2009年北京英语高考试卷完形填空完全解析
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2009高考英语全国卷II试卷及答案解析第一卷(选择题)第一部分英语知识运用(共三节,满分50分)第一节语音知识(共5小题;每小题1分,满分5分)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
例:haveA.gave B. save C. hat D. made答案是C。
1. JulyA. diaryB. energyC. replyD. daily2. medicineA. twiceB. medicalC. perfectD. clinic3. seizeA. neighbourB. weighC. eightD. receive4. determineA. remindB. ministerC. smileD. tidy5. existA. experienceB. examineC. exciteD. explode第二节语法和词汇知识(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
例:It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants.A. howeverB. whateverC. whicheverD. whenever答案是B。
6. It is often _____ that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.A. saidB. to sayC. sayingD. being said7. Charles was alone at home, with _____ looking after him.A. someoneB. anyoneC. not oneD. no one8. Progress ______ so far very good and we sure that the work will be finished on time.A. wasB. had beenC. has beenD. will be9. The children loved their day trip, and they enjoyed the horse ride ___.A. mostB. moreC. lessD. little10. All the dishes in this menu, _____ otherwise stated, will serve two to three people.A. asB. ifC. thoughD. unless11. I’m sure that your letter will get _____ attention .They know you’re waiting for the reply.A. continuedB. immediateC. carefulD. general12. The CDs are on sale!Buy one and you get ______ completely free.A. otherB. othersC. oneD. ones13. Jenny nearly missed the flight ______ doing too much shopping.A. as a result ofB. on top ofC. in front ofD. in need of14. What I need is _____ book that contains _____ ABC of oil painting.A. a;不填B. the; 不填C. the; anD. a; the15. If you leave the club, you will not be ______ back in.A. receivedB. admittedC. turnedD. movedA. being runB. runC. to runD. running17. My friend showed me round the town, ______ was very kind of him.A. whichB. thatC. whereD. it18. It’s high time you had your hair cut; it’s getting _____.A. too much longB. much too longC. long too muchD. too long much19. ---- Do you mind my opening the window? It’s a bit hot in here .---- ______, as a matter of fact.A. Go aheadB. Yes, my pleasureC. Yes, I doD. Come on20. I ca n’t leave. She told me that I _____ stay here until she comes back.A. canB. mustC. willD. may第三节完形填空(共20小题;没小题1.5分,满分30分)阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试【总卷评析】从测试反馈和卷面总体分析的情况来看,体现了语言能力的考查和高考试题体现的选拔性,突出了考试大纲对语言基本功的测试.英语解析第一部分英语知识运用1.【答案】C【解析】该选项y读音/ai/,而,其余发/i/.区别度较大,考生一般不易失分.2.【答案】A.【解析】字母“c”发/s/,而其余排除项发音/k/,比较明显,不含糊,考生基本能判别.3.【答案】D.【解析】seize中的“ei”读音/i:/.而其余项读音/ei/.4.【答案】B.【解析】该字母读音/i/,其余排除项读音/ai/.尽管读音的区别度大,容易判断,但是对于minister“大臣, 牧师”一词,依然会有相当的学生不熟悉.这要引起注意.5.【答案】B.【解析】exist读音[iɡ’zist].而其余选项的“x”发音/ks/.第二节:语法和词汇知识【总体评析】(1)从15道小题的难易度和得失分的情况看,难度适中、考生不易丢分的有:第6、7、11、16、18和19题;而其余有一定难度,考生把握不准.尤其是第10、12小题,考生普遍失分.(2)这15道小题涵盖的语言点有:固定句型、不定代词、时态、形容词副词、状语引导词、固定短语、冠词、实义动词之间的区别、非谓语动词Ving、非限制性定语从句、交际用语、情态动词.6.【答案】A【解析】 it is said+that “据说”,从句句型,类似句型还有it is reported/believed/guessed that. 这个题考察的很简单,学生们对此句型的变型等挖掘的很深,没想到却是从这么简单的角度去考.句意为“据说人类天生就会说话”【考点定位】考察固定句式中的谓语结构7.【答案】D【解析】根句子中提供的信息 alone可知没有人照顾他,故用 no one【考点定位】考察代词8.【答案】C【解析】根据句中提示词so far 可判断用现在完成时.句意为:到目前为止进展很顺利,我们肯定会把任务按时完成.【考点定位】考察时态9.【答案】A【解析】根据and可知句子的语气不是转折,而是语气的承接或递进,故排除 C D选项.学生会误选比较级,误以为“孩子们喜欢....更喜欢.....”其实 horse ride 是 day trip 中的一项活动,与 day trip不存在比较关系,所以语义应该是“孩子们很喜欢这次一日游活动. 10.【答案】D【解析】本题首先弄清楚句子结构,主句为All the dishes in this menu will sever two or three people.中间插入了连词加分词结构做状语,根据句意:除非另有说明,否则这个菜谱上的菜够两到三个人吃”.【考点定位】考察连词再具体语境中的辨析.11.【答案】B【解析】根据后面句子 they know you are waiting for the reply 可知与时间有关,要选 immediate 立即的关注【考点定位】考察形容词再具体语境中的辨析12.【答案】C【解析】句子可以还原为“buy a CD and you will get a free CD.用one 代替a+可数名词单数.【考点定位】考察替代词13.【答案】A【解析】考查固定短语(as a result of“由于……的结果”).【考点定位】考察固定介词短语的词义辨析14.【答案】D【解析】冠词选择是和合理的语境密切相关的,第一个空应该是“我需要的是一本....的书”故用冠词a.后一个空ABC意为“basic knowledge”结合后面的of 短语,可判断应该是特指.即应该是 the basic knowledge of oil painting.【考点定位】考察冠词15.【答案】B【解析】 be admitted in 被允许进入【考点定位】考察动词词义辨析16.【答案】D【解析】由于没有keep sb to do 和keep sb do 结构,故排除BC.由于traffic与run是主谓关系.所以排除A.故答案为D keep sb doing sth句型.【考点定位】考察非谓语形式17. 【答案】A【解析】先行词为前面整个句子,my friend showed me round the town .故用引导词which.【考点定位】考察定语从句18.【答案】B【解析】 too much 相当于 Much的用法,much too相当于too 的用法,用来修饰形容词long.【考点定位】考察形容词副词的位置顺序.19.【答案】C【解析】:根据答语中的as a matter of fact “实际上”可知作者很介意.【考点定位】考察交际用语20.【答案】B【解析】查情态动词must(必须、一定)第三节完形填空【总体评析】最近几年来的完形填空试题材料选材上,都力图选取一篇有教育意义的文章,通常来讲,这样的文章均会是一篇记叙文或者一个与生活有关的一些经历描述.这篇文章就是属于此类.这是一篇励志文章:通过描述自己对父亲喜爱的“try it!”(尝试) 来影响自己对选择职业、工作目标和生活斗志方面思想的形成.作者描述了一些有趣的事实:在尝试中,自己的本不具有的一些生活技能居然在通过各种经历后养成了.所以连作者本人都发出感叹:“I’ve also discovered that if I believe in what I’m doing and work hard at achieving my goal, I will succeed. ”(我同时也发现,如果我认为我正在做的事情有益并且我为之而努力去实现我的目标的话,我就会取得成功.)这样的励志思想,也正是这篇完形材料在高考中要达到的教育目的.但是,该试题的难易度和前几年相比较而言,难度有所增加.多数考生不能清楚地理解,这道试题还有一定的难度区分.在一些选项上,会出现大范围的答题失误.比如:24题、25题 (逻辑度不很明朗) 但是对于语言运用能力很强的考生,也能克服这种困难.21--22 . One of my father’s favorite sayings as I was growing up was “Try it!” I couldn’t say I didn’t like 21, whatever it might be, 22 I tried it. 整体第一句没有设空,能够更好的让考生理解全篇.我父亲的这句话对我的影响是相当的大的.我原本也有一些不喜欢的事情,但是直到作者尝试了以后,我就对这些事情的态度变化了.23—24. Over the years I’ve come to 23 how much of my successI owe to my 24 of those words as one of my values. 这么多年来,我开始意识到我的很多的成功多归功于父亲的话.这句子包含一个感叹句,注意句子中的结构 owe … to …把…归功于…25—26. My 25 job was just one I decided to try for a couple of years until I 26 what I wanted to do as a career (职业) .我这里开始介绍我的工作经历,25题很简单,第一项工作.26题determine 下定决心做…通过下文可以看出来,我在从事第一项工作时的态度只是想先试试看,如果遇到热衷的想当成自己固定职业的工作的话,还会离开的.27—28.27 I believed I would work for a few years, get married, stay home and raise a family, so I didn’t think the job I took 28 that much . 这里说出来了作者的态度.事实上,我自认为我会工作几年之后就结婚,建立家庭…所以呢我并没有把这项工作看的特别的重要.这里考查的词是:matter. 要紧的,重要的也可以用count.29. 