The critical equation of state of three-dimensional XY systems

混合工质临界性质的推算研究张楠; 陈龙祥; 胡芃【期刊名称】《《化工学报》》【年(卷),期】2019(070)0z2【总页数】7页(P1-7)【关键词】临界性质; 二元混合物; 状态方程; 神经网络; 热力学性质【作者】张楠; 陈龙祥; 胡芃【作者单位】中国科学技术大学热科学和能源工程系安徽合肥230027; 中国科学院海西研究院泉州装备制造研究所福建晋江362200【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TK 123引言临界性质是工质的基础热力学性质，在理论模型的建立和超临界技术的研究与应用等方面都有着非常重要的作用。

混合工质通过不同的组分和配比可以克服诸如可燃性、高全球变暖潜能（GWP）值以及低COP 值等不足，得到热力学性能优异的环保工质。

因此，寻找能够精确计算混合物临界性质的方法，在理论研究和工程应用方面都有着非常重要的意义。

目前，广泛使用的临界性质计算方法是状态方程结合Heidemann 等[1-2]提出的临界点判据，这一方法的主要优点在于优秀的稳定性和易于推广到多组分混合物的适用性。

但Heidemann 等提出的判据和计算方法，计算过程比较复杂，耗费时间较长，因此许多学者提出了模型更为简单的经验计算方法。

其中包括，Li 等[3]提出的没有二元相互作用系数的方法，Chueh 等[4-5]、Grieves 等[6]提出的含有二元相互作用系数的方法，Redlich 等[7]提出的含有额外特性项的方法。

此外，人工神经网络，由于其使用简单、计算准确等优点，已经被广泛运用于计算黏度、密度、蒸气压等热力学性质参数[8-13]。

本文选取了Heidemann 等提出的临界点判据结合PR 方程[14]和SRK 方程[15]，Chueh 等、Redlich 等提出的经验算法以及径向基函数神经网络五种不同的方法，计算了四种不同的二元混合物的临界温度和临界压力。

1 临界点判据与状态方程1.1 临界点的热力学判据在1977 年，Peng 等[16]首次提出了基于Gibbs 自由能的严格的热力学判据。

流体力学专业英语词汇表流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒 conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒 conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线 path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量 flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street 卡门涡街 Karman vortex street 马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation 偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow均匀流 uniform flow非均匀流 nonuniform flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角 angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波 detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数 critical Reynolds number前缘涡 leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex气动中心 aerodynamic center气动力 aerodynamic force气动噪声 aerodynamic noise气动加热 aerodynamic heating离解 dissociation地面效应 ground effect气体动力学 gas dynamics稀疏波 rarefaction wave热状态方程 thermal equation of state喷管 Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流 Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体 compressible fluid绝热流 adiabatic flow非绝热流 diabatic flow未扰动流 undisturbed flow等熵流 isentropic flow匀熵流 homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition状态方程 equation of state量热状态方程 caloric equation of state完全气体 perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle马赫角 Mach angle马赫锥 Mach cone马赫线 Mach line马赫数 Mach number马赫波 Mach wave当地马赫数 local Mach number 冲击波 shock wave激波 shock wave正激波 normal shock wave斜激波 oblique shock wave头波 bow wave附体激波 attached shock wave 激波阵面 shock front激波层 shock layer压缩波 compression wave反射 reflection折射 refraction 散射 scattering衍射 diffraction绕射 diffraction出口压力 exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压 back pressure爆炸 explosion爆轰 detonation缓燃 deflagration水动力学 hydrodynamics液体动力学 hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave斯托克斯波 Stokes wave瑞利数 Rayleigh number自由面 free surface波速 wave speed, wave velocity 波高 wave height波列 wave train波群 wave group波能 wave energy表面波 surface wave表面张力波 capillary wave规则波 regular wave不规则波 irregular wave浅水波 shallow water wave深水波 deep water wave重力波 gravity wave椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave潮波 tidal wave涌波 surge wave破碎波 breaking wave船波 ship wave非线性波 nonlinear wave孤立子 soliton水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise 水击 water hammer空化 cavitation 空化数 cavitation number空蚀 cavitation damage超空化流 supercavitating flow水翼 hydrofoil水力学 hydraulics洪水波 flood wave涟漪 ripple消能 energy dissipation海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式 Chezy formula欧拉数 Euler number弗劳德数 Froude number水力半径 hydraulic radius水力坡度 hvdraulic slope高度水头 elevating head水头损失 head loss水位 water level水跃 hydraulic jump含水层 aquifer排水 drainage排放量 discharge壅水曲线 back water curve压[强水]头 pressure head过水断面 flow cross-section明槽流 open channel flow孔流 orifice flow无压流 free surface flow有压流 pressure flow缓流 subcritical flow急流 supercritical flow渐变流 gradually varied flow急变流 rapidly varied flow临界流 critical flow异重流 density current, gravity flow堰流 weir flow掺气流 aerated flow含沙流 sediment-laden stream降水曲线 dropdown curve沉积物 sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition沉降速度 settling velocity流动稳定性 flow stability不稳定性 instability奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程 vorticity equation泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow奥辛流 Oseen flow剪切流 shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流 laminar flow分离流 separated flow二次流 secondary flow近场流 near field flow远场流 far field flow滞止流 stagnation flow尾流 wake [flow]回流 back flow反流 reverse flow射流 jet自由射流 free jet管流 pipe flow, tube flow内流 internal flow拟序结构 coherent structure 猝发过程 bursting process表观粘度 apparent viscosity 运动粘性 kinematic viscosity 动力粘性 dynamic viscosity 泊 poise厘泊 centipoise厘沱 centistoke剪切层 shear layer次层 sublayer流动分离 flow separation层流分离 laminar separation湍流分离 turbulent separation分离点 separation point附着点 attachment point再附 reattachment再层流化 relaminarization起动涡 starting vortex驻涡 standing vortex涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown涡旋脱落 vortex shedding压[力]降 pressure drop压差阻力 pressure drag压力能 pressure energy型阻 profile drag滑移速度 slip velocity无滑移条件 non-slip condition壁剪应力 skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度 friction velocity磨擦损失 friction loss磨擦因子 friction factor耗散 dissipation滞后 lag相似性解 similar solution局域相似 local similarity气体润滑 gas lubrication液体动力润滑 hydrodynamic lubrication浆体 slurry泰勒数 Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid边界层理论 boundary later theory边界层方程 boundary layer equation边界层 boundary layer附面层 boundary layer层流边界层 laminar boundary layer湍流边界层 turbulent boundary layer温度边界层 thermal boundary layer边界层转捩 boundary layer transition边界层分离 boundary layer separation边界层厚度 boundary layer thickness位移厚度 displacement thickness动量厚度 momentum thickness能量厚度 energy thickness焓厚度 enthalpy thickness注入 injection吸出 suction泰勒涡 Taylor vortex速度亏损律 velocity defect law形状因子 shape factor测速法 anemometry粘度测定法 visco[si] metry流动显示 flow visualization油烟显示 oil smoke visualization孔板流量计 orifice meter频率响应 frequency response油膜显示 oil film visualization阴影法 shadow method纹影法 schlieren method烟丝法 smoke wire method丝线法 tuft method氢泡法 nydrogen bubble method相似理论 similarity theory相似律 similarity law部分相似 partial similarity定理 pi theorem, Buckingham theorem静[态]校准 static calibration动态校准 dynamic calibration风洞 wind tunnel激波管 shock tube激波管风洞 shock tube wind tunnel水洞 water tunnel拖曳水池 towing tank旋臂水池 rotating arm basin扩散段 diffuser测压孔 pressure tap皮托管 pitot tube普雷斯顿管 preston tube斯坦顿管 Stanton tube文丘里管 Venturi tubeU形管 U-tube压强计 manometer微压计 micromanometer多管压强计 multiple manometer静压管 static [pressure]tube流速计 anemometer风速管 Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计 laser Doppler anemometer,laser Doppler velocimeter热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计 hot- film anemometer 流量计 flow meter粘度计 visco[si] meter涡量计 vorticity meter传感器 transducer, sensor压强传感器 pressure transducer 热敏电阻 thermistor示踪物 tracer时间线 time line脉线 streak line尺度效应 scale effect壁效应 wall effect堵塞 blockage堵寒效应 blockage effect动态响应 dynamic response响应频率 response frequency底压 base pressure菲克定律 Fick law巴塞特力 Basset force埃克特数 Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number努塞特数 Nusselt number普朗特数 prandtl number雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy施密特数 schmidt number斯坦顿数 Stanton number对流 convection自由对流 natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流 forced convection热对流 heat convection质量传递 mass transfer传质系数 mass transfer coefficient热量传递 heat transfer传热系数 heat transfer coefficient对流传热 convective heat transfer辐射传热 radiative heat transfer动量交换 momentum transfer能量传递 energy transfer传导 conduction热传导 conductive heat transfer热交换 heat exchange临界热通量 critical heat flux浓度 concentration扩散 diffusion扩散性 diffusivity扩散率 diffusivity扩散速度 diffusion velocity分子扩散 molecular diffusion沸腾 boiling蒸发 evaporation气化 gasification凝结 condensation成核 nucleation计算流体力学 computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题 multiple scale problem伯格斯方程 Burgers equation对流扩散方程 convection diffusion equationKDU方程 KDV equation修正微分方程 modifieddifferential equation拉克斯等价定理 Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟 numerical simulation大涡模拟 large eddy simulation数值粘性 numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性 nonlinearinstability希尔特稳定性分析 Hirt stability analysis相容条件 consistency conditionCFL条件 Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition狄里克雷边界条件 Dirichlet boundarycondition熵条件 entropy condition远场边界条件 far field boundary condition流入边界条件 inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件 numerical boundary condition流出边界条件 outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件 von Neumann condition近似因子分解法 approximate factorization method人工压缩 artificial compression人工粘性 artificial viscosity边界元法 boundary element method配置方法 collocation method能量法 energy method有限体积法 finite volume method流体网格法 fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法 flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法 flux vectorsplitting method伽辽金法 Galerkin method积分方法 integral method标记网格法 marker and cell method, MAC method特征线法 method of characteristics直线法 method of lines矩量法 moment method多重网格法 multi- grid method板块法 panel method质点网格法 particle in cell method, PIC method质点法 particle method预估校正法 predictor-corrector method投影法 projection method准谱法 pseudo-spectral method随机选取法 random choice method激波捕捉法 shock-capturing method激波拟合法 shock-fitting method谱方法 spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法 split coefficient matrix method不定常法 time-dependent method时间分步法 time splitting method变分法 variational method涡方法 vortex method隐格式 implicit scheme显格式 explicit scheme交替方向隐格式 alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme反扩散差分格式 anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式 compact difference scheme守恒差分格式 conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式 exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式 Godunov scheme高分辨率格式 high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式 Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式 leap-frog scheme单调差分格式 monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式 monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme穆曼-科尔格式 Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式 semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式 skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式 total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式 upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域 computational domain物理区域 physical domain影响域 domain of influence依赖域 domain of dependence区域分解 domain decomposition维数分解 dimensional split物理解 physical solution弱解 weak solution黎曼解算子 Riemann solver守恒型 conservation form弱守恒型 weak conservation form强守恒型 strong conservation form散度型 divergence form贴体曲线坐标 body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates[自]适应网格 [self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成 adaptive grid generation自动网格生成 automatic grid generation数值网格生成 numerical grid generation交错网格 staggered mesh网格雷诺数 cell Reynolds number数植扩散 numerical diffusion数值耗散 numerical dissipation数值色散 numerical dispersion数值通量 numerical flux放大因子 amplification factor放大矩阵 amplification matrix阻尼误差 damping error离散涡 discrete vortex熵通量 entropy flux熵函数 entropy function分步法 fractional step method。

