学英语简单吗？肯定会有许多学生说：“难死了”。
为什么有好多学生对英语的学习都感到头疼呢？答案只有一个：“不得法。” 英语与汉语一样都是一种语言，为什么你说汉语会如此流利？那是因为你置身于一个汉语环境中，如果你在伦敦呆上半年，保准说起英语来会非常流利。但很多中学生没有很好的英语环境，那么你可以自己设置一个英语环境，坚持“多说”、“多听”、“多读”、“多写”，那么你的英语成绩肯定会很出色。
一、多“说”。
自己多创造机会与英语教师多讲英语，见了同学，尤其是和好朋友在一起时尽量用英语去问候，谈心情……这时候你需随身携带一个英汉互译小词典，遇到生词时查一下这些生词，也不用刻意去记，用的多了，这个单词自然而然就会记住。千万别把学英语当成负担，始终把它当成一件有趣的事情去做。
或许你有机会碰上外国人，你应大胆地上去跟他打招呼，和他谈天气、谈风景、谈学校……只是别问及他的年纪，婚史等私人问题。尽量用一些你学过的词汇，句子去和他谈天说地。不久你会发现与老外聊天要比你与中国人谈英语容易的多。因为他和你交谈时会用许多简单词汇，而且不太看重说法，你只要发音准确，准能顺利地交流下去。只是你必须要有信心，敢于表达自己的思想。
如果没有合适的伙伴也没关系，你可以拿过一本书或其它什么东西做假想对象，对它谈你一天的所见所闻，谈你的快乐，你的悲伤等等，长此坚持下去你的口语肯定会有较大的提高。
二、多“听”
寻找一切可以听英语的机会。别人用英语交谈时，你应该大胆地去参与，多听听各种各样人的发音，男女老少，节奏快的慢的你都应该接触到，如果这样的机会少的话，你可以选择你不知内容的文章去听，这将会对你帮助很大，而你去听学过的课文的磁带，那将会对你的语言语调的学习有很大的帮助。
三、多“读”。
“读”可以分为两种。一种是“默读”。每天给予一定时间的练习将会对你提高阅读速度有很大的好处，读的内容可以是你的课本，但最好是一些有趣的小读物，因为现在的英语高考越来越重视阅读量和阅读速度。每道题的得分都与你的理解程度有很大关系，所以经过高中三年阅读的训练后，你必定会在高考中胜券在握。另一种是“朗读”这是学语言必不可少的一种学习途径。
四、多“写”
有的同学总是抱怨时间紧，根本没时间写作文。其实“写”的形式很多，不一定就写作文才提高写作能力。比如写下你一天中发生的一些重要的事情，或当天学了某一个词组，你可以创设一个语境恰如其份地用上这个词。这样即可帮你记住这个词的用法，又可以锻炼你的写作能力，比如学“wish”一词时，可写一小段如下：
The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.However,I'm different .I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor.
只几句话：但wish的几种用法已跃然纸上，这样写下来印象会深刻得多，这样比死记硬背wish 的用法也有趣轻松的多。
学习英语不用花大块的时间，10分钟的散步可以练"说",吃完饭后可以读一会儿英语小说，睡前听几分钟英语，可以使你得到更好地休息……只要你每天抽出一些时间来练英语，你的英语成绩肯定会很快提高的。
背英语单词技巧
1、循环记忆法
艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线
人的大脑是一个记忆的宝库，人脑经历过的事物，思考过的问题，体验过的情感和情绪，练习过的动作，都可以成为人们记忆的内容。例如英文的学习中单词、短语和句子，甚至文章的内容都是通过记忆完成的。从"记"到"忆"是有个过程的，这其中包括了识记、保持、再认和回忆。有很多人在学习英语的过程中，只注重了学习当时的记忆效果，孰不知，要想做好学习的记忆工作，是要下一番工夫的，单纯的注重当时的记忆效果，而忽视了后期的保持和再认同样是达不到良好的效果的。
在信息的处理上，记忆是对输入信息的编码、贮存和提取的过程，从信息处理的角度上，英文的第一次学习和背诵只是一个输入编码的过程。人的记忆的能力从生理上讲是十分惊人的，它可以存贮1015比特(byte，字节)的信息，可是每个人的记忆宝库被挖掘的只占10%，还有更多的记忆发挥空间。这是因为，有些人只关注了记忆的当时效果，却忽视了记忆中的更大的问题--即记忆的牢固度问题，那就牵涉到心理学中常说的关于记忆遗忘的规律。
一、艾宾浩斯记忆规律曲线解释
德国有一位著名的心理学家名叫艾宾浩斯(Hermann Ebbinghaus，1850-1909)，他在1885年发表了他的实验报告后，记忆研究就成了心理学中被研究最多的领域之一，而艾宾浩斯正是发现记忆遗忘规律的第一人。
根据我们所知道的，记忆的保持在时间上是不同的，有短时的记忆和长时的记忆两种。而我们平时的记忆的过程是这样的：
输入的信息在经过人的注意过程的学习后，便成为了人的短时的记忆，但是如果不经过及时的复习，这些记住过的东西就会遗忘，而经过了及时的复习，这些短时的记忆就会成为了人的一种长时的记忆，从而在大脑中保持着很长的时间。那么，对于我们来讲，怎样才叫做遗忘呢，所谓遗忘就是我们对于曾经记忆过的东西不能再认起来，也不能回忆起来，或者是错误的再认和错误的回忆，这些都是遗忘。艾宾浩斯在做这个实验的时候是拿自己作为测试对象的，他得出了一些关于记忆的结论。他选用了一些根本没有意义的音节，也就是那些不能拼出单词来的众多字母的组合，比如asww，cfhhj，ijikmb，rfyjbc等等。他经过对自己的测试，得到了一些数据。
然后，艾宾浩斯又根据了这些点描绘出了一条曲线，这就是非常有名的揭示遗忘规律的曲线：艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，图中竖轴表示学习中记住的知识数量，横轴表示时间(天数)，曲线表示记忆量变化的规律。
这条曲线告诉人们在学习中的遗忘是有规律的，遗忘的进程不是均衡的，不是固定的一天丢掉几个，转天又丢几个的，而是在记忆的最初阶段遗忘的速度很快，后来就逐渐减慢了，到了相当长的时候后，几乎就不再遗忘了，这就是遗忘的发展规律，即"先快后慢"的原则。观察这条遗忘曲线，你会发现,学得的知识在一天后，如不抓紧复习,就只剩下原来的25%)。随着时间的推移,遗忘的速度减慢，遗忘的数量也就减少。有人做过一个实验，两组学生学习一段课文，甲组在学习后不久进行一次复习，乙组不予复习，一天后甲组保持98%，乙组保持56%；一周后甲组保持83%，乙组保持33%。乙组的遗忘平均值比甲组高。
二、不同性质材料有不同的遗忘曲线
而且，艾宾浩斯还在关于记忆的实验中发现，记住12个无意义音节，平均需要重复16.5次；为了记住36个无意义章节，需重复54次；而记忆六首诗中的480个音节，平均只需要重复8次！这个实验告诉我们，凡是理解了的知识，就能记得迅速、全面而牢固。不然，愣是死记硬背，那也是费力不讨好的。因此，比较容易记忆的是那些有意义的材料，而那些无意义的材料在记忆的时候比较费力气，在以后回忆起来的时候也很不轻松。因此，艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线是关于遗忘的一种曲线，而且是对无意义的音节而言，对于与其他材料的对比，艾宾浩斯又得出了不同性质材料的不同遗忘曲线，不过他们大体上都是一致的。