这个空要通过上下文理解.I couldn’t have been more 29. 下文在叙述我在尝试中,自己的本不具有的一些生活技能居然在通过各种经历后养成了.也就是说我的开始的想法是错误的.而在这句话中还考察了一个语法结构:not + 比较级的用法,这句话的基本含义是:我不可能比这更错了,也就是说我的想法是错误的了.又如:never slept better—从来没有比睡得更好过.30. move up 上升,这里指工作上取得了提升.31. position 指职位,岗位.此处下文33空是有提示的.32. 此处点题, I adopted each new opportunity with the 32, “Well,I’ll try it; if I don’t like it I can always go back to my 33 position.”我总是采用一中态度来面对我的每一次新机会,那就是这种想法(thought):如果我不喜欢这个新的机会我就会回到原来的那一个,也就是说是早些时候的那个.33. earlier早些时候的34.通过but可以看出我的态度发生了变化,在过去的28年中,我一直待在同一个公司,并且每次的工作变化作者都很享受,高兴,做的很好.所以34题选择enjoy.35. 直到此时我才发现其实自己拥有(possess)很多的不同才能.I’ve discovered I 35 a large number of different talents (才能) and skills36. be open to 对…开放,即我情愿接受…这句的意思是:要不是我愿意尝试新的机会,我就不会想到我拥有这么多的才能. Had it not been for = If it had not been for …要不是…37—38. I’ve also discovered that if I 37 what I’m doing and word hard at achieving my 38. I will succeed. Believe in 相信,信任; goal 目标.此句意思是:我还发现如果我相信我自己并且一直努力去做就一定能够达到目标取得成功.39.这就是我为什么如此兴奋成为的一员. 40.而且我认为时机time已到,我决心一定要取得成功.第二部分阅读理解A.【答案】41. A;42. B;43. A;44. B.【解析】A篇阅读理解是一篇大家比较熟悉的一个话题:“建议吃好早餐”.这篇文章文字简单,就总体而言,考生大致能理解和掌握它的大意:一些人们对早餐的误解;不吃早餐能减肥等错误的做法.从选材和文字特点方面可以看出,这篇文章通俗易懂,不“偏”不“怪”.如果感觉完形难度偏大的学生在做这道试题时,会相对轻松.41.猜测词义:leftover: 字面理解为leave over 把…留下这道题原句:You can have last night’s leftovers.很明显的是昨晚的剩饭 .42. 推理判断:通过I know lots of women who skip breakfast (不吃早饭), and they have a ton of different excuses for doing it.I know plenty of friends who end up having no breakfast altogether, and have just coffee or orange juice. 这些句子都可以得出结论:Many people have wrong ideas about breakfast.很多人对早餐持有错误的观点.43. 细节理解:最后一段的内容.So eat something in the morning, anything.44. 作者意图:作者在文章开始先提出了现象,有表明了自己的观点(第三段)But the bottom line is that eating in the morning is very important when you’re trying to lose weight .还有第四段的句子Breakfast is one meal I never miss, and the same goes for most weight loss success stories. 这些句子都可以体现出来作者的文章是写给那些要减肥的人的.B.【答案】45. C;46. D;47. A;48. C.【解析】B篇阅读理解的文字风格诙谐但有实际的描述了一个很普遍的社会问题:男女角色在家庭责任承担上随着时期的不同而发生变化.这是一篇展示社会问题类型的文章.作者通过描绘不同时期的男女---单身---婚后---孩子出生等阶段他们角色和责任承担的改变.从文字设计上看,影响考生理解完整意思的因素并不多,整篇文章文字比较通顺流畅.难度并不大.但是在45、46题的理解上,部分考生会出现问题.45. 细节理解:a well known pattern 即Men usually work more outside the home, while women take on more of the housework.”结了婚的男人一般情况下通常工作在外,而女人在家做家务.这道题目的答案C breadwinner 意思是养家糊口的人.,负担家计的人.所以选择C.建议学生们用排除法,可以得到答案.46. 细节理解—数字题:通过第三段:Men are taking on more housework, more than doubling their housework hours from six in 1976 to 13 in 2005.47. 细节理解:Men showed a somewhat different pattern, with older men picking up the broom more often than younger men. Single men worked the hardest around the house, more than that of all other age groups of married men. Single men= unmarried men 未婚男士48.主旨大意:通过全文可以得知:Housework sharing changes over time.家务劳动的承担发生着变化.C.【答案】49. D;50. D;51. C;52. A.【解析】C篇阅读属于一篇自然科学研究的报道---发现并报道这种可以暂时(两个月)脱离水域生活在美洲陆地的将科小鱼(Mangrove Rivulus)的一些特性.这篇文章看似科学发现,但是文字简单,不妨碍绝大多数考生对整篇文章的完全清楚地理解.尤其是试题选项均可以在原文中找到直接句子即该题答案,比如49、50、51小题,都很容易在原文得出.49. 细节理解:第一段第一句A fish that lives in mangrove swamps (红树沼泽)across the Americas can live out of water for months at a time50. 细节理解:第五段:He(指代Scott Taylor)said he will make his study on the fish known to the public in an American magazine early next year.51. 细节理解:文章第一段,第二段,第三段以及第五段都提到此层意思:如Taylor said he found the fish can live up to 66 days out of water without eating.52.细节理解:第四.五段The new scientific discovery came after a trip to Belize. “We kicked over a log and the fish just came crowding out,”可以看出来the discovery of Mangrove Rivulus was made quite by accident.by accident偶然地D.【答案】53. B; 54. D; 55. A; 56. C.【解析】D篇读理解给我们呈现了报业从起源到现在面临的困境---受到更多先进快捷媒体比如internet的冲击的现状.作者通过回顾和现状事实的描述,也表达了自己的担忧:未来报业何去何从?这篇文字设计上看,也没有更多的难度.总体文字流畅,事例逻辑表达完整.从问题的设计方面看,也没有过多的迷惑度.53. 细节理解:从第一段In 1721, the printer James Franklin,Benjamin’s older brother, started the New England Courant, and that was what we might recognize today as a real newspaper.可以看出答案:The New England Courant marks the beginning of the American newspaper.54.推理判断:通过第二段的意思可以看出来报纸的编辑们面临着很大的困难.The chief editor(主编) of the Times said recently, “At places where they gather, editors ask one another, ‘How are you?’, as if they have just come out of the hospital or a lost law case.” An article about the newspaper appeared on the website of the Guandian, under the headline “NOT DEAD YET.”55. 细节理解:The Washington Post Company has prevented the trouble only by changing part of its business to education; its testing and test-preparation service now brings in at least half the company’s income.56. 细节理解:作者对报纸未来的态度是担忧的. 从第二段和第三段的意思可以看出,尤其是第三段Perhaps not, but the rise of the Internet, which has made the daily newspaper look slow and out of step with the world, has brought about a real sense of death.E.【答案】57. D; 58. B; 59. B; 60. C.【解析】E篇是一篇旅游景点文笔风格的文章,描写了斐济这个国家的旅游资源比如:维提岛(Viti Levu),斐济第一大岛.最佳气候---仅仅5度的温度变化、各种运动、各种保留完美的土著传统等等的描写,更加突出了该篇的旅游经典.该篇文章文字也比较容易,试题设计迷惑度不大.57.细节理解:第二段 Viti Levu – Great Fiji – is the largest island. Here you’ll find the capital Suva and the international airport at Nadi. Vatoa, on the other hand, isa tiny island in the farthest part of Fiji.58.细节理解:第五段讲述的是Fijian 人们的生活可以看出他们还坚持着传统的生活方式. 如:any one of us can enjoy Fiji’s spirit by being part of the traditional(传统的) sharing of yaqona, a drink made from the root of a Fiji plant.59. 细节理解:第三段 Whit less than a million people living on islands, you’ll never feel crowded. And with a climate(气候) that changes only for five degrees between seasons, there’s never a bad time to come.60. 推理判断:文章介绍的就是斐济这个国家的旅游资源,所以文章出现在旅游杂志上最为合适.第二节【答案】61. B; 62. D; 63. E; 64. F; 65. A【解析】该题难易度小,与往年持平,难度不大.第二卷(非选择题) ks5uks5u第三部分写作第一节:单词拼写【答案】66.average; 67. advantage; 68. hung; 69. lawyer; 70. pressed/pushed; 71. harvest; 72. shaved; 73. stomach; 74. kindergarten; 75. pillows;【解析】今年的单词拼写试题较为偏难,主要体现在:72题(剃须“shaved”) 75题:枕头“pillows”.