流体力学英语词汇翻译(1)流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件 Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒 conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒 conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线 path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量 flow rate, flow discharge涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street卡门涡街 Karman vortex street马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow均匀流 uniform flow非均匀流 nonuniform flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass 收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角 angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波 detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数 critical Reynolds number前缘涡 leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex气动中心 aerodynamic center气动力 aerodynamic force气动噪声 aerodynamic noise气动加热 aerodynamic heating离解 dissociation地面效应 ground effect气体动力学 gas dynamics稀疏波 rarefaction wave热状态方程 thermal equation of state 喷管 Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流 Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体 compressible fluid绝热流 adiabatic flow非绝热流 diabatic flow未扰动流 undisturbed flow等熵流 isentropic flow匀熵流 homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件 Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程 equation of state量热状态方程 caloric equation of state完全气体 perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle马赫角 Mach angle马赫锥 Mach cone马赫线 Mach line马赫数 Mach number马赫波 Mach wave当地马赫数 local Mach number冲击波 shock wave激波 shock wave正激波 normal shock wave斜激波 oblique shock wave头波 bow wave附体激波 attached shock wave激波阵面 shock front激波层 shock layer压缩波 compression wave反射 reflection折射 refraction散射 scattering衍射 diffraction绕射 diffraction出口压力 exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压 back pressure爆炸 explosion爆轰 detonation缓燃 deflagration水动力学 hydrodynamics液体动力学 hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave斯托克斯波 Stokes wave瑞利数 Rayleigh number自由面 free surface波速 wave speed, wave velocity波高 wave height波列 wave train波群 wave group波能 wave energy表面波 surface wave表面张力波 capillary wave规则波 regular wave不规则波 irregular wave浅水波 shallow water wave深水波 deep water wave重力波 gravity wave椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave潮波 tidal wave涌波 surge wave破碎波 breaking wave船波 ship wave非线性波 nonlinear wave孤立子 soliton水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise 水击 water hammer空化 cavitation空化数 cavitation number空蚀 cavitation damage超空化流 supercavitating flow水翼 hydrofoil水力学 hydraulics洪水波 flood wave涟漪 ripple消能 energy dissipation海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式 Chezy formula欧拉数 Euler number弗劳德数 Froude number水力半径 hydraulic radius水力坡度 hvdraulic slope高度水头 elevating head水头损失 head loss水位 water level水跃 hydraulic jump含水层 aquifer排水 drainage排放量 discharge壅水曲线 back water curve压[强水]头 pressure head过水断面 flow cross-section明槽流 open channel flow孔流 orifice flow无压流 free surface flow有压流 pressure flow缓流 subcritical flow急流 supercritical flow渐变流 gradually varied flow急变流 rapidly varied flow临界流 critical flow异重流 density current, gravity flow堰流 weir flow掺气流 aerated flow含沙流 sediment-laden stream降水曲线 dropdown curve沉积物 sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition沉降速度 settling velocity流动稳定性 flow stability不稳定性 instability奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程 vorticity equation泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow奥辛流 Oseen flow剪切流 shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流 laminar flow分离流 separated flow二次流 secondary flow近场流 near field flow远场流 far field flow滞止流 stagnation flow尾流 wake [flow]回流 back flow反流 reverse flow射流 jet自由射流 free jet管流 pipe flow, tube flow内流 internal flow拟序结构 coherent structure猝发过程 bursting process表观粘度 apparent viscosity运动粘性 kinematic viscosity动力粘性 dynamic viscosity泊 poise厘泊 centipoise厘沱 centistoke剪切层 shear layer次层 sublayer流动分离 flow separation层流分离 laminar separation湍流分离 turbulent separation分离点 separation point附着点 attachment point再附 reattachment再层流化 relaminarization起动涡 starting vortex驻涡 standing vortex涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown涡旋脱落 vortex shedding压[力]降 pressure drop压差阻力 pressure drag压力能 pressure energy型阻 profile drag滑移速度 slip velocity无滑移条件 non-slip condition壁剪应力 skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度 friction velocity磨擦损失 friction loss磨擦因子 friction factor耗散 dissipation滞后 lag相似性解 similar solution局域相似 local similarity气体润滑 gas lubrication液体动力润滑 hydrodynamic lubrication浆体 slurry泰勒数 Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid边界层理论 boundary later theory边界层方程 boundary layer equation边界层 boundary layer附面层 boundary layer层流边界层 laminar boundary layer湍流边界层 turbulent boundary layer温度边界层 thermal boundary layer边界层转捩 boundary layer transition边界层分离 boundary layer separation边界层厚度 boundary layer thickness位移厚度 displacement thickness流体力学英语词汇翻译(2)动量厚度 momentum thickness能量厚度 energy thickness焓厚度 enthalpy thickness注入 injection吸出 suction泰勒涡 Taylor vortex速度亏损律 velocity defect law形状因子 shape factor测速法 anemometry粘度测定法 visco[si] metry流动显示 flow visualization油烟显示 oil smoke visualization孔板流量计 orifice meter频率响应 frequency response油膜显示 oil film visualization阴影法 shadow method纹影法 schlieren method烟丝法 smoke wire method丝线法 tuft method氢泡法 nydrogen bubble method相似理论 similarity theory相似律 similarity law部分相似 partial similarity定理 pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准 static calibration动态校准 dynamic calibration风洞 wind tunnel激波管 shock tube激波管风洞 shock tube wind tunnel 水洞 water tunnel拖曳水池 towing tank旋臂水池 rotating arm basin扩散段 diffuser测压孔 pressure tap皮托管 pitot tube普雷斯顿管 preston tube斯坦顿管 Stanton tube文丘里管 Venturi tubeU形管 U-tube压强计 manometer微压计 micromanometer多管压强计 multiple manometer静压管 static [pressure]tube流速计 anemometer风速管 Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计 laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计 hot- film anemometer流量计 flow meter粘度计 visco[si] meter涡量计 vorticity meter传感器 transducer, sensor压强传感器 pressure transducer热敏电阻 thermistor示踪物 tracer时间线 time line脉线 streak line尺度效应 scale effect壁效应 wall effect堵塞 blockage堵寒效应 blockage effect动态响应 dynamic response响应频率 response frequency底压 base pressure菲克定律 Fick law巴塞特力 Basset force埃克特数 Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number努塞特数 Nusselt number普朗特数 prandtl number雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy施密特数 schmidt number斯坦顿数 Stanton number对流 convection自由对流 natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流 forced convection热对流 heat convection质量传递 mass transfer传质系数 mass transfer coefficient热量传递 heat transfer传热系数 heat transfer coefficient对流传热 convective heat transfer辐射传热 radiative heat transfer动量交换 momentum transfer能量传递 energy transfer传导 conduction热传导 conductive heat transfer热交换 heat exchange临界热通量 critical heat flux浓度 concentration扩散 diffusion扩散性 diffusivity扩散率 diffusivity扩散速度 diffusion velocity分子扩散 molecular diffusion沸腾 boiling蒸发 evaporation气化 gasification凝结 condensation成核 nucleation计算流体力学 computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题 multiple scale problem伯格斯方程 Burgers equation对流扩散方程 convection diffusion equationKDU方程 KDV equation修正微分方程 modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理 Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟 numerical simulation大涡模拟 large eddy simulation数值粘性 numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性 nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析 Hirt stability analysis相容条件 consistency conditionCFL条件 Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition 狄里克雷边界条件 Dirichlet boundary condition熵条件 entropy condition远场边界条件 far field boundary condition流入边界条件 inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件 numerical boundary condition流出边界条件 outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件 von Neumann condition近似因子分解法 approximate factorization method人工压缩 artificial compression人工粘性 artificial viscosity边界元法 boundary element method配置方法 collocation method能量法 energy method有限体积法 finite volume method流体网格法 fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法 flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法 flux vector splitting method伽辽金法 Galerkin method积分方法 integral method标记网格法 marker and cell method, MAC method特征线法 method of characteristics直线法 method of lines矩量法 moment method多重网格法 multi- grid method板块法 panel method质点网格法 particle in cell method, PIC method质点法 particle method预估校正法 predictor-corrector method投影法 projection method准谱法 pseudo-spectral method随机选取法 random choice method激波捕捉法 shock-capturing method激波拟合法 shock-fitting method谱方法 spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法 split coefficient matrix method不定常法 time-dependent method时间分步法 time splitting method变分法 variational method涡方法 vortex method隐格式 implicit scheme显格式 explicit scheme交替方向隐格式 alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式 anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式 compact difference scheme守恒差分格式 conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式 Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式 Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式 exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式 Godunov scheme高分辨率格式 high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式 Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式 leap-frog scheme单调差分格式 monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式 monotonicity preserving difference scheme穆曼-科尔格式 Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式 semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式 skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式 total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme 迎风格式 upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域 computational domain物理区域 physical domain影响域 domain of influence依赖域 domain of dependence区域分解 domain decomposition维数分解 dimensional split物理解 physical solution弱解 weak solution黎曼解算子 Riemann solver守恒型 conservation form弱守恒型 weak conservation form强守恒型 strong conservation form散度型 divergence form贴体曲线坐标 body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates[自]适应网格 [self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成 adaptive grid generation自动网格生成 automatic grid generation数值网格生成 numerical grid generation交错网格 staggered mesh网格雷诺数 cell Reynolds number数植扩散 numerical diffusion数值耗散 numerical dissipation数值色散 numerical dispersion数值通量 numerical flux放大因子 amplification factor放大矩阵 amplification matrix阻尼误差 damping error离散涡 discrete vortex熵通量 entropy flux熵函数 entropy function分步法 fractional step method广义连续统力学 generalized continuum mechanics简单物质 simple material纯力学物质 purely mechanical material微分型物质 material of differential type积分型物质 material of integral type混合物组份 constituents of a mixture非协调理论 incompatibility theory微极理论 micropolar theory决定性原理 principle of determinism等存在原理 principle of equipresence局部作用原理 principle of objectivity客观性原理 principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论 theory of electromagnetic continuum内时理论 endochronic theory非局部理论 nonlocal theory混合物理论 theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量 Rivlin-Ericksen tensor声张量 acoustic tensor半向同性张量 hemitropic tensor各向同性张量 isotropic tensor应变张量 strain tensor伸缩张量 stretch tensor连续旋错 continuous dislination连续位错 continuous dislocation动量矩平衡 angular momentum balance余本构关系 complementary constitutive relations共旋导数 co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative 非完整分量 anholonomic component爬升效应 climbing effect协调条件 compatibility condition错综度 complexity当时构形 current configuration能量平衡 energy balance变形梯度 deformation gradient有限弹性 finite elasticity熵增 entropy production标架无差异性 frame indifference弹性势 elastic potential熵不等式 entropy inequality极分解 polar decomposition低弹性 hypoelasticity参考构形 reference configuration响应泛函 response functional动量平衡 momentum balance奇异面 singular surface贮能函数 stored-energy function内部约束 internal constraint物理分量 physical components本原元 primitive element普适变形 universal deformation速度梯度 velocity gradient测粘流动 viscometric flow当地导数 local derivative岩石力学 rock mechanics原始岩体应力 virgin rock stress构造应力 tectonic stress三轴压缩试验 three-axial compression test 三轴拉伸试验 three-axial tensile test三轴试验 triaxial test岩层静态应力 lithostatic stress吕荣 lugeon地压强 geostatic pressure水力劈裂 hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度 intrinsic shear strength循环抗剪强度 cyclic shear strength残余抗剪强度 residual shear strength土力学 soil mechanics孔隙比 void ratio内磨擦角 angle of internal friction休止角 angle of repose孔隙率 porosity围压 ambient pressure渗透系数 coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角 angle of shear resistance渗流力 seepage force表观粘聚力 apparent cohesion粘聚力 cohesion稠度 consistency固结 consolidation主固结 primary consolidation次固结 secondary consolidation固结仪 consolidometer浮升力 uplift扩容 dilatancy有效应力 effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力 active earth pressure被动土压力 passive earth pressure土动力学 soil dynamics应力解除 stress relief次时间效应 secondary time effect贯入阻力 penetration resistance沙土液化 liquefaction of sand泥流 mud flow多相流 multiphase flow马格努斯效应 Magnus effect韦伯数 Weber number环状流 annular flow泡状流 bubble flow层状流 stratified flow平衡流 equilibrium flow二组份流 two-component flow冻结流 frozen flow均质流 homogeneous flow二相流 two-phase flow气-液流 gas-liquid flow气-固流 gas-solid flow液-气流 liquid-gas flow液-固流 liquid-solid flow液体-蒸气流 liquid-vapor flow浓相 dense phase稀相 dilute phase连续相 continuous phase离散相 dispersed phase悬浮 suspension气力输运 pneumatic transport气泡形成 bubble formation体密度 bulk density壅塞 choking微滴 droplet挟带 entrainment流型 flow pattern流[态]化 fluidization界面 interface跃动速度 saltation velocity非牛顿流体力学 non-Newtonian fluid mechanics 非牛顿流体 non-Newtonian fluid幂律流体 power law fluid拟塑性流体 pseudoplastic fluid触稠流体 rheopectic fluid触变流体 thixotropic fluid粘弹性流体 viscoelastic fluid流变测量学 rheometry震凝性 rheopexy体[积]粘性 bulk viscosity魏森贝格效应 Weissenberg effect流变仪 rheometer稀薄气体动力学 rarefied gas dynamics物理化学流体力学 physico-chemical hydrodynamics 空气热化学 aerothermochemistry绝对压强 absolute pressure绝对反应速率 absolute reaction rate绝对温度 absolute temperature吸收系数 absorption coefficient活化分子 activated molecule活化能 activation energy绝热压缩 adiabatic compression绝热膨胀 adiabatic expansion绝热火焰温度 adiabatic flame temperature电弧风洞 arc tunnel原子热 atomic heat雾化 atomization自燃 auto-ignition自动氧化 auto-oxidation可用能量 available energy缓冲作用 buffer action松密度 bulk density燃烧率 burning rate燃烧速度 burning velocity接触面 contact surface烧蚀 ablation。

科技英语写作中的典型错误例1改正后的句子This new method has the advantages of high efficiency and easy adjustment.例2改正后的句子This paper first discusses the features of this signal,and then describes its generation. 不过本句最好采用下列句型：This paper begins with the discussion on the features of this signal, followed by the description of its generation.例3改正后的句子The features of this device are easy operation and low price.不过比较好的一个句型是：This device is characterized by（its）easy operation and low price.例4改正后的句子Our method is different from those presented（或described）in the papers available（或published before）on（或discussing）the same problem.例5改正后的句子Only through the study of the performance of the system, can one（或we）understand（或appreciate）its advantages.例6改正后的句子This paper presents a CAD method for increasing the printing speed and improving the printing quality.例7改正后的句子 A detailed（或concrete）analysis of the ability of the component to carry loads is made.例8改正后的句子There are M polygons altogether, each of which has N vertexes. 虽然从语法角度来看，定语从句可以译成“the number of vertexes of each of which is N.” 但这种表示法不好，显得很繁琐。

