滨州学院
专业外文翻译
题目The History of the Internet
系（院）计算机科学技术系
专业软件技术
班级2008级3班
学生姓名刘俊杰
学号2008111012
指导教师杨静
职称助教
二〇一一年五月四日
The History of the Internet
The Beginning - ARPAnet
The Internet started as a project by the US government. The object of the project was to create a means of communications between long distance points, in the event of a nation wide emergency or, more specifically, nuclear war. The project was called ARPAnet, and it is what the Internet started as. Funded specifically for military communication, the engineers responsible for ARPANet had no idea of the possibilities of an "Internet."
By definition, an 'Internet' is four or more computers connected by a network.
ARPAnet achieved its network by using a protocol called TCP/IP. The basics around this protocol was that if information sent over a network failed to get through on one route, it would find another route to work with, as well as establishing a means for one computer to "talk" to another computer, regardless of whether it was a PC or a Macintosh.
By the 80's ARPAnet, just years away from becoming the more well known Internet, had 200 computers. The Defense Department, satisfied with ARPAnets results, decided to fully adopt it into service, and connected many military computers and resources into the network. ARPAnet then had 562 computers on its network. By the year 1984, it had over 1000 computers on its network.
In 1986 ARPAnet (supposedly) shut down, but only the organization shut
down, and the existing networks still existed between the more than 1000
computers. It shut down due to a failied link up with NSF, who wanted to
connect its 5 countywide super computers into ARPAnet.
With the funding of NSF, new high speed lines were successfully installed
at line speeds of 56k (a normal modem nowadays) through telephone lines
in 1988. By that time, there were 28,174 computers on the (by then decided) Internet. In 1989 there were 80,000 computers on it. By 1989, there were 290,000.
Another network was built to support the incredible number of people
joining. It was constructed in 1992.
Today - The Internet
Today, the Internet has become one of the most important technological advancements in the
history of humanity. Everyone wants to get 'on line' to experience the wealth of information of the Internet. Millions of people now use the Internet, and it's predicted that by the year 2003 every single person on the planet will have Internet access. The Internet has truly become a way of life in our time and era, and is evolving so quickly its hard to determine where it will go next, as computer and network technology improve every day.
HOW IT WORKS:
It's a standard thing. People using the Internet. Shopping, playing games,conversing in virtual Internet environments.
The Internet is not a 'thing' itself. The Internet cannot just "crash." It functions the same way as the telephone system, only there is no Internet company that runs the Internet.
The Internet is a collection of millioins of computers that are all connected to each other, or have the means to connect to each other. The Internet is just like an office network, only it has millions of computers connected to it.
The main thing about how the Internet works is communication. How does a computer in Houston know how to access data on a computer in Tokyo to view a webpage?
Internet communication, communication among computers connected to the Internet, is based on a language. This language is called TCP/IP. TCP/IP establishes a language for a computer to access and transmit data over the Internet system.
But TCP/IP assumes that there is a physical connecetion between one computer and another. This is not usually the case. There would have to be a network wire that went to every computer connected to the Internet, but that would make the Internet impossible to access.
The physical connection that is requireed is established by way of modems,phonelines, and other modem cable connections (like cable modems or DSL). Modems on computers read and transmit data over established lines,which could be phonelines or data lines. The actual hard core connections are established among computers called routers.
A router is a computer that serves as a traffic controller for information.
To explain this better, let's look at how a standard computer might view a webpage.
1. The user's computer dials into an Internet Service Provider (ISP). The ISP might in turn be connected to another ISP, or a straight connection into the Internet backbone.
2. The user launches a web browser like Netscape or Internet Explorer and types in an internet location to go to.
3. Here's where the tricky part comes in. First, the computer sends data about it's data request to a router. A router is a very high speed powerful computer running special software. The collection of routers in the world make what is called a "backbone," on which all the data on the Internet is transferred. The backbone presently operates at a speed of several gigabytes per-second. Such a speed compared to a normal modem is like comparing the heat of the sun to the heat of an ice-cube.
Routers handle data that is going back and forth. A router puts small chunks of data into packages called packets, which function similarly to envelopes. So, when the request for the webpage goes through, it uses TCP/IP protocols to tell the router what to do with the data, where it's going, and overall where the user wants to go.
4. The router sends these packets to other routers, eventually leading to the target computer. It's like whisper down the lane (only the information remains intact).
5. When the information reaches the target web server, the webserver then begins to send the web page back. A webserver is the computer where the webpage is stored that is running a program that handles requests for the webpage and sends the webpage to whoever wants to see it.
6. The webpage is put in packets, sent through routers, and arrive at the users computer where the user can view the webpage once it is assembled.
The packets which contain the data also contain special information that lets routers and other computers know how to reassemble the data in the right order.
With millions of web pages, and millions of users, using the Internet is not always easy for a beginning user, especially for someone who is not entirely comfortale with using computers. Below you can find tips tricks and help on how to use main services of the Internet.
Before you access webpages, you must have a web browser to actually be able to view the webpages. Most Internet Access Providers provide you with a web browser in the software they usually give to customers; you. The fact that you are viewing this page means that you have a web browser. The top two use browsers are Netscape Communicator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Netscape can be found at and MSIE can be found at .
The fact that you're reading this right now means that you have a web browser.