除此之外的单词,难度适中. 第二节短文改错76. 去掉to; return当归还讲是及物动词,return sth to sb77. mean改为meant; 时态错误78. and改为but; 连词使用错误,通过句子意思可以判断79. hold改为held; 被动语态,我被困住80. turned the corner; 特指那个角落81.正确;82. going改为go; help sb (to) do sth83. here改为there; 副词使用错误,通过句意可知84. hour改为hours; 一个半小时,所以用复数85. were改为was;主语是单数it,所以用was第三节书面表达2009年这篇全国高考卷(不含听力)书面表达试题,命题难易度稳定,从细节表达和基础语言表达技能上看,略微增加一点繁琐度.但这篇书面表达尤其突出了生活气息和语言的交际性.从体裁上看,采用了往年通用的高考设计即书信模式.更突出“实用”的交际原则,体现了“稳定”的高考命题原则.从写作题材上来看,考生们会感受到不“奇”但是要真正完整写清楚内容,需要比较过硬的语言基础来完整地表达.比如:数词的表达“800米的街道(this 800-metre street),600多年 (over 600 years old),300余家,17路,地铁2号线(subway Line 2)”等等,考生需要仔细注意这些表达方式【答案】Dear Sarah,Thank you for your letter for asking about the rebuilt Qianmen Street. Here is something about it.Qianmen Street is a famous street of over 600 years old. Along this 800-meter street, there are more than 300 shops. As the street is in the center of Beijing, just to the south of Tian’anmen Square, it’s very convenient to get there by bus. You may take Buses No. 17, 69 or 59. Subway Line 2 has a stop there too. Qianmen Street is a pedestrian street, but there are trolley cars to take you not only to the shops, but also to chatters and teahouses where you can experience a truly Chinese way of life. I’m sure you‘ll like it.。
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语(北京卷)答案第一部分:听力理解(共两节,30分)第一节(共5小题,第小题1.5分共7.5分)1.C2.A3.B4.B5.C第二节(共15小题,每小题1.5分,共22.5分)6.A7.C8.A9.C 10.B 11.B 12.C 13.B 14.B 15.C 16.A 17.A 18.B 19A .20.C第二部分:知识运用(共两节,45分)第一节单项填空(共15小题,每小题1分,共15分)21.C 22.B 23.A 24.A 25.D 26.A 27.B 28.D 29.C 30.C 31.D 32.B 33.D 34.B 35.A第二节完形填空(共20小题,每小题1.5分,共30分)36.C 37.A 38.D 39.B 40.A 41.C 42.B 43.D 44.C 45.A 46.D 47.B 48.C 49.B 50.A 51.D 52.B 53.D 54.A 55.C第三部分:阅读理解(共20小题,每小题2分,共40分)56.C 57.B 58.C 59.D 60.D 61.D 62.C 63.B 64.B 65.A 66.D 67.C 68.A 69.B 70.A 71.A 72.A 73.B 74.C 75.D第四部分:书面表达(共两节,35分)第一节情景作文(20分)一、内容要点:1、骑车去植树2、植树3、安插提示牌4、照相二、说明:内容要点可用不同方式表达三、One possible version:Green Action in Our ClassApril 12 is memorable because our class had a meaningful experience on that day. In the morning, we bicycled to the suburbs to plant trees, talking and laughing all the way. Upon arrival, we began to work immediately. Some were digging holes. Some were carrying and planting young trees. Others were watering them. After getting the work done, we put up a board reminding people to protect the trees. Before leaving we took some photos to record our green action. Seeing the lines of trees, we all had a sense of achievement. We feel it’s our duty t o protect and beautify our environment.第二节开放作文(15分)One possible version:What an interesting picture! A Western young man, sitting at a table, is ready to eat a bowl of noodles. He is holding two forks the same way as we Chinese hold chopsticks. He is trying so hard to pick up the noodles that he is sweating a lot. At first glance, I think it’s abit funny, for we Chinese take for granted that chopsticks are the tools for eating noodles. The man in the picture is trying to copy us. Obviously he is doing it the hard way. Maybe using one fork will do a better job, In my opinion, we don’t need to copy others’ ways of thinking. Sometimes a simpler way of doing things may be a better way.2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语(北京卷)答案第一部分:听力理解(共两节,30分)第一节(共5小题,第小题1.5分共7.5分)1.C2.A3.B4.B5.C第二节(共15小题,每小题1.5分,共22.5分)6.A7.C8.A9.C 10.B 11.B 12.C 13.B 14.B 15.C 16.A 17.A 18.B 19A .20.C第二部分:知识运用(共两节,45分)第一节单项填空(共15小题,每小题1分,共15分)21.C 22.B 23.A 24.A 25.D 26.A 27.B 28.D 29.C 30.C 31.D 32.B 33.D 34.B 35.A第二节完形填空(共20小题,每小题1.5分,共30分)36.C 37.A 38.D 39.B 40.A 41.C 42.B 43.D 44.C 45.A 46.D 47.B 48.C 49.B 50.A 51.D 52.B 53.D 54.A 55.C第三部分:阅读理解(共20小题,每小题2分,共40分)56.C 57.B 58.C 59.D 60.D 61.D 62.C 63.B 64.B 65.A 66.D 67.C 68.A 69.B 70.A 71.A 72.A 73.B 74.C 75.D第四部分:书面表达(共两节,35分)第一节情景作文(20分)一、内容要点:1、骑车去植树2、植树3、安插提示牌4、照相二、说明:内容要点可用不同方式表达三、One possible version:Green Action in Our ClassApril 12 is memorable because our class had a meaningful experience on that day. In the morning, we bicycled to the suburbs to plant trees, talking and laughing all the way. Upon arrival, we began to work immediately. Some were digging holes. Some were carrying and planting young trees. Others were watering them. After getting the work done, we put up a board reminding people to protect the trees. Before leaving we took some photos to record our green action. Seeing the lines of trees, we all had a sense of achievement. We feel it’s our duty to pr otect and beautify our environment.第二节开放作文(15分)One possible version:What an interesting picture! A Western young man, sitting at a table, is ready to eat a bowl of noodles. He is holding two forks the same way as we Chinese hold chopsticks. He istr ying so hard to pick up the noodles that he is sweating a lot. At first glance, I think it’s a bit funny, for we Chinese take for granted that chopsticks are the tools for eating noodles. The man in the picture is trying to copy us. Obviously he is doing it the hard way. Maybe using one fork will do a better job, In my opinion, we don’t need to copy others’ ways of thinking. Sometimes a simpler way of doing things may be a better way.。