工程热力学中英文对照词汇表整理：孙志坚AAbsolute entropy绝对熵Absolute pressure绝对压力Absolute temperature绝对温度Absolute zero of temperature绝对零度Adiabatic enthalpy drop绝热焓降Adiabatic exponent绝热指数Adiabatic flame temperature绝热燃烧温度Adiabatic process绝热过程Adiabatic system绝热系Anergy 火无，无用能Atmosphere大气Available energy有用能A vogadro’s hypothesis阿伏伽德罗假说BBinary vapour cycle两气循环B oltzman’s constant玻尔兹曼常数CCarnot cycle卡诺循环Carnot, N.L.S. 卡诺C arnot’s theorem卡诺定理Celsius temperature scale摄氏温标Characteristic function特性函数Chemical equilibrium化学平衡Chemical equilibrium constant化学平衡常数1Chemical potential化学势Chemical thermodynamics化学热力学Clapeyron equation克拉贝龙方程Classical thermodynamics经典热力学Clausius-Clapeyron equation克劳修斯-克拉贝龙方程Clausius, R. 克劳修斯Closed system闭口系Coefficient of performance of refrigerator制冷系数Coefficient of thermal expansion热膨胀系数Coefficient of utilization of thermal energy热能利用系数Combined cycle联合循环Compressibility factor压缩因子Compression ratio of cycle循环压缩比Compression work压缩功Condition of phase equilibrium相平衡条件Condition of stability稳定性条件Conservation of energy能量守恒Conservation of mass质量守恒Control mass控制质量Control surface控制面Control volume控制容积Continuty equation连续性方程Covergent-divergent nozzle缩放喷管Covergent nozzle渐缩喷管Criteria for equilibrium平衡判据Critical point临界点Critical state临界状态Critical flow临界流动Critical pressure ratio临界压力比Cycle循环DDegradation of energy能量贬值2Density密度Diesel cycle笛塞尔循环Divergent nozzle渐扩喷管Diffuser扩压管Dissipation of energy能量耗散D olton’s law of partial pressare道尔顿分压定律Dry saturated steam干饱和蒸汽Dual cycle混合加热循环EEffect of dissipation耗散效应Energy能量Engineering atmosphere工程大气压力Engineering thermodynamics工程热力学Enthalpy焓Enthalpy drop焓降Entropy熵Entropy balance equation熵方程Equation of energy for steady flow稳定流动能量方程Equation of state状态方程Equation of state in reduced form对比态方程Equilibrium平衡Equilibrium state平衡状态Ericsson cycle埃尔逊循环Exergy火用Expansion work膨胀功Extensive quantity尺度量FFahrenheit temperature scale华氏温标First law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律3Flow work流动功Flux of entropy熵流Free energy自由能Free enthalpy自由焓Free expansion自由膨胀Friction摩擦Force力GGas气体Gas constant气体常数Gauge pressure表压力Generalized compressibility chart通用压缩因子图Generalized work广义功Generation of entropy熵产G ibbs’ function吉布斯函数G ibbs’ J.W.吉布斯G ibbs’ phase rule吉布斯相律Gravitational potential重力位能HHeat热Heat of combustion燃烧热Heat (enthalpy) of formation生成热（生成焓）Heat of reaction反应热Heat pump热泵Heat source热源Helmhotz function亥姆霍兹函数H ess’ law赫斯定律Humidity湿度4IIdeal gas equation of state理想气体状态方程Inequality of Clausius克劳修斯不等式Intensive quantity强度量Internal combustion engine内燃机Internal energy热力学能（内能）Inversion curve转变曲线Inversion temperature转变温度Irreversible cycle不可逆循环Irreversible process不可逆过程Isentropic compressibility绝热压缩系数Isentropic process定熵过程Isobaric process定压过程Isolated system孤立系Isometric process定容过程Isothermal compressibility定温压缩系数Isothermal process定温过程JJoule, J.P. 焦耳Joule-Thomon effect焦—汤效应KKelvin, L. (Thomson, W.) 开尔文Kinetic energy动能K irchhoff’s law基尔霍夫定律5LLatent heat潜热Law of corresponding states对应态定律Law of partial volume分容积定律Le Cha telier’s principle吕—查德里原理Local velocity of sound当地声速Lost available energy有用能损失MMach number马赫数Mass flow rate质量流量Maximum work from chemical reaction反应最大功Maxwell, J.C. 麦克斯韦Maxwell relations麦克斯韦关系M ayer’s formula迈耶公式Mechanical equilibrium力学平衡Metastable equilibrium亚稳定平衡Mixture of gases混合气体Moist air湿空气Moisture content含湿量Molar specific heat摩尔比热NNernst heat theorem奈斯特热定理Nonequilibrium-thermodynamics非平衡热力学Nozzle喷管O6One dimensional flow一维流动Open system开口系Otto cycle奥托循环PParameter of state状态参数Perfect gas理想气体Perpetual motion engine永动机Perpetual motion engine of the second kind第二类永动机Phase相Polytropic process 多变过程Potential energy位能Power cycle动力循环Pressure压力Principle of increase of entropy熵增原理Process过程Psychrometer chart湿空气焓—湿图Push work推挤功Pure substance纯物质QQuantity of refrigeration制冷量Quality of vapor-liquid mixture, Dryness干度Quasi-equilibrium process准平衡过程Quasi-static process准静态过程RRankine cycle朗肯循环Ratio of pressure of cycle循环增压比Real gas实际气体7Reduced parameter对比参数Refrigerant制冷剂Refrigeration cycle制冷循环Refrigerator制冷机Regenerative cycle回热循环Reheated cycle再热循环Relative humidity相对湿度Revesed Carnot cycle逆卡诺循环Reversed cycle逆循环Reversible cycle可逆循环Reversible process可逆过程SSaturated air饱和空气Saturation pressure饱和压力Saturation state饱和状态Saturation tempperature饱和温度Saturated vapor饱和蒸汽Saturated water饱和水Second law of thermodynamics热力学第二定律Simple compressible system简单可压缩系Sink冷源Specific heat比热容Specific heat at constant pressure定压比热容Specific heat at constant volume定容比热容Specific humidity绝对湿度Specific volume比体积Stable equilibrium稳定平衡Stagnation enthalpy滞止焓Standard atmosphere标准大气压力Standard enthalpy of formation标准生成焓Standard state标准状况8State状态State postulate状态公理Statistical thermodynamics统计热力学Steady flow稳定流动Steam水蒸汽Subsonic亚声速Superheated steam过热蒸汽Supersonic超声速TTemperature温度Temperature of dew-point露点温度Temperature scale温度标尺Technical work技术功Theoretical flame temperature理论燃烧温度Thermal coefficient热系数Thermal efficiency热效率Thermal equilibrium热平衡Thermodynamic Probability热力学概率Thermodynamics热力学Thermodynamic system热力学系统Thermodynamic temperature scale热力学温标Third law of thermodynamics热力学第三定律Throttling节流Triple point 三相点UUnavailable energy无用能Universal gas constant通用气体常数9VVacuum真空度V an der Waals’ equation范德瓦尔斯方程Velocity of sound声速Virial equation of state维里状态方程WWet-Bulb temperature湿球温度Wet saturated steam湿饱和蒸汽Work功Working substance 工质ZZeroth law of thermodynamics热力学第零定律10。