因此，艾宾浩斯的实验向我们充分证实了一个道理，学习要勤于复习，而且记忆的理解效果越好，遗忘的也越慢。
三、不同的人有不同的艾宾浩斯记忆曲线--个性化的艾宾浩斯
上述的艾宾浩斯记忆曲线是艾宾浩斯在实验室中经过了大量测试后，产生了不同的记忆数据，从而生成的一种曲线，是一个具有共性的群体规律。此记忆曲线并不考虑接受试验个人的个性特点，而是寻求一种处于平衡点的记忆规律。
但是记忆规律可以具体到我们每个人，因为我们的生理特点、生活经历不同，可能导致我们有不同的记忆习惯、记忆方式、记忆特点。规律对于自然人改造世界的行为，只能起一个催化的作用，如果与每个人的记忆特点相吻合，那么就如顺水扬帆，一日千里；如果与个人记忆特点相悖，记忆效果则会大打折扣。因此，我们要根据每个人的不同特点，寻找到属于自己的艾宾浩斯记忆曲线
2》如何学英语
下定决心，坚持不懈
英语学习作为一门语言技能，通过大量的训练和练习任何人是可以掌握的。一般地说，英语学习的原则是听、说领先，读、写跟上。李扬的疯狂英语提倡，首先建立起我能学好英语的信心，然后以句子为单位，大量地模仿，疯狂地操练，大声地朗读，最后达到自如地说英语，他的方法对提高说英语的能力很奏效。钟道隆教授45岁开始学英语，一年后，学成出国当口语翻译，并创造了逆苦恼、逆急于求成、逆速成的逆向学习英语的方法。他还提出学习英语要遵循听、写、说、背、想的方法，他的方法强调以听为主，并且把所听到的内容全部写下来。尤其是他的学习精神最可佳，他学习英语用坏了十几台录音机，你可想象他听了多少英语；用完的圆珠笔芯几乎装满了一个一拉罐，你可想象他写了多少，在一年半内，累计业余学习英语时间大约三千小时，也就说每天抽出几个小时来学英语。如果我们做到他那样，一定也能学好英语。最重要的是坚持，只要能下定决心，坚持每天至少一个小时的学习英语，战胜自我最后肯定会有收获的。
注意方法，循序渐进
决心下定，还注意学习方法，有时根据自己的情况和不同的学习目的，选择不同的学习方法，但是学习英语一定要踏踏实实地、一步一个脚印地走。要把基础知识掌握好，也就是说，发音要正确、基本词汇要掌握牢、基本句式要熟练、基本语法要会用。
（1）要过好语音关。把每一个音标发正确，注意改正有问题的音素，特别是那些容易混淆的音素，尽早地掌握国际音标，并尽量的掌握一些读音规则，尽快地能利用读音规则来拼单词，掌握读音规则对单词的记忆和拼写非常有用。
（2）掌握一定数量的英语单词。对于学习者来说掌握英语词汇是一难关，学习单词要从单词的形、音、义这三方面去掌握，要注意单词的一词多义，一词多类的用法，要学会一些构词法的知识，来扩展词汇量。学习单词要在语言材料中去学，要结合词组，通过句子，阅读文章来活记单词，死记的单词是记不牢的。坚持在读、说前，先反复听，听的时候反应单词、句子的意思和节奏，想一下单词的拼法、句子结构。并要同学习语法规则有机结合起来进行。
（3）掌握好基本语法。语法在学习英语中也很重要，它能帮助我们把握住英语的基本规律，通过例句或语言现象把死的语法规则要记住，活的规则要通过做大量的练习掌握。总之学习英语要通过听、说、读、写、译来进行操练，不但要注意数量，更重要的是要注意质量，尤其是基本知识要掌握的准确，熟练。只有经过大量的实践，才能做到熟能生巧，运用自如。
提前预习，有的放矢
作为学生，在每次上课前，都要对要学的课文提前预习。首先在音标的帮助下试着拼读单词，也可以借助配套磁带反复听，对比一下，把握不准的要标出来，注意上课老师的发音，还要记一下单词的汉语意思和词性。借助课文的注释或辅导材料，预习一遍课文，找出不明白的地方，做到
心中有数，在教师讲课时注意听这些地方。总之，预习的目的是熟悉要学的内容，找出不明白的地方，带着问题听课，做到有的放矢。
认真听课，积极配合
课堂是老师与学生一起学习、掌握、运用知识的主要场所。作为起主导作用的老师一方引导学生搞好课堂教学是很必要的，但也需要学习者的积极配合。上课要专心听讲、作好笔记、认真操练、积极思考。预习时出现的问题在课堂上教师没有讲到的，要向老师提出，把问题搞清楚，老师讲授的问题，先注意听，下课后整理一下笔记，反复思考一下这些问题，抓住老师所讲的重点，难点和考点。总之，上课时要做到耳听、眼观、嘴动、脑想，调动起多个感官来。
完成作业，找出问题
学完每一课，要认真完成课后作业。做作业时一定不要看参考书上题的答案，做完后再对答案，对于作业中所出现的不明白的问题，应该记下来，等下次上课时提出来。做作业是英语学习的很重要的环节，它是消化知识和巩固知识的过程，一定要认真完成规定的作业，笔头作业要动一动笔，口头作业要动一动嘴，提高听力要练一练耳，课文在听和读的基础上，最好背诵某些精彩段落。总之，要做大量的练习，英语是练出来的，一定不要偷懒。
及时复习，巩固知识
学会了的东西随着时间的流逝会逐渐遗忘，但学语言有遗忘现象是正常的。更不必因为有遗忘现象而影响自己学好英语的信心与决心。问题在于怎样来减轻遗忘的程度。善于类比，总结知识，把新学的知识同过去学的有关的知识进行横向和纵向比较和联系。建立错误档案记录，加深印象，以避免再反同样错误。我们大部分知识和技能是靠重复获得的，及时复习对于记忆非常必要，学英语就是要坚持天天不断的练，不断地重复基本句型，常用词汇和基本语法等。学习英语的过程也是同遗忘做斗争的过程。
总而言之，只要你能做到下定决心学，注意学习方法，把课前预习，认真听课，完成作业，及时复习这些环节作好了，你一定能够学好英语
Passage Two (Europe’s Gypsies, Are They a Nation?)
The striving of countries in Central Europe to enter the European Union may offer an unprecedented chance to the continent’s Gypsies (or Roman) to be recognized as a nation, albeit one without a defined territory. And if they were to achieve that they might even seek some kind of formal place—at least a total population outnumbers that of many of the Union’s present and future countries. Some experts put the figure at 4m-plus; some proponents of Gypsy rights go as high as 15m.
Unlike Jews, Gypsies have had no known ancestral land to hark back to. Though their language is related to Hindi, their territorial origins are misty. Romanian peasants held them to be born on the moon. Other Europeans (wrongly) thought them migrant Egyptians, hence the derivative Gypsy. Most probably they were itinerant metal workers and entertainers who drifted west from India in the 7th century.
