Helps manage corporate risk: Increasingly, investors are concerned with avoiding and managing the risks associated with potential rights violations and environmental impacts. Foreign investors operating in a state with a robust regulatory environment are less likely to face strikes or public protests that may disrupt operations. They are also less likely to be the target of NGO campaigns that can expose them to reputational damage, or to be the subject of civil or administrative claims for violations of rights or environmental harm. In addition, investors are also increasingly concerned with avoiding corruption in connection with their investments. Not only may contracts procured through bribery and other forms of corruption be unenforceable, but investors also risk being prosecuted in the host state, their home state or both. As discussed in the preceding section,a even where investors are not convicted, an investigation and the media attention that accompanies a prosecution can result in reputational damage, which in turn can result in a decrease in share value. Operating in a state with strong anti-corruption legislation can reduce the risk that investors will get caught up in corrupt activities.
a See Section 4.4.2.5 (Obligations to Refrain from Acts or Complicity in Acts of Bribery and Corruption).).
b See Section 4.4.2.5 (Obligations to Refrain from Acts or Complicity in Acts of Bribery and Corruption). Implements states’ international obligations and supports sustainable development: Introducing new stronger domesti
c laws an
d regulations, or amending existing laws and regulations in th
e areas o
f human rights (includin
g labour rights and indigenous peoples’ rights), anti-corruption and environmental protection, allows states the opportunity to bring their laws into compliance (where they are not already) wit
h their international obligations. States considering introducing such regulatory measures may wish to consider their international obligations. The most widely accepted international obligations in these areas are surveyed below.
Anti-corruption and environmental protection obligations
As discussed in the previous section, most Commonwealth states are parties to one or more anti-corruption treaties.b In addition, most states have ratified the following major international environmental treaties, and may be parties to a range of others, and therefore have obligations under such agreements:
C onvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1973501
F ramework Convention on Climate Change, 1992502
K yoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1997503
C onvention on Biological Diversity, 1992504
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Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 2000505
V ienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1988506
M ontreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer, 1989507
S tockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 2001508
C onvention on the Law of the Sea, 1982509
C onvention to Combat Desertification, 1994510
Only three Commonwealth member states are parties to the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, 1979511 and the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, 1998 (Aarhus Convention).512 However, states may wish to consider the standards set out in these instruments. In particular, the norms set out in the Aarhus Convention are relevant to states interested in pursuing sustainable development. This treaty recognises, among other things, the importance of protecting the environment as necessary for human well-being and the enjoyment of human rights and to protect the interest of future generations.513 It provides rights and protections regarding access to environmental information,514 meaningful participation in environmental decision-making,515 and rights to challenge environmental decisions in both judicial and non-judicial fora.516
Human rights standards
In determining the adequacy of existing domestic law, states should consider their human rights obligations under customary international law and under the core UN human rights treaties discussed above.a They may also wish to refer to the measures proposed in the section on investors’ human rights oblig ations,b which if implemented in domestic law would go some way to satisfying the international human rights law obligation to protect human rights.
a See Section 4.4.2.2 (Obligation to Respect Internationally Recognized Human Rights).
b See Section 4.4.2.2 (Obligation to Respect Internationally Recognized Human Rights).
Labour rights standards
States’ labour rights obligations include those entrenched in customary international law and the following obligations:
The ILO conventions to which states a re parties;517and
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Other relevant international instruments, including general human rights treaties which protect labour rights to which states are parties, such as the ICERD, ICCPR, ICESCR, CEDAW, CRC, ICMW and ICPD.
In addition, the labour protections put in place by states which are members of the ILO518 should also reflect the principles of ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization, 2008.519 Together with the ILO Constitution, 1919, the Philadelphia Declaration, 1944 and the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, 1998, the Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization provides the basis and method of implementation for the constitutional objectives of the ILO.520 The 2008 Declaration institutionalises the Decent Work Agenda, and requires that ILO member states ‘place full and productive employment and decent work at the centre of economic and social policies’ pursuant to four ‘inseparable, interrelated and mutually supportive’ strategic objectives. These are set out in Box 44.4 below.
Box 44.4. Objectives of the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization (i) Promoting employment by creating a sustainable institutional and economic environment in which:
Individuals can d evelop and update the necessary capacities and skills they need to enable them to be productively occupied for their personal fulfilment and the common well-being;
All enterprises, public or private, are sustainable to enable growth and the generation of greater employment and income opportunities and prospects for all; and
Societies can achieve their goals of economic development, good living standards and social progress;
(ii) Developing and enhancing measures of social protection – social security and labour protection – which are sustainable and adapted to national circumstances, including:
The extension of social security to all, including measures to provide basic income to all in need of such protection, and adapting its scope and coverage to meet the new needs and uncertainties generated by the rapidity of technological, societal, demographic and economic changes;
Healthy and safe working conditions; and
Policies in regard to wages and earnings, hours and other conditions of work, designed to ensure a just share of the fruits of progress to all and a minimum living wage to all employed and in need of such protection;
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(iii) Promoting social dialogue and tripartism as the most appropriate methods for:
Adapting t h e implementation of the strategic objectives to the needs and circumstances of each country;
Translating economic development into social progress, and social progress into economic development;
Facilitating consensus building on relevant national and international policies that impact on employment and decent work strategies and programmes; and
Making labour law and institutions effective, including in respect of the recognition of the employment relationship, the promotion of good industrial relations and the building of effective labour inspection systems; and
(iv) Respecting, promoting and realizing the fundamental principles and rights at work, which are of particular significance, as both rights and enabling conditions that are necessary for the full realization of all of the strategic objectives, noting:
That freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining are particularly important to enable the attainment of the four strategic objectives; and
That the violation of fundamental principles and rights at work cannot be invoked or otherwise used as a legitimate comparative advantage and that labour standards should not be used for protectionist trade purposes.521
The Declaration emphasises that how states attain these objectives is a matter to be determined by each state, taking into account its international obligations, the fundamental principles and rights at work, and in light of international labour standards, a state’s circumstances an d priorities and the co-operation among ILO member states.522 Rights of indigenous peoples
No international instrument currently exists that specifically articulates the rights of indigenous peoples or the corresponding responsibilities of states, corporations or individuals in relation to investment. However, relevant rights and their related responsibilities can be extracted from international instruments pertaining to indigenous peoples, including the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the ILO Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, 1989.523 To date, 38 Commonwealth states have endorsed the non-binding UN Declaration, while only two Commonwealth member states are parties to the ILO Convention. (356 | P a g e
The primary concern that arises regarding IIAs from the perspective of indigenous peoples is ensuring that none of the state’s obligations in relation to investors limits the state’s ability to adopt and enforce laws, regulations o r policies that implement its international obligations towards indigenous peoples or that secure the rights of these peoples. In particular, states that have endorsed the UNDRIP have committed to protect the rights set out in Box 4.45 below.