Next you must be familiar with actually using webpages. A webpage is a collection of hyperlinks, images, text, forms, menus, and multimedia. To "navigate" a webpage, simply click the links it provides or follow it's own instructions (like if it has a form you need to use, it will probably instruct you how to use it). Basically, everything about a webpage is made to be self- explanetory. That is the nature of a webpage, to be easily navigatable.
"Oh no! a 404 error! 'Cannot find web page?'" is a common remark made by new web-users.
Sometimes websites have errors. But an error on a website is not the user's fault, of course.
A 404 error means that the page you tried to go to does not exist. This could be because the site is still being constructed and the page hasn't been created yet, or because the site author made a typo in the page. There's nothing much to do about a 404 error except for e-mailing the site administrator (of the page you wanted to go to) an telling him/her about the error.
A Javascript error is the result of a programming error in the Javascript code of a website. Not all websites utilize Javascript, but many do. Javascript is different from Java, and most browsers now support Javascript. If you are using an old version of a web browser (Netscape 3.0 for example), you might get Javascript errors because sites utilize Javascript versions that your browser does not support. So, you can try getting a newer version of your web browser.
E-mail stands for Electronic Mail, and that's what it is. E-mail enables people to send letters, and even files and pictures to each other.
To use e-mail, you must have an e-mail client, which is just like a personal post office, since it retrieves and stores e-mail.
Secondly, you must have an e-mail account. Most Internet Service Providers provide free e-mail account(s) for free. Some services offer free e-mail, like Hotmail, and Geocities.
After configuring your e-mail client with your POP3 and SMTP server address (your e-mail provider will give you that information), you are ready to receive mail.
An attachment is a in a letter. If someone sends you an attachment and you don't know who it is, don't run the file, ever. It could be a virus or some other kind of nasty programs. You can't get a virus just by reading e-mail, you'll have to physically execute some form of program for a virus to strike.
A signature is a feature of many e-mail programs. A signature is added to the end of every e-mail you send out. You can put a text graphic, your business information, anything you want.
Imagine that a computer on the Internet is an island in the sea. The sea is filled with millions of islands. This is the Internet. Imagine an island communicates with other island by sending ships to other islands and receiving ships. The island has ports to accept and send out ships.
A computer on the Internet has access nodes called ports. A port is just a symbolic object that allows the computer to operate on a network (or the Internet). This method is similar to the island/ocean symbolism above.
Telnet refers to accessing ports on a server directly with a text connection. Almost every kind of Internet function, like accessing web pages,"chatting," and e-mailing is done over a Telnet connection.
Telnetting requires a Telnet client. A telnet program comes with the Windows system, so Windows users can access telnet by typing in "telnet" (without the "'s) in the run dialog. Linux has it built into the command line; telnet. A popular telnet program for Macintosh is NCSA telnet.
Any server software (web page daemon, chat daemon) can be accessed via telnet, although they are not usually meant to be accessed in such a manner. For instance, it is possible to connect directly to a mail server and check your mail by interfacing with the e-mail server software, but it's easier to use an e-mail client (of course).
There are millions of WebPages that come from all over the world, yet how will you know what the address of a page you want is?
Search engines save the day. A search engine is a very large website that allows you to search it's own database of websites. For instance, if you wanted to find a website on dogs, you'd search for "dog" or "dogs" or "dog information." Here are a few search-engines.
1. Altavista () - Web spider & Indexed
2. Yahoo () - Web spider & Indexed Collection
3. Excite () - Web spider & Indexed
4. Lycos () - Web spider & Indexed
5. Metasearch () - Multiple search
A web spider is a program used by search engines that goes from page to page, following any link it can possibly find. This means that a search engine can literally map out as much of the Internet as it's own time and speed allows for.
An indexed collection uses hand-added links. For instance, on Yahoo's site. You can click on
Computers & the Internet. Then you can click on Hardware. Then you can click on Modems, etc., and along the way through sections, there are sites available which relate to what section you're in.
Metasearch searches many search engines at the same time, finding the top choices from about 10 search engines, making searching a lot more effective.
Once you are able to use search engines, you can effectively find the pages you want.
With the arrival of networking and multi user systems, security has always been on the mind of system developers and system operators. Since the dawn of AT&T and its phone network, hackers have been known by many, hackers who find ways all the time of breaking into systems. It used to not be that big of a problem, since networking was limited to big corporate companies or government computers who could afford the necessary computer security.
The biggest problem now-a-days is personal information. Why should you be careful while making purchases via a website? Let's look at how the internet works, quickly.
The user is transferring credit card information to a webpage. Looks safe, right? Not necessarily. As the user submits the information, it is being streamed through a series of computers that make up the Internet backbone. The information is in little chunks, in packages called packets. Here's the problem: While the information is being transferred through this big backbone, what is preventing a "hacker" from intercepting this data stream at one of the backbone points?
Big-brother is not watching you if you access a web site, but users should be aware of potential threats while transmitting private information. There are methods of enforcing security, like password protection, an most importantly, encryption.
Encryption means scrambling data into a code that can only be unscrambled on the "other end." Browser's like Netscape Communicator and Internet Explorer feature encryption support for making on-line transfers. Some encryptions work better than others. The most advanced encryption system is called DES (Data Encryption Standard), and it was adopted by the US Defense Department because it was deemed so difficult to 'crack' that they considered it a security risk if it would fall into another countries hands.