However, since communism in Central Europe collapsed a decade ago, the notion of Romanestan as a landless nation founded on Gypsy culture has gained ground. The International Romany Union, which says it stands for 10m Gypsies in more than 30 countries, is fostering the idea of “self-rallying”. It is trying to promote a standard and written form of the language; it waves a Gypsy flag (green with a wheel) when it lobbies in such places as the United Bations; and in July it held a congress in Prague, The Czech capital. Where President Vaclav Havel said that Gypsies in his own country and elsewhere should have a better deal.
At the congress a Slovak-born lawyer, Emil Scuka, was elected president of the International Tomany Union. Later this month a group of elected Gypsy politicians, including members of parliament, mayors and local councilors from all over Europe (OSCE), to discuss how to persuade more Gypsies to get involved in politics.
The International Romany Union is probably the most representative of the outfits that speak for Gypsies, but that is not saying a lot. Of the several hundred delegates who gathered at its congress, few were democratically elected; oddly, none came from Hungary, whose Gypsies are perhaps the world’s best organized, with some 450 Gypsy bodies advising local councils there. The union did, however, announce its ambition to set up a parliament, but how it would actually be elected was left undecided.
So far, the European Commission is wary of encouraging Gypsies to present themselves as a nation. The might, it is feared, open a Pandora’s box already containing Basques, Corsicans and other awkward peoples. Besides, acknowledging Gypsies as a nation might backfire, just when several countries, particularly Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, are beginning to treat them better, in order to qualify for EU membership. “The EU’s whole premise is to overcome differences, not to highlight them,”says a nervous Eurocrat.
But the idea that the Gypsies should win some kind of special recognition as Europe’s largest continent wide minority, and one with a terrible history of persecution, is catching on . Gypsies have suffered many pogroms over the centuries. In Romania, the country that still has the largest number of them (more than 1m), in the 19th century they were actually enslaved. Hitler tried to wipe them out, along with the Jews.
“Gypsies deserve some space within European structures,”says Jan Marinus Wiersma, a Dutchman in the European Parliament who suggests that one of the current commissioners should be responsible for Gypsy affairs. Some prominent Gypsies say they should be more directly represented, perhaps with a quota in the European Parliament. That, they argue, might give them a boost. There are moves afoot to help them to get money for, among other things, a Gypsy university.