Box 4.45. Overview of United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
The right to the full enjoyment, as a collective or individuals of all human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized in the UN Charter, the Universal Declaration on Human Rights and international human rights law (Article 1);
The right to be free from discrimination (Article 2);
The right to self-determination (Article 3);
The right to autonomy or self-government in matters relating to their internal and local affairs (Article 4);
The right to life, physical and mental integrity, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be subjected to any act of genocide or violence (Article 7);
The right not to be forcibly removed from their lands or territories or r elocated without free, prior and informed consent (Article 10);
The right to restitution of cultural, intellectual, religious and spiritual property taken without their free and informed consent (Article 11);
The right to practice and revitalize the ir cultural traditions and customs, including maintaining and protecting past, present and future archaeological and historical sites, artifacts, designs, ceremonies, technologies, visual and performing arts and literature (Article 11);
The labour right s established in international and national law (Article 17);
The right to full participation at all levels of decision-making in matters that affect them and their rights and to good faith consultation to obtain their free prior and informed consent before adoption and implementation of laws and administrative measures that may affect them (Arts. 18 and 19);
The right to develop their political, economic and social systems or institutions, to be secure in the enjoyment of their own means of subsistence and development, and to engage freely in all their traditional and other economic activities (Article 20);
The right to determine, develop and administer health, housing and other economic and social programmes affecting them (Article 23);
The rig ht to protection of traditional medicines and health practices, including the protection of vital medicinal plants, animals and minerals, to access to all social and (357 | P a g e
health services and to the highest standard of physical and mental health (Article 24);
The right to own, use, develop and control the lands they have traditionally owned or otherwise occupied or used (Article 26);
The right to conservation and protection of the environment and the productive capacity of their lands or territories and resources (Article 29);
The right to maintain, control and protect their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge, traditional cultural expressions and their intellectual property over such cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions (Article 31);
The right to determine and develop priorities and strategies for the development or use of their lands or territories and other resources, and the right to free, and informed consent prior to the approval of projects affecting their lands, territories and other resources (Article 32);
The right to recognition, observance and enforcement of treaties, agreements and other arrangements between states and indigenous peoples (Article 37);
The right to access f inancial and technical assistance in the realisation of these rights (Article 39).
States should be aware that laws, regulations and policies relating to investors and their investments have the potential to affect indigenous populations in their territory. As discussed in the section on investor human rights obligations,a states have a duty under international law to seek the free, prior and informed consent of indigenous peoples in certain limited circumstances.b These situations include the following:
a See Section 4.4.2.2 (Obligation to Respect Internationally Recognized Human Rights).
b See Section 4.4.2.2 (Obligation to Respect Internationally Recognized Human Rights).
Where proposals to remove of indigenous communities from their lands and ter ritories are being considered;524
Where the storage and disposal of hazardous waste on indigenous territory is being contemplated;525
Cases where large-scale projects may have a significant impact within indigenous territory.526
In all other situations states have, at a minimum, an obligation to consult indigenous peoples. According to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights such consultation must meet the following criteria:
Be undertaken in good faith;
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Be pursued through culturally appropriate procedures;
Be undertaken in accordance with the traditions of the particular indigenous group;
Have the goal of reaching an agreement;
Provide clear information to the indigenous group of the possible risks of a particu lar development or investment plan; and
Any plan should be accepted by the indigenous group knowingly and voluntarily.527
Moreover, the state should require an independent environmental and social impact assessment and guarantee reasonable benefit sharing528 where this is appropriate, such as in situations of resource extraction on indigenous lands.
Where investment activity could negatively affect the property rights of indigenous peoples, there is an emerging obligation on states to seek the consent of the indigenous community in question for this activity. In situations where consent is not given, ‘there is a strong presumption that the project should not go forward’.529 If the investment is pursued, the state must take steps to ensure that the indigenous group in question benefits from the investment and it must also take effective measures to mitigate any negative effects.530 States may also wish to provide a further level of protection to indigenous peoples by requiring that their free and informed consent be obtained before the state enacts any laws or regulations in regard to foreign investment that may affect such groups.
The relationship between foreign investment and sustainable development is discussed earlier in the Guide.a For foreign investment to promote sustainable development or even economic development, the inhabitants of the host state must be able to reap some of its benefits. Creating a strong, transparent, rights-protective regulatory framework addressing these important policy areas would help to ensure that investors and their investments make a positive contribution to sustainable development in a host state. It would also better protect the rights of individuals and groups, as well as the host state’s environment. States that enact and enforce such laws will contribute substantially to these goals.
a See Section 2.3 (Links Between Foreign Investment and Sustainable Development).