A DES uses a single key of information to unlock an entire document. The problem is, there are 75 trillion possible keys to use, so it is a highly difficult system to break. One document was cracked and decoded, but it was a combined effort of 14,000 computers networked over the Internet that took a
外文文献翻译 2.5.1译文：看电影的艺术 1930年代中期，沃尔特·迪斯尼才明确以动画电影娱乐观众的思想，动画片本身才成为放映主角（不再是其他剧情片的搭配）。于1937年下半年首映的动画片《白雪公主与七个小矮人》为动画片树立了极高的标准，至今任然指导着动画艺术家们。1940年，这一年作为迪斯尼制片厂的分水岭，诞生了《木偶奇遇记》和《幻想曲>。这些今天成为经典的作品在接下来的二十年中被追随效仿，产生了一系列广受欢迎的动画娱乐作品。包括《小飞象》，《灰姑娘》，《爱丽丝漫游仙境》，《彼得·潘》，《小姐与流浪儿》，他们的故事通常源自广为人知的文学故事。这些影片最不好的地方在于它们似乎越来越面向小观众。 在1966年第四你去死后，他的制片厂继续制作手绘动画影片，但是创作能量衰减，公司转而专注于著作真人是拍电影。然而1989年，对于我们所有孩子来说，动画《小美人鱼》赋予了迪士尼新的生命活力（就像animation这个词本身的定义一样——使有生命活力），从该片开始，出现了一系列令人惊叹不已的音乐动画片。两年后，《美女与野兽》问世，塔尔在制作过程中利用了计算机作为传统手绘技术的辅助手段，这部影片获得了奥斯卡最佳电影奖提名，它是第一部获此殊荣的动画片。更好的还在后面，就想着两部影片一样，后面紧接着出现的众多优秀作品——包括《狮子王》，《阿拉丁》，《花木兰》——延续了迪士尼的经典传统：大胆醒目的视觉效果、精致的剧本，以及我们在所有伟大的电影中，不管是动画还是其他类型中都能找到的普适性主题和出乎意料之处。迪士尼的新版《幻想曲》，又被称为《幻想曲2000》，把原版中的部分片段与新的创作部分糅合在一起。（而且，按照迪士尼管理层的说法，该片是首部在IMAX巨幕影院首映的剧情长片。） 亨利·塞利克执导了蒂姆·波顿出品的两部影片，即《圣诞惊魂夜》和《飞天巨桃历险记》——前者是一部完全原创的定格动画，影片画面有时渗透着无限的恐惧，后者改编自罗纳德·达尔的畅销儿童书，该影片以真人实景拍摄开始。《飞天巨桃历险记》对暴力画面和重大恐惧（比如说，离弃）的表达和处理毫无掩饰，表达的真实感受对成人来说和对儿童一样生动鲜明，而蒂姆·波顿的影片《僵尸新娘》，仅仅从名字上就已经显示出影片内容和该幽默表达的“成人”特
信息技术兴趣小组活动教案 王德 亿利东方学校
第一周FLASH的基本知识 教学目标： 1、熟悉FLASH的界面。 2、掌握几个基本工具的使用：选取工具、变形工具、填充工具、线条工具、椭圆工具、矩形工具、颜料筒工具、墨水瓶工具。 3、掌握几个基本术语：图层、元件 4、记住几个快捷键 5、完成四幅绘制图案 教学重点：应用工具画图 教学难点：复杂遮照的创建。 教学过程： 一、界面环境介绍 二、工具箱的介绍 工具箱提供了用于图形绘制和图形编辑的各种工具。工具箱内从上到下分为4个栏：“工具”栏、“查看”栏、“颜色”栏和“选项”栏，单击某个工具的按钮，即可激活相应的操作功能，以后把这一操作叫作使用某个工具。 （1）“工具”栏：工具箱之“工具”栏内的工具用来绘制图形、输入文字和编辑图形。 （2）“查看”栏：工具箱之“查看”栏内的工具是用来调整舞台编辑画面的观察位置和显示比例的。其中两个工具按钮的名称与作用如表1-1-3所示。 （3）“颜色”栏：工具箱之“颜色”栏的工具是用来确定绘制图形的线条和填充的颜色。其中各工具按钮的名称与作用如下。 （笔触颜色）按钮：用于给线着色，也叫作描绘颜色。 （填充色）按钮：用于给填充着色。 （从左到右分别是：黑白、没有颜色和交换颜色）按钮：单击“黑白”按钮，可使笔触颜色和填充色恢复到默认状态（笔触颜色为黑色，填充色为白色）。在选择了椭圆或矩形工具后，“没有颜色”按钮才有效，变为，单击它可以在没有颜色和有颜色之间切换。单击“交换颜色”按钮，可以使笔触颜色与填充色互换。（4）“选项”栏：工具箱之“选项”栏中放置了用于对当前激活的工具进行设置的一些属性和功能按钮等选项。这些选项是随着用户选用工具的改变而变化的，大多数工具都有自己相应的属性设置。在绘图、输入文字或编辑对象时，通常应当在选中绘图或编辑工具后，再对其属性和功能进行设置，才能顺利达到预期的效果。 三、动手用一下工具 1、使用工具制作一个“笑脸”或“哭脸” 2、渐变工具的使用：几个关键概念 颜色调板 填充变形工具的使用 3、用椭圆画个画环 操作步骤： 1、用填充色画圆，并设置笔触的粗细。 2、设置边线的填充色为“七彩色”。 3、将该线形圆环转换成填充色：修改－－形状－－将线条为填充。
Animation Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods. Early examples An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word. A Chinese zoetrope-type device had been