09年高考英语完形填空(四十)A Strange Greeting, a True Feeling Last week I was invited to a doctor’s meeting at the Ruth hospital for incurables. In one of the wards a patient, an old man, got up shakily from his bed and moved towards me. I could see that he hadn't long to 1 , but he came up to me and placed his right foot close mine on the floor.“Frank!” I cried in astonishment. He couldn’t 2 , as I knew, but all the time 3 his foot against mine.My 4 raced back more than thirty years to the 5 days of 1941, when I was a student in London. The 6 was an air-raid shelter, in which I and about hundred other people slept every night. Two of the regulars were Mrs. West and her son Frank.7 wartime problems, we shelter-dwellers got to 8 each other very well. Frank West 9 me because he wasn’t10 , not even at birth. His mother told me he was 37 then, but he had 11 of a mind than a baby has. His “12 ” consisted of rough sounds——sounds of pleasure or anger and 13 more. Mrs. West, then about 75, was a strong, capable woman, as she had to be, of course, because Frank 14 on her entirely. He needed all the 15 of a baby.One night a policeman came and told Mrs. West that her house had been flattened by a 500-pounder. She 16 nearly everything she owned.When that sort of thing happened, the rest of us helped the 17 ones. So before we 18 that morning, I stood beside Frank and 19 my right foot against his. They were about the same size. That night, then, I took a pair of shoes to the shelter for frank. But as soon as he saw me he came running and placed his right foot against mine. After that, his 20 to me was always the same.1. A. work B. stay C. live D. expect2. A. answer B. speak C. smile D. laugh3. A. covering B. moving C. fighting D. pressing4. A. minds B. memories C. thoughts D. brains5. A. better B. dark C. younger D. old6. A. cave B. place C. sight D. scene7. A. Discussing B. Solving C. Sharing D. Suffering8. A. learn from B. talk to C. help D. know9. A. needed B. recognized C. interested D. encouraged10. A. normal B. common C. unusual D. quick11. A. more B. worse C. fewer D. less12. A. word B. speech C. sentence D. language13. A. not B. no C. something D. nothing14. A. fed B. kept C. lived D. depended15. A. attention B. control C. treatment D. management16. A. lost B. needed C. destroyed D. left17. A. troublesome B. unlucky C. angry D. unpopular18. A. separated B. went C. reunited D. returned19. A. pushed B. tried C. showed D. measured20. A. nodding B. greeting C. meeting D. acting【答案解析】1. C 上文的“incurables"表明这位老人是不治之症患者,存活的时间不会太长。
1. 元素与集合的关系U x A x C A ∈⇔∉,U x C A x A ∈⇔∉. 2.德摩根公式();()U U U U U U C A B C A C B C A B C A C B == .3.包含关系A B A A B B =⇔= U U A B C B C A ⇔⊆⇔⊆U A C B ⇔=Φ U C A B R ⇔=4.容斥原理()()card A B cardA cardB card A B =+-()()card A B C cardA cardB cardC card A B =++-()()()()card A B card B C card C A card A B C ---+ .5.集合12{,,,}n a a a 的子集个数共有2n 个;真子集有2n –1个;非空子集有2n –1个;非空的真子集有2n –2个.6.二次函数的解析式的三种形式(1)一般式2()(0)f x ax bx c a =++≠;(2)顶点式2()()(0)f x a x h k a =-+≠; (3)零点式12()()()(0)f x a x x x x a =--≠. 7.解连不等式()N f x M <<常有以下转化形式()N f x M <<⇔[()][()]0f x M f x N --< ⇔|()|22M N M N f x +--<⇔()0()f x N M f x ->-⇔11()f x NM N>--.8.方程0)(=x f 在),(21k k 上有且只有一个实根,与0)()(21<k f k f 不等价,前者是后者的一个必要而不是充分条件.特别地, 方程)0(02≠=++a c bx ax 有且只有一个实根在),(21k k 内,等价于0)()(21<k f k f ,或0)(1=k f 且22211k k ab k +<-<,或0)(2=k f 且22122k ab k k <-<+.9.闭区间上的二次函数的最值二次函数)0()(2≠++=a c bx ax x f 在闭区间[]q p ,上的最值只能在ab x 2-=处及区间的两端点处取得,具体如下:(1)当a>0时,若[]q p ab x ,2∈-=,则{}m in m ax m ax()(),()(),()2b f x f f x f p f q a=-=;[]q p ab x ,2∉-=,{}max max()(),()f x f p f q =,{}min min ()(),()f x f p f q =.(2)当a<0时,若[]q p ab x ,2∈-=,则{}m i n ()m i n (),()f x f p f q=,若[]q p ab x ,2∉-=,则{}m a x ()m a x (),()f x f p f q=,{}min ()min (),()f x f p f q =. 10.一元二次方程的实根分布依据:若()()0f m f n <,则方程0)(=x f 在区间(,)m n 内至少有一个实根 . 设q px x x f ++=2)(,则(1)方程0)(=x f 在区间),(+∞m 内有根的充要条件为0)(=m f 或2402p q p m ⎧-≥⎪⎨->⎪⎩;(2)方程0)(=x f 在区间(,)m n 内有根的充要条件为()()0f m f n <或2()0()0402f m f n p q p m n>⎧⎪>⎪⎪⎨-≥⎪⎪<-<⎪⎩或()0()0f m af n =⎧⎨>⎩或()0()0f n af m =⎧⎨>⎩; (3)方程0)(=x f 在区间(,)n -∞内有根的充要条件为()0f m <或2402p q p m ⎧-≥⎪⎨-<⎪⎩ .11.定区间上含参数的二次不等式恒成立的条件依据(1)在给定区间),(+∞-∞的子区间L (形如[]βα,,(]β,∞-,[)+∞,α不同)上含参数的二次不等式(,)0f x t ≥(t 为参数)恒成立的充要条件是m in (,)0()f x t x L ≥∉.(2)在给定区间),(+∞-∞的子区间上含参数的二次不等式(,)0f x t ≥(t 为参数)恒成立的充要条件是(,)0()man f x t x L ≤∉.(3)0)(24>++=c bx ax x f 恒成立的充要条件是000a b c ≥⎧⎪≥⎨⎪>⎩或2040a b ac <⎧⎨-<⎩.12.13.14.四种命题的相互关系15.充要条件(1)充分条件:若p q ⇒,则p 是q 充分条件.(2)必要条件:若q p ⇒,则p 是q 必要条件.(3)充要条件:若p q ⇒,且q p ⇒,则p 是q 充要条件. 注:如果甲是乙的充分条件,则乙是甲的必要条件;反之亦然. 16.函数的单调性(1)设[]2121,,x x b a x x ≠∈⋅那么 []1212()()()0x x f x f x -->⇔[]b a x f x x x f x f ,)(0)()(2121在⇔>--上是增函数; []1212()()()0x x f x f x --<⇔[]b a x f x x x f x f ,)(0)()(2121在⇔<--上是减函数.(2)设函数)(x f y =在某个区间内可导,如果0)(>'x f ,则)(x f 为增函数;如果0)(<'x f ,则)(x f 为减函数.17.如果函数)(x f 和)(x g 都是减函数,则在公共定义域内,和函数)()(x g x f +也是减函数; 如果函数)(u f y =和)(x g u =在其对应的定义域上都是减函数,则复合函数)]([x g f y =是增函数.18.奇偶函数的图象特征 奇函数的图象关于原点对称,偶函数的图象关于y 轴对称;反过来,如果一个函数的图象关于原点对称,那么这个函数是奇函数;如果一个函数的图象关于y 轴对称,那么这个函数是偶函数.19.若函数)(x f y =是偶函数,则)()(a x f a x f --=+;若函数)(a x f y +=是偶函数,则)()(a x f a x f +-=+.20.对于函数)(x f y =(R x ∈),)()(x b f a x f -=+恒成立,则函数)(x f 的对称轴是函数2b a x +=;两个函数)(a x f y +=与)(x b f y -= 的图象关于直线2b a x +=对称.21.若)()(a x f x f +--=,则函数)(x f y =的图象关于点)0,2(a 对称; 若)()(a x f x f +-=,则函数)(x f y =为周期为a 2的周期函数.22.多项式函数110()n n n n P x a x a x a --=+++ 的奇偶性多项式函数()P x 是奇函数⇔()P x 的偶次项(即奇数项)的系数全为零. 多项式函数()P x 是偶函数⇔()P x 的奇次项(即偶数项)的系数全为零. 23.函数()y f x =的图象的对称性(1)函数()y f x =的图象关于直线x a =对称()()f a x f a x ⇔+=- (2)()f a x f x ⇔-=.(2)函数()y f x =的图象关于直线2a b x +=对称()()f a mx f b mx ⇔+=-()()f a b mx f mx ⇔+-=.24.两个函数图象的对称性(1)函数()y f x =与函数()y f x =-的图象关于直线0x =(即y 轴)对称. (2)函数()y f mx a =-与函数()y f b mx =-的图象关于直线2a b x m+=对称.(3)函数)(x f y =和)(1x f y -=的图象关于直线y=x 对称.25.若将函数)(x f y =的图象右移a 、上移b 个单位,得到函数b a x f y +-=)(的图象;若将曲线0),(=y x f 的图象右移a 、上移b 个单位,得到曲线0),(=--b y a x f 的图象.26.互为反函数的两个函数的关系a b fb a f =⇔=-)()(1.27.若函数)(b kx f y +=存在反函数,则其反函数为])([11b x fk y -=-,并不是)([1b kx fy +=-,而函数)([1b kx fy +=-是])([1b x f ky -=的反函数.28.几个常见的函数方程(1)正比例函数()f x cx =,()()(),(1)f x y f x f y f c +=+=.(2)指数函数()x f x a =,()()(),(1)0f x y f x f y f a +==≠.(3)对数函数()log a f x x =,()()(),()1(0,1)f xy f x f y f a a a =+=>≠.(4)幂函数()f x x α=,'()()(),(1)f xy f x f y f α==.