4) Integrate the obligation on states to enact and enforce legislation to protect human rights, la bour rights, indigenous peoples’ rights and the environment, and to address bribery and corruption into an IIA
There are a variety of different approaches that could be used in IIAs to promote conformity with international obligations relating to human rights, labour rights,
indigenous peoples’ rights, environmental protection and anti-corruption standards that impose varying levels of obligation on state parties. These approaches were discussed above in relation to human rights, labour rights, anti-corruption and environmental standards and are summarized here.a
a See Section 4.4.2.2 (Obligation to Respect Internationally Recognized Human Rights), Section 4.4.2.3 (Obligation to Refrain from Commission of or Complicity in Grave Violations of Human Rights), Section 4.4.2.4 (Obligation to Comply with Core Labour Standards), Section 4.4.2.5 (Obligation to Refrain from Acts of or Complicity in Acts of Bribery and Corruption); and Section 4.4.3.1 (Party State Obligations Relating to Minimum Standards for Human Rights, Labour Rights, Indigenous Peoples’ Rights, Environmental Protection and Standards to Address Corruption)、
b It would also be useful to include statements according priority to these policy objectives in a statement of objectives of the agreement. See Section 4.2.3 (Statement of Objectives).
Language in the preamble: The parties could negotiate a general statement in the preamble clarifying that the IIA is to be interpreted in accordance with the parties’ international obligations in identified non-investment policy areas. States would want to ensure that in the preamble, human rights, labour rights, indigenous peoples’ rights and environmental protection, as well as anti-corruption measures are described as having the same level of importance as the investor protections included in an IIA. This would ensure that in interpreting the treaty, these norms are not subordinated to investment protection considerations. States that are serious about protecting these areas of policy concern, however, should incorporate other provisions addressing these issues in addition to such language in the preamble since statements in a preamble do not create binding obligations.b
Provisions in the body of the treaty or side agreement to address the problem of a
‘race to the bottom’: States could negotiate provisions in an IIA or in a side agreement that:
Reaffirm their commitments under international human rights, labour rights, indigenous peoples’ rights treaties and other instruments, environmental protection treaties and anti-corruption conventions;
Establish obligations not to relax domestic laws and regulations for the purpose or attracting or retaining investment, and not to fail to enforce domestic standards;
Establish an obligation on the parties to stri v e to maintain high levels of human rights, labour rights, indigenous peoples’ rights protection, environmental protection and robust anti-corruption laws, and require parties to strive to improve such standards.
States may prefer to adopt the approach of the EC-CARIFORUM EPA for the latter type of provision. As discussed in the subsection on IIA practice, the EPA qualifies the obligation to establish high levels of domestic protection and to strive to improve such standards by recognising the right of the parties to enact regulation to achieve their own (360 | P a g e
domestic and sustainable development priorities and to adopt and modify such laws and policies.a
a E C-CARIFORUM EPA (2008), Art. 184.1.
b See Section 4.3.5 (Fair and Equitable Treatment and the Minimum Standard of Treatment).
c See Section 4.3.6 (Limitations on Expropriation an
d Nationalization); and Section 4.3.12 (Reservations and Exceptions).
d Th
e Guide provides a discussion o
f state-state dispute settlement. See Section 4.5.2 (State-to-State Dispute Settlement). e See Section 4.5.2 (State-State Dispute Settlement).
These types of provisions are increasingly used. The provisions described above are becoming more common in relation to labour and environmental protection standards. These provisions offer flexibility. Under these types of provisions, states have significant flexibility. The provisions do not require states to bring their domestic laws into compliance with international standards and there is no obligation to raise the level of domestic protection only a requirement to strive to do so.
Risk of investor challenge for states wishing to strengthen their domestic laws. A key shortcoming of these provisions, of which states should be aware, is that they do not directly protect states that introduce new or amended domestic laws from an investor challenge under an IIA. An investor might claim that the introduction or amendment of domestic laws or regulations is a breach of their legitimate expectations under an FET provision.b The risk of such a claim is small, however. It would be hard for an investor to claim that it did not expect a state to act pursuant to the provision expressed in the treaty. This problem could be addressed more directly by introducing a general exception and/or a provision that excluded measures in these areas from the obligations of the treaty.c
Do not target investor conduct or give access to treaty-based enforcement mechanisms. All states have difficulty in regulating the conduct of foreign investors. Since these types of provisions do not impose obligations on investors, they do not allow for states to use treaty-based enforcement mechanisms to complement domestic enforcement measures.
A party could potentially use state-to-state dispute resolution to enforce these provisions against another party. Where the provision is included in the body of the treaty, such as the obligation not to fail to enforce certain domestic laws, a party could potentially use the state-state dispute settlement process d to pressure another party to comply with such obligations. States may see this as a violation of their sovereignty and may not want to create obligations that would allow the IIA to become an indirect mechanism for enforcing standards in complex and sensitive areas such as human rights protection. One way to deal with this problem is to specifically exclude such obligations from enforcement under the state-state dispute settlement process.e Another approach, which is the approach used in some US FTAs with respect to labour rights, is to include a provision clarifying the scope of a party’s enforcement obligations: (361 | P a g e
…each Party retains the right to exercise discretion with respect to investigatory, prosecutorial, regulatory, and compliance matters and to make decisions regarding the allocation of resources to enforcement with respect to other labour matters determined to have higher priorities. Accordingly, the Parties understand that a Party is in compliance with [the obligation not to persistently fail to enforce its labour laws] where a course of action or inaction reflects a reasonable exercise of such discretion, or results from a bona fide decision regarding allocation of resources.a
Such a provision would likely make it difficult to find a state in non-compliance with its obligation not to persistently fail to enforce its domestic laws in a particular policy area. Compliance provisions: There are a number of options available for states that do wish to provide for some form of mechanism in an IIA to encourage parties to enforce their domestic laws. Two of these are considered below.