中 英文专业名词对照一画一维流动一维流动 One-dimensional Flow One-dimensional Flow二画二维流动二维流动 Two-dimensional Flow Two-dimensional Flow三画大气压大气压 Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric Pressure定理定理 The TheTheorem 上临界流速上临界流速 Upper Critical Velocity Upper Critical Velocity下临界流速下临界流速 Lower Critical Velocity Lower Critical Velocity三维流动三维流动 Three-dimensional Flow Three-dimensional Flow马赫数马赫数 Mach Number Mach Number上举力上举力 UpIift UpIift 上涌带上涌带 Zone of Wave Set-up Zone of Wave Set-up四画升力升力 Lift Lift升力系数升力系数 Coefficient of Lift Coefficient of Lift水力半径水力半径 Hydraulic Radius Hydraulic Radius水力坡度水力坡度 Energy Gradient Energy Gradient水击水击 Water-hammer Water-hammer直接水击直接水击 Rapid Closure Rapid Closure间接水击间接水击 Slow Closure Slow Closure水击联锁方程水击联锁方程 Interlocking Equation Interlocking Equation水头水头 Head Head压强水头压强水头 Pressure Head Pressure Head位置水头位置水头 E1evation Head E1evation Head作用水头作用水头 Acting Head Acting Head总水头总水头 Total Head Total Head测压管水头测压管水头 Piezometric Head Piezometric Head流速水头流速水头 Velocity Head Velocity Head惯性水头惯性水头Acceleration Head 水头线水头线 Head Line Head Line总水头线总水头线 Total Head Line Total Head Line测压管水头线测压管水头线 Piezometric Head Line Piezometric Head Line水头损失水头损失 Head Loss Head Loss沿程水头损失沿程水头损失 Frictional Head Loss Frictional Head Loss沿程水头损失系数沿程水头损失系数 Frictional Loss Factor Frictional Loss Factor局部水头损失局部水头损失 Local Head Loss Local Head Loss局部水头损失系数局部水头损失系数 Local Loss Coefficient Local Loss Coefficient水轮机水轮机 Hydraulic Turbine Hydraulic Turbine水泵水泵 Hydraulic Pump Hydraulic Pump分子扩散分子扩散 Mo1ecular Diffusion Mo1ecular Diffusion分子扩散系数分子扩散系数 Coefficient of Molecular Diffusion Coefficient of Molecular Diffusion分离点分离点 Point of Separation Point of Separation分散分散((离散离散) Dispersion ) Dispersion内区内区 Inner Region Inner Region内摩擦力内摩擦力 Internal Frictional Force Internal Frictional Force比压计比压计((压差计压差计) Differential Gauge ) Differential Gauge切应力切应力 Shear Stress Shear Stress粘滞切应力粘滞切应力 Viscous Shear Stress Viscous Shear Stress紊流附加切应力（雷诺应力）紊流附加切应力（雷诺应力） Reyno1ds Stress Reyno1ds Stress切应力系数切应力系数 Coefficient of Shearing Stress Coefficient of Shearing Stress毛细作用毛细作用 Capillarity Capillarity中性稳定曲线中性稳定曲线 Curve of Neutral Stability Curve of Neutral Stability牛顿内摩擦定律牛顿内摩擦定律 Newton's Law of Viscosity Newton's Law of Viscosity牛顿流体牛顿流体 Newtonian F1uid Newtonian F1uid牛顿数牛顿数 Newton Number Newton Number文透里管文透里管 Venturi Meter Venturi Meter无量纲数无量纲数 Dimensionless Number Dimensionless Number无滑动条件无滑动条件 No Slip Condition No Slip Condition井Well完全井完全井 Completely Penetrating Well Completely Penetrating Well 非完全井非完全井 Partially Penetrating Well Partially Penetrating Well 自流井自流井 Artesian Well Artesian Well 井群井群 Multiple Multiple —well 水力最优断面水力最优断面 Best Hydraulic Cross Section Best Hydraulic Cross Section 水电比拟水电比拟 Electro Electro —hydrodynamic Analogue 水面线分桥水面线分桥 Analysis of Flow Profile Analysis of Flow Profile 水面线计算水面线计算 Computation of Flow Profile Computation of Flow Profile 人工渠槽水面线计算人工渠槽水面线计算 Computation of Flow Profile in Artificial Channel Computation of Flow Profile in Artificial Channel 天然河道水面线计算天然河道水面线计算 Computation of Flow Profile in Natural Channel Computation of Flow Profile in Natural Channel分段法分段法 The Standard Step Method The Standard Step Method 数值积分法数值积分法 The Graphical The Graphical—intergration Method 水力指数法水力指数法 The Direct The Direct一intergration Method 水流强度参数水流强度参数 Flow Function Intensity of Shear on Particles Flow Function Intensity of Shear on Particles 水跃水跃 Hydraulic Jump Hydraulic Jump 自由水跃自由水跃 Free Jump Free Jump 远驱水跃远驱水跃 Remote Jump Remote Jump 临界水跃临界水跃 Undular Hydraulic Jump Undular Hydraulic Jump 临界水跃临界水跃 Critical Jump Critical Jump 弱水跃弱水跃 weak Jump weak Jump 淹没水跃淹没水跃 Submerged Jump Submerged Jump 斜坡水跃斜坡水跃 Hydraulic Jump in Sloping Channels Hydraulic Jump in Sloping Channels 强水跃强水跃 Strong Jump Strong Jump 稳定水跃稳定水跃 Steady Jump Steady Jump摆动水跃摆动水跃 Oscillating Jump Oscillating Jump 水跃长度水跃长度 Length of Jump Length of Jump 水跃的共轭水深水跃的共轭水深 Conjugate Depths of Hydraulic Jump Conjugate Depths of Hydraulic Jump 水跃的表面水滚水跃的表面水滚 Surface Roller of Hydraulic Jump Surface Roller of Hydraulic Jump水跃的消能效率水跃的消能效率((水跃消能系数水跃消能系数) Efficiency of Energy dissipation by ) Efficiency of Energy dissipation byHydraulic Jump水跃的跃后水深水跃的跃后水深 The Sequent Depth of Hydralic Jump The Sequent Depth of Hydralic Jump 水跃的跃前水深水跃的跃前水深 The Initial Depth of Hydraulic Jump The Initial Depth of Hydraulic Jump 水跃函数水跃函数 Hydraulic Jump Function Hydraulic Jump Function 水跃高度水跃高度 Height of Jump Height of Jump水跌水跌 Hydraulic Drop Hydraulic Drop 孔口出流孔口出流 Orifice Flow Orifice Flow 孔隙率孔隙率((度) Porosity 不冲流速不冲流速 Nonscouring Velocity Nonscouring Velocity 不淤流速不淤流速 Nonsilting Velocity Nonsilting Velocity 允许流通允许流通 Permissible Velocity Permissible Velocity 内在渗透率内在渗透率 Intrinsic Permiability Intrinsic Permiability 毛绷管水毛绷管水 Capillary Water Capillary Water 分流齿分流齿 Chute Blocks Chute Blocks 牛顿流体牛顿流体 Newtonian F1uid Newtonian F1uid 非牛顿流体非牛顿流体 Non Non—Newtonian F1uid 巴赞剖面巴赞剖面 Bazin Profile Bazin Profile 比能比能((断面单位能量断面单位能量) Specific Energy ) Specific Energy 元波元波 E1ementary Wave E1ementary Wave 无阻力的正涌浪和负涌浪无阻力的正涌浪和负涌浪Frictionless Positive and Negative Surge Waves五画汇 Sink卡门通用常数卡门通用常数 Von Von Universal Constant外区外区 Outer Region Outer Region司托克斯定律司托克斯定律 Stokes Theorem of Vortex Motion Stokes Theorem of Vortex Motion司托克斯流动司托克斯流动 Stokes F1ow Stokes F1ow平面上的静水总压力平面上的静水总压力 Total Hydrostatic Force on P1ane Area Total Hydrostatic Force on P1ane Area平面势流平面势流 Two-dimensional Potential Flow Two-dimensional Potential Flow平移平移 Translation Translation边界层边界层 Boundary Layer Boundary Layer层流边界层层流边界层 Laminar Boundary Layer Laminar Boundary Layer紊流边界层紊流边界层 Turbulent Boundary Layer Turbulent Boundary Layer边界层方程边界层方程 Boundary Layer Equation Boundary Layer Equation边界层分离边界层分离 Separation of Boundary Layer Separation of Boundary Layer边界层动量积分方程式边界层动量积分方程式 Momentum Integral Equation of Boundary Layer Momentum Integral Equation of Boundary Layer 边界层厚度边界层厚度 Boundary layer Thickness Boundary layer Thickness加速度加速度 Acceleration Acceleration当地加速度当地加速度 ( (时变加速度时变加速度) Local Acceleration ) Local Acceleration迁移加速度迁移加速度 ( (位变加速度位变加速度) Convective Acceleration ) Convective Acceleration史密特数史密特数 Schmidt Number Schmidt Number电算实例电算实例 Examples of Computer Solution Examples of Computer Solution管网电算管网电算 Computer Solution of Pipe Network Computer Solution of Pipe Network水击电算水击电算 Computer Solution of Water-hammer Computer Solution of Water-hammer包气带包气带 Zone of Aeration Zone of Aeration 司托克斯定律司托克斯定律 Stokes Law Stokes Law 布辛尼斯克方程布辛尼斯克方程 Boussinesg Equation Boussinesg Equation 平底梯形断面明槽中的水跃平底梯形断面明槽中的水跃 Hydrau1ic Jump in Horizontal Trapezoidal Hydrau1ic Jump in Horizontal TrapezoidalChannels平底矩形断面扩散槽中的平底矩形断面扩散槽中的Hydraulic Jump in Horizontal Rectangular Diverging Channels 平底矩形明槽的水跃共轭水深关系式平底矩形明槽的水跃共轭水深关系式Equation of Conjugation Depth of Hydraulic Jump for Horizontal Rectangular Channels 平底棱柱形明槽中的水跃方程式平底棱柱形明槽中的水跃方程式Equation of Hydraulic Jump for Horizontal Prismatic Channels 平整平整((形态形态) F1at Bed(Plane Bed) ) F1at Bed(Plane Bed) 平衡输沙平衡输沙 Equilibrium Transport of Sediment Equilibrium Transport of Sediment 不平衡输沙不平衡输沙 Non-equilibrium Transport of Sediment Non-equilibrium Transport of Sediment 边界条件边界条件 Boundary Condition Boundary Condition 自然边界条件自然边界条件 Natural Boundary Condition Natural Boundary Condition 边界雷诺数边界雷诺数 Boundary Reynolds Number Boundary Reynolds Number 正常水深正常水深 Normal Depth Normal Depth 长波长波 Long Wave Long Wave 圣维南方程圣维南方程 Saint Saint—Venant Equation六画压力中心压力中心 Center of Pressure Center of Pressure压力体压力体 Pressure Prism Pressure Prism压力表压力表 Pressure Gauge Pressure Gauge风箱式压力表风箱式压力表 Bellows-type Pressure Gauge Bellows-type Pressure Gauge隔膜式压力表隔膜式压力表 Diaphragm-type Pressure Gauge Diaphragm-type Pressure Gauge弹黄式压力表弹黄式压力表 Spring Spring—type Pressure Gauge 管环式压力表管环式压力表 ( (布尔登压力表布尔登压力表布尔登压力表) Bourdon ) Bourdon —type Pressure Gauge 压力梯度压力梯度 Pressure Gradient Pressure Gradient压应力压应力 Compressive Stress Compressive Stress压强压强 Pressure Pressure相对压强相对压强 ( (计示压强计示压强计示压强) Relative Pressure (Gauge Pressure) ) Relative Pressure (Gauge Pressure) 绝对压强绝对压强 Abso1ute Pressure Abso1ute Pressure真空压强真空压强 ( (负压负压负压) Vacuum Pressure (Negative Pressure) ) Vacuum Pressure (Negative Pressure) 压强分布图压强分布图 Pressure Distribution Diagram Pressure Distribution Diagram静水压强分布图静水压强分布图 Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution Diagram Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution Diagram压强场压强场 Pressure Field Pressure Field压强系数压强系数 Pressure Coefficient Pressure Coefficient压强势能压强势能 Potential Energy of Pressure Potential Energy of Pressure压缩性压缩性 Compressibility Compressibility动力水流动力水流 ( (摩阻流速、剪切流速摩阻流速、剪切流速) Fricion Velocity ) Fricion Velocity动水压强动水压强 Pressure in Flowing F1uid Pressure in Flowing F1uid动态特性动态特性 Dynamic Characteristics Dynamic Characteristics动能动能 Kinetic Energy Kinetic Energy动能修正系数动能修正系数 Kinetic Energy Correction Factor Kinetic Energy Correction Factor动量方程动量方程 Momentum Equation Momentum Equation动量矩方程动量矩方程 Moment of Momentum Equation Moment of Momentum Equation动量修正系数动量修正系数 Momentum Correction Factor Momentum Correction Factor动量损失厚度动量损失厚度 Momentum Thickness Momentum Thickness充分发展的紊流充分发展的紊流 Fully Developed Turbulence Fully Developed Turbulence过水断面过水断面 Cross Section Cross Section过渡层过渡层 Buffer Region Buffer Region自由出流自由出流 Free Discharge Free Discharge自由紊流自由紊流 Free Turbulence Free Turbulence自动记录自动记录 Automatic Recording Automatic Recording毕托管毕托管 Pitot Tube Pitot Tube有势力有势力 Potential Force Potential Force势流动势流动 ( (无涡流动无涡流动无涡流动) Potential Flow (Irrotational Flow) ) Potential Flow (Irrotational Flow) 有涡流动有涡流动有涡流动 ( (有旋流动有旋流动) Rotational Flow ) Rotational Flow曲面上的静水总压力曲面上的静水总压力曲面上的静水总压力 Total Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surface Total Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surface 共振共振共振 Resonance Resonance扩散扩散扩散 Diffusion Diffusion费克扩散定律费克扩散定律费克扩散定律 Fick’s Law of Diffusion多普勒效应多普勒效应多普勒效应 Doppler Effect Doppler Effect当量粗糙度当量粗糙度当量粗糙度 Equivalent Roughness Equivalent Roughness传感器传感器传感器 Sensor Sensor光滑壁面光滑壁面光滑壁面 Smooth Wall Smooth Wall收缩断面收缩断面收缩断面 Vena Contracta Vena Contracta动力流速动力流速 Friction Velocity Friction Velocity 动床动床 Movable Bed Movable Bed 动床水力学动床水力学 Fluvial Hydraulics Fluvial Hydraulics 地下水地下水 Ground water Ground water 地下水面地下水面 Groundwater Surface Groundwater Surface 地下水动力学地下水动力学 Groundwater Dynamics Groundwater Dynamics 导水系数导水系数 Coefficient of Transmissibility Coefficient of Transmissibility 导水率导水率 Transmissivity Transmissivity 多孔介质多孔介质 Porous Medium Porous Medium 自由出流自由出流 Free Outflow Free Outflow 冲击波冲击波 Shock Wave Shock Wave 冲刷坑最大水深冲刷坑最大水深 Maximum Water Depth in scour Pit Maximum Water Depth in scour Pit冲泻质冲泻质 wave Load wave Load 各向同性各向同性 Isotropy Isotropy各向异性各向异性 Anisotropy Anisotropy 达西定律达西定律 Darcys Law Darcys Law 有限元法有限元法 Finite E1ement Method Finite E1ement Method 有限差分法有限差分法 Finite Difference Method Finite Difference Method 有限振幅立波有限振幅立波 Finite Amplitude Standing Wave Finite Amplitude Standing Wave 浅水立波浅水立波 Standing Wave in Sha11ow Water Standing Wave in Sha11ow Water 深水立波深水立波 Standing Wave in Deep water Standing Wave in Deep water 有限振幅推进波有限振幅推进波 Finite Amplitude Progressive Wave Finite Amplitude Progressive Wave 浅水推进波浅水推进波 Progressive Wave in Shallow Water Progressive Wave in Shallow Water 深水推进波深水推进波 Progressive Wave in Deep Water Progressive Wave in Deep Water 有效溢流宽度有效溢流宽度 Effective width of The Spillway Effective width of The Spillway 过渡过渡((形态形态) Transition ) Transition 过渡段的急流过渡段的急流 Supercritical Flow Through Transitions Supercritical Flow Through Transitions 过镀段的缓流过镀段的缓流 Subcritical Flow Through Transitions Subcritical Flow Through Transitions 扩散法扩散法 Diffusive Scheme Diffusive Scheme 扩散系数扩散系数 Diffusion Coefficient Diffusion Coefficient 收缩断面收缩断面 Vena Contracta Vena Contracta 收缩断面水深收缩断面水深 Contractional Depth Contractional Depth七画阻力阻力 Drag Drag压强阻力压强阻力 ( (形状阻力形状阻力形状阻力) Pressure Drag(Form Drag) ) Pressure Drag(Form Drag)摩擦阻力摩擦阻力 Frictional Drag Frictional Drag阻力系数阻力系数 Drag Coefficient Drag Coefficient应力张量应力张量应力张量 Stress Tensor Stress Tensor 均方根值均方根值均方根值 Root-mean-square Root-mean-square 均匀流均匀流均匀流 Uniform Flow Uniform Flow 纵向移流分散纵向移流分散纵向移流分散 Longitudinal Convective Dispersion Longitudinal Convective Dispersion 运动方程运动方程运动方程 Equation of Motion Equation of Motion 一维非恒定流运动方程一维非恒定流运动方程一维非恒定流运动方程 One-dimensional Unsteady Flow Equation One-dimensional Unsteady Flow Equation 水击运动微分方程水击运动微分方程水击运动微分方程 Differential Equation for Water-hammer Differential Equation for Water-hammer 紊流时均的运动方程紊流时均的运动方程紊流时均的运动方程((雷诺方程雷诺方程) Reynolds Equation ) Reynolds Equation粘滞性液体的运动方程粘滞性液体的运动方程((纳维埃—司托克斯方程纳维埃—司托克斯方程) Navier-Stokes Equation ) Navier-Stokes Equation理想液体的运动方程理想液体的运动方程理想液体的运动方程((欧拉方程欧拉方程) Euler Equation ) Euler Equation佛汝德数佛汝德数佛汝德数 Froude Number Froude Number 佛汝德相似准则佛汝德相似准则佛汝德相似准则 ( (重力相似准则重力相似准则) Froude Similarity Criterion ) Froude Similarity Criterion攻角攻角 Attack Angle Attack Angle时间平均法时间平均法时间平均法 Time-average Method Time-average Method 时间平均流动时间平均流动时间平均流动 Mean Motion Mean Motion 时均值时均值时均值 Time-average Value Time-average Value 形状系数形状系数形状系数 Shape Factor Shape Factor 表面力表面力表面力 Surface Force Surface Force 表面张力表面张力表面张力 Surface Tension Surface Tension 表面张力系数表面张力系数 Coefficient of Surface Tension角变形角变形 Angular Deformation Angular Deformation角变率角变率 Rate of Angular Deformation Rate of Angular Deformation角转速角转速角转速 Angular Velocity Angular Velocity尾流尾流尾流 wake Flow wake Flow 层流层流层流 Laminar Flow Laminar Flow 层流翼型层流翼型层流翼型 Laminar Airfoil Laminar Airfoil 体积力体积力 Body Force Body Force体积压缩系数体积压缩系数 Coefficien of Volume Coefficien of Volume （bulk bulk））Compressibility体积弹性系数体积弹性系数 Coefficien of Volume Coefficien of Volume （bulk bulk））Elasticity体积膨胀率体积膨胀率 Rate of Volume Expansion Rate of Volume Expansion连通管（连通管（U U 形管）形管）U-tube U-tube连续介质连续介质 Continuum Medium Continuum Medium连续方程连续方程 Continuity Equation Continuity Equation一维恒定流连续方程一维恒定流连续方程 Continutiy Equation of One Continutiy Equation of One–dimentional Steady Flow一维非恒定流连续方程Continuity Equation of One –dimentional UnsteadyFlow水击连续微分方程水击连续微分方程 Differential Continuity Equation of Water-hammer Differential Continuity Equation of Water-hammer连续性微分方程连续性微分方程 Differential Equation of Continuity Differential Equation of Continuity时均流动的连续方程时均流动的连续方程 Differential Continuity Mean Motion Differential Continuity Mean Motion扩散物质的连续方程扩散物质的连续方程((费克扩散方程费克扩散方程) Continuity Equation of Diffusion ) Continuity Equation of DiffusionSubstances连续扩散源连续扩散源 Source of Continuous Diffusion Source of Continuous Diffusion附着力附着力Adhesion 位置势能位置势能 Potential Energy of E1evation Potential Energy of E1evation位移厚度位移厚度 Displacement Thickness Displacement Thickness伯诺世方程伯诺世方程 Bernoulli Equation Bernoulli Equation伯诺坐积分伯诺坐积分 Bernoulli Integral Bernoulli Integral扬程扬程 Pump Head Pump Head压水扬程压水扬程 Discharge Head Discharge Head吸水扬程吸水扬程 Suction Head Suction Head总扬程总扬程 Total Delivery Head Total Delivery Head纯数纯数 Pure Number Pure Number间歇现象间歇现象 Intermittency Intermittency含水层含水层 Aquifer Aquifer 无压含水层无压含水层 Unconfined Aquifer Unconfined Aquifer 承压含水层承压含水层 Confined Aquifer Confined Aquifer 含沙浓度（含沙量）含沙浓度（含沙量） Sediment Concentration Sediment Concentration 体积比浓度体积比浓度 Concentration by Volume Concentration by Volume 重量比浓度重量比浓度 Concentration by Weight Concentration by Weight 均匀流均匀流 Uniform Flow Uniform Flow 非均匀流非均匀流 Non-uniform Flow Non-uniform Flow 均质土坝渗流均质土坝渗流 Seepage from Homogeneous Earth Dam Seepage from Homogeneous Earth Dam 均质土壤均质土壤 Homogeneous Soil Homogeneous Soil 完全收缩完全收缩 Complete Contraction Complete Contraction 沙纹（形态）沙纹（形态） Ripple Ripple 沙垄（形态）沙垄（形态） Dune Dune 床沙床沙 Bed Material床沙质床沙质 Bed Material Load床面形态（沙波运动）床面形态（沙波运动） Bed Forms(Sand Waves)时间步长时间步长 Time Interval克里格尔剖面克里格尔剖面 Creager Profile护坦护坦 Apron里兹法里兹法Rits Method 初始条件初始条件Initial Condition 两相流动两相流动Two-phase Flow 佛汝德数佛汝德数Froude Number 沉速（沉降流速）沉速（沉降流速）Fall Velocity(Terminal Settling Velocity) 坎端水深坎端水深Depth at The Brink 吹程吹程Fetch 余波余波Swell 余弦推进波余弦推进波Simple Harmonic Progressive Wave 位移波的分类位移波的分类Classification of Translatory Wave 深水波；浅水波深水波；浅水波Deep-water Wave ；Sallow-water Wave 连续波；不连续波连续波；不连续波Continuous Wave ；Discontinuous Wave 顺水波；逆水波顺水波；逆水波Downstream Wave ；Upstream Wave 涨水波（正波）；落水波（负波）涨水波（正波）；落水波（负波）Positive Wave ；Negative Wave 阻力阻力Drag 阻力系数阻力系数Drag Coefficient 压强阻力压强阻力Pressure Drag 形状阻力形状阻力Form Drag 床面阻力床面阻力Bed Resistance 沙波阻力（床面形态阻力）沙波阻力（床面形态阻力）Bar Resistance 沙粒阻力沙粒阻力Grain Resistance 表面阻力表面阻力Skin Resistance 岸壁阻力岸壁阻力Bank Resistance 摩擦阻力摩擦阻力Friction Force八画空化，空穴空化，空穴Cavitation 空穴数空穴数Cavitation Number 初生空穴数初生空穴数Incipient Cavitation Number 空蚀空蚀Cavitation Damage 非均匀流非均匀流Non-uniform Flow 急变流急变流Rapidly Varied F1ow 渐变流渐变流Gradually Varied F1ow 非恒定流非恒定流Unsteady Flow 波动方程波动方程Wave Equation 波速波速Velocity of Wave Propagation 表现扩散系数表现扩散系数Coefficient of Apparent Diffusion 单位单位Unit 工程单位制工程单位制Unit System of Engineering 国际单位制国际单位制(SI) Syst éme Internationale d’Unites 单位换算单位换算Conversion of Units 真值真值Real Value 线变形线变形Linear Deformation 线变率线变率Rate of Linear Deformation 拐点拐点Point of Inflexion 驻点(滞止点) Stagnation Point定倾中心定倾中心Metacenter 拉格朗日法拉格朗日法Lagrangian Method 拉普拉斯方程拉普拉斯方程Laplace Equation 势流叠加原理势流叠加原理Superposition Principle of Potential Flow泊肃叶流动泊肃叶流动Poiseuille Flow 阿基米德原理阿基米德原理Archimedes Principe 环量环量Circulation 质量力质量力Mass Force 闸下出流闸下出流Outflow under Gates 闸孔非恒定出流闸孔非恒定出流Unsteady Outflow of Sluice Gate 闸孔恒定出流闸孔恒定出流Steady Outflow of Sluice Gate 闸孔净宽闸孔净宽Clear Span of The Gate between Piers 闸前水头闸前水头Approach Head before Sluice 闸墩收缩系数闸墩收缩系数Coefficient of Pier Contraction 降水曲线降水曲线Falling Curve 波长波长Wave Length 波节波节Wave Node 波压强波压强Wave Pressure 净波压强净波压强Net Wave Pressure 波谷波谷Wave Valley 波周期波周期Period of Wave 波的反射波的反射Reflection 波的传播波的传播Wave Propagation 波的折射波的折射Inflection 波的破碎波的破碎Breaking of Wave 波的绕射波的绕射Diffraction 波的爬高波的爬高Wave Run-up 波陡波陡Wave Steepness 波能波能Wave Energy波高波高Wave Height 波速波速Wave Speed波浪中线波浪中线Midwater Level of Wave 波浪要素波浪要素Wave Elements 波峰波峰Wave Grest 波锋（波额、波前）波锋（波额、波前）Wave Front 波群波群 Wave Group Wave Group 波群速波群速 Wave Group Velocity Wave Group Velocity 波腹波腹 Wave Loop Wave Loop 表面张力波表面张力波 Capillary Wave Capillary Wave 势波势波 Potential Wave Potential Wave 势波的叠加势波的叠加 Superposition of Potential Wave Superposition of Potential Wave 孤立波孤立波 Solitary Wave Solitary Wave 岩石河床的抗冲系数岩石河床的抗冲系数 Anti-scour Coefficient of Rock Bed Anti-scour Coefficient of Rock Bed承压水承压水 Confined Water Confined Water 定床定床 Fixed Bed Fixed Bed 定床水力学定床水力学 Rigid Boundary Hydraulics Rigid Boundary Hydraulics 泥沙的起动泥沙的起动 Initiation of Motion of Sediment Initiation of Motion of Sediment 侧收缩系数侧收缩系数 Coefficient of Side Contraction Coefficient of Side Contraction 非均质土壤非均质土壤 Nonhomogeneous Soil Nonhomogeneous Soil 非恒定流连续方程非恒定流连续方程 Equation of Continuity for Unsteady Flow Equation of Continuity for Unsteady Flow非恒定急变流非恒定急变流 Unsteady Rapidly Varied Flow Unsteady Rapidly Varied Flow 非恒定渐变流非恒定渐变流 Unsteady Gradually Varied Flow Unsteady Gradually Varied Flow非恒定渐变流动的运动方程非恒定渐变流动的运动方程 Dynamic Equation for Unsteady Gradually Dynamic Equation for Unsteady GraduallyVaried Flow非粘性泥沙非粘性泥沙 Non Non—cohesive Sediment 非饱和带非饱和带 Unsaturated Zone Unsaturated Zone 饱和带饱和带 Saturated Zone Saturated Zone 明槽中的非恒定流动明槽中的非恒定流动 Unsteady FIow in open Channels Unsteady FIow in open Channels 明槽急变流明槽急变流 Rapidly Varied Flow in Open Channels Rapidly Varied Flow in Open Channels 明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 The Basic Equation of Steady Gradually The Basic Equation of Steady Gradually Varied Flow明槽掺气水流明槽掺气水流 Self Self —Aerated Open Channel Flow 底流型消能底流型消能 Energy Dissipation by Hydraulic Jump Energy Dissipation by Hydraulic Jump 面流型消能面流型消能 Energy Dissipation of Surface Regime Energy Dissipation of Surface Regime 拉格朗日连续方程拉格朗日连续方程 Lagrangian Equation of Continuity Lagrangian Equation of Continuity拉格朗日运动方程拉格朗日运动方程 Lagrangian Equation of Motion Lagrangian Equation of Motion 拉普拉斯方程拉普拉斯方程 Laplace Equation Laplace Equation 质量系数质量系数 Coefficient of Mass Coefficient of Mass 变分原理变分原理 Variational Principle Variational Principle 底坡（槽底纵坡）底坡（槽底纵坡） Slope of Channel Bed Slope of Channel Bed 陡坡（急坡）陡坡（急坡） Steep Slope Steep Slope 临界坡临界坡 Critical Slope Critical Slope 缓坡缓坡 Mild Slope Mild Slope九画相 Phase相对平衡相对平衡 Relative Equilibrium Relative Equilibrium相对粗糙度相对粗糙度 Relative Roughness Relative Roughness相似条件相似条件 Similarity Condition Similarity Condition几何相似几何相似 Geometric Similarity Geometric Similarity动力相似动力相似Dynamic Similarity运动相似运动相似 Kinematic Similarity Kinematic Similarity相似原理相似原理 Theory of Similarity Theory of Similarity相似准则相似准则 Similarity SimilarityCriterion 压力相似准则压力相似准则 Pressure Force Similarity Criterion Pressure Force Similarity Criterion表面张力相似准则表面张力相似准则 Surface Tension Similarity Criterion Surface Tension Similarity Criterion重力相似准则重力相似准则 Gravity Force Similarity Criterion Gravity Force Similarity Criterion弹性力相似准则弹性力相似准则 E1asticity Force Similarity Criterion E1asticity Force Similarity Criterion惯性力相似准则惯性力相似准则 Inertia Force Similarity Criterion Inertia Force Similarity Criterion粘滞力相似准则粘滞力相似准则 Viscosity Force Similarity Criterion Viscosity Force Similarity Criterion相似准数相似准数 Similarity Criterion Number Similarity Criterion Number氢气泡法氢气泡法 Hydrogen Bubble Technique Hydrogen Bubble Technique总流总流 Total Flow Total Flow指示部分指示部分 Indicating Component Indicating Component脉动脉动 F1uctuation F1uctuation脉动值脉动值 Fluctuating Value Fluctuating Value转动转动 Rotation Rotation转捩点转捩点 Transition Point Transition Point诱导流速诱导流速 Induced Velocity Induced Velocity柯西数柯西数 Cauchy Number Cauchy Number柯西一黎曼条件柯西一黎曼条件 Cauchy-Riemann Conditions Cauchy-Riemann Conditions柯埃梯流动柯埃梯流动 Couette Flow Couette Flow测压管测压管 Piezometer Piezometer测针测针 Point Gauge Point Gauge虹吸管虹吸管 Siphon Pipe Siphon Pipe欧拉方程欧拉方程 Euler Equation Euler Equation欧拉法欧拉法 Eulerian Method Eulerian Method欧拉积分欧拉积分 Euler Integral Euler Integral欧拉数欧拉数 Euler Number Euler Number恒定流恒定流 Steady Flow Steady Flow恒定势流的能量方程恒定势流的能量方程 Energy Equation of Steady Potential Flow Energy Equation of Steady Potential Flow 重度重度((容重容重) Specific Weight ) Specific Weight复势复势 Complex Potential Complex Potential误差误差 Error Error系统误差系统误差 Systematic Error Systematic Error相对误差相对误差 Relative Error Relative Error绝对误差绝对误差 Absolute Error Absolute Error偶然误差偶然误差 Random Error Random Error绝壁物体绝壁物体 Bluff Body Bluff Body重力水重力水 Gravitational Water Gravitational Water 贮水系数贮水系数 Storage Coefficient Storage Coefficient 显式网格显式网格 Network for The Explicit Method Network for The Explicit Method 逆行沙浪逆行沙浪 Anti Anti —dunes(Moving Upstream) 顺行沙浪顺行沙浪 Anti Anti 一dunes(Moving Downstream) 费克定律费克定律 F ick’s Law Fick’s Law 相角相角 Phase Phase挟沙水流挟沙水流 Sediment Sediment—1aden Flow 挟沙能力挟沙能力 Carrying Capacity Carrying Capacity 垂直收缩系数垂直收缩系数 Coefficient of Vertical Contraction Coefficient of Vertical Contraction 急变流急变流 Rapidly Varied Flow Rapidly Varied Flow 急变流的断面单位能量急变流的断面单位能量 Specific Energy of Rapidly Varied Flow Specific Energy of Rapidly Varied Flow 急流急流 Supercritical Flow Supercritical Flow 急流弯段水流急流弯段水流 Supercritical Flow in Curved Channel Supercritical Flow in Curved Channel 恒定流恒定流 Steady Flow Steady Flow 非恒定流非恒定流 Unsteady F1ow Unsteady F1ow 恒定渗流恒定渗流 Steady Seepage Flow Steady Seepage Flow 恒定降深恒定降深 Constant Drawdown Constant Drawdown 重度重度 Specific Weight Specific Weight 临界水深临界水深 Critical Depth Critical Depth 临界流临界流 Critical Flow Critical Flow 临界流速临界流速 Critical Velocity Critical Velocity 挑流的冲刷系数挑流的冲刷系数 Coefficient of Scour for Jet Erosion Coefficient of Scour for Jet Erosion 挑流型消能挑流型消能 Energy Dissipation of Ski Energy Dissipation of Ski—jump Type by Trajectory Buckets 挑流射程挑流射程 Horizontal Distance of the Jet Trajectory Horizontal Distance of the Jet Trajectory 建筑物出流的流速系数建筑物出流的流速系数 Coefficient Coefficientof Velocity for Discharge from Outlet Works齿槛齿槛 Dentated Sill Dentated Sill十画浮力浮力 Buoyant Force Buoyant Force浮心浮心 Centerof Buoyancy Centerof Buoyancy浮体浮体 Floating Body Floating Body钽丝水位计钽丝水位计 Tantalum-wire Level Gauge Tantalum-wire Level Gauge调节器调节器 Regulator Regulator调压井调压井 Surge Chamber(Tank) Surge Chamber(Tank)紊动扩散紊动扩散 Turbulent Diffusion Turbulent Diffusion紊动扩散系数紊动扩散系数 Coefficient of Turbulent Diffusion Coefficient of Turbulent Diffusion紊流紊流 Turbulent F1ow Turbulent F1ow紊流光滑区紊流光滑区 Hydraulically Smooth Region Of Turbulent Flow Hydraulically Smooth Region Of Turbulent Flow紊流过渡区紊流过渡区 Transition Region of Turbulent Flow Transition Region of Turbulent Flow紊流粗糙区紊流粗糙区 Completely Rough Region of Turbulent Flow Completely Rough Region of Turbulent Flow紊流扩散基本方程紊流扩散基本方程 Fundamental Equation of Turbulent Diffusion Fundamental Equation of Turbulent Diffusion紊流的半经验理论紊流的半经验理论 Semi-empirical Theories of Turbulence Semi-empirical Theories of Turbulence紊流强度紊流强度 Intensity of Turbulence Intensity of Turbulence流场流场 Flow Fie1d Flow Fie1d流网流网 Flow Net Flow Net流动型态流动型态 Type of Flow Type of Flow流线流线 Streamline Streamline流线型体流线型体 Streamline Body Streamline Body流函数流函数Stream Function流速分布的相似性流速分布的相似性 Similarity of Velocity Profiles Similarity of Velocity Profiles流速仪流速仪 Current Meter Current Meter热丝流速仪热丝流速仪 Hot-wire Anemometer Hot-wire Anemometer热膜流速仪热膜流速仪 Hot-film Amemometer ) Hot-film Amemometer )旋浆流速仪旋浆流速仪 Rotor-type Current Meter Rotor-type Current Meter。