(5)余弦函数()cos f x x =,正弦函数()sin g x x =,()()()()()f x y f x f y g x g y -=+,()(0)1,lim1x g x f x→==.29.几个函数方程的周期(约定a>0)(1))()(a x f x f +=,则)(x f 的周期T=a ; (2)0)()(=+=a x f x f , 或)0)(()(1)(≠=+x f x f a x f ,或1()()f x a f x +=-(()0)f x ≠,或[]1(),(()0,1)2f x a f x +=+∈,则)(x f 的周期T=2a ;(3))0)(()(11)(≠+-=x f a x f x f ,则)(x f 的周期T=3a ;(4))()(1)()()(212121x f x f x f x f x x f -+=+且1212()1(()()1,0||2)f a f x f x x x a =⋅≠<-<,则)(x f 的周期T=4a ;(5)()()(2)(3)(4)f x f x a f x a f x a f x a +++++++()()(2)(3)(4)f x f x a f x a f x a f x a =++++,则)(x f 的周期T=5a ;(6))()()(a x f x f a x f +-=+,则)(x f 的周期T=6a. 30.分数指数幂(1)mn a =0,,a m n N *>∈,且1n >).(2)1m nmnaa -=(0,,a m n N *>∈,且1n >).31.根式的性质(1)na =.(2)当n为奇数时,a =; 当n,0||,0a a a a a ≥⎧==⎨-<⎩.32.有理指数幂的运算性质(1) (0,,)r s r sa a a a r s Q +⋅=>∈. (2) ()(0,,)r s rsa a a r s Q =>∈. (3)()(0,0,)r r rab a b a b r Q =>>∈.注: 若a >0,p 是一个无理数,则a p 表示一个确定的实数.上述有理指数幂的运算性质,对于无理数指数幂都适用.33.指数式与对数式的互化式log ba Nb a N =⇔=(0,1,0)a a N >≠>.34.对数的换底公式log log log m a m N N a=(0a >,且1a ≠,0m >,且1m ≠, 0N >).推论 log log mn a a n b b m=(0a >,且1a >,,0m n >,且1m ≠,1n ≠, 0N >).35.对数的四则运算法则若a >0,a ≠1,M >0,N >0,则 (1)log ()log log a a a M N M N =+; (2) log log log aa a M M N N=-; (3)log log ()na a Mn M n R =∈.36.设函数)0)((log )(2≠++=a c bx axx f m,记ac b 42-=∆.若)(x f 的定义域为R ,则0>a ,且0<∆;若)(x f 的值域为R ,则0>a ,且0≥∆.对于0=a 的情形,需要单独检验.37. 对数换底不等式及其推广 若0a >,0b >,0x >,1x a ≠,则函数log ()ax y bx =(1)当a b >时,在1(0,)a 和1(,)a +∞上log ()ax y bx =为增函数. ,(2)当a b <时,在1(0,)a和1(,)a+∞上log ()ax y bx =为减函数.推论:设1n m >>,0p >,0a >,且1a ≠,则 (1)log ()log m p m n p n ++<. (2)2log log log 2a a am n m n +<.38. 平均增长率的问题如果原来产值的基础数为N ,平均增长率为p ,则对于时间x 的总产值y ,有(1)x y N p =+. 39.数列的同项公式与前n 项的和的关系11,1,2n n n s n a s s n -=⎧=⎨-≥⎩( 数列{}n a 的前n 项的和为12n n s a a a =+++ ).40.等差数列的通项公式*11(1)()n a a n d dn a d n N =+-=+-∈;其前n 项和公式为1()2n n n a a s +=1(1)2n n na d -=+211()22d n a d n =+-.41.等比数列的通项公式1*11()n n n a a a q q n N q-==⋅∈;其前n 项的和公式为 11(1),11,1n n a q q s q na q ⎧-≠⎪=-⎨⎪=⎩或11,11,1n n a a qq q s na q -⎧≠⎪-=⎨⎪=⎩.42.等比差数列{}n a :11,(0)n n a qa d a b q +=+=≠的通项公式为 1(1),1(),11n n n b n d q a bq d b q d q q -+-=⎧⎪=+--⎨≠⎪-⎩;其前n 项和公式为(1),(1)1(),(1)111nn nb n n d q s d q db n q q q q +-=⎧⎪=-⎨-+≠⎪---⎩. 43.分期付款(按揭贷款)每次还款(1)(1)1nnab b x b +=+-元(贷款a 元,n 次还清,每期利率为b ).44.常见三角不等式(1)若(0,)2x π∈,则sin tan x x x <<.(2) 若(0,)2x π∈,则1sin cos x x <+≤(3) |sin ||cos |1x x +≥.45.同角三角函数的基本关系式22sin cos 1θθ+=,tan θ=θθcos sin ,tan 1cot θθ⋅=. 46.正弦、余弦的诱导公式212(1)sin ,sin()2(1)s ,nn n co απαα-⎧-⎪+=⎨⎪-⎩ 212(1)s ,s()2(1)sin ,nn co n co απαα+⎧-⎪+=⎨⎪-⎩47.和角与差角公式sin()sin cos cos sin αβαβαβ±=±;cos()cos cos sin sin αβαβαβ±= ;tan tan tan()1tan tan αβαβαβ±±=.22sin()sin()sin sin αβαβαβ+-=-(平方正弦公式); 22cos()cos()cos sin αβαβαβ+-=-. sin cos a b αα+)αϕ+(辅助角ϕ所在象限由点(,)a b 的象限决定,tan b aϕ=).48.二倍角公式sin 2sin cos ααα=.2222cos 2cos sin 2cos 112sin ααααα=-=-=-.22tan tan 21tan ααα=-. 49. 三倍角公式3sin 33sin 4sin 4sin sin()sin()33ππθθθθθθ=-=-+.3cos 34cos 3cos 4cos cos()cos()33ππθθθθθθ=-=-+.323tan tan tan 3tan tan()tan()13tan 33θθππθθθθθ-==-+-.50.三角函数的周期公式函数sin()y x ωϕ=+,x ∈R 及函数cos()y x ωϕ=+,x ∈R(A,ω,ϕ为常数,且A ≠0,ω>0)的周期2T πω=;函数tan()y x ωϕ=+,,2x k k Z ππ≠+∈(A,ω,ϕ为常数,且A ≠0,ω>0)的周期T πω=.51.正弦定理2sin sin sin a b c R ABC===.52.余弦定理2222cos a b c bc A =+-; 2222cos b c a ca B =+-; 2222cos c a b ab C =+-.53.面积定理 (1)111222a b c S ah bh ch ===(a b c h h h 、、分别表示a 、b 、c 边上的高).(2)111sin sin sin 222S ab C bc A ca B ===.(3)O A B S ∆=54.三角形内角和定理在△ABC 中,有()A B C C A B ππ++=⇔=-+222C A B π+⇔=-222()C A B π⇔=-+.55. 简单的三角方程的通解sin (1)arcsin (,||1)k x a x k a k Z a π=⇔=+-∈≤. s 2arccos (,||1)co x a x k a k Z a π=⇔=±∈≤.tan arctan (,)x a x k a k Z a R π=⇒=+∈∈.特别地,有sin sin (1)()kk k Z αβαπβ=⇔=+-∈.s cos 2()co k k Z αβαπβ=⇔=±∈.tan tan ()k k Z αβαπβ=⇒=+∈.56.最简单的三角不等式及其解集sin (||1)(2arcsin ,2arcsin ),x a a x k a k a k Z πππ>≤⇔∈++-∈.sin (||1)(2arcsin ,2arcsin ),x a a x k a k a k Z πππ<≤⇔∈--+∈.cos (||1)(2arccos ,2arccos ),x a a x k a k a k Z ππ>≤⇔∈-+∈.cos (||1)(2arccos ,22arccos ),x a a x k a k a k Z πππ<≤⇔∈++-∈. tan ()(arctan ,),2x a a R x k a k k Z πππ>∈⇒∈++∈.tan ()(,arctan ),2x a a R x k k a k Z πππ<∈⇒∈-+∈.57.实数与向量的积的运算律 设λ、μ为实数,那么(1) 结合律:λ(μa )=(λμ)a ;(2)第一分配律:(λ+μ)a =λa +μa; (3)第二分配律:λ(a +b )=λa +λb . 58.向量的数量积的运算律: (1) a ·b= b ·a (交换律); (2)(λa )·b= λ(a ·b )=λa ·b = a ·(λb );(3)(a+b)·c= a·c +b·c.59.平面向量基本定理如果e1、e2是同一平面内的两个不共线向量,那么对于这一平面内的任一向量,有且只有一对实数λ1、λ2,使得a=λ1e1+λ2e2.不共线的向量e1、e2叫做表示这一平面内所有向量的一组基底.60.向量平行的坐标表示设a=11(,)x y,b=22(,)x y,且b≠0,则a b(b≠0)1221x y x y⇔-=.53. a与b的数量积(或内积)a·b=|a||b|cosθ.61. a·b的几何意义数量积a·b等于a的长度|a|与b在a的方向上的投影|b|cosθ的乘积.62.平面向量的坐标运算(1)设a=11(,)x y,b=22(,)x y,则a+b=1212(,)x x y y++.(2)设a=11(,)x y,b=22(,)x y,则a-b=1212(,)x x y y--.(3)设A11(,)x y,B22(,)x y,则2121(,)AB OB OA x x y y=-=--.(4)设a=(,),x y Rλ∈,则λa=(,)x yλλ.(5)设a=11(,)x y,b=22(,)x y,则a·b=1212()x x y y+.63.两向量的夹角公式cosx x y yθ+=(a=11(,)x y,b=22(,)x y).64.平面两点间的距离公式,A Bd=||AB==11(,)x y,B22(,)x y).65.向量的平行与垂直设a=11(,)x y,b=22(,)x y,且b≠0,则A||b⇔b=λa1221x y x y⇔-=.a⊥b(a≠0)⇔a·b=01212x x y y⇔+=.66.线段的定比分公式设111(,)P x y,222(,)P x y,(,)P x y是线段12P P的分点,λ是实数,且12P P PPλ=,则121211x xxy yyλλλλ+⎧=⎪⎪+⎨+⎪=⎪+⎩⇔121O P O PO Pλλ+=+⇔12(1)OP tOP t OP=+-(11tλ=+).67.三角形的重心坐标公式△ABC三个顶点的坐标分别为11A(x,y)、22B(x,y)、33C(x,y),则△ABC的重心的坐标是123123(,)33x x x y y yG++++.68.点的平移公式''''x x h x x hy y k y y k⎧⎧=+=-⎪⎪⇔⎨⎨=+=-⎪⎪⎩⎩''O P O P P P⇔=+.注:图形F上的任意一点P(x,y)在平移后图形'F上的对应点为'''(,)P x y,且'PP的坐标为(,)h k.69.“按向量平移”的几个结论(1)点(,)P x y按向量a=(,)h k平移后得到点'(,)P x h y k++.(2) 函数()y f x=的图象C按向量a=(,)h k平移后得到图象'C,则'C的函数解析式为()y f x h k =-+.(3) 图象'C 按向量a =(,)h k 平移后得到图象C ,若C 的解析式()y f x =,则'C 的函数解析式为()y f x h k =+-.(4)曲线C :(,)0f x y =按向量a =(,)h k 平移后得到图象'C ,则'C 的方程为(,)0f x h y k --=. (5) 向量m =(,)x y 按向量a =(,)h k 平移后得到的向量仍然为m =(,)x y . 70. 三角形五“心”向量形式的充要条件设O 为A B C ∆所在平面上一点,角,,A B C 所对边长分别为,,a b c ,则 (1)O 为A B C ∆的外心222O A O B O C ⇔== .