Complaint mechanism and enforcement mechanism to encourage states to enforce domestic law. Parties to an IIA could negotiate provisions that provide for a means to receive complaints about non-enforcement of domestic laws and provide a consultative procedure for states to deal with a party’s persistent pattern of non-enforcement of human rights, labour rights or indigenous peoples’ rights, or environmental or ant i-corruption laws.
The North American Agreement on Labour Cooperation (NAALC) provides an example of this type of soft enforcement mechanism. Complaints under NAALC of non-enforcement of a state party’s labour laws are initially dealt with through consultations between National Administrative Offices (NAOs) or government ministers. Where the matter is not resolved through ministerial consultations, a state party may request that an Evaluation Committee of Experts (ECE) be created to investigate and report on the matter.This latter procedure is restricted to non-enforcement of occupational health and safety laws and ‘other technical labor standards’,that are trade related and recognised in the laws of both states.Where the issue concerns an ‘alleged persi stent pattern’ of failure to enforce ‘occupational health and safety, child labor or minimum wage technical standards’ that is not resolved by the ECE, recommendations can, in principle, lead to the creation of an arbitral panel and sanctions, but this is by no means automatic and has never been done.
《英汉翻译》期末练习题 Part I: Phrase Translation 01. white elephant无用而累赘的东西 02. fond dream黄粱美梦 03. happy medium 中庸之道 04. narrow escape九死一生 05. north, south, east, west东、南、西、北 06. be at a loss不知所措 07. supreme authority至高无上 08. wet paint油漆未干 09. No Thoroughfare禁止通行 10. Employees Only顾客止步 11. Please Tender Exact Fare恕不找零 12. 20% Off八折优惠 13. catch at shadows捕风捉影 14. look for a needle in a haystack大海捞针 15. between hammer and anvil腹背受敌 16. white lie善意的谎言 17. black sheep害群之马 18. carry coals to Newcastle多此一举 19. be fair and square光明正大 20. share weal and woe患难与共 21. the think tank智囊团 22. personal remark人身攻击 23. French leave不辞而别 24. fish in the air水中捞月 25. a castle in the air空中楼阁 26. shed crocodile tears猫哭耗子 27. play the lute to a cow对牛弹琴 28. hen party妇女聚会 Part II: Sentence Translation 01. She needs to find somewhere to live. 译：她需要找个住的地方。 02. My school runs a factory. 译：我的学校办了一家工厂。 03. He did not die happily. 译：他死得不安乐。 04. He is ignorant to a proverb. 译：他的无知是众所周知的。 05. It is the working people in the capitalist countries who bear the unemployment, heavy taxation and reduced standard of living which these aggressive wars entail. 译：在资本主义国家，是劳动人民忍受着这些由侵略战争所带来的失业、苛捐杂税和下降的生活水平。 06. Their skill as horsemen and archers halted Persian and Macedonian invasion. 译：他们善骑术、精弓箭，所以能够抵御波斯人和马其顿人的进攻。 07. Eczema may be found in all age groups and in both sex.
…Back to Sleep?: Why Are 2,500 U.S. Babies Still Dying of SIDS Each Year? ‘用背部睡觉’：为什么美国每年都有2500个婴儿死于婴儿猝死综合症 Putting babies on their back to sleep has dramatically reduced the number of SIDS deaths, but thousands of babies still die each year. A look at the key risk factors. 让婴儿用背部睡觉戏剧性的减少了婴儿猝死综合症的死亡数量，但每年还是有上千数量的婴儿死亡。这有一种对于关键的风险因素的看法。 There?s no doubt that the Back to Sleep campaign launched in 1994 to get parents to stop putting babies to sleep on their tummies has been a success. In the 1970s and 1980s, the rate of infant deaths per 1,000 live births was 1.5; it?s now 0.5. 无需置疑的是，1994年发起的用背部睡觉的运动，旨在阻止父母让婴儿用肚子睡觉是成功的。在20世纪70到80年代，婴儿死亡率为每一千名安全出生婴儿中有1.5，现在是0.5。 Within a generation, most babies are now put to bed on their backs, and yet 2,500 U.S. infants still die each year in the U.S. Researchers trying to understand why have noticed a curious byproduct of the trend toward back-sleeping: as fewer babies were being put to sleep on their bellies, more babies were documented engaging in other pediatric no-nos — sleeping with their parents, for example — which is another risk factor for SIDS. 在一代人中，大部分婴儿现在都用背部放在床上，但美国每年依然有2500个婴儿死亡。研究员正试图弄明白为什么人们会注意到用背部睡觉这种趋势的奇怪的副产品：越来越少的婴儿用腹部睡觉，越来越多的婴儿被证明参与到了一些儿科禁止的事情中——例如，和父母一起睡——这是婴儿猝死综合症的另一个风险因素。 A study published Monday in the journal Pediatrics takes a look at how risk factors for SIDS have evolved over the years. In an analysis of the 954 babies who died suddenly and unexpectedly in San Diego County between 1991 and 2008 — 568 of these deaths were attributed to SIDS — researchers found that