One big snag is that Europe’s Gypsies are, in fact, extremely heterogeneous. They belong to many different, and often antagonistic, clans and tribes, with no common language or religion, Their self-proclaimed leaders have often proved quarrelsome and corrupt. Still, says, Dimitrina Petrova, head of the European Roma Rights Center in Budapest, Gypsies’shared experience of suffering entitles them to talk of one nation; their potential unity, she says, stems from “being regarded as sub-human by most majorities in Europe.”
And they have begun to be a bit more pragmatic. In Slovakia and Bulgaria, for instance, Gypsy political parties are trying to form electoral blocks that could win seats in parliament. In Macedonia, a Gypsy party already has some—and even runs a municipality. Nicholas Gheorge, an expert on Gypsy affairs at the OSCE, reckons that, spread over Central Europe, there are now about 20 Gypsy MPS and mayors, 400-odd local councilors, and a growing number of businessmen and intellectuals.
That is far from saying that they have the people or the cash to forge a nation. But, with the Gypsy question on the EU’s agenda in Central Europe, they are making ground.
1. The Best Title of this passage is
[A]. Gypsies Want to Form a Nation. [B]. Are They a Nation.
[C]. EU Is Afraid of Their Growth. [C]. They Are a Tribe
2. Where are the most probable Gypsy territory origins?
[A]. Most probably they drifted west from India in the 7th century.
[B]. They are scattered everywhere in the world.
[C]. Probably, they stemmed from Central Europe.
[D]. They probably came from the International Romany Union.
3. What does the International Romany lobby for?
[A]. It lobbies for a demand to be accepted by such international organizations as EU and UN.
[B]. It lobbies for a post in any international Romany Union.
[C]. It lobbies for the right as a nation.
[D]. It lobbies for a place in such international organizations as the EU or UN.
4. Why is the Europe Commission wary of encouraging Gypsies to present themselves as a nation?
[A]. It may open a Pandora’s Box.
[B]. Encouragement may lead to some unexpected results.
[C]. It fears that the Basgnes, Corsicans and other nations seeking separation may raise the same demand.
[D]. Gyspsies’demand may highlight the difference in the EU.
5. The big problem lies in the fact that
[A]. Gypsies belong to different and antagonistic clans and tribes without a common language or religion.
[B]. Their leaders prove corrupt.
[C]. Their potential unity stems from “being regarded as sub-human”.
[D]. They are a bit more pragmatic. Vocabulary
1. albeit 尽管，虽然
2. outnumber 数字上超过
3. ethnic 少数民族的成员，种族集团的成员
4. Hindi 印地语
5. misty 模糊不清的，朦胧的
6. derivative 衍生的，派生的
7. itinerant 逻辑的
8. Romanesten 说吉普塞语的地方Romanes 吉普塞语
Stan 地方
9. outfit (口)组织，(协同工作)的集体
10. local 地方(市，镇，县)政务委员会
11. wary 谨慎的，机警的
12. backfire 产生出乎意料或事与愿违的结果
13. highlight 强调
14. persecution 迫害
15. catch on 了解，风行=to become popular
16. pogrom 大屠杀，集体迫害
17. commissioner 委员，调查团团员
18. quota 定量，配额，限额
19. snag (尖利突出物，抽丝)潜在的困难
20. heterogeneous 由不同种类组成的
21. antagonistic 有效对抗性的，对抗性的
22. clan 氏族
23. tribe 部落
24. pragmatic 务实的，讲究实效的
25. municipality 城市，镇，区属政府，自治区
26. Rom 罗姆，即吉普塞人
难句译注
1. Central Europe 中欧，如本文提及捷克，匈牙利，罗马尼亚等。
2. European Union 欧盟。
3. the EUs institutions 欧洲机构，如：European Commission 欧盟委员会，European Council 欧盟理事会，European Parliament 欧洲会议，the Court of Justic 欧洲法院。4m=more than 4 million 四百多万。
4. Unlike Jews, Gypsies have had no known ancestral land to hark back to.
[结构简析] hark back to =to mention again or remember an earlier subject, event, etc. 吉普塞不知其祖先来自何方，而犹太人在《圣经》中已阐明了他们的历史。
[参考译文] 吉普塞人和犹太人不同，他们没有可以回想起来的已知的祖居地。
5. …the notion of Romanestan as a landless nation founded on Gypsy culture has gained ground.
[结构简析] gain ground (on) 接近。
[参考译文] 作为建立在吉普塞文化基础上的无疆地民族应该有一个说吉普塞语的地方。这种想法越来越为人接受。
6. the International Romany Union 国际吉普塞人联盟。
7. Vaclav Harel (1936--) 剧作家和人权运动成员，1990——1992为捷克斯洛伐克的总统，1993年后为捷克总统。
8. a Slovak-born lawyer 斯洛伐克出生的律师，1992年捷克斯洛伐克
9. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe 简称OSCE，偶中安全合作条约组织，成立于1972。