Lesson 1Compression MembersNew Words1. achieve achievement2. eccentricity center, 中心; ec centric 偏心的；ec centricity 偏心,偏心距3. inevitable evitable 可避免的avoidable; in evitable 不可避免的unavoidable4. truss 桁架triangular truss, roof truss, truss bridge5. bracing brace 支柱,支撑；bracing, 支撑,撑杆6. slender 细长,苗条；stout; slenderness7. buckle 压曲,屈曲；buckling load8. stocky stout9. convincingly convince, convincing, convincingly10. stub 树桩, 短而粗的东西；stub column 短柱11. curvature 曲率；curve, curvature12. detractor detract draw or take away; divert; belittle, 贬低,诽谤；13. convince14. argument dispute, debate, quarrel, reason, 论据理由15. crookedness crook 钩状物,v弯曲,crooked 弯曲的16. provision 规定,条款Phrases and Expressions1. compression member2. bending moment shear force, axial force3. call upon on 要求,请求,需要4. critical buckling load 临界屈曲荷载critical 关键的,临界的5. cross-sectional area6. radius of gyration 回转半径gyration7. slenderness ratio 长细比8. tangent modulus 切线模量9. stub column 短柱10. trial-and-error approach 试算法11. empirical formula 经验公式empirical 经验的12. residual stress 残余应力residual13. hot-rolled shape 热轧型钢hot-rolled bar14. lower bound 下限upper bound 上限16. effective length 计算长度Definition 定义Compression members are those structural elements that are subjected only to axial compressive forces: that is, the loads are applied along a longitudinal axis through the centroid of the member cross section, andthe stress can be taken as f a =P/A, where f a is considered to be uniform over the entire cross section. 受压构件是仅受轴向压力作用的构件,即：荷载是沿纵轴加在其截面形心上的,其应力可表示为…,式中,假定f a 在整个截面上均匀分布; This ideal state is never achieved in reality, however, and some eccentricity of the load is inevitable. 然而,现实中从来都不可能达到这种理想状态,因为荷载的一些偏心是不可避免的;This will result in bending, but it can usually be regarded as secondary and can be neglected if the theoretical loading condition is closely approximated. 这将导致弯曲,但通常认为它是次要的,如果理论工况是足够近似的,就可将其忽略;This cannot always be done if there is a computed bending moment, and situation of this type will be considered in Beam-Columns. 但这并非总是可行的,如有计算出的弯矩存在时,这种情形将在梁柱理论中加以考虑;The most common type of compression member occurring in buildings and bridges is the column , a vertical member whose primary function is to support vertical loads. 在建筑物和桥梁中最常见的受压构件就是柱,其主要功能就是支承竖向荷载;In many instances these members are also called upon to resist bending, and in these cases the member is a beam-column . Compression members can also be found in trusses and as components of bracing systems. 在许多情况下,它们也需要抵抗弯曲,在此情况下,将它们称为梁柱;受压构件也存在于桁架和支撑系统中;Column Theory 柱理论assume the shape indicated by the dashed line. 如果慢慢增加轴向荷载P,它最终将达到一个足够大的值使该柱变得不稳定失稳,如图中虚线所示; The member is said to have buckled, and the corresponding load is called th e critical buckling load . 这时认为构件已经屈曲,相应的荷载称为临界屈曲荷载;If the member is more stocky members and for more slender columns before they buckle, the compressive stress P/A is uniform over the cross section at any point along the length. 对这些短柱以及更细长的柱,在其屈曲前,在其长度方向上任意点处横截面上的压应力P/A 都是均匀的;As we shall see, the load at which buckling occurs is a function of slenderness , and for very slender members this load could be quite small. 我们将会看到,屈曲发生时的荷载是长细程度的函数,非常细长的构件的屈曲荷载将会很低;If the member is so slender a precise definition of slenderness will be given shortly that the stress just before buckling is below the proportional limit —that is, the member is still elastic —the critical buckling load is given by 如果构件如此细长随后将会给出细长程度的精确定义以致即将屈曲时的应力低于比例极限—即,构件仍是弹性的,临界屈曲荷载如下式给出：22L EIP cr π=where E is the modulus of elasticity of the material, I is the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area with respect to the minor principal axis, and L is the length of the member between points of support. 式中E 为材料弹性模量,I 为关于截面副主轴的惯性矩,L 为支座间的距离;For to be valid, the member must be elastic, and its ends must be free to rotate but not translate laterally. This end condition is satisfied by hinges or pins. 要使方程成立,构件必须是弹性的,且其两端必须能自由转动,但不能侧向移动;This remarkable relationship was first formulated by Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler and published in 1975. 此着名公式是瑞士数学家欧拉于1975年提出的;The critical load is sometimes referred to as the Euler load or the Euler buckling load. The validity of has been demonstrated convincingly by numerous tests. 因此有时将临界荷载称为欧拉荷载或欧拉临界荷载;欧拉公式的有效性正确性已由许多试验充分证实;It will be convenient to rewrite as follows: 方程可方便地写为2222222)/(r L EA L EAr L EIP cr πππ===where A is the cross-sectional area and r is the radius of gyration with respect to the axis of buckling. The ratio L/r is the slenderness ratio and is the measure of a compression member ’s slenderness, with large values corresponding to slender members. 式中A 为截面面积,r 为关于屈曲轴的回转半径,L/r 为长细比,它是对受压构件细长程度的一种度量,该值越大,构件越细长;If the critical load is divided by the cross-sectional area, the critical buckling stress is obtained: 如果将屈曲荷载除以截面面积,便可得到以下屈曲应力： 22)/(r L E A P F cr cr π==This is the compressive stress at which buckling occur about the axis corresponding to r. 这便是绕相应于r 的轴发生屈曲时的压应力;Since buckling will take place as soon as the load reaches the value by the column will become unstable about the principle axis corresponding to the largest slenderness ratio. This usually means the axis with the smaller moment of inertia. 由于一旦荷载达到式之值,柱将在与最大长细比对应的主轴方向变得不稳定失稳,通常该轴是惯性矩较小的轴;Thus, the minimum moment of inertia and radius of gyration of the cross section should be used in and . 因此,应在方程和中采用截面的最小惯性矩和最小回转半径;Early researchers soon found that Euler ’s equation did not give reliable results for stocky, or less slender, compression members. 早期的研究者很快发现对短柱或不太细长的受压构件,欧拉公式并不能给出可靠的结果,This is because of the small slendernessthe stress at which buckling occurs is greater than the proportional limit of the material, the relation between stress and strain is not linear, and the modulus of elasticity E can no longer be used. 如果屈曲发生时的应力大于材料的比例极限,应力应变关系就不再是线性的,也不能再用弹性模量E;This difficulty was initially resolved by Friedrich Engesser, who proposed in 1889 the use of a variable tangent modulus E tpl . The tangent modulus E t is defined as the slope of the tangent to the stress-strain curve for values of f between F pl and F y . 对于如图所示的应力应变曲线的材料,当应力超过比例极限时,E 并非常数,当应力处于F pl 和F y 之间时,将切线模量定义为应力应变曲线的切线的斜率,If the compressive stress at buckling, P cr /A, is in this region, it can be shown that 如果屈曲时的压应力在此范围时,可以证明22L IE P t cr π=This is identical to the Euler equation, except that E t is substituted for E. 除公式中将E 代之以E t 外,上式与欧拉公式完全相同;Effective Length 计算长度Both the Euler and tangent modulus equations are based on the following assumptions: 欧拉和切线模量方程都是基于如下假定：1. The column is perfectly straight, with no initial crooked ness. 柱完全竖直,无初始弯曲;2. The load is axial, with no eccentricity. 荷载是轴向加载,无偏心;3. The column is pinned at both ends. 柱在两端铰结;The first two conditions mean that there is no bending moment in the member before buckling. 前两假定条件意味着在屈曲前无弯矩存在;As mentioned previously, some accidental moment will be present, but in most cases it can be neglected. 如前所述,可能偶然会存在一些弯矩,但在大多数情况下都可被忽略;The requirement for pinned ends, however, is a serious limitation, and provisions must be made for other support conditions. 然而,铰结要求是一个严重的局限,必须对其它支撑条件作出规定;The pinned-end condition is one that requires that the member be restrained from lateral translation, but not rotation, at the ends. 铰结条件要求约束构件两端不发生侧移,但并不约束转动;Since it is virtually impossible to construct a frictionless pin connection, even this support condition can only be closely approximated at best. 由于实际上不可能构造无摩擦铰连接,即使这种支撑条件最多也只能是非常近似;Obviously, all columns must be free to deform axially. 显然,所有柱必须在轴向自由变形; In order to account for other end conditions, the equations for critical buckling load will be written as 为了考虑其它边界条件,将临界荷载写为如下形式22)/(r KL EAP cr π= or 22)/(r KL AE P t cr π=where KL is the effective length, and K is called the effective length factor. Values of K for different cases can be determined with the aid of the Commentary to the AISC Specification. 式中KL 为计算长度,K 称为计算长度系数,各种情况下的K 值可借助于AISC 美国钢结构学会American Institute of Steel Construction 规范的条文说明加以确定;Lesson 2Introduction to structural designNew words1. framework frame+work=frame 构架,框架; frame structure, 框架结构2. constraint vt. constrain 约束,强迫；n. constraint 约束3. collaborate vt. 合作,通敌；collaboration, collaborative4. evaluation vt. evaluate, value; assess, assessment5. fixture vt. fix, fixture 固定设备,固定物,夹具6. partition vt. n 分割,划分, make apart; partition wall7. overlook8. crane n. 超重机,鹤9. fatigue 疲劳fatigue strength, fatigue failure10. drift 漂流,漂移,雪堆11. enumerate v. list 列举12. plumbing n. 卫生,自来水管道,plumber 管道工13. ventilation n. 通风, ventilate, ventilate a room, a well-ventilated room, vent 通风口14. accessibility n. 可达性, access, n. vt. 通道,接近；accessible 易接近的,可达到的15. code n. vt 代码,编码,规范16. administer v. 管理,执行；administrate, 管理17. metropolitan a. 大城市,of metropolis18. consolidate v. 巩固,strengthen,reinforce; consolidation19. prescription n. 规定,命令,药方；prescribe20. municipality n. 市政当局,直辖市, municipal government21. specification n. 详述,规格, 规范；specify22. mandate n. 书面命令,委托,Phrases and expressions1. functional design 功能设计2. bending moment 弯矩3. dead load4. live load5. nonstructural components 非结构构件6. force due to gravity7. gravity load8. building code9. design specifications 设计规程10. nonprofit organization 非赢利组织,弄non-government organization11. the National Building Code12. the Uniform Building Code13. the Standard Building Code14. Building Officials and Code Administrators International BOCA 国际建筑公务员与法规管理人员联合会15. AISC 美国钢结构学会American Institute of Steel Construction16. AASHTO 美国公路和运输工作者协会American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials17. AREA 美国铁道工程协会the American Railway Engineering Association18. AISI 美国钢铁学会American Iron and Steel InstituteIntroduction to Structural DesignStructural designThe structural design of building, whether of structural steel or reinforced concrete, requires the determination of the overall proportions and dimensions of the supporting framework and the selection of the cross sections of individual members. 建筑结构设计,不论是钢结构还是钢筋混凝土结构,都需要确定其支承结构的整体比例和尺寸以及各构件的截面尺寸;In most cases the functional design, including the establishment of the number of stories and the floor plan, will have been done by an architect, and the structural engineer must work within the constraints imposed by this design. 在大多数情况下,功能设计,包括楼层层数和楼层平面的确定,将要由建筑师来完成,因而结构工程师必须在此约束条件下工作;Ideally, the engineer and architect will collaborate throughout the design process so that the project is completed in an efficient manner. 在理想状态下,工程师和建筑师将在整个设计过程中协同工作从而高效地完成设计工作;In effect, however, the design can be summed up as follows: 然而,事实上,设计过程可概括如下：The architect decides how the building should look; the engineer must make sure that it doesn’t fall down. 建筑师确定建筑物的外观,工程师必须确保其不会倒塌;Although this is an oversimplification, it affirms the first priority of the structural engineer: safety. Other important considerations include serviceability how well the structure performs in terms of appearance and deflection and economy. 尽管这样说过分简单,但它明确了工程师的第一个主要任务,即,确保安全;其它要考虑的因素包括适用性就外观和挠曲而言其工作性能如何;An economical structure requires an efficient use of materials and construction labor. Although this can usually be accomplished by a design that requires a minimum amount of material, savings can often be realized by using slightly more material if it results in a simpler, more easily constructed projects. 经济的结构要求对材料和人工的有效使用,尽管这通常都能通过要求最少材料来取得,但通过采用稍多的材料,但能使建筑物更简单和更容易建造常常会实现节约的目的;LoadsThe forces the act on a structure are called loads. They belong to one of two broad categories, dead load and live load. 作用在结构物上的各种力称为荷载,它们属于一两种广义类型,恒载和活载;Dead loads are those that are permanent, including the weight of the structure itself, which is sometimes called the self-weight. 恒载是那些永久荷载,包括结构自身的重量,有时也称为自重;Other dead loads in a buildinginclude the weight of nonstructural components such as floor coverings, suspended ceilings with light fixtures, and partitions. 其它建筑物恒载包括非结构构件的重量,如楼面面层、带有灯具的吊顶以及隔墙;All of the loads mentioned thus far are forces due to gravity and are referred to as gravity loads. 至此所提的各种荷载都是由重力所引起,因而称为重力荷载;Live loads, which can also be gravity loads, are those that are not as permanent as dead loads. 活载也可以是重力荷载,它们是那些不如恒载那样永久的荷载;This type may or may not be acting on the structure as any given time, and the location may not be fixed. 这类荷载可能也可能不总是作用在结构物上,且作用位置也可能不是固定的;Examples of live load include furniture, equipment, and occupants of buildings. 活荷载包括家具、设置和建筑物的居住者;In general, the magnitude of a live load is not as well defined as that of a dead load, and it usually must be estimated. In many cases, a given structural member must be investigated for various positions of the live load so that a potential failure situation is not overlooked. 