华中师范大学网络学院 《翻译理论与技巧》练习测试题 一．在下列句中空白处填上合适的词语。每空1分。共10分。 1．翻译是跨（语言）、跨（文化）、跨（社会）的交际活动。 2．篇章的粘连分（语义）粘连和（结构）粘连两大类，粘连的目的是实现篇章的（连贯）。 3．社会符号学的翻译标准是（语意）相符、（功能）相似。 4．格赖斯的（合作）原则和利奇的（礼貌）原则是促使语言交际成功的语用原则。 5. 社会符号学翻译法以韩礼德所述的语言的社会符号性为根据，以符号学的意 义观为核心。语言符号具备三种意义，它们是（言内）意义、（指称）意义和（语用）意义。 6. 语言对比是研究语言在（使用）中产生的意义。 7. 泰特勒在《翻译的原则》一书中提出了著名德三原则： A．译文应完整地再现原文的（思想内容）。 B．译文的（风格）（笔调）应与原文的性质相同。 C．译文应像原文一样（流畅自然）。 8. 汉语语法呈（隐含）性，英语语法呈（外显）性。 9. 严复的三字翻译标准是_信____、____达_、__雅__。 10. 鲁迅认为翻译标准可以用____忠实____和____通顺____这四个字来表示。11．翻译的过程是__理解____、____表达___和____校核____。 12．英语翻译成汉语时，英语称之为_译出语（原文）____，汉语称之为译入语（译文）__。 13．翻译按其工作方式来分，有___口译___ ____笔译____ ___机器翻译_______三种。 14．许渊冲提倡文学翻译要做到___意美__、_______音美______和__形美___。15．在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，有保持原文的形式—特别是保持原文的比喻、形象和民族地方色彩等，这种译法叫做直译 __。 16．把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句是__合句___法。 17．翻译按其处理方式来分，有__全译_、_摘译__和__编译_。 18．翻译是“从语义到文体在译入语中用最（切近）而又最（自然）的对等语再现原语的（信息）。” 19．从翻译的手段来看，翻译可分为（口译）、（笔译）和（机器翻译）。 20．鲁迅先生认为：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一当然力求其（易解），一则保存着原作的（丰姿）。” 21．由于文化上的差异，英译汉时有时直译原文就会使译入语读者感到费解，甚至误解。这时，就有必要借用汉语中意义相同或相近、且具有自己文化 色彩的表达法对原文加以（归化）。 22．傅雷先生认为：“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在（形似）而在（神似）。
2012年1月4日星期三 雌激素是新的“利他林”吗？ ——性激素能让一部分女性思维敏捷，却也让一部分迟钝 大考即将来临？无法集中注意力？尝试一点雌激素吧。 加州大学伯克利分校的神经系统科学家在最近的一项研究中报道称，女性生理周期中的荷尔蒙波动可能会如咖啡因、甲基苯丙胺或最常见的兴奋剂利他林一样影响其大脑。 近年来的研究表明，工作记忆（短期信息处理能力）是依赖于化学物质多巴胺的。事实上，像利他林这样的药物可以模仿多巴胺帮助人们集中注意力。在老鼠身上的研究显示，雌激素似乎可以诱发多巴胺的释放。但是伯克利这次的新研究是首次把认识能力和人的雌激素水平联系起来，这也就解释了为什么有些女性会在她们生理周期的不同时间点有着或好或坏的认识能力。 这只研究团队对24名健康女性进行了检测。通过基因测试，她们中有些天然多巴胺水平高，而有些天然低。不出所料，多巴胺水平低的女性对于处理复杂的工作记忆问题有困难，比如将一串五个数字反着背出来。但当测试在排卵期中进行，雌激素水平最高时（一般是月经期的10~12天后）这些女性的表现显著改善，有大约10%的进步。令人惊讶的是，多巴胺水平天然高的女性处理复杂问题的能力，却在排卵期中雌激素水平最高的时候有很明显的下降。 根据组织此次研究的Ph.D Emily Jacobs说，脑中的多巴胺是“classic Goldilacks scenario”。对于多巴胺水平最低的25%女性来说，在月经期多巴胺水平的增加会增强她们的认识能力，而对于多巴胺水平最高的25%女性来说，月经期多巴胺水平的增加可能会使她们的多巴胺水平超过一个上限，从而减弱她们的认识能力。而剩下的50%女性都处在这两类女性水平之间，不在研究的范围内。 这项研究有着重大的意义。Jacob说，像咖啡因、利他林这种诱发多巴胺释放的药物对于特定时期的女性是无效，甚至是损害性的。而且，她还希望提醒科学家们注意，在研究脑部疾病时，男女大脑虽然天赋相同但是并不完全一样。 Jacob说，这之间有很大区别，只有我们能知道他们在正常状态下的区别，我们才能预测他们在疾病状态下的区别。 毁约——脑扫描揭示誓言什么时候会不被遵守 新郎说“我愿意”而又和别人有一腿的时候，他脑中发生了什么？朋友承诺还钱却一直不还，他的脑中又发生了什么？一项最新研究显示，毁约是一项很复杂的神经生物学事件。而且脑扫描可以在毁约发生前预测出谁将要毁约。 瑞士苏黎世大学的科学家运用核磁共振技术把大脑比喻成了一场投资游戏。投资者必须决定是否承诺与受托者分享利益。如果投资，会使得账户中的资金增加，但如果受托者选择不分享，结果也会是投资者受损失。几乎所有投资者都说会把钱给受托者，但最后并不会所有人都守约。 通过核磁共振的扫描，研究者可以在他们有机会毁约前预测出他们会不会毁约。毁约者脑部的一些区域的活动会更加活跃，包括分管在压抑诚实回应时自我控制的前额皮质层，和标志
英语翻译 Unit 1Book 3. 中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春 节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日， 象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、 中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风 俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝 聚力和生命力的体现 Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed to the Lunar calendar. January 1st on the lu Seventh Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double- Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eight Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc. Ea Lunar calendar. They embody China's cohesion and vitality. Unit 3Book3. 中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画” 的画特指国画。其绘画形式 是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹 青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。其题材有人 物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于“笔 墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中化民族的 审美意识和情趣。 The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And paint painting.” In order to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the Chinese people term their works “traditional Chinese painting” ( hand brushwork. The artistic characteristics lie in “the writing brush and ink.” Chinese pai 5. 