《Flash引导层》教学设计 课题：Flash引导层 课时：1 教材分析： 本课选自顺德区教研室编写的《信息技术》实验教材七年级下册第二单元第4课《Flash图层》第二部分内容“引导层”。教材以实例的形式介绍了引导层在实现曲线运动上的辅助作用，让学生更好地理解引导层。本课重在培养学生对操作方法和操作技巧的掌握，只有掌握了这些方法和技巧，才能不断的去探索创新。 教学对象分析： 在本课之前，初一学生已经学习了逐帧动画、渐变动画的制作方法，掌握了沿直线运动的渐变动画实现技术，并初步掌握了普通图层概念。在此基础上，引导学生发现直线运动的局限性，进而引出曲线运动的普遍性，激发了学生学习引导线动画的积极性。这个过程符合学生的认知规律，学习起来有动力。 教学目标： 1、知识与技能： ①认识引导线动画的作用及其应用 ②能够使用绘图工具绘制并调整引导线 ③熟悉引导层动画的制作步骤 2、过程与方法： ①在实践中体验引导线动画的制作，能够运用引导线和引导层实现简单的曲线运动效果 ②初步学会动画的调试，尝试自己解决动画中出现的问题 ③自主探究引导层动画，培养探究能力、分析问题、解决问题的能力 3、情感态度与价值观： ①在实践中激发想象，拓展思维，培养一种挑战自我，不畏困难的精神。 ②使学生形成自主探究，亲自动手解决学习问题的习惯，善于与同学沟通、交流、合作学习 教学重点、难点： 教学重点：引导层的作用，运用引导层制作曲线运动动画 教学难点：引导层的理解，引导线绘制，运动对象（元件）中心点和引导线（路径）贴合 教法与学法： 教法：采用情景启发、演示法、任务驱动法、自主探究学习等教学方法，以任务驱动为主，把自主探究学习的思想渗透到教学过程中。 学法：鼓励大家相互协作交流，发挥学生的主观能动性，激发他们积极参与学习的主动性，能够自主探究的去学习，并且能有所创新。 教学过程： 一、创设问题情境，任务驱动 1.、导入： 教师：出示实物纸飞机，说：这是什么？它是如何运动的呢？让同学们观看两个动画：1个是纸飞机直线运动的动画，另一个是纸飞机曲线运动的动画。 让同学们仔细观察纸飞机运动的路线。同学们思考曲线运动小球的运动轨迹与前面所学的运动渐变动画（沿直线运动）的路线有何区别？ 师：哪一个更加生动形象呢？同学们迫不及待了吧？让我们一起来做做吧。 【设计意图】通过两个动画效果的比较，激发学生的们学习兴趣及学生们的求知欲。为下面的教学
日本动漫产业发展趋势外文翻译 本科毕业论文外文翻译 外文题目: Japan Animation Industry Trends 出处:JETRO Japan Economic Monthly, June 2005 作者:Japanese Economy Division译文: 日本动漫产业发展趋势 日本动画不仅在日本,同时在海外也备受关注。在扩大电影,电视和录像的国内市场后,日本动画电影制作人的视线也已经转向海外市场。与此同时,在电影制作多元化筹资方式的方面已出现新的发展。在此背景下,日本动漫产业正在努力处理某些人力资源的技能短缺,国内电影生产基地缩减和扩大海外业务的挑战。 1、市场概述 2004年日本动画市场。2004年在日本会谈的亚洲动画市场是吉卜力工作室红极一时的《哈尔的移动城堡》工作室在三年内的第一个新版本,将在11月开幕。导演宫崎骏的著作在短短44天超过了10万观众,比在日本的任何电影都快。此后其受欢迎程度不断,观众上升到1423.0万,截至到3月8日,打破标志的是宫崎骏的《魔法公主》,并将它放在日本电影史上的第两位。现在的问题是如何关闭由《千与千寻》在日本创下的所有的2350万的时间纪录。2005年6月开始《哈尔的移动城堡》也将在韩国和其他国家,包括美国60多个城市放映。 市场环境。日本动画(“动漫”)已被赞誉为始祖,日本的文化和内容,对所谓的程度,这是世界范围内的“Japanimation。”导演押井守的动画电影《无辜
的人》2004年在第57届戛纳电影节上被提名。《纯真》是到《攻壳机动队》(1995)的续集,在美国的Billboard影片排行榜上名列第一。宫崎骏的《千与千寻》2003年在第75届奥斯卡奖项上荣获奥斯卡动画长片奖,同时在2002年柏林电影节金熊奖上再次获奖和证明日本是生产世界一流动画的国家。据说许多美国和亚洲动画师想要制作日本的动漫作品,这表明日本动画被领先的专业人士认可。《千与千寻》的商业成功,同时表明在全球公众的日本动漫的优点和国际竞争力。世界已经明确看好日本动漫具有巨大的商业潜力。 尽管如此,业界还没有转移的态势,足以应付海外的一致好评。展望未来,日本动漫产业不仅要扩大海外,它也必须制定必要的生产/配送系统和人员,利用对动画片和其他内容的全球商业机会。事实上生产系统已经成立,但业内人士仍然具有在国内/海外发行和权利上有许多突出的弱点,如在一般的国际许可和业务专长。在发展领域的人员,动画师没有一个适当的高社会地位,所以对其他行业和国家,例如人员外流,已成为一个大问题。 2、多变的市场规模 日本国内的动漫市场大致可分为三类: 正片长度的电影 电视节目 上述视频和DVD两个版本外,还有原作品 据媒体发展研究所透露,在2003年日本的动漫市场销售额下降了10.4%至一千九百十二亿日元,包括动画电影的票房收入,电视动画制作费,销售、出租录像带和DVD产品的利润。这是在两年内(图1)的首次下降。在2001年和2002年实现实质性成果主要是由于2001年《千与千寻》成功的票房(30.4亿日元)然
教师学科教案[ 20 – 20 学年度第__学期] 任教学科：_____________ 任教年级：_____________ 任教老师：_____________ xx市实验学校
《引导层动画》教案 ■ 知识点分析： 引导层动画是初二学年的一个知识点，是flash动画制作内容中的一个知识点，是在动作补间动画上的深化。 ■ 学习者特征分析 通过前面几课时的学习，初二的学生已经掌握了一定flash操作技巧，对动画制作有了初步的认识，已经能理解元件、普通图层、场景等概念。大部分学生已会制作简单的逐帧动画、动作补间动画、形状补间动画等动画形式来简单地表达一些内容。本课学生通过学习f lash引导层动画的制作原理及基本应用，培养学生深入学习f lash的兴趣以及动手探究实践的学习能力。 ■教学目标： 1．知识与技能 （1）理解引导层动画的基本原理，能够区分引导层和被引导层； （2）了解引导层的作用，初步掌握引导层的建立方法； （3）了解引导线绘制的要求，掌握绘制引导线的方法和物体起点、终点位置的设置； （4）掌握引导层动画制作的一般步骤； 2．过程与方法 通过动手操作制作引导层动画的过程，掌握引导层动画制作的一般方法和过程。 3．情感态度与价值观 （1）通过思考引导层动画的相关问题，培养勤于思考、勇于实践的精神；（2）通过对引导层动画的学习和探究，加强对flash动作制作的兴趣。 4．行为与创新 学生课后自己探究制作引导层动画的其它过程，实现课程知识的创新。 ■教学重点 1.引导层的添加、引导线的绘制 2.引导层动画制作的一般步骤 ■教学难点 1.调整运动对象吸附在引导线上 2.多层动画制作时，一个引导层可以引导多个普通图层，一个普通图层只能被一个引导层引导 ■教学方法与手段 采用以问题引导教学、教师实物展示及操作演示讲解、学生讨论交流相结合的方法。 ■课前准备 多媒体网络教室、展示的实物、PPT课件、教师操作演示素材（半成品）、学生制作素材（半成品）。 ■板书设计 引导层动画