(2)O 为A B C ∆的重心0OA OB OC ⇔++=.(3)O 为A B C ∆的垂心OA OB OB OC OC OA ⇔⋅=⋅=⋅.(4)O 为A B C ∆的内心0aOA bOB cOC ⇔++=.(5)O 为A B C ∆的A ∠的旁心aOA bOB cOC ⇔=+. 71.常用不等式:(1),a b R ∈⇒222a b ab +≥(当且仅当a =b 时取“=”号). (2),a b R +∈⇒2a b +≥(当且仅当a =b 时取“=”号). (3)3333(0,0,0).a b c abc a b c ++≥>>>(4)柯西不等式22222()()(),,,,.a b c d ac bd a b c d R ++≥+∈(5)b a b a b a +≤+≤-. 72.极值定理已知y x ,都是正数,则有(1)若积xy 是定值p ,则当y x =时和y x +有最小值p 2;(2)若和y x +是定值s ,则当y x =时积xy 有最大值241s .推广 已知R y x ∈,,则有xy y x y x 2)()(22+-=+ (1)若积xy 是定值,则当||y x -最大时,||y x +最大; 当||y x -最小时,||y x +最小.(2)若和||y x +是定值,则当||y x -最大时, ||xy 最小; 当||y x -最小时, ||xy 最大.73.一元二次不等式20(0)ax bx c ++><或2(0,40)a b ac ≠∆=->,如果a 与2ax bx c ++同号,则其解集在两根之外;如果a 与2ax bx c ++异号,则其解集在两根之间.简言之:同号两根之外,异号两根之间.121212()()0()x x x x x x x x x <<⇔--<<;121212,()()0()x x x x x x x x x x <>⇔--><或.74.含有绝对值的不等式 当a> 0时,有22x a x aa x a <⇔<⇔-<<.22x a x a x a >⇔>⇔>或x a <-.75.无理不等式 (1()0()0()()f x g x f x g x ≥⎧⎪>⇔≥⎨⎪>⎩.(22()0()0()()0()0()[()]f x f x g x g x g x f x g x ≥⎧≥⎧⎪>⇔≥⎨⎨<⎩⎪>⎩或. (32()0()()0()[()]f x g x g x f x g x ≥⎧⎪<⇔>⎨⎪<⎩.76.指数不等式与对数不等式 (1)当1a >时,()()()()f x g x aaf xg x >⇔>;()0log ()log ()()0()()a a f x f x g x g x f x g x >⎧⎪>⇔>⎨⎪>⎩.(2)当01a <<时,()()()()f x g x aaf xg x >⇔<;()0log ()log ()()0()()a a f x f x g x g x f x g x >⎧⎪>⇔>⎨⎪<⎩77.斜率公式2121y y k x x -=-(111(,)P x y 、222(,)P x y ). 78.直线的五种方程(1)点斜式 11()y y k x x -=- (直线l 过点111(,)P x y ,且斜率为k ). (2)斜截式 y kx b =+(b 为直线l 在y 轴上的截距). (3)两点式 112121y y x x y y x x --=--(12y y ≠)(111(,)P x y 、222(,)P x y (12x x ≠)).(4)截距式1x ya b+=(a b 、分别为直线的横、纵截距,0a b ≠、)(5)一般式 0Ax By C ++=(其中A 、B 不同时为0).79.两条直线的平行和垂直(1)若111:l y k x b =+,222:l y k x b =+ ①121212||,l l k k b b ⇔=≠; ②12121l l k k ⊥⇔=-.(2)若1111:0l A x B y C ++=,2222:0l A x B y C ++=,且A 1、A 2、B 1、B 2都不为零, ①11112222||A B C l l A B C ⇔=≠;②1212120l l A A B B ⊥⇔+=; 80.夹角公式 (1)2121tan ||1k k k k α-=+.(111:l y k x b =+,222:l y k x b =+,121k k ≠-) (2)12211212tan ||A B A B A A B B α-=+.(1111:0l A x B y C ++=,2222:0l A x B y C ++=,12120A A B B +≠). 直线12l l ⊥时,直线l 1与l 2的夹角是2π.81. 1l 到2l 的角公式 (1)2121tan 1k k k k α-=+.(111:l y k x b =+,222:l y k x b =+,121k k ≠-) (2)12211212tan A B A B A A B B α-=+.(1111:0l A x B y C ++=,2222:0l A x B y C ++=,12120A A B B +≠). 直线12l l ⊥时,直线l 1到l 2的角是2π.82.四种常用直线系方程(1)定点直线系方程:经过定点000(,)P x y 的直线系方程为00()y y k x x -=-(除直线0x x =),其中k 是待定的系数; 经过定点000(,)P x y 的直线系方程为00()()0A x x B y y -+-=,其中,A B 是待定的系数.(2)共点直线系方程:经过两直线1111:0l A x B y C ++=,2222:0l A x B y C ++=的交点的直线系方程为111222()()0A x B y C A x B y C λ+++++=(除2l ),其中λ是待定的系数.(3)平行直线系方程:直线y kx b =+中当斜率k 一定而b 变动时,表示平行直线系方程.与直线0Ax By C ++=平行的直线系方程是0Ax By λ++=(0λ≠),λ是参变量.(4)垂直直线系方程:与直线0Ax By C ++= (A ≠0,B ≠0)垂直的直线系方程是0Bx Ay λ-+=,λ是参变量.83.点到直线的距离d =点00(,)P x y ,直线l :0Ax By C ++=).84. 0Ax By C ++>或0<所表示的平面区域设直线:0l Ax By C ++=,则0Ax By C ++>或0<所表示的平面区域是:若0B ≠,当B 与Ax By C ++同号时,表示直线l 的上方的区域;当B 与Ax By C ++异号时,表示直线l 的下方的区域.简言之,同号在上,异号在下.若0B =,当A 与Ax By C ++同号时,表示直线l 的右方的区域;当A 与Ax By C ++异号时,表示直线l 的左方的区域. 简言之,同号在右,异号在左.85. 111222()()0A x B y C A x B y C ++++>或0<所表示的平面区域设曲线111222:()()0C A x B y C A x B y C ++++=(12120A A B B ≠),则111222()()0A x B y C A x B y C ++++>或0<所表示的平面区域是: 111222()()0A x B y C A x B y C ++++>所表示的平面区域上下两部分; 111222()()0A x B y C A x B y C ++++<所表示的平面区域上下两部分.86. 圆的四种方程(1)圆的标准方程 222()()x a y b r -+-=.(2)圆的一般方程 220x y Dx Ey F ++++=(224D E F +->0). (3)圆的参数方程 cos sin x a r y b r θθ=+⎧⎨=+⎩.(4)圆的直径式方程 1212()()()()0x x x x y y y y --+--=(圆的直径的端点是11(,)A x y 、22(,)B x y ).87. 圆系方程(1)过点11(,)A x y ,22(,)B x y 的圆系方程是1212112112()()()()[()()()()]0x x x x y y y y x x y y y y x x λ--+--+-----=1212()()()()()0x x x x y y y y ax by c λ⇔--+--+++=,其中0ax by c ++=是直线A B 的方程,λ是待定的系数.(2)过直线l :0Ax By C ++=与圆C :220x y Dx Ey F ++++=的交点的圆系方程是22()0x y Dx Ey F Ax By C λ+++++++=,λ是待定的系数.(3) 过圆1C :221110x y D x E y F ++++=与圆2C :222220x y D x E y F ++++=的交点的圆系方程是2222111222()0x y D x E y F x y D x E y F λ+++++++++=,λ是待定的系数.88.点与圆的位置关系点00(,)P x y 与圆222)()(r b y a x =-+-的位置关系有三种若d =d r >⇔点P 在圆外;d r =⇔点P 在圆上;d r <⇔点P 在圆内.89.直线与圆的位置关系直线0=++C By Ax 与圆222)()(r b y a x =-+-的位置关系有三种: 0<∆⇔⇔>相离r d ; 0=∆⇔⇔=相切r d ; 0>∆⇔⇔<相交r d .其中22BA CBb Aa d +++=.90.两圆位置关系的判定方法设两圆圆心分别为O 1,O 2,半径分别为r 1,r 2,d O O =21 条公切线外离421⇔⇔+>r r d ; 条公切线外切321⇔⇔+=r r d ;条公切线相交22121⇔⇔+<<-r r d r r ; 条公切线内切121⇔⇔-=r r d ; 无公切线内含⇔⇔-<<210r r d .91.圆的切线方程(1)已知圆220x y Dx Ey F ++++=.①若已知切点00(,)x y 在圆上,则切线只有一条,其方程是 0000()()022D x xE y y x x y yF ++++++=.当00(,)x y 圆外时, 0000()()022D x xE y y x x y yF ++++++=表示过两个切点的切点弦方程.②过圆外一点的切线方程可设为00()y y k x x -=-,再利用相切条件求k ,这时必有两条切线,注意不要漏掉平行于y 轴的切线.③斜率为k 的切线方程可设为y kx b =+,再利用相切条件求b ,必有两条切线.(2)已知圆222x y r +=.①过圆上的000(,)P x y 点的切线方程为200x x y y r +=;②斜率为k的圆的切线方程为y kx =±. 92.椭圆22221(0)x y a b a b +=>>的参数方程是cos sin x a y b θθ=⎧⎨=⎩.93.椭圆22221(0)x y a b ab +=>>焦半径公式)(21c ax e PF +=,)(22x cae PF -=.94.椭圆的的内外部 (1)点00(,)P x y 在椭圆22221(0)x y a b ab+=>>的内部2200221x y ab⇔+<.(2)点00(,)P x y 在椭圆22221(0)x y a b ab+=>>的外部2200221x y ab⇔+>.95. 椭圆的切线方程 (1)椭圆22221(0)x y a b ab+=>>上一点00(,)P x y 处的切线方程是00221x x y y ab+=.(2)过椭圆22221(0)x y a b ab+=>>外一点00(,)P x y 所引两条切线的切点弦方程是00221x x y y ab+=.(3)椭圆22221(0)x y a b ab +=>>与直线0Ax By C ++=相切的条件是22222A aB b c +=.96.双曲线22221(0,0)x y a b ab-=>>的焦半径公式21|()|aPF e x c=+,22|()|aPF e x c=-.97.双曲线的内外部(1)点00(,)P x y 在双曲线22221(0,0)x y a b a b -=>>的内部2200221x y a b ⇔->. (2)点00(,)P x y 在双曲线22221(0,0)xya b a b-=>>的外部2200221x y ab ⇔-<.98.双曲线的方程与渐近线方程的关系(1)若双曲线方程为12222=-by ax ⇒渐近线方程:22220x y ab-=⇔x ab y ±=.(2)若渐近线方程为x ab y ±=⇔0=±by a x ⇒双曲线可设为λ=-2222by ax .(3)若双曲线与12222=-by ax 有公共渐近线,可设为λ=-2222by ax (0>λ,焦点在x 轴上,0<λ,焦点在y 轴上).99. 双曲线的切线方程(1)双曲线22221(0,0)x y a b ab-=>>上一点00(,)P x y 处的切线方程是00221x x y y ab-=.(2)过双曲线22221(0,0)x y a b ab-=>>外一点00(,)P x y 所引两条切线的切点弦方程是00221x x y y ab-=.(3)双曲线22221(0,0)x y a b ab-=>>与直线0Ax By C ++=相切的条件是22222A aB b c -=.100. 抛物线px y 22=的焦半径公式抛物线22(0)y px p =>焦半径02p C F x =+.