中国石窟 中国石窟组要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛 阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟 随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇尚美与世俗情融为一体，把天然 造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、 绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界瞩目，已成为重要的世界 文化遗产。 Chinese Grottoes Chinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture. In China， there are four major art landscape of grottoes:the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui. Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular feelings together, presenting us a vivid and natural appearance. They embody the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind. The Chinese Buddhist Grottoes are regarded
英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧 翻译是信息交流过程中极其复杂的社会心理现象。语言知识是翻译的基础。此外，翻译还涉及到推理、判断、分析和综合等复杂的心理认识过程。翻译的方法和技巧是翻译工作者在长期的实践中根据两种语言的特点总结归纳出来的一般规律。这些规律可以指导我们的翻译实践，使我们能更自觉、更灵活地处理翻译过程中所遇到的各种语言现象。下面就英译汉中的一些方法和技巧结合翻译实例作一概述。 1.词义的选择 ? 一词多义和一词多类是英汉两种语言都有的一种语言现象。因此，在平日的翻译练习和测试中，我们在弄清原文句子结构后，务必注意选择和确定句中关键词的词类和词义，以保证译文的质量。通常可从以下三个方面来考虑词义选择： 1)根据词在句中的词类来选择词义 例如：Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good. ［译文］：审查是为了整个社会的利益。它像法律一样维护公众利益。 ［注释］：本句中like作介词，意为"像……一样"。但like作动词用，则意为"喜欢；想要"。例如：He likes films with happy endings. (他喜欢结局好的电影。)又如：Would you like to leave a message (你要不要留个话儿)此外，like还可以作形容词用，意为"相同的"，如：Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.(电荷同性相斥，异性相吸。) 2)根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义 例1According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. ［译文］：新学派的科学家们认为，技术在扩大科学知识范围过程中是一种被忽视的力量。 ［注释］：school一词常被误译为"学校"，其实，school还有一个词义"学派"。可见，正确选择词义对译文质量有重要影响，而文章的上下文和逻辑联系是翻译中选择词义的重要依据。 例2Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. ［译文］：既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度要能提供"有效的"和"公平的"比较。
（英语）翻译练习题含答案及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translation: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．究竟是什么激发小王学习电子工程的积极性？(motivate) 2．网上支付方便了客户，但是牺牲了他们的隐私。(at the cost of) 3．让我的父母非常满意的是，从这个公寓的餐厅可以俯视街对面的世纪公园，从起居室也可以。(so) 4．博物馆疏于管理，展品积灰，门厅冷落，急需改善。(whose) 【答案】 1．What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2．Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3．To my parents’ satisfaction, the d ining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room. 或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4．This museum is not well managed, whose exhibits are covered with dust, and there are few visitors, so everything is badly in need of improvement. 或The museum whose management is reckless, whose exhibits are piled with dust and whose lobby is deserted, requires immediate improvement. 【解析】 1．motivate sb to do sth 激发某人做某事，on earth究竟，major in 以…为专业，enthusiasm/ initiative热情/积极性，故翻译为What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2．online payment网上支付，brings convenience to给…带来方便，at the cost of以…为代价，privacy隐私，故翻译为Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3．To my parents’ satisfaction令我父母满意的是，后者也那样so it is with。也可以用主语从句What makes my parents really satisfy 表语从句thatthey can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment。overlooks俯视，opposite the street街对面，living room 起居室。故翻译为To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room.或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4．not well managed/ management is reckless疏于管理，be covered with dust/ be piled with dust被灰尘覆盖，few visitors游客稀少，be badly in need of improvement/ requires immediate improvement亟需改善。故翻译为his museum is not well managed, whose exhibits
圭亚那盆地地层时代中英文对照 Cainozoic 新生界 Tertiary 第三纪 Pleistocene 第三纪更新世 Miocene 第三纪中新世 Lower Miocene 第三纪下中新世 Oligocene 第三纪渐新世 Eocene 第三纪始新世 Middle Eocene第三纪中始新世 Lower Eocene第三纪下始新世 Paleocene 第三纪古新世、古近系 Cretaceous 白垩纪 Senonian 森诺阶 Campanian 坎帕阶 Santonian 桑托阶 Coniacian 科尼亚克阶（晚白垩纪第三期）Turonian 白垩纪土仑阶（晚白垩纪第二期）Cenomanian 森诺曼阶 Albian 阿尔比阶 Aptian 阿普第阶 Barremian 巴列姆阶 Precambrian 前寒武纪地层