外文文献—动画
Animation Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods. Early examples An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran There is no single person who can be considered the "creator" of film animation, as there were several people working on projects which could be considered animation at about the same time. Georges Méliès was a creator of special-effect films; he was generally one of the first people to use animation with his technique. He discovered a technique by accident which was to stop the camera rolling to change something in the scene, and then continue rolling the film. This idea was later known as stop-motion animation. Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. An Egyptian burial chamber mural , approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word. A Chinese zoetrope-type device had been invented in 180 AD. The phenakistoscope, praxinoscope, and the common flip book were early popular animation devices invented during the 19th century. These devices produced the appearance of movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but animation did not really develop much
制作引导层动画教案 147团小学罗军华 教学目标：1、理解创建引导层动画的基本原理 2、掌握创建引导层动的方法 3、培养学生的观察力和想象力，能够举一反三地运用所学知识制作相应的动画效果。 教学重点：引导层及引导线的作用和创建方法 教学难点：1、运用引导层，制作曲线运动动画 2、运动对象与引导线的吸附操作 教学过程： 一、情境创设，提出问题（3分钟） 教师行为： 播放小球运动的动作补间动画小球1.swf和按轨迹运动的引导层动画小球2.swf，要求同学们认真观看并比较有何不同，并给学生展示两个动画的源文件小球1.fla小球2.fla。提出问题： (1)两个文件的图层有何区别？ 学生行为：认真观看后，回答“第二个动画不是直线运动，且图层中多了一个引导层”。 教师行为：同学们观看得很仔细哈！小球1.fla是上节课我们学习过的动作补间动画，小球2.fla是一种特殊的动作补间动画——引导层动画，即是按照设定的轨迹运动的动画. 继续提问： (2) 引导层功能是什么？如何绘制引导线？ （3）如何制作按轨迹运动的动画？ 提出任务：这节课我们主要的任务就是来学习如何绘制这个沿轨迹运动引导层动画。 学生行为：认真观看，并思考问题。 【设计意图】通过两个动画效果的比较和提出的几个问题，引发学生思考，激发学生的们学习兴趣及学生们的求知欲。 二、小组协作，探究学习（17分钟） 教师行为：
说明要求：以共同体为单位，参照老师制作的导学专区里的帮助文件。回答老师提出的三个问题，填在老师发的问题回答表中，协作学习，探究引导层动画的制作。 学生行为： 听清楚要求后，进入紧张的探究讨论活动中。学生通过自主探究学习，已经建成了小球从第一帧到三十帧的动作补间动画。 教师行为： 在学生探究的过程中，走到学生中间去倾听学生的讨论，收集学生填好的问题回答表，注意大部分同学的易出错点和不规范的地方。并对学生做得不规范的地方，通过提出问题，来引导学生改正。 学生行为：学生通过观看老师制作的小球2.fla和老师制作的帮助文件，自行绘制引导线，但大部分出现不了想要的效果。 教师行为：演示给同学们引导层的添加和后续工作的制作。 （1）在图层1 上单击右键，“添加引导层”，或者点击图层面板中的“添加引导层”。按钮。,在引导层中用“铅笔工具”绘制圆滑曲线。 （2）在引导层第三十帧处，单击鼠标右键，“插入帧” （3）在图层1第一帧处，将小球的中心点置于直线上，单击“紧贴至对象”，在第三十帧处，将小球拖至引导线的末尾，将小球中心点置于直线上，再次单击“贴紧至对象”。 学生行为： 认真观看，并思考教师的操作，小组自行制作。 教师行为： 绘制完成后，老师测试影片，提问“大家发现什么问题没有？” 学生行为： “老师绘制的引导线哪里去了？“ 学生疑惑，“对啊！“ 教师行为：再打开几个已经做好的引导层动画的源文件，测试影片。 学生行为： 学生恍然大悟，自主总结：引导线是不会出现在动画中的。
《动漫策划》课程整体设计方案课程名称动漫策划 课程代码 040813 所属学院（部）：艺术设计与传媒 适用专业艺术设计 总学分 4 总学时72 编制人胡拥军 审批人 2011—2012学年第一学期