10. nation 一词有民族和国家的含义。这里主要指：民族。因为作为国家应有疆土，但吉普塞人有要求成立国家的想法，欧盟是国家加入地方，不是民族加入。
11. electoral block 选举集团
12. The might, it is feared, open a Pandora’s box already containing Basques, Corsicans and other awkward peoples.
[结构简析] Pandora’s box 潘多拉盒子——喻种种麻烦事。潘多拉是主神宙斯命火神用黏土制成的第一个女性。宙斯命潘多拉带着一个盒子下凡。潘多拉私自打开盒子，于是里面的疾病，罪恶等各种祸害全部出来，散布于世。这里潘多拉盒子喻里面已有的各种麻烦的民族，吉普塞加入，更多了一份麻烦。
[参考译文] 人们担心，若让吉普塞人作为一个民族代表，就会打开了一个潘多拉盒子，里面已经装有要独立的西班牙的巴斯克人，意大利的科西嘉人和其他难以对付的民族。
写作手法与文章大意
文章以对比手法环绕吉普塞是不是一个民族/国家，可不可以取得合法地位这一中心而写。从人口上说，它的数量超过加入欧盟许多国家，应在欧盟中一席之底。但人口分散在各国，他是对抗的部落，还没有共同的语言和信仰。不像犹太人，它们没有回归的祖居地。它们成立了国际联盟，也选出了领导，在布鲁塞尔开设了办事处，想成立国会，但不知如何落实操作，只是极力游说欧盟和联合国等组织，以获得一个合法地位和发言权。这是欧盟日程表上一个问题，但欧盟等机构又担心，万一他们取得正式地位，那些国家中正闹分离和独立的民族也会提出同样的要求，就象潘多拉盒子那样，不能打开。
答案祥解
1. B. 他们是一个民族/国家吗?整篇文章环境这一点而写，文章一开始就提出中欧入欧盟的国家会给大陆吉普塞人一个机会，承认他们是一个民族——国家，虽然没有界定的领土(作为国家，应有领土)。吉普塞人的领袖人物也指出其人数超过欧盟中许多现在有的和将来要入盟的国家。他们至少要在欧盟中有一席之地。第二段提出，吉普塞和犹太人不同，他们没有可回归的祖居地。他们的语言属印欧语系。英国人认为他们来自埃及及移民。最可能的是七世纪时一些流浪的手工业工人和艺人从印度向西方流移。第三段涉及一种思想——以吉普塞文化为基础的无疆土的吉普塞民族应有个说话的地方—越来越为人接受。国际吉普塞人联盟声称代表30多个国家的吉普塞人，做了几件事：展开自我联合，提出语言标准和书面形式，在联合国进行游说活动时挥动吉普塞国旗，在布鲁塞尔设立办事处，六月在捷克首都布拉格召开会议。第四段集中讲到会上选出了联盟主席。一群选出吉普塞的政治家——国会议员，市长，地方政务委员再次在布拉格开会，会议由欧洲安全合作条约组织召集，来讨论如何动员更多的吉普塞人参政。第五段涉及联盟雄心勃勃的宣布要建立国会，但如何实际操作还未落实。后面主要是
外界对吉普塞的态度。第六段描述欧盟委员会在吉普塞作为最大的大陆少数民族，历史上遭到残酷的迫害，应赢得特别承认。19世纪他们横遭奴役，希特勒企图把它们和犹太人一起消灭。第八段讲了欧洲会议中有人提出吉普塞在欧洲机构中应有一席之地，还提议一个常务委员负责吉普塞事务。还有行动筹建建立一所吉普塞大学。后面两段讲的是困难，第九段点出。最后一段指出，现在说他们有人有钱可以组成(国家)为时还早，可是吉普塞是欧盟中日程表上的一个问题，他们日益接近解决。从内部，外部情况分析都说明吉普塞是一个组成国家的民族。全文都是环绕它是不是，该不该承认为民族/国家而写，所以B项他们是不是民族是最佳标题。
A. 吉普塞要想组成一个国家(民族)。这只是文章涉及到的部分内容，中欧国家想加入欧盟一事可能产生的结果。C. 欧盟害怕它们成长。D. 他们是一个部落。
2. A. 最可能是在7世纪从印度流浪到西方。见第1题第二注释。
B. 他们分散在世界各地。
C. 可能他们源于中欧。
D. 他们可能来自国际吉普塞人联盟。
3. D. 它们在这些国际组织，如欧盟，联合国中进行活动游说要取得一席之地。见第1题第一段，三段注释。
A. 它们游说活动欧盟和联合国接受他们的要求。太抽象。
B. 它们活动游说在国际机构取得职位。
C. 他们游说作为民族的权利。
4. C. 它害怕巴斯克人，科西嘉人和其它要求分裂的民族会提出同样的要求。见难句译注11。
A. 它可能会打开潘多拉盒子。此盒子在文章中只是比喻。
B. 鼓励可能会导致某些意想不到的结果。D. 吉普塞的要求会加深欧盟分歧。B,D两项不够明确。
5. A. 吉普塞人属于不同的，而且常常是对抗的民族的部落，还没有共同的语言和宗教信仰。
B. 他们领袖很腐败。
C. 他们潜在的团结来自被人看作是低于人类(次等人)。
D. 他们有点太讲究实效，B,C, D 三项不是主要问题。主要问题是A. 项。
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/997387502.html,/ielts/xd.html（报名网址） Obligations We all encounter obligations in life, from spending time with family and friends to being present at important functions in the lives of the people who form our community. Many times, the obligations are actually fun and fulfilling, and we want to be there. At the same time, we all sometimes experience resistance to meeting these obligations, especially when they pile up all at once and we begin to feel exhausted, longing for nothing so much as a quiet evening at home. At times like these, we may want to say no but feel too guilty at the idea of not being there. Still, our primary obligation is to take care of ourselves, and if saying no to someone else is what we have to do, then we do not need to feel bad about it. There is a skill to balancing our obligations, and it starts with simply becoming aware of our schedule. We may notice that three invitations have arisen in one weekend, and we know that we will pay energetically if we attempt to fulfill all three. At this point, we can take the time to weigh the repercussions of not going to each event, considering how we will feel if we miss it and how our absence might affect other people. Most of the time, it will be clear which obligation we can most easily let go and which one we simply can’t miss. Sometimes we have to miss something really important to us, and that can be painful for everyone concerned. At times like this, reaching out with a phone call, a thoughtful card, or a gift lets people know that you are there in spirit and that your absence is by no means a result of you not caring. Meeting our obligations to others is an important part of being human and not one to take lightly. At the same time, we cannot meet every obligation without neglecting our primary duty to take care of ourselves. We can navigate this quandary by being conscious of what we choose to do and not do and by finding concrete ways to extend our caring when we are not able to be there in person.YouTheme Recreational Activities In the era of information and technology, there are all kinds of recreational activities. Some people think those recreational activities are great and necessary, because they can help people relax from the hard work and study. Some of the activities, such as hiking, jogging, can help people relax physically; while some of them, such as surfing the Internet, can help people relax mentally. However, some people think that so many kinds of recreational activities may have a bad effect on our lives. Some people may not resist some temptations from those activities, and indulge themselves in those activities. At last they are lured away from their study or their work. In my opinion, we should pay more attention to the advantages of various recreational activities and make the most of them. Meanwhile, we should learn how to use those activities positively, and make them a helpful tool for our development. Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic The Internet. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline
大学英语四六级写作体裁 1. Argumentation 2. Report 3. Caricature Writing 4. Proverb Commenting Argumentation 1. 文章的要求：On Students' Evalation of Teachers A:近年来，很多大学把学生对教师的评价纳入评估体系。B：就其利弊而言，人们之间存在争议。C: 你的看法。 On Students' Evaluation of Teachers With the reformation and development of higher education, many universities have gradually shifted their management from the traditional system of academic year to the system of credit, and from teacher-centered to student -centered teaching. As a result,teachers are now managed on the basis of students' evaluation, which has aroused heated disputes. Many people agree that students' opinion and appraisals are crucial to both the teaching process and the teacher-student relationship. For one thing, the teacher may reflect on his teaching, and then change accordingly.For another, mutual undersatnding is enhanced. However, many experts worry that some of the judgements are rather subjective, and even strongly biased. To make things worse, some students take it as a game--" anyway, my ideas do not count at all". Consequently, nobody will benefit from the valueless feedback. As far as I am concerned, students' views should be taken into consideration, but the views should not be taken as decisive factors when it comes to evaluating a teacher. The improvement of the mechanism requires the change of notion about teaching. We used to relate the evaluation to the employment of a teacher, but if we take advantage of the evaluation as a guide,it might be another story. Marriage upon Graduation 1. 越来越多的大学生一毕业就进入婚姻的殿堂。 2.产生这种现象的原因。 3. 我的看法。 A growing number of college students get married almost at the very moment of their graduation. As for this issue, we cannot help wondering what account for this trend. To begin with, there is no denying that the intensive employment competition is a major factor for this phenomenon. Getting married means the couple can support each other in the harsh environment and equally new couples can get the financial assistance from both families. Furthermore, compared to some instant marriages relying on web love or money worship, marriages upon graduation make a more romantic and reliable choice.
句型模板 1.with the development of the society, with the advent of…, we have to face a problem that… 2.along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that… 3.as society develops, people are attaching much importance to… 4.as to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take/hold/come up with different attitudes/hold different attitudes. 5.as to whether it is worthwhile…, there is a long-running controversial debate .It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have divergent attitudes towards it. 6.In the process of modern urban development, we often find ourselves in a dilemma. 7.Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people in alarm that… 8.Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is… 9.The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history, which the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization. More problems are brought to our attention. 10…plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the present world. And there comes a question," is it a blessing or a curse?" 11.Now we are entering a new era, full of oppo rtunities and challenges,… 12.But every sword has two blades. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the prominent disadvantages is that….To make matters worse,… 13.Nowadays many people prefer…because it plays a significant role in our daily life. Generally speaking, its advantages can be seen as fellows. On one hand, …on the other hand… 14.Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects far outweigh its negative aspects. Whether effects it has, one thing is certain:…itself is n either good or bad. It is the use we put in to that determines it value to our society… 15.There is no consensus among people as to the view of ….The opinions vary from person to person. Some people hole the idea that….A case in point is that… 16.On the other hand, others may have a quite different view. According to them….The most typical example is that… 17.Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter. Admittedly, the former point of view seems reasonable to some extent, but…is more convincing. 18.Whe n asked about…,some people hold the idea that….As far as they are concerned,…But I could not agree with them in several points. In my opinion,….The reasons for my choice are listed as follows. 19.First of all…In addition…Last but not the least… 20.For the reasons mentioned above, I firmly believe… 21.What are the reasons for it? To start with…Moreover…Furthermore… 22.In view of the seriousness of the problem, effective measures should be taken. For one thing ,it is high time that people all over China reali zed the importance of…For another, the government should issue laws and regulations to put the situation under control. 23.People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case. 24.The controversial issue is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue.