过焦点弦长p x x p x p x CD ++=+++=212122.101.抛物线px y 22=上的动点可设为P ),2(2y py 或或)2,2(2pt pt P P (,)x y ,其中 22y px = .102.二次函数2224()24b ac b y ax bx c a x aa-=++=++(0)a ≠的图象是抛物线:(1)顶点坐标为24(,)24bac ba a--;(2)焦点的坐标为241(,)24b ac b aa-+-;(3)准线方程是2414ac b y a--=.103.抛物线的内外部(1)点00(,)P x y 在抛物线22(0)y px p =>的内部22(0)y px p ⇔<>. 点00(,)P x y 在抛物线22(0)y px p =>的外部22(0)y px p ⇔>>. (2)点00(,)P x y 在抛物线22(0)y px p =->的内部22(0)y px p ⇔<->. 点00(,)P x y 在抛物线22(0)y px p =->的外部22(0)y px p ⇔>->. (3)点00(,)P x y 在抛物线22(0)x py p =>的内部22(0)x py p ⇔<>. 点00(,)P x y 在抛物线22(0)x py p =>的外部22(0)x py p ⇔>>. (4) 点00(,)P x y 在抛物线22(0)x py p =>的内部22(0)x py p ⇔<>. 点00(,)P x y 在抛物线22(0)x py p =->的外部22(0)x py p ⇔>->. 104. 抛物线的切线方程(1)抛物线px y 22=上一点00(,)P x y 处的切线方程是00()y y p x x =+.(2)过抛物线px y 22=外一点00(,)P x y 所引两条切线的切点弦方程是00()y y p x x =+. (3)抛物线22(0)y px p =>与直线0Ax By C ++=相切的条件是22pB AC =.105.两个常见的曲线系方程(1)过曲线1(,)0f x y =,2(,)0f x y =的交点的曲线系方程是12(,)(,)0f x y f x y λ+=(λ为参数).(2)共焦点的有心圆锥曲线系方程22221xya kb k+=--,其中22max{,}k a b <.当22m in{,}k a b >时,表示椭圆; 当2222m in{,}m ax{,}a b k a b <<时,表示双曲线.106.直线与圆锥曲线相交的弦长公式 AB =1212||||AB x x y y ==-=-(弦端点A ),(),,(2211y xB y x ,由方程⎩⎨⎧=+=0)y ,x (F bkx y 消去y 得到02=++c bx ax ,0∆>,α为直线A B 的倾斜角,k 为直线的斜率).107.圆锥曲线的两类对称问题(1)曲线(,)0F x y =关于点00(,)P x y 成中心对称的曲线是00(2-,2)0F x x y y -=. (2)曲线(,)0F x y =关于直线0Ax By C ++=成轴对称的曲线是22222()2()(,)0A Ax By C B Ax By C F x y A BA B++++--=++.108.“四线”一方程对于一般的二次曲线220Ax Bxy C y D x Ey F +++++=,用0x x 代2x ,用0y y 代2y ,用002x y xy +代xy ,用02x x+代x ,用02y y +代y 即得方程0000000222x y xy x x y y A x x B C y y D E F ++++⋅++⋅+⋅+=,曲线的切线,切点弦,中点弦,弦中点方程均是此方程得到.109.证明直线与直线的平行的思考途径 (1)转化为判定共面二直线无交点;(2)转化为二直线同与第三条直线平行; (3)转化为线面平行; (4)转化为线面垂直; (5)转化为面面平行.110.证明直线与平面的平行的思考途径(1)转化为直线与平面无公共点; (2)转化为线线平行; (3)转化为面面平行.111.证明平面与平面平行的思考途径 (1)转化为判定二平面无公共点; (2)转化为线面平行; (3)转化为线面垂直.112.证明直线与直线的垂直的思考途径 (1)转化为相交垂直; (2)转化为线面垂直;(3)转化为线与另一线的射影垂直; (4)转化为线与形成射影的斜线垂直. 113.证明直线与平面垂直的思考途径(1)转化为该直线与平面内任一直线垂直; (2)转化为该直线与平面内相交二直线垂直; (3)转化为该直线与平面的一条垂线平行; (4)转化为该直线垂直于另一个平行平面; (5)转化为该直线与两个垂直平面的交线垂直. 114.证明平面与平面的垂直的思考途径 (1)转化为判断二面角是直二面角; (2)转化为线面垂直.115.空间向量的加法与数乘向量运算的运算律 (1)加法交换律:a +b =b +a .(2)加法结合律:(a +b )+c =a +(b +c ). (3)数乘分配律:λ(a +b )=λa +λb .116.平面向量加法的平行四边形法则向空间的推广始点相同且不在同一个平面内的三个向量之和,等于以这三个向量为棱的平行六面体的以公共始点为始点的对角线所表示的向量.117.共线向量定理对空间任意两个向量a 、b (b ≠0 ),a ∥b ⇔存在实数λ使a =λb .P A B 、、三点共线⇔||AP AB ⇔AP t AB = ⇔(1)O P t O A tO B =-+.||AB CD ⇔AB、CD 共线且A B C D 、不共线⇔AB tCD = 且A B C D 、不共线. 118.共面向量定理向量p 与两个不共线的向量a 、b 共面的⇔存在实数对,x y ,使p ax by =+.推论 空间一点P 位于平面MAB 内的⇔存在有序实数对,x y ,使M P x M A y M B =+,或对空间任一定点O ,有序实数对,x y ,使O P O M x M A y M B =++.119.对空间任一点O 和不共线的三点A 、B 、C ,满足O P xO A yO B zO C =++(x y z k ++=),则当1k =时,对于空间任一点O ,总有P 、A 、B 、C 四点共面;当1k ≠时,若O ∈平面ABC ,则P 、A 、B 、C 四点共面;若O ∉平面ABC ,则P 、A 、B 、C 四点不共面. C A B 、、、D 四点共面⇔AD 与AB、A C共面⇔A D x A B y A C =+ ⇔ (1)O D x y O A xO B yO C =--++(O ∉平面ABC ).120.空间向量基本定理如果三个向量a 、b 、c 不共面,那么对空间任一向量p ,存在一个唯一的有序实数组x ,y ,z ,使p =x a +y b +z c .推论 设O 、A 、B 、C 是不共面的四点,则对空间任一点P ,都存在唯一的三个有序实数x ,y ,z ,使O P xO A y O B z O C =++ .121.射影公式 已知向量AB=a 和轴l ,e 是l 上与l 同方向的单位向量.作A 点在l 上的射影'A ,作B 点在l 上的射影'B ,则''||cos A B AB =〈a ,e 〉=a ·e122.向量的直角坐标运算设a =123(,,)a a a ,b =123(,,)b b b 则 (1)a +b =112233(,,)a b a b a b +++; (2)a -b =112233(,,)a b a b a b ---; (3)λa =123(,,)a a a λλλ (λ∈R); (4)a ·b =112233a b a b a b ++;123.设A 111(,,)x y z ,B 222(,,)x y z ,则 AB OB OA =-= 212121(,,)x x y y z z ---. 124.空间的线线平行或垂直 设111(,,)a x y z =r ,222(,,)b x y z =r,则 a b r r P ⇔(0)a b b λ=≠r r r r ⇔121212x x y y z zλλλ=⎧⎪=⎨⎪=⎩;a b ⊥r r ⇔0a b ⋅=r r⇔1212120x x y y z z ++=.125.夹角公式设a =123(,,)a a a ,b =123(,,)b b b ,则 cos 〈a ,b 〉.推论 2222222112233123123()()()a b a b a b a a a b b b ++≤++++,此即三维柯西不等式.126. 四面体的对棱所成的角四面体A B C D 中, A C 与B D 所成的角为θ,则 2222|()()|cos 2AB CD BC DA AC BDθ+-+=⋅.127.异面直线所成角cos |cos ,|a b θ=r r=||||||a b a b ⋅=⋅r rr r (其中θ(090θ<≤oo)为异面直线a b ,所成角,,a b r分别表示异面直线a b ,的方向向量)128.直线A B 与平面所成角sin ||||AB m arc AB m β⋅=(m为平面α的法向量). 129.若A B C ∆所在平面若β与过若A B 的平面α成的角θ,另两边A C ,B C 与平面α成的角分别是1θ、2θ,A B 、为A B C ∆的两个内角,则2222212sin sin (sin sin )sin A B θθθ+=+.特别地,当90ACB ∠=时,有22212sin sin sin θθθ+=.130.若A B C ∆所在平面若β与过若A B 的平面α成的角θ,另两边A C ,B C 与平面α成的角分别是1θ、2θ,''A B 、为A B O ∆的两个内角,则222'2'212tan tan (sin sin )tan A B θθθ+=+.特别地,当90AOB ∠=时,有22212sin sin sin θθθ+=. 131.二面角l αβ--的平面角cos ||||m n arc m n θ⋅= 或cos ||||m narc m n π⋅-(m ,n 为平面α,β的法向量).132.三余弦定理设AC 是α内的任一条直线,且BC ⊥AC ,垂足为C ,又设AO 与AB 所成的角为1θ,AB 与AC 所成的角为2θ,AO 与AC 所成的角为θ.则12cos cos cos θθθ=.133. 三射线定理若夹在平面角为ϕ的二面角间的线段与二面角的两个半平面所成的角是1θ,2θ,与二面角的棱所成的角是θ,则有22221212sin sin sin sin 2sin sin cos ϕθθθθθϕ=+- ;1212||180()θθϕθθ-≤≤-+(当且仅当90θ=时等号成立).134.空间两点间的距离公式若A 111(,,)x y z ,B 222(,,)x y z ,则,A B d =||AB ==.135.点Q 到直线l 距离h =点P 在直线l 上,直线l 的方向向量a =PA,向量b =P Q ).136.异面直线间的距离||||C D n d n ⋅=(12,l l 是两异面直线,其公垂向量为n ,C D 、分别是12,l l 上任一点,d 为12,l l 间的距离). 137.点B 到平面α的距离||||A B n d n ⋅=(n 为平面α的法向量,A B 是经过面α的一条斜线,A α∈).138.异面直线上两点距离公式d =.d =d =('E AAF ϕ=--).(两条异面直线a 、b 所成的角为θ,其公垂线段'AA 的长度为h.在直线a 、b 上分别取两点E 、F ,'A E m =,A F n =,E F d =). 139.三个向量和的平方公式2222()222a b c a b c a b b c c a ++=+++⋅+⋅+⋅2222||||cos ,2||||cos ,2||||cos ,a b c a b a b b c b c c a c a =+++⋅+⋅+⋅140. 长度为l 的线段在三条两两互相垂直的直线上的射影长分别为123l l l 、、,夹角分别为123θθθ、、,则有2222123l l l l =++222123cos cos cos 1θθθ⇔++=222123sin sin sin 2θθθ⇔++=.(立体几何中长方体对角线长的公式是其特例). 141. 面积射影定理'cos SS θ=.(平面多边形及其射影的面积分别是S 、'S ,它们所在平面所成锐二面角的为θ). 142. 斜棱柱的直截面已知斜棱柱的侧棱长是l ,侧面积和体积分别是S 斜棱柱侧和V 斜棱柱,它的直截面的周长和面积分别是1c 和1S ,则①1S c l =斜棱柱侧. ②1V S l =斜棱柱.143.作截面的依据三个平面两两相交,有三条交线,则这三条交线交于一点或互相平行. 144.棱锥的平行截面的性质如果棱锥被平行于底面的平面所截,那么所得的截面与底面相似,截面面积与底面面积的比等于顶点到截面距离与棱锥高的平方比(对应角相等,对应边对应成比例的多边形是相似多边形,相似多边形面积的比等于对应边的比的平方);相应小棱锥与小棱锥的侧面积的比等于顶点到截面距离与棱锥高的平方比.145.欧拉定理(欧拉公式)2V F E +-=(简单多面体的顶点数V 、棱数E 和面数F).(1)E =各面多边形边数和的一半.特别地,若每个面的边数为n 的多边形,则面数F 与棱数E 的关系:12E nF =;(2)若每个顶点引出的棱数为m ,则顶点数V 与棱数E 的关系:12E m V =.146.球的半径是R ,则 其体积343V R π=,其表面积24S R π=. 