《动漫策划》 一、课程性质 本课程是关于动漫策划、前期创意与设计的专业核心实训课程，是艺术设计（影视动画方向）与动漫设计与制作等专业和方向的专业核心课程之一。本课程适合所有艺术设计与动漫画设计与制作专业的学生和从业人员学习。学生可以通过本课程的理论知识的学习与实操技能的实训，能对动漫策划师与其相关的制作过程、方法和技能，有全面的了解和掌握。课程学习的主要内容有如何提高故事创作、选题、改编的专业水准，如何适应不同风格，如何获取灵感；在实践操作指南和互动练习的帮助下，学习如何开题、创作故事梗概、将故事概述改写成文字脚本，然后完成概念主体设计草图，再制作成分镜头脚本；能够创建专属自己的工作空间，找到进入专业动漫策划与设计师领域的途径，为今后从事动漫策划与设计职业奠定必要的专业理论知识与操作技能。 二、课程设计 （1）课程目标设计 使学生通过该课程学习和实训，能够把握动漫策划与前期创作艺术的审美特征，掌握一些动漫画作品的前期创作规和特殊性律以及绘制风格技巧，并完成毕业设计之前的开题与前期创作，而且争取使部分学生作品能够参加本学期内国内举办的“第六届全国动漫大赛”和“第四届金龙奖”的比赛。通过动漫策划与前期设计基础理论的讲授，让学生对视听语言原理与前期策划与创意有一个比较基础的了解，配合观摩具有代表性的经典动画影片以及漫画、商业插画作品，并针对知识点进行练习，让学生能够进行自己前期剧本创作以及角色设计、道具设计、场景设计以及分镜头的绘制，让学生对动画短片的前期策划创作有一个比较清晰的概念；了解动漫策划在影视动画创作中的地位和作用，运用不同的工具与材料、艺术语言、创作构思进行形象体现和实际操作，实施职业人员必备的思想、艺术修养和基本功训练；并模拟动漫企业运作的基本模式、工作流程以及基本岗位职责和分工，掌握在公司中的相关岗位工作所需的专业素质、职业素养、团队意识。 （2）课程内容设计 第1单元动漫策划概讲 一、策划职业和其重要性。 1、策划的重要性 2、策划职业 二、动漫品牌策划。 第2单元动画策划与监制过程 一、制作前的工作 1.“制前作业”前面的第一步——企划 2.交涉成功或企划通过后——找到投资者 3.如何计算制作经费 二、前期制作阶段（前期创作的工作） 1.故事版本写作 2.文字脚本
中英文资料对照外文翻译 １引言 在现代教学中，传统的教学已经不能满足现代教学的要求，这对教学方式和教师等都提出了更高的要求，所以对于Flash制作动画课件的研制有着极为重要的意义。Flash不仅能使学习者加深对所学知识的理解，提高学生的学习兴趣和教师的教学效率，同时也能为课件增加生动的艺术效果，有助于学科知识的表达和传播。为了为学生提供直观的实验过程，提高学生的学习效率，Flash动画在教学中的应用十分必要。本论文以制作蛋白质透析动画为例，阐述了利用拥有强大能力和独特的交互性的Flash8.0制作实验动画的整个过程和有关事宜。 2 什么是Flash
Flash 是一种创作工具，设计人员和开发人员可使用它来创建演示文稿、应用程序和其它允许用户交互的内容。Flash 可以包含简单的动画、视频内容、复杂演示文稿和应用程序以及介于它们之间的任何内容。通常，使用 Flash 创作的各个内容单元称为应用程序，即使它们可能只是很简单的动画。您可以通过添加图片、声音、视频和特殊效果，构建包含丰富媒体的 Flash 应用程序。 Flash 特别适用于创建通过 Internet 提供的内容，因为它的文件非常小。Flash 是通过广泛使用矢量图形做到这一点的。与位图图形相比，矢量图形需要的内存和存储空间小很多，因为它们是以数学公式而不是大型数据集来表示的。位图图形之所以更大，是因为图像中的每个像素都需要一组单独的数据来表示。 要在 Flash 中构建应用程序，可以使用 Flash 绘图工具创建图形，并将其它媒体元素导入 Flash 文档。接下来，定义如何以及何时使用各个元素来创建设想中的应用程序。 在Flash 中创作内容时，需要在 Flash 文档文件中工作。Flash 文档的文件扩展名为 .fla (FLA)。Flash 文档有四个主要部分： 舞台是在回放过程中显示图形、视频、按钮等内容的位置。 时间轴用来通知 Flash 显示图形和其它项目元素的时间，也可以使用时间轴指定舞台上各图形的分层顺序。位于较高图层中的图形显示在较低图层中的图形的上方。 库面板是 Flash 显示 Flash 文档中的媒体元素列表的位置。 ActionScript 代码可用来向文档中的媒体元素添加交互式内容。例如，可以添加代码以便用户在单击某按钮时显示一幅新图像，还可以使用ActionScript 向应用程序添加逻辑。逻辑使应用程序能够根据用户的操作和其它情况采取不同的工作方式。Flash 包括两个版本的 ActionScript，可满足创作者的不同具体需要。有关编写ActionScript 的详细信息，请参阅“帮助”面板中的“学习 Flash 中的 ActionScript 2.0”。 Flash 包含了许多种功能，如预置的拖放用户界面组件，可以轻松地将ActionScript 添加到文档的内置行为，以及可以添加到媒体对象的特殊效果。这些功能使 Flash 不仅功能强大，而且易于使用。 完成 Flash 文档的创作后，可以使用“文件”“发布”命令发布它。这会创建文件的一个压缩版本，其扩展名为 .swf (SWF)。然后，就可以使用 Flash Player 在 Web 浏览器中播放 SWF 文件，或者将其作为独立的应用程序进行播放。 3 使用Flash可以做什么
教案 一动画角色设计基础理论 （一）动画角色 1、含义：动画中的角色相当于一部影片中的演员，是动 画中以生命形式进行表演的主体，在字义的解释为 Animation character或是Cartoon character。（图 1） 动画角色是能够传达感情和意义的假定形象，是现实生 活中不存在的由艺术家创造的形象。动画角色可以是写 实的人物，也可以是动物、植物，或是没有生命的物体 （如汽车、玩具等），甚至是源于神话的各种形体的排列 组合（如悟空、邪魔等异类角色）。（图2） 动画角色是设计师创造的虚拟的卡通形象，它们源于生 活又高于生活，反映了人们对生活的态度和对理想的追 求。图3 2、分类：动画角色有主次之分：主要角色（主角）的活 动与故事情节主线相连；次要角色（配角）在故事中或 多或少有所涉及，并配合主要角色演绎故事。主角与配 角在动画中均不可缺少。图4 3、动画角色的视觉形象构成：动画角色的视觉形象由静、 动两方面组成：静，以角色造型为主；动，以角色动作 为主。图5
动画角色的造型，除了需要设计角色外部形象外，还要 使其性格特征在外形中显现，通过动作进一步表现角色 的个性。所以完整的动画角色的造型设计是需要动、静 结合，缺一不可的。（这个会在后面的课程详细讲解） 图6 4、制作动画片所需的基本元素：需要故事（剧本）、角 色、场景这三个基本元素。故事是动画片的精髓，故事 乏味的动画片很难引起人们的兴趣与关注；剧本是动画 片的基础，动画片制作的所有环节均围绕剧本展开（图 7）；场景是角色生存和活动的空间和场所，是界定故事 发生的位置和状况的空间，是帮助观众理解故事的重要 元素，也是动画片渲染气氛的重要手段。（图8）（二）动画角色设计 1、概念：动画角色设计是众多艺术造型方式中的一种，是指 综合运用变形、夸、拟人等艺术手法将故事剧本中的动画角色 设计为可视化形象，其目的是要对每一个动画角色赋予感染力 与生命力。（图9） 动画角色的创造需要设计者具有很强的想象力和幽默感，动画 角色夸、随意的表现手法和戏剧性的表演形式是一般的艺术作 品难以企及的。 2、动画角色设计的创意、构思步骤： A：研读剧本，提炼出角色信息：
