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04.英汉语⾔对⽐与翻译_讲义第四章英汉语⾔对⽐与翻译Fiona Ma April, 201221. 英汉语⾔特点2. 英汉语⾔特点对翻译的启⽰3. 课堂互动及课后练习英汉语⾔对⽐与翻译1.英语重形合，汉语重意合2.英语偏静态，汉语偏动态3.英语重抽象，汉语重具体4.英语重物称，汉语重⼈称5.英语重被动，汉语重主动6.英语多替换，汉语多重复7.英语重后饰，汉语重前饰8.英语重聚焦，汉语重流散9.英语重时体，汉语轻时体1. 英汉语⾔特点返回章重点 4例1: Children will play with dolls equipped withpersonality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.【译⽂】⼉童将与装有个性芯⽚的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为⼯作伙伴⼉不是⼯具，⼈们将在⽓味电视前休闲，这时数字时代就来到了。
例2: 早知今⽇，何必当初？【译⽂】If I had known it would have come to this, I would have acted differently.1.1 英语重形合，汉语重意合1. 英汉语⾔特点返回章重点 5例3: As we lived near the road, we oftenhad the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.【译⽂】我们就住在路边。
奥黛丽赫本——人间天使1 Audrey Hepburn thrilled audiences with starring roles in noteworthy films like Breakfast at Tiffany's, Sabrina, Roman Holiday, My Fair Lady, War and Peace, and Always.奥黛丽赫本在《蒂凡尼的早餐》、《龙凤配》、《罗马假日》、《窈窕淑女》、《战争与和平》和《直到永远》等出色电影中主演的许多角色让观众为之陶醉。
2 Despite her success in the film domain, the roles she most preferred portraying were not in movies. She was an exemplary mother to her two sons and a UNICEF (the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund) Ambassador of Goodwill serving victims in war-torn countries.尽管在电影界获得成功,但她最愿意塑造的角色却并不在影片中,而是做两个儿子的模范母亲和联合国儿童基金会亲善大使,为饱受战争蹂躏的人们服务。
3 As a young girl during the Nazi occupation of her native Holland, Audrey Hepburn was aware of the brutality, death, and destruction of war. She was hungry and malnourished, as her family was bankrupted as a result of the invasion. Audrey's father abandoned the family, and two of her uncles were taken captive and killed. Audrey was grabbed off the street by Nazis and placed in line to be sent to a work camp. When the guards glanced away she darted off, barely escaping, and huddled in a cold, foul basement full of rats.作为一名在纳粹占领下的祖国荷兰生活的小女孩,奥黛丽?赫本清楚战争所带来的野蛮、死亡和破坏。
Unit 3 英汉对比与翻译（二）课时：2节教学目的要求：初步了解英语和汉语在句法上的差别，并学习翻译时的处理办法。
教学重点：英语和汉语在句法上的差别。
教学难点：翻译的策略。
教学内容：句法现象的对比A:P e o p l e a r e a l w a y s t a l k i n g a b o u t“t h e p r o b l e m o f y o u t h”.I f t h e r e i s o n e—w h i c h I t a k e l e a v e t od o u b t—t he n i t i s o l d e r p e o p l e w h o c r e a t e i t,n o t t h e y o u n g t h e m s e l v e s.L e t u s g e t d o w n t of u n d a m e n t a l s a n d ag r e e th a t t h e y o u n g a r e a f t e r a l l h u m a n b ei n g s—p e o p l ej u s t l ik e t h e i r el d e r s.T h e r e i s o n l y o n e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a n o l dm an a n d a yo u n g o n e:t h e y o u n g m a n h a s a g l o r i o u s f u t u r eb e f o r e h i m a n d t h e o l d o n e h a s a s p l e n d i d f u t u r e b e h i n d h i m:a n d m a y b e t h a t i s w h e r e t h e r u b i t s.人们总是在谈论“青年人问题”。
如果真有这么一个问题——对这一点我要不揣冒昧地表示怀疑——那也是年长者早出来的，而不是青年人自己造成的。
让我们认真考虑一下问题的根本吧，而且我们要承认青年人毕竟是人——跟他们长辈一样的人。
青年人和老年人之间只有一点不同，那就是青年人的光辉未来在他们前头，而老年人的辉煌已经留在他们身后，或许这就是问题之所在。
(宋天锡，2005: 53)B: He that loves glass without G,Takes away L and that is he.(Glass without G is lass, meaning a “young woman”. If the L is taken away from “lass”, what remains is an “ass”, referring to a donkey or a stupid person.Thus, it means “He who loves women is a stupid person”. (孙利民, 2005:74)在翻译实践中，我们通常把句子作为操作处理的基本单位。