通常,活荷载的大小不如恒载那样确定,常常必须估计;在许多情况下,必须研究活荷载作用在一给定的结构构件的各个位置以便不会漏掉每个可能的破坏情形;Building codesBuilding must be designed and constructed according to the provisions of a building codes, which is a legal document containing requirements related to such things as structural safety, fire safety, plumbing, ventilation, and accessibility to the physically disabled. 建筑物必须根据各种建筑规范的条款设计和建造,规范是一种法律文件,包含各种要求,如建筑安全、防火安全、上下水、通风和体残人的可达性等;A building code has the force of law and is administered by a governmental entity such as a city, a county, or, for some large metropolitan areas, a consolidated government. 建筑规范具有法律效力,由政府部位发布,如城市、县、对于大的城区,如联合政府;Building codes do not give design provisions, but they do specify the design requirements and constraints that must be satisfied. 建筑规范并不给出设计规定,但却规定设计必须满足的各种要求和约束条款;Of particular importance to the structural engineer is the prescription of minimum live loads for buildings. 对结构工程师特别重要的是建筑物的最小活荷载规定;Although the engineer is encouraged to investigate the actual loading conditions and attempt to determine realistic values, the structure must be able to support these specified minimum loads. 尽管鼓励工程师研究实际荷载工况以确定真实的荷载值,结构必须能支承这些规定的最小荷载;Design specificationsIn contrast to building codes, design specifications give more specific guidance for the design of structural members and their connections. 与建筑规范不同,设计规程给出结构构件及其连接的更具体的指南;They present the guidelines and criteria that enable a structural engineer to achieve the objectives mandated by a building code. 它们给出各种方针和标准,使结构工程师能建筑规范所规定的目标;Design specifications represent what is considered to be good engineering practice based on their latest research. 根据其最新研究,设计规程结出认为是好的工程作法;They are periodically revised and updated by supplements or by completely new editions. 它们通过补充或通过发布新版本得到定期修订和更新;As with model building codes, design specifications are written in a legal format by nonprofit organizations. 如同一般建筑规范,设计规程由非赢利组织编写;They have no legal standing on their own, but by presenting design criteria and limits in the form of legal mandates and prohibitions, they can easily be adopted, by reference, as part of a building code. 尽管它们本身并无法律地位,但却以法令和禁令的形式给出设计准则和限制,以参考文献的形式,它们可容易地被录入,并作为建筑规范的一部分;Lesson 3New words1. col`loidal 胶状的,胶体的,`colloid 胶体2. sieve n,v. 筛,过筛,过滤3. sample . 样品,取样specimen4. mesh 网孔,网格,分网格5. `cumulative a. 积累的；cumulate, cumulation6. grading n. 级配,等级；grade7. sedimentation n. 沉淀; sediment8. suspension n. 悬浮；suspend ~bridge cable-stayed bridge9. agitate v. 搅动,混合；disturb10. hydro meter n. 液体比重计11. viscosity n. 黏性；viscoidal12. flaky n. 薄片状的,of flake13. pipette n. 吸液管14. ir recoverable a.不可恢复的ir retrievable15. con cave a. 凹的；con vex凸的16. permeability n. 渗透性; permeate, permeable seep seepagePhrases and expressions1. frost susceptibility 霜冻敏感性2. sieving method 筛分法3. semi-logarithmic curve 半对数曲线4. grading curve 级配曲线5. wet sieving 湿法筛分6. dispersing agent 分散剂7. Stoke’s law 斯托克定律8. unit weight 重度9. coefficient of grading 级配系数10. sedimentation method 沉降法11. particle-size distribution 粒径分布Text Particle Size Analysis 粒径分析The range of particle sizes encountered in soils is very wide: from around 200mm down to the colloidal size of some clays of less than . 在各种土中所遇到的粒径范围很大,大到200mm小到小于的一些粘土胶粒;Although natural soils are mixtures of various-sized particles, it is common tofind a predominance occurring within a relatively narrow band of sizes. 尽管天然土都是由各种粒径的颗粒组成,但通常可发现其主要组成颗粒出现在一个比较小的粒径范围内;When the width of this size band is very narrow the soil will be termed poorly-graded, if it is wide the soil is said to be well-graded. 当这一粒径范围非常小时,称这种土级配较差,而当其较大时,称这种土级配良好;A number of engineering properties, . permeability, frost susceptibility, compressibility, are related directly or indirectly to particle-size characteristics. 土的许多工程特性,如渗透性、霜冻敏感性、可压缩性等都直接或间接的与土的级配特性有关;shows the British Standard range of percentage of particle sizes. 图为粒径百分数的英国标准范围;The particle-size analysis of a soil is carried out by determining the weight percentage falling within bands of size represented by these divisions and sub-divisions. 通过确定落入由这些粒径分组和子组所代表的粒径范围的重量百分比,对土进行粒径分析;In the case of a coarse soil, from which fine-grained particles have been removed or wereabsent, the usual process is a sieve analysis. 对于粗粒土,它里面的细粒土被除去或本身就无细颗粒,常用的方法就是筛分法;A representative sample of the soil is split systematically down to a convenient sub-sample size and then oven-dried. 此法是将要分析土的一代表样本系统地分为方便的子样本,然后烘干;This sample is then passed through a nest of standard test sieves arranged in descending order of mesh size. 再使烘干的土样通过一组筛孔尺寸由大至小放置的标准试验筛;Where the soil sample contains fine-grained particles, a wet sieving procedure is first carried out to remove these and to determine the combined clay/silt fraction percentage. 在土样中含有细土粒的场合,首先用湿筛分法将其除去,并确定粘粒/粉粒总共所占的分数;A suitable-sized sub-sample is first oven-dried and then sieved to separate the coarsestparticles >20mm. 将一适量的分土样烘干,并过筛分开最粗的颗粒>20mm的颗粒The sub-sample is then immersed in water containing a dispersing agent and allowed to stand before being washed through a 63mmicron mesh sieve. 然后将土样浸入含有分散剂的水中,并在将其用63微米筛过筛前搁置起来并将其搁置一会,再用63micron的筛子过筛;The retained fraction is again oven-dried and passed through a nest of sieves. 将筛中保留的部分烘干,并用一组筛子过筛;After weighing the fractions retained on each sieve and calculating the cumulative percentage passing each sieve, the grading curve is drawn. 称量落在每个筛中土重,并计算出通过每个的累计百分数后,就可描出级配曲线;The combined clay/silt fraction is determined from the weight difference and expressed as a percentage of the total sub-sample weight. The coarsest fraction >20mm can also be sieved and the results used to complete the grading curve. 由重量差确定粘粒/粉粒的总重,并将其表示为子土样总重的百分数;最粗的部分即粒径>20mm的部分也可被过筛,并用其结果完成级配曲线的绘制;A further sub-division of particle-size distribution in the fine-grained fraction is not possible by the sieving method. 不能用筛分法对细粒部分的粒径分布作进一步分组;A processof sedimentation is normally carried out for this purpose. 通常必须用沉降法实现此目的; A small sub-sample of soil is first treated with a dispersing agent and then washed through a63m sieve. 首先将一小子土样用分散剂进行处理,然后洗过63的筛子;The soil/water suspension is then made up to 500 ml,agitated vigorously for a short while and then allowed to settle.再从中取出500ml的土/水悬浮液,充分搅拌一会后让其沉降;The procedure is based on Stoke’s law, which states that the velocity at which a spherical particle will sink due to gravity ina suspension is given by: 此方法是基于斯托克思定律,即在重力作用下球形颗粒在某一悬浮液中下降的速度为Where d=diameter of particle 颗粒直径=unit weight of the grain of particle 颗粒重度s=unit weight of the suspension fluid usually water 悬浮液w的重度通过为水的重度=vescosity of the suspension fluid 悬浮液的黏度Usually h=100mm, 通常h=100mm, giving 由此给出Samples taken at a depth of 100mm, at an elapsed time of t,will not, therefore, include particles of greater size than thediameter d given by 因此在,在深度100mm处,t 时间后所取的悬浮液中将不会有粒径大于式所给出的土粒; but the proportions of particles smaller than d in the suspension willremain unchanged. 但悬浮液中小于d的颗粒所占的比例仍保持不变;The procedure using a hydrometer consists of measuring the suspension density at a depth of 100mm at a series of elapsed-time intervals. 用液体比重计的方法包括以一系列时间间隔在深度100mm处测定悬浮液的比重;The percentage-finer values corresponding to particular diameter . particle sizes are obtained from the density readings, and thus a grading curve for the fine-grained fraction may be drawn. 通过比重读数得到小于某一特定粒径的颗粒的百分数,从而可画出细粒部分的级配曲线;Grading CharacteristicsThe grading curve is a graphical representation of the particle-size distribution and is therefore useful in itself as a means of describing the soil. 级配曲线是粒径分布的一种图形表达,因而可用来作为描述土的手段;For this reason it is always a good idea to include copies of grading curves in laboratory and other similar reports. 因此,人们总是认为在实验室报告或其它报告里附上几份级配曲线是一种好做法; It should also be remembered that the primary object is to provide a descriptive term for the type of soil. 还应牢记的是我们的主要目的是提供对土的类型的描述性术语;This iseasily done using the type of chart by estimating the range of sizes included in the most representative fraction of the soil. 这可容易地通过采用这种级配曲线做到,因为用它能估计出土中最有代表性的成分的粒径范围;For example, the steep curve may be taken to represent a poorly-graded medium sand, indicating a narrow range of sizes. 例如,陡峭的曲线可用来表示级配差的中砂,并表示其粒径范围比较小;A further quantitative analysis of grading curves may be carried out using certain geometric values known as grading characteristics. 通过采用某些称为级配特征的几何值,可进一步对级配曲线进行定量的分析;First of all, three points are located on the grading curve to give the following characteristic sizes: 首先,定出级配曲线上的三个点以给出以下特征粒径：D10=maximum size of the smallest 10 percent of the sample; 只有10%土样通过的最大粒径；D30= maximum size of the smallest 30 percent of the sample; 只有30%土样通过的最大粒径；D60= maximum size of the smallest 60 percent of the sample；只有60%土样通过的最大粒径；From these characteristic sizes, the following grading characteristics are defined: 根据这些特征粒径,定义出如下级配特征：Effective size 有效粒径Uniformity coefficient 均匀系数Coefficient of gradation 级配系数Lesson 4New Words1.u ndergo ndu vt. 经历, 遭受, 忍受; experience2.e vaporation ivprein n.蒸发作用evaporate vapor3.a ttribute tribju:t vt.把…归因于, 把…归咎于,加于, 归结于;ascribe, impute, credit, assign, refer4.s hrinkageshrink rinkid n.收10.distribution distribju:nn.分配, 分发distribute distributor11. upwind pwindadj.逆风的adv.逆风地windward; leeward 12.diminish diminiv.使减少, 使变小diminishment; decrease13.creep kri:p n. 徐变;14.slippage slip缩shrink5.c apillary kpilri adj. 毛细作用的tensioncapillarity6.e vaporate ivpreitv.使蒸发, 消失7.p aste peist n.糊, 粘土团cement paste 8.a mbient mbint adj. 周围的,包围着的surrounding ambient air9.s pecimen spesimin n. 标本, 样品, 样本, 待试验物; sampleslipid n.滑动, 滑移, 滑程slip15.humidityhju:miditin.湿气, 潮湿, 湿度; humidrelative humidity 16.aug`ment: ment v.增加, 增大n.增加; increase, enlarge augmentation17.sustained ssteindadj.持续不变的, 相同的; sustainable development18.fatigue fti:n.疲乏, 疲劳, vt.使疲劳, vi.疲劳strengthPhrases and Expressions1.m oisture content 含8.s ustained load 永久水量,含湿度; water content2.c ement paste 水泥浆mortar3.c apillary tension 毛细管张力,微张力4.g radation of aggregate 骨料级配coarse fine crushed stone, gravel5.T he British Code PC100英国混凝土规范PC100; nowaday BS81106.c oefficient of thermal expansion of concrete 混凝土热膨胀系数7. The Code 英国标准规范荷载,长期荷载9.p ermanent plastic strain 永久的塑性应变stress10.crystal lattice晶格, 晶格11.cement gel 水泥凝胶体12.water-cement ratio 水灰比13.expansion joint 伸缩缝14.stability of the structure 结构的稳定性structural stability15. fatigue strength ofconcrete 混凝土的疲劳强度Text Volume Changes of ConcreteConcrete undergoes volume changes during hardening. 混凝土在硬结过程中会经历体积变化;If it loses moisture by evaporation, it shrinks, but if the concrete hardens in water, it expands. 如果蒸发失去水分,混凝土会收缩；但如果在水中硬结,它便膨胀;The causes of the volume changes in concrete can be attributed to changes in moisture content, chemical reaction of the cement with water, variation in temperature, and applied loads. 混凝土体积变化的原因可归结为含水量的变化、水泥与水的水化反应、温度变化和所施加的荷载;ShrinkageThe change in the volume of drying concrete is not equal to the volume of water removed. The evaporation of free water causes little or no shrinkage. 混凝土干燥时的体积变化量不等于它所失去的水的体积;自由水的蒸发基本不产生收缩;As concrete continues to dry, water evaporates and the volume of the restrained cement paste changes, causing concrete to shrink, probably dueto the capillary tension that develops in the water remaining in concrete. 随着混凝土的不断变干,水分蒸发,受约束水泥浆的体积也变化,导致了混凝土的收缩,这多半是由于残留在混凝土中的水的毛细张力所致; Emptying of the capillaries causes a loss of water without shrinkage. But once the absorbed water is removed, shrinkage occurs. 毛细管变空导致无收缩的水分丢失,但一旦失去吸收的水分,收缩便发生;Many factors influence the shrinkage of concrete caused by the variations in moisture conditions. 许多因素都会影响因水分环境发生变化而产生的混凝土收缩;and water content. The more cement or water content in the concrete mix, the greater the shrinkage. 水灰比：水灰比越大,收缩越大；and fineness of cement. High-early-strength and low-heat cements show more shrinkage than normal portland cement. The finer the cement, the greater is the expansion under moist conditions. 水泥的成分和细度：早强和低热水泥的收缩大于普通水泥,水泥越细,其在潮湿环境中的膨胀越大;, amount, and gradation of aggregate. The smaller the size of aggregate particles, the greater is the shrinkage. The greater the aggregate content, the smaller is the shrinkage. 骨料的类型、含量及其级配：骨料的粒径越小,收缩越大；骨料含量越大,收缩则越小;conditions, moisture, and temperature. Concrete specimens subjected to moist conditions undergo an expansion of 200to300×10-6,but if they are left to dry in air, they shrink. High temperature speeds the evaporation of water and, consequently, increases shrinkage. 外部条件,水分与温度：潮湿环境下的混凝土试件的膨胀量为200to300×10-6,但如果让其在空气中干燥,它们将收缩;高温加速了水分的蒸发,因此也加快了收缩;. Admixtures that increase the water requirement of concrete increase the shrinkage value. 添加剂：使用水量增加的外加剂也增加了收缩值;and shape of specimen. As shrinkage takes place in a reinforced concrete member, tension。