外文原文 Development of the New Chinese Ink Animation Type Abstract: This paper compared several three-dimensional perspective of the characteristics of ink animation and its existence value. Keywords three-dimensional ink animation style of the artistic effect of traditional ink animation 1. Introduction Ink animation has a special artistic expression with its international glory in a while, this unique native of China has also made numerous animation impressive honor. But since China embarked on the commercialization of creative animation of the road, while the traditional ink animation production process because of its complicated and takes a lot of manpower and resources from the commercial art market, the near-extinct traditional ink animation in recent years, China started to enter the low ink animation. Of the twentieth century art digital technology had a huge impact, some artists began to explore the operating platform for seeking to create a new form of ink animation, to develop the local animation industry, both to save costs, eliminating the need for photography and repeatedly drawn down the middle of work, but also with animation technology, can be said ink animation in the new situation of a new development trend. Although the three-dimensional computer animation ink ink from the traditional way of creating animation, but it is the purpose of writing or on the form and follow the characteristics of traditional Chinese ink painting. First, using 3d technology to simulate the effect of Chinese paintings, screen painting, ink pen with emphasis, performance of the thick screen ink water, light, dry, wet, coke properties, with significant effects of ink smudges; Secondly, pay attention to the beauty of artistic conception. Abstract elements to convey a mood, to convey images of the actual situation and artistically; again in the narrative content, often combined with traditional Chinese ink painting animation culture, into the unique culture of China, the unique art of Chinese classical and elegant, deep temperament on its head. 2.the three-dimensional animation and traditional ink ink compared Three-dimensional computer animation in the succession of traditional Chinese ink painting ink is weaker on the more expressive, it and its various creators and creative practices related to ink three-dimensional animation is more to understand the operation of computer software producers, and the relative lack of traditional ink painting understanding of painting techniques and style, and the completion of the animation work is also out of the traditional approaches. The traditional ink animation it is based on the artist's painting style creation, such as "Little Tadpole Looking for Mom" with the Qi of the Painting, "reed pipe" to