英语和汉语的句子结构及句法既有相似之处，更有明显的区别。
（傅晓玲等，2004：58）1）时态对比：英语的时态有十六种，与汉语的时态相比要复杂得多，汉语一般没有时态的变化。
如：I will go to Beijing tomorrow afternoon.( 我明天下午去北京)Jack used to be a government official, but he is in prison now.(杰克从前是个政府官员，现在是犯人。
)2）句子结构A）The two countries—with all the talk of warmer relations—are spying on each other as avidly as at the height of the cold war.(尽管两国高唱关系改善，但双方仍像在冷战期间一样互相侦察对方）B）The question is whether he can understand what she said about her position.(问题是他能不能理解她的立场)C）Hardly had he got home, it began to rain cats and dogs.(他一回到家，天就下起了瓢泼大雨。
）D）Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality. (inverted)当时我确实还不太懂战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。
E）By the time he entered college, he had been exposed to English for 6 years.上大学前，他学英语已经有六年时间了。
英语和汉语句子中语态的使用频率存在一定的差异。
被动语态在英语中的使用比率相对与汉语而言要多。
Nothing was gained by all the over caution.所有这些谨小慎微，到头来一无所得。
I must have been cheated again.我准是又上当了。
To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick c overing of fat called blubber. When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore.大自然为保护鲸，使它不致在北冰洋受冻，便让它长了一曾厚厚的脂肪，叫做鲸脂。
鲸杀死后，把鲸脂剥下来熬油，这项工作有的在船上进行，有的在岸上进行。
3）复合句顺序（短语顺序）rich and poor;来回:back and forth;左右:right and left;迟早:Sooner or later;水陆:land and water;饮食:eat and drink;夜以继日:day and night;三三两两:by twos and threes.翻译下列句子，注意排列顺序的差异：Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected there is a “hi gh temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its center roughly thirty miles above the ground.人们早就怀疑，大气层中有一个“高温带”，其中心在距地面约30英里的高空。
利用火箭进行研究后，这一奇异的事实已得到证实。
（范仲英，1994：151）A. 时间顺序In any case, it was the most independent and self-reliant families who were the first to push westward to the Appalachian Mountains, then southward along the mountain valleys, then into the great Central Basin and finally westward beyond the Rockies.无论如何，他们都非常独立，不靠别人只靠自己。
他们先往西走，到达阿巴拉契亚山脉，后顺着山谷往南走，进入中央大盆地，后又向西越过了落矶山脉。
They went to see a film after they visited their old friends.After they visited their old friends there, they went to see a film.It was at 9:00, September 1st, 1889 ,that the meeting was held in a secrete place.B）空间顺序Arable lands are few and limited; with but slight exceptions the prospect is a broad rich mass of grass and trees, mantling minor hills and dales within the major. Such is the vale of Blackmore. (Tess of the D’Urbeverills, Hardy)长庄稼的地块数不多，面积有限，全副景物，除了很小的例外，是大山抱小山，大谷套小谷，而在那些小山小谷上盖着一片绵连、茂盛的草和树。
布蕾谷就是这种样子。
（张谷若翻译）Hardy让人先看到的是草和树，再是小山和小谷再是大山和大谷；而以上译文根据汉语的习惯作了适当的调整。
C) 逻辑顺序✓英语－因可前可后，汉语－先因后果；Now tourism has grown in importance to such an extent that many Third World countries cannot balance their financial budget accounts without their considerable earnings from tourism. 现在，旅游业越来越重要，如果少了这一块巨额收入，第三世界国家就无法平衡其财政预算。
✓条件句中，英语的条件可前可后，汉语，先条件，再结果If the system is used in the proper way to train umpires, we can look at this and see if there’s somekind of flaw. 如果我们合理地运用该系统来培训裁判员，就能通过该系统发现存在的缺陷。
✓表目的与行动的复合句To prove their point they scaled up a chicken to the size of Tyrannosaurus rex and found the giant chicken probably would not have been able to stand. 为了证明自己的观点，他们按比例把一只鸡放大到暴龙族恐龙大小，结果发现这只巨鸡可能站都站不住。