重要热力学概念及定理英文表述（Key thermodynamic Concepts and Laws）•Energy and Specific Energy 能量和比能量•Energy Transfer Rate(1W=1J/s, kW)功率•Thermodynamics 热力学•Mass and Density 质量和密度•Length 长度•Velocity 速度•Volume (Specific Volume) 体积（比体积）•Force 力•Pressure 压强•Specific Heat 比热•Universal Gas Constant(8.314 kJ/kmol∙K) 通用气体常数•Temperature 温度•System, Surroundings, Boundary 热力系，外界，界面•Closed System, Isolated System, Control Volume 闭口系，孤立系，控制体积•Property, State, Process, Steady state, Extensive property, Intensive property 状态参数，状态，过程，稳态，广延量，强度量•Equilibrium, Equilibrium state 平衡，平衡状态•Base unit/mass, time, length, force 基本单位/质量，时间，长度，力•Specific volume 比容•Molar basis 基于摩尔的•Pressure/Absolute pressure, Gage pressure, Vacuum pressure压力/绝对压力，表压力，真空度•Temperature/Thermal(heat) interaction, Thermal equilibrium温度热交换热平衡•Zeroth law of thermodynamics 热力学第零定律•Kelvin scale, Celsius scale, Fahrenheit scale, Triple point开尔文温度，摄氏度，华氏温标，三相点•Thermometers 温度计•Work, kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy 功，动能，重力势能•Thermodynamic definition of work, sign convention for work功的热力学定义，•W > 0: work done by the system 热力系对外界做功•W < 0: work done on the system 外界对热力系做功•Work is not a property 功不是状态参数•Power(the rate of energy transfer), units for power(J/s)功率（能量转换率）•Expansion or Compression Work δW = pAdx=pdV 膨胀功，压缩功•Quasi-equilibrium process 准平衡态过程•Energy transfer by heat, Sign convention for heat transfer•Q > 0, heat transfer to the system热量传递给热力系•Q < 0, heat transfer from the system热力系放出热量•Heat is not a property 热量不是状态参数•First Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第一定律•Energy balance 能量守恒•Internal energy 内能•Thermodynamic cycle 热力学循环•Power cycle 动力循环•Thermal efficiency 热效率•Refrigeration and heat pump cycle 制冷和热泵循环•coefficient of performance for refrigeration and heat pump 制冷系数，供热系数•Phase 相•State principle•Simple compressible systems 简单可压缩系统•p-v-T surface p-v-T面•Two-phase regions两相区•Saturation state 饱和状态•Saturation temperature饱和温度•Saturation pressure饱和压力•Critical point 临界点•p-v diagram P-V图•T-s diagram T-S图•Subcooled liquid, compressed liquid 过冷液体•Two-phase liquid-vapor mixture 气液两相混合•Quality x 干度•Superheated vapor 过热蒸汽•Enthalpy焓•Reference state 对应状态•Reference values 对应状态值•Ideal gas model 理想气体模型•Specific heat 比热•Compressibility factor (Z) 压缩因子•Reduced pressure (p r=p/p c) 相对压力•Reduced temperature (T r=T/T c) 相对温度•Generalized Compressibility Chart [Z=f(p r, T r)] 通用压缩因子图•Ideal gas equation of state 理想气体状态方程•Polytropic process 多变过程•Conservation of mass 质量守恒•Mass flow rate 质量流量•Mass rate balance 稳流•Volumetric flow rate 体积流量•Flow work 流动功•One-dimensional flow 一元流动•Time-dependent (transient) state和时间相关的状态•Energy rate balance•Nozzle 喷管•Diffuser 扩压管•Compressor 压缩机•Pump 泵•Throttling process 节流过程•Turbine 汽轮机•Heat exchanger换热器•Second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律•Clausius statement 克劳修斯表述•Kelvin-Plank statement 开尔文-普朗克表述•Thermal reservoir 热库•Entropy statement of the second law 第二定律熵的表述•Irreversible process 不可逆过程•Reversible process 可逆过程•Internal and external irreversibility 内部不可逆外部不可逆•Irreversibility 不可逆性•Carnot corollaries 卡诺定理•Carnot cycle(Carnot power cycle, Carnot refrigeration and heat pump cycle)卡诺循环（卡诺动力循环，卡诺制冷和热泵循环）•Clausius inequality 克劳修斯不等式•Entropy change 熵变•First TdS equation (TdS=dU+pdV) 第一熵变方程•Second TdS equation (TdS=dH-Vdp) 第二熵变方程•Entropy production 熵产•Entropy transfer accompanying heat transfer热产引起熵产•Entropy/ Entropy rate balance熵平衡•Increase of entropy principle 熵增原理•Isentropic process 等熵过程•Exergy ( Exergy is the maximum theoretical work obtainable from a overall system consisting of a system and the environment as the system comes into equilibrium with the environment, or passes to the dead state)火用•Environment 外界•Dead state 死态•Specific exergy 比火用•Exergy transfer 火用传递•Exergy destruction 火用损•Exergy rate balance 火用平衡•Rankine cycle 郎肯循环•Boiler, condenser 锅炉，冷凝器•Superheat and reheat 过热回热•Gas power cycle(system)气体动力循环•Spark-ignition, compression-ignition 点燃式，压燃式•Compression ratio 压缩比•Internal combustion engine 内燃机•Air-standard analysis 空气标准分析•Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Dual cycle 奥托循环，狄塞尔循环，混合循环•Gas turbine, Brayton Cycle, reheat 燃气轮机，布雷顿循环，回热•Velocity of Sound 声速•Mach number 马赫数•Momentum equation 动量方程•Throat 喉部•Converging nozzle 渐缩喷管•Converging-diverging nozzle 缩放喷管•Diverging nozzle渐放喷管•Back pressure 背压•Compressible flow 可压缩流动•Subsonic and supersonic flow 亚音速流动超音速流动•Stagnation state 停滞状态•Normal shock 激波•Refrigeration and heat pump systems 制冷系统热泵系统•Vapor refrigeration system 蒸汽制冷系统•Vapor-Compression refrigeration蒸气压缩式制冷•Ideal vapor-compression cycle理想蒸汽压缩循环•Refrigerant制冷剂•Gas refrigeration cycle气体制冷循环•Equations of state 状态方程•Virial equation 维里方程•Van der Waals equation范德瓦尔斯方程•Helmholtz function f=u-Ts亥姆霍兹函数•Gibbs function g=h-Ts吉布斯函数•Maxwell relations麦克斯韦关系•Isothermal process: A process during which the temperature T remains constant.等温过程：过程中，温度保持不变。