动画制作 第一节“动画基础知识”（第1课时）共2课时 一、学习目标 知识与技能： 1、了解动画制作的原理及动画技术的发展历程与现状。 2、学会从网上获取计算机动画的常用方法 3、了解常用的动画制作软件，学会用Ulead GIF Animator制作简单的GIF 动画。 过程与方法： 借助Ulead GIF Animator软件将一组相关图片合成动画，理解动画的原理，感受计算机动画技术的优越性，同时获得动画制作中的相关知识，为进一步学习打下基础。 情感态度价值观： 通过了解动画的原理和发展历程，体会中国传统动画的艺术精髓，产生强烈的民族自豪感；通过下载动画素材，增强获取信息的能力，提高欣赏动画的素养；通过了解动画制作软件并尝试制作动画，培养学习动画制作的兴趣。 行为与创新： 用Ulead GIF Animator制作简单GIF动画 二、学习重点难点
重点：动画制作原理 难点：用Ulead GIF Animator制作简单GIF动画 三、学习方法 观看演示、完成任务、自主探究、互帮互助 四、学习过程 1、引入 同学们喜欢看动画吗？你知道动画有那些分类吗？ 老师下面给大家播放三个动画，这三个动画分别对应着动画的两个分类，观看过程中请思考它是哪两个分类。 （播放“跳动的豹子.gif 、“喜羊羊与灰太狼8”、奇妙仙子） 看书第二页第一段落，教师总结： 在制作技术与手段上：传统动画与计算机动画 计算机动画：平面动画与三维动画 动画是如何制作成的呢？ 2、活动 活动1： 教师给出8张豹子图，使用软件Ulead GIF Animator将其拼命在一起，让学生观察效果。
总结动画原理：利用人眼具有“视觉暂留”的特性，让一系列渐变的图像在前一幅图像还没有消失前显示出下一幅图像，形成了动态的影像。 得出结论：动画是将一张张静态的图片通过软件连续地播放，产生影像的动态效果。 活动2：看看可以提供动画素材的网站。 看书并上网实践 活动3：下载GIF动画，并观察动画 下载flash动画 3活动4：阅读动画历史的材料，了解动画发展历史 中国动画发展历程（补充学习） 20世纪中国的动漫产业先驱万氏兄弟（万籁鸣、万古蟾、万超尘、万涤寰）就开始研究动画制作,第一部中国自制的人画合演出的《大闹天宫》就是他们制作的,1936年,中国第一部有声动画《骆驼献舞》问世。1941年，受到美国动画的影响，制作了中国第一部大型动画《铁扇公主》，在世界电影史上，它是名列美国《白雪公主》、《小人国》和《木偶奇遇记》之后的第四部动画艺术片，标志着中国当时的动画水平接近世界的领先水平。 1947年，我国制作了第一部木偶动画《皇帝梦》 1958年，拍摄了第一部剪纸动画《猪八戒吃西瓜》 1960年，完成了第一部水墨动画《小蝌蚪找妈妈》
文献出处：Amidi, Amid. Cartoon modern: style and design in fifties animation. Chronicle Books, (2006):292-296. 原文 Cartoon Modern: Style and Design in Fifties Animation During the 1970s,when I was a graduate student in film studies, UPA had a presence in the academy and among cinephiles that it has since lost. With 16mmdistribution thriving and the films only around twenty years old, one could still see Rooty Toot Toot or The Unicorn in the Garden occasionally. In the decades since, UPA and the modern style it was so central in fostering during the 1950s have receded from sight. Of the studio's own films, only Gerald McBoing Boing and its three sequels have a DVD to themselves, and fans must search out sources for old VHScopies of others. Most modernist-influenced films made by the less prominent studios of the era are completely unavailable. UPA remains, however, part of the standard story of film history. Following two decades of rule by the realist-oriented Walt Disney product, the small studio boldly introduced a more abstract, stylized look borrowed from modernism in the fine arts. Other smaller studios followed its lead. John Hubley, sometimes in partnership with his wife Faith, became a canonical name in animation studies. But the trend largely ended after the 1950s. Now its importance is taken for granted. David Bordwell and I