大学英语精读考试试卷 （共计100分，时间90分钟） 一、选词填空（每题3分，共45分） decrease typical whatsoever enclosed gap neighborhood relieve qualifications worthwhile laundry findings proposal current boring recognized 1、A summer day in that area is hot and dry. 2、The houses in our are very expensive. 3、It is true that these herbs（药草）can be used to pain. 4、They are making further efforts to the cost of production. 5、My brother told me that he had met with no difficulty in learning English grammar. 6、The lecture was so that I couldn’t help yawning（打哈欠）. 7、We hope that the management will take note of the and improve their products accordingly（相应地）. 8、I had not seen him for 16 years, but I him immediately. 9、Enid considered teaching a career（职业）. 10、The government is taking effective measures to overcome difficulties. 11、The mayor put forward a to improve public transportation. 12、I am afraid that the between rich and poor is still widening in our country. 13、Mom told me to put my dirty clothes in the basket. 14、Frank a letter with the English novel which he sent to me. 15、Do you think Helen has the right for the job? 二、完形填空（每题0.5分，共计10分） Around the world more and more people are ___1___ dangerous sports and activities. Of course there have always been people who have ___2___ adventure—those who have climbed the ___3__ mountains, explored unknown parts of the world or _4_ in small boats across the greatest oceans. Now, however, there are
大学英语四六级作文 2019-11-20 大学英语四级范文：说谎 题目要求： Directions: Write a composition entitled Telling Lies. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 人们对说谎通常的看法; 2. 是否说谎都是有害的?说明你的看法。 3. 总结全文。 参考范文： Sample: Telling Lies Telling lies is usually looked upon as an evil, because some people try to get benefit from dishonest means or try to conceal their faults. However,_I_thinkdespitejits_neg1ative_effects,jsometimes_itjisjessent ialto iemigsinour_dailylifei First, the liar may benefit from the lie by escaping from the pressure of unnecessary embarrassment. Meanwhile, the listener may also feel more comfortable by reasonable excuses. For ex ample, if a little girl’s father died in an accident, her mother would comfort her by saying “farther has gone to another beautiful land”. In such cases, a lie with original goodwill can make the cruel nice. Second^thejsk^lsjofJtellingJlies^jtojsome extent,canbe_regard_asja_capacity_ofcreationandjimagination. Therefore,jtakingjallJthese_factor^jntojconsideration,_wecandefinitel y come to the conclusion that whether telling a lie is harmful depends on its original intention and the ultimate result it brings. (159 words)
2 015年6月13日全国大学英语四级翻译真题及答案 大米 在西方人心目中，和中国联系最为密切的基本食物是大米。长期以来，大米在中国人的饮食中占据很重要的地位，以至于有谚语说“巧妇难为无米之炊”。中国南方大多数种植水稻，人们通常以大米为食；而华北大部分地区因为过于寒冷或过于干燥，无法种植水稻，那里的主要作物是小麦。在中国，有些人用面粉做面包，但大多数人用面粉做馒头和面条。 In the mind of Westerners,Chinese people have the closest connection to rice,basic food for the Chinese.For a long time,rice occupies a very important position in the Chinese diet.There is even a saying that "even a clever housewife cannot cook a meal without rice".People in south China plant and live on rice,while people in the most parts of North China cannot plant rice due to excessively dry and cold weather. The main crop there is wheat. In China, some people use flour to bake bread,while most people make steamed bread and noodles with flour. xx 中国是世界上最古老的文明之一。构成现代世界基础的许多元素起源于中国。中国现在拥有世界上发展最快的经济，并正经历着一次新的工业革命。中国还启动了雄心勃勃的太空探索计划，其中包括到20年建成的一个太空站。目前，中国是世界最大的出口国之一，并正在吸引大量外国投资。同时，它也在海外投资数十亿美元。2011年，中国超越日本成为世界第二大经济体。 快递 据报道，今年中国快递服务（courier service）将递送大约120亿件包裹。这将使中国有可能超越美国成为世界上最大的快递市场。大多数包裹里装着网上订购的物品。中国给数百万在线零售商以极具竞争力的价格销售商品的机会。仅在11月11日，中国消费者就从国内最大的购物平台购买了价值90亿美元的商品。中国有不少这样的特殊购物日。因此，快递业在中国扩展就不足为奇了。
大学英语专业精读1 期末考试卷 I. Word formation （40%） A. Give the corresponding nouns for the following verbs.给出下列动词的相应名词形式。（10%） 1. discover 2.depend 3.amaze 4.add 5.display 6.renew 7.suppose 8.treat 9.addict 10.accelerate B. Give the corresponding nouns for the following adjectives. （10%） 1.weak 2. angry 3. free 4. quick 5. clear 6. long 7.wide 8. sad 9.happy 10. moderate C. Give the corresponding verbs for the following nouns. （10%） 1. gardening 2. failure 3. fertilizer 4. enduring 5. mixture 6.liberation 7.alternative 8.result 9.satisfaction 10.requirement D. Give the corresponding synonyms for the following words and expressions. （10%） 1.barely 2. chilly 3. now and then 4. many 5. clever 6. turn up 7. keen 8. club 9.handsome 10.sensible II. Translate the Chinese into English. （30%） 1. We’ll stick by you___________________________________________（无论发生什么事）. 2. Keep in touch with your cultural roots, ___________________(无论你在世界何地). 3.We’ll bring the hostage home,___________________________（无论有多困难）. 4. I feel that you young people should understand____________________（生活中总是充满着机遇和挑战）. 5. When she learned____________________（她已经被那所大学录取）, she almost jumped for joy. 6.You must admit_________________________（所有这一切都表明我们的努力没有白费）. 7.He was running a great risk when he insisted_________________________________（地球是绕着太阳转的）. 8. The visitors were greatly impressed by________________________（这个村子过去30年所取得的成就）. 9. First-year college students are generally not clear about______________________________（他们应该从大学获取什么）. 10._____________________________（农民最想得到的东西）is just one thing. It is land. III. Translate the following sentences into English. （30%） 1. 我们现在缺少人手，你来得正好。 2. 已经有好几个同学在考虑竞选学生会主席。 3. 她警告我不要和那种追求个人名利的人交往。 4.多年来我们学校培养了很多学生，大多数都在各个部门重要岗位任职。 5. 她原以为哲学是非常枯燥的东西，可后来方发现它非常有意思。 6.他父亲刚过五十，可头发已经灰白了。不过，除此以外，他没事。 7.这里的老师和学生都认为学英语没有什么捷径。 8.我知道放弃这个机会十分愚蠢，但我别无选择。 9.有一天，那座新楼突然倒塌，楼里很多人都被埋了。 10.一种长久的友好关系要求双方都十分真诚。
