语用因素控制的前指，即为深层前指。

（朱永生，2001:89 ）本文从表层前指和深层前指两方面，探讨第三人称代词中英文对比分析和中英文翻译方法。

Unit3 英汉互译a taste of English humor品位英语的幽默无声的幽默大师a master of non-verbal humor闯入break into steal… from从。

偷东西把.从.赶出去,drive …fromup to now, 到现在为止in between,在两者之间某人被迫做.., sb. be made to doat a time when 在。

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