Cainozoic 新生界 Quaternary 第四系Quaternary period 第四纪Paleocene 第三纪古新世、古近系 Mesozoic中生界 Cretaceous 白垩系 Jurassic 侏罗系 Triassic 三叠系 LateTriassicepoch 晚三叠世 Paleozoic 古生界 Permian 二叠系 LatePermianepoch Early Permian 早二叠世 Carboniferous 石炭系石炭纪 Late Carboniferous Devonian 泥盆系泥盆纪upperDevonionseries 上泥盆统 siluric 志留系Silurian 志留纪 Ordovician 奥陶系奥陶纪 Cambrian 寒武系寒武纪 Proterozoic era 元古代
大学英语四级翻译理论部分 四级翻译部分为汉译英，共5个句子，一句一题，句长为15-30词，句中的一部分已用英文给出，考生需根据全句意思将汉语部分译成英语，考试时间5分钟。翻译题重点考察考生对语法结构及常用英语表达习惯的掌握情况。 根据近几年的翻译真题来看，针对某项语法重复考察率比较高，所以对曾经考察过的语法点依然不可松懈。下面所提一些重点语法项目，并提出一些建议，希望对大家的备考有所帮助。 (1)句型以及其倒装使用 2008年6月翻译真题第91题： . (Key：Not until he accomplished / finished the mission ) 建议：以此类推，掌握如下常用句型(以倒装方式给出) Not only ……..but also…… So ( Such )…that……。. Not until………。 Neither…..nor……。. Hardly …..when……。. No sooner ……than……。 Only by /through /in …., …………。. 例：(key：did he charge me too much) The university authorities did not approve the regulation, __________ (也没有解释为什么）(11.6) neither did they account for the reason / neither did they explained why / the reason
(2)从句 a. 定语从句 2008年12月翻译真题第87题： (Key :which/that they haven’t found answers to) The field in which we can cooperate b. 状语从句 答案 1.if it’s convenient for you 2What people don’t realize 3What most parents are concerned about 4decided to start their own business 5decided to quit the match 2008年6月第90题： ______________(与我成长的地方相比) this town is more prosperous and exciting. (key : Compared with the place where I grew up) 注意，答案中除过去分词(compared with …)做伴随外，还含有where引导的定语从句。 18.12） decided to start their own business 2. Because of the leg injury, the athlete (决定退出比赛)(07.6) 3. Last week the boy and his friends celebrated his twentieth birthday, (尽情地唱歌跳舞)（06.6） singing and dancing to their hearts’ content b. 动词不定式做目的状语
第12页 0903060136 梁潇 0903060137 黄浩 0901014108 黄瑞尧 5.3性能分析 通信开销：在和平时期，验证和密钥协商协议的要求只有三路之间的网状路由器和网络用户和双向沟通网络用户之间。这是最低的通信回合要实现相互认证，因此，和平招致降低认证延迟。此外，通过设计，和平带来最低的额外因为它们可能对网络用户的通信开销如掌上电脑和智能手机进行的移动客户端比其他笔记本电脑访问无线网状网。这些移动客户端要少得多强大相比，网状路由器考虑到他们的沟通能力。在消息（M.1），（M.1），（M.2），网络用户只需要发送一组签名履行认证功能。作为我们立足本集团上签字的变化计划[8]中提出，签名的包括两个G的元素五个元素的Z带够。当使用[19]中描述的曲线，可以首要采取p到170位并使用G组1，其中每个元素是171位。因此，总群签名的长度为1192位或149字节。有了这些参数，安全性是大致相同作为一个标准的1024位RSA签名，这是128个字节[8]。也就是说，群签名的长度几乎是作为一个标准的RSA-1024的签名相同。 计算开销：在和平，最昂贵的计算操作的签名生成和验证。签名生成需要两个同构的应用中。同构计算，需要大约同时，作为一个在G1幂（使用快速计算的轨迹图）[8]。因此，签名生成需要约八幂（或multiexponentiations）和两个双线性映射计算。验证签名需要六个幂和3+2|网址|双线性映射计算。按照设计，和平采用会话认证的不对称对称的混合方法，降低计算成本。网络实体（Mesh 路由器和网络用户）执行昂贵的组签名操作相互验证，只有当建立一个新的会话，所有同一会话的后续数据交换是通过高效的基于MAC的方法进行验证。 更具体地说，和平需要进行相互认证，为建立一个新的会话时，执行一个签名生成和签名验证的网络用户。由此可以看出，签名验证的实际成本计算取决于一致资源定址器的大小，而签名的发电成本是固定的。和平可以主动控制的一致资源定址器的大小。此外，可以采取一种更为有效的吊销检查算法，其运行的时间是一致资源定址器的独立[8]中描述了对用户的隐私有点牺牲。这种技术可以进一步带来的总成本六幂和5个双线性映射计算的签名验证。另一方面，和平需要一个网状路由器进行相互认证其覆盖范围内的每个网络用户每每灯塔消息不同的会议和标志定期播出。 存储开销：在和平中，网络用户可以携带资源约束的普及设备，如掌上电脑和智能手机访问的无线网状网。因此，存储每个网络用户的开销应该是负担得起的现代普及设备。在我们的计划显示说明，在和平中的每个网络用户需要存储两个信息：他的小组的私钥及相关系统参数。该组的私钥为每个用户包含1组元素的G1和2个Z元素。如果我们首要选择p到170位，并使用G组1每个组171位的元素，每个组私钥用户只需消耗511位的内存，这是微不足道的现代普及设备。大多数的内存消耗部分是系统参数，其中可能包括代码来形容双线性组（G
Era of Big Data is a woman's age; women in the gene can accumulate and deal with big data/ women are born to accumulate and deal with big data. Many men and children, in fact, have been wondering about this special ability of women. Like, as a child, just as soon as you entered the house your Mother said immediately in a suspicious tone: “Liu zhijun, you didn’t do well in the exam today, did you.” Another example, you just have a glance at the mobile phone, your wife laughs: “Does Er gou the next door ask you to play games?” One more ex ample, when you close the door and make a phone call, your girlfriend will cry: “Who are shot in bed?” They are sometimes right, sometimes wrong. However, On the whole, the accuracy rate is higher than chance level. When they are wrong, men would sneer women always give way to foolish fancies; when they are right, men would say women are sensitive animal maybe with more acute sensory organs. Anyway, that is a guess. It has already scared man that overall accuracy rate is higher than the random level. In order to adapt to this point, the male also