1、网络游戏 1)现在有些大学生沉迷于网络游戏，家长和学校对此忧心忡忡， 2)但有人认为网络游戏并非一无是处， 3)你的看法。 Online Games As a product of modern computer and the Internet, online games have become very popular among college students. A great many students have enjoyed great pleasure and satisfaction from these games. But as we see, some students lacking （缺乏） self-discipline（自制力）are too much indulged in these games so that their health and academic（学术的） performances are affected. This phenomenon （现象） has caused much worry from the teachers and parents. However, some others argue that online games are not always harmful. They can train the ability of youngsters（年轻人） to respond to things quickly. Moreover, they can stimulate（刺激，激发） their imagination and their interest in computer science. More importantly, it does bring college students much pleasure and release （释放） their pressure greatly. From my point of view, online games are a wonderful entertainment（娱乐） if you play them in a reasonable（合理的） way. When they interfere（干扰） too much with your study, it is better for you to give them up at once. Yet（然而）if you
全国大学英语四级考试流程及注意事项 为了保证大学英语四级考试安全、顺利的进行,请各位考生熟悉以下流程和注意事项: 1、英语四级考试8:45考生进入考场 所有考生一律携带身份证、学生证和准考证进入考场。证件不全者,不得参加考试。考生进入考场后,调试耳机。 2、英语四级考试9:00迟到考生不得入场,监考员发答题卡1和卡2 考生用且只能用黑色字迹签字笔在答题卡上填写姓名、准考证号,用2B铅笔涂黑相应的信息点;暂不填写答题卡2上试卷代号一栏;考生不得提前答题,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理。 3、英语四级考试9:10考试正式开始,开始做试题第一部分 考生做试题第一部分“写作”,务必用黑色字迹签字笔答题。 4、英语四级考试9:35监考员发试题册 考生不得提前翻阅或改变试卷位置,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理。 5、英语四级考试9:40开始做试题的第二部分 英语四级写作部分考试结束;考生打开试题册,开始做试题的第二部分“快速阅读理解”。 6、英语四级考试9:55收答题卡1 收卷期间考生不得答题,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理。 7、英语四级考试10:00听力考试正式开始。
8、英语四级听力考试结束后,开始做试题的第四部分 英语四级听力考试结束后,请立即摘下耳机,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理;考生开始做试题的第四部分。 9、英语四级11:20考试结束 英语四级考试结束,考生立即停止答题,不离开座位,待监考教师收齐试卷、清点考试材料无误并同意考生离场后,考生方可退场。 10、考生不得提前退场和交卷 英语四级考试过程中,考生不得提前退场,包括提前交卷,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理。 11、考生进入考场需携带2B铅笔和黑色签字笔,不得携带其它材料 考生进入考场不得携带的材料如书本、纸张、书包、录音器材、电子记事本和通讯工具(含BP机、对讲机和手机等均不得带入考场,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理。 12、本次考试的题型分为六部分,第一部分作文的题目在答题卡1上,其余五部分的题目在试题册上;考试材料包括:试题册、答题卡1和答题卡2;考试分A、B 卷。
ⅠVocabulary and Structure (30%) Directions: This section is to test the use of vocabulary and structure. There are 20 incomplete sentences in it. You are required to complete each one by choosing the most appropriate word or phrase from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then you should write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. 1.It took us ______ less than three hours to do the work. A. no B. not C. none D. nothing 2.George is ______ Jack. E. as an efficient worker as F. an as efficient worker as G. as efficient a worker as H. an efficient worker as 3.______ hearing the news, all of them jumped with joy. I. At J. As K. By L. On 4.______ during the war, the airport has never been used again. M. Have been damaged N. Having been damaged O. Being damaged P. Damaged 5.The Smith family will have gone ______ by the time we finish summer school. Q. camp R. camp S. camping T. camped 6.Brass is similar ______ gold ______ color. U. to卛n V. in協or W. to協or X. with卛n 7.Not only the society but also the people in it ______. Y. has changed Z. have changed AA. h ave been changed BB. has been changed 8.I asked the secretary if there were ______ tickets but she had only the expensive ______. CC. one卭nes DD. a ny卭ne EE. some卭nes FF. any卭nes 9.Problems can ______ when people have no knowledge of law. GG. rise HH. r aise II. arise JJ. rose
2020年英语四级作文题目范文：废除四六级 作文题目： Should CET-4(6) Be Abandoned 1. 有人认为应该废除大学英语四(六)级考试; 2. 其他人认为应该保留四(六)级考试; 3. 我的看法。 参考范文： There has been a heated discussion about whether to keep the College English Test Band 4(6) in the universities. Some people argue that the test has become an obstacle to the teaching of English on campuses, while others maintain that the advantages of the test outweigh its disadvantages. As far as the first group of people are concerned, they give the following arguments. For one thing, many students spend most of their time preparing for the test, therefore their focus is not on learning English better but on getting a high mark. For another, many teachers don't concentrate on how to improve the students' abilities. They only care how many of their students can pass the test. However, there are many people who believe the test should stay. To begin with, the test is the most effective way to measure how well the students have learned English. What's more, we can come up with some ways to lessen the negative effect. As far as I am concerned, each side is right in a certain way. We have to keep the test so students will have better motivation to learn English. However, we can't attach too much importance to the scores of the test.