developed a very strong skills against reconnaissance. This part is beyond the scope of this article, so no more details about it. Some studies, such as Hanna Holmes’s paper, have indi cated that the white matter of the female’s brain is higher than that of the male. So they have very strong imagination of connecting things together. Some recent studies have shown that women are better than men in the "date" memory. That is the reason why they are able to remember all the birthdays, anniversaries, and even some of the great day of unimportant friends. No matter whether these results are true or not, I am afraid that this is not women's most outstanding ability. Women's most remarkable ability is a long-term tracking of some seemingly unimportant data to form their own baseline and pattern. Once the patterns of these data points are significantly different from the baseline she is familiar with, she knows something unusual. In their daily life, women do not consider the difference between causality and correlation. They believe in the principle: "There must be something wrong out of something unusual." People who talk about big data often take Lin Biao as an example. Lin Biao recorded some detailed and unimportant data after a battle. Such as seized guns, the proportion of rifles and pistols, the age levels of war prisoners, seized grain, whether they are sorghum or millet, etc., all of which were unavoidably recorded in the book. Others laughed at him. But later, he determined where the enemy headquarters were according to these data. What women do is almost the same. A girl A has a secret crush on boy B, but she usually doesn’t contact him directly. Two days later, I asked her if she wanted to ask him to have dinner together. She said he was playing. I wondered “how do you know that?” She said that boy B usually is on the line Gmail at 8:00 am, away status at8:30am, for he goes out to buy coffee and breakfast, on line again at 9:00am, busy status, for he is at work, away again at12:30am for lunch, on line for whole evenings, maybe for reading or playing games. His buddy C is on line at10:00 am, still online till 2:00am next day. He is a boy who gets up late and stays up late. His buddy D is on line for the most of the day. However, the most important pattern is that there are 2-3 days per week, during which they would be offline or away for 3-4 hours together. Conclusion: they are playing together.
浅析语法翻译法、情景法和听说法 摘要: 语法翻译法、情景法和听说法是3种非常重要的外语教学方法, 对我国外语教学产生了深远影响。但每种教 学方法都有其不同的理论基础, 都有其各自的优点和缺点。将从背景、理论与模式等方面对此3 种教学方法进行分 析与讨论, 以便能对我国的外语教师有一定的启示作用。 关键词: 语法翻译法; 情景法; 听说法 在外语教学理论研究中, 有关教学法的讨论非常多, 关于不同的教学法的优缺点的争论也非常热烈。众所周知, 教学法会直接影响到我们的教学效果, 两种不同的教学法可能会导致完全不同的教学效果, 所以怎样才能探究到一种合理、有效的外语教学法是所有外语研究者、教师和学习者都非常关注的问题。外语教学法是一门研究外语教学的学科, 它既要有一定理论基础, 又要密切联系教学实践, 同时更要贯穿于整个教学过程给予一定的规范和指导。长期以来, 众多的专家、学者和教师一直在不断的进行尝试和探索, 他们依托重要的外语教学理论, 借鉴和吸取国外的有效教学法, 同时又充分结合中国的外语教学现状, 试图找到一种最为行之有效的教学方法。于是, 有关各种教学法的讨论与比较纷纷呈现。其中, 语法翻译法、情景法和听说法都对我国的外语教学产生了重要的影响, 本文将从背景、理论与模式等方面对此三种教学法进行阐述。 1 语法翻译法、情景法和听说法 1 . 1 产生背景 语法翻译法起始于18 世纪晚期的欧洲, 在外语教学史上具有悠久的历史, 同时也是我国外语教学史上使用范围最广, 而又最具有生命力的教学方法之一。在18 世纪, 教学的主要目的就是学习书面拉丁语, 阅读文学作品, 而这正是语法翻译法的特点之一。语法翻译法最早是由德国学者麦丁格( J o h a n n V al e n t i n M e i d i n g er ) 和费克( J oha nn Ch r i sti a n F i c k )倡导并提出的。在我国早期的大学英语教学中, 主要也是采用了此种教学法。在20 世纪80 年代中期前, 我国的大学英语教材基本都是以语法为纲, 以翻译和讲解语法为主, 这也充分体现了语法翻译法在我国在于教学中的主导地位。到了1 9世纪中期, 欧洲各国之间交流的加强对口语能力提出了更高的要求, 人们开始注重口语, 语法翻译法受到了挑战, 正是在这种情况下, 直接法应运而生。到了21 世纪20 年代, 英国语言学家Pa l m er 和H o r nb y等人倡导并提出了情景教学法。最初,情景教学法被称为/ 口语法0 , 后才被改称为现在人们所提及的/ 情景法0 。从教学法的历史发展来看,口语法是直接法的演进, 情景法是口语法的发展。情景教学法的适时出现使其曾一度被广泛应用, 其倡导者们也做了大量的工作, 出版了大量的着作, 对后世影响深远。到了2 0世纪50 年代, 由于结构主义在美国的主导地位, 美国外语教学中出现了以此为理论基础的听说法。尽管听说法在很多方面与情景法相似,但他们有不同的渊源关系, 各自强调的重点也有所不同。听说法起源于美国二战时期采用的/ 陆军法0, 是在美国描写语言家培训语言调查人员的/ 问询法0 ( i n f o r m a n t m et ho d ) 和美国军队特别培训课程( A S TP ) 教学法的基础上发展起来的一种影响甚广的外语教学法。 1 . 2 理论基础 1 . 2 . 1 语法翻译法 翻译教学法把语言看成是一种规则记忆的心智活动, 其理论背景是智能心理学。( S te r n 19 83 ) 德国语言学家奥朗多弗等学者总结了过去运用语法翻译法的实际经验, 并在当时的机械语言学、心理学的影响下, 给语法翻译法以理论上的解释, 使语法翻译法成为一种科学的外语教学体系。