147.球的组合体(1)球与长方体的组合体:长方体的外接球的直径是长方体的体对角线长. (2)球与正方体的组合体:正方体的内切球的直径是正方体的棱长, 正方体的棱切球的直径是正方体的面对角线长, 正方体的外接球的直径是正方体的体对角线长. (3) 球与正四面体的组合体:棱长为a12,4.148.柱体、锥体的体积13V Sh =柱体(S 是柱体的底面积、h 是柱体的高). 13V Sh =锥体(S 是锥体的底面积、h 是锥体的高).149.分类计数原理(加法原理) 12n N m m m =+++ . 150.分步计数原理(乘法原理) 12n N m m m =⨯⨯⨯ . 151.排列数公式mn A =)1()1(+--m n n n =!!)(m n n -.(n ,m ∈N *,且m n ≤).注:规定1!0=. 152.排列恒等式(1)1(1)m m n n A n m A -=-+; (2)1mmn n n A A n m-=-;(3)11m m n n A nA --=; (4)11n n nn n n nA A A ++=-; (5)11m m m n n n A A m A -+=+.(6) 1!22!33!!(1)!1n n n +⋅+⋅++⋅=+- . 153.组合数公式m nC=mn m mA A=mm n n n ⨯⨯⨯+-- 21)1()1(=!!!)(m n m n -⋅(n ∈N *,m N ∈,且m n ≤).154.组合数的两个性质 (1)m n C =m n n C - ; (2) m n C +1-m n C =m n C 1+. 注:规定10=n C . 155.组合恒等式 (1)11m m n nn m C C m --+=;(2)1m mn n n C C n m -=-;(3)11m m n n n C C m--=;(4)∑=nr r n C 0=n 2;(5)1121++++=++++r n r n r r r r r r C C C C C . (6)nn n r n n nn C C C C C 2210=++++++ . (7)14205312-+++=+++n n n n n n n C C C C C C .(8)1321232-=++++n n n n n n n nC C C C .(9)rn m r n r m n r m n r m C C C C C C C +-=+++0110 .(10)nn n n n n n C C C C C 22222120)()()()(=++++ .156.排列数与组合数的关系mmn n A m C =⋅! .157.单条件排列以下各条的大前提是从n 个元素中取m 个元素的排列. (1)“在位”与“不在位”①某(特)元必在某位有11--m n A 种;②某(特)元不在某位有11---m n m n A A (补集思想)1111---=m n n A A (着眼位置)11111----+=m n m m n A A A (着眼元素)种.(2)紧贴与插空(即相邻与不相邻)①定位紧贴:)(n m k k ≤≤个元在固定位的排列有km k n k k A A --种.②浮动紧贴:n 个元素的全排列把k 个元排在一起的排法有kk k n k n A A 11+-+-种.注:此类问题常用捆绑法; ③插空:两组元素分别有k 、h 个(1+≤h k ),把它们合在一起来作全排列,k 个的一组互不能挨近的所有排列数有kh h h A A 1+种.(3)两组元素各相同的插空m 个大球n 个小球排成一列,小球必分开,问有多少种排法? 当1+>m n 时,无解;当1+≤m n 时,有nm n nnm C A A 11++=种排法.(4)两组相同元素的排列:两组元素有m 个和n 个,各组元素分别相同的排列数为nn m C +.158.分配问题(1)(平均分组有归属问题)将相异的m 、n 个物件等分给m 个人,各得n 件,其分配方法数共有mnn nn nn mn nn mn nmn n mn C C C C C N )!()!(22=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=-- .(2)(平均分组无归属问题)将相异的m ·n个物体等分为无记号或无顺序的m 堆,其分配方法数共有。
09年高考英语完形填空(二)The World Health Organization 1 that more than four million people die each year from the 2 of smoking tobacco. That number is 3 .WHO officials expect one hundred and fifty million people to 4 tobacco use in the next twenty years. Seven 5 ten of those deaths will be in developing countries. These numbers are frightening.In the United States, about forty-seven million adults __6__smoke. American health experts say tobacco use is the leading preventable 7 of death nationwide . This year ,more than four hundred and thirty thousand Americans will die of diseases __8___smoking .It is not easy 9 permanently. However ,doctors say you probably will live longer if you 10 stop smoking. You will feel and look better .You also will protect the health of family members 11 breathe your smoke.The American Cancer Society says there is not just one right way to stop smoking . It says one method or a combination of methods may be 12 . They include _13___self-help programs or __14_directions in a book .The group says any way to stop smoking that is legal, moral and effective is worth 15 .This could include taking long walks or spending time in areas _16____smoking is banned .Also ,you could eat a small piece of fruit or vegetable 17 having a cigarette.The American Cancer Society says _18____smokers stop smoking ,the more they can reduce their chances of getting cancer and other diseases. It says blood pressure _19__to normal twenty minutes after smoking the last cigarette. Carbon monxide gas levels in the blood return to normal after eight hours. After one year, the risk of heart disease for a non-smoker is half 20 of a smoker .1. A. estimates B. suggests C. informs D. tells2. A. affects B. effects C. affecting D. affected3. A. increased B. increase C. increasingly D. increasing4. A. die of B. die in C. die from D. die5. A. in B. at C. from D. out6. A. current B. currently C. often D. always7. A. reason B. cause C. excuse D. result8. A. link B. connected C. linked D. because9. A. to stop to smoking B. stop to smoking C. stop smoking D. to stop smoking10. A. did B. do C. does D. think11. A. which B. as C. who D. where12. A. succeed B. success C. successfully D. successful13. A. take B. attending C. attended D. organizing14. A. following B. follows C. accepting D. taking15. A. tries B. tried C. trying D. doing16. A. when B. where C. as D. what17. A. instead B. instead of C. insteading D. and18. A. the faster B. the sooner C. the slower D. the easier19. A. returns B. back C. turns D. goes20.A.which B. one C. that D. it答案与解析:1. A estimate意为“据估计”,suggest为“建议、暗示”,inform是“通知、告知”,因死亡数据只是一个大概数据,故应用A。
(2009.北京卷)完形填空(共20小题,每小题1.5分,共30分)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
James’s New BicycleJames shook his money box again. Nothing! He carefully __36__ the coins that lay on the bed. $24.52 was all that he had. The bicycle he wanted was at least $90! __37__ on earth was he going to get the __38__ of the money?He knew that his friends all had bicycles. It was __39__ to hang around with people when you were the only one without wheels. He thought about what he could do. There was no __40__ asking his parents, for he knew they had no money to __41__.There was only one way to get money, and that was to __42__ it. He would have to find a job. __43__ who would hire him and what could he do? He decided to ask Mr. Clay for advice, who usually had __44__ on most things.“Well, you can start right here,”said Mr. Clay. “My windows need cleaning and my car needs washing.”That was the __45__ of James’s odd-job(零工)business. For three months he worked every day after finishing his homework. He was amazed by the __46__ of jobs that people found for him to do. He took dogs and babies for walks, cleared out cupboards, and mended books. He lost count of the __47__ of cars he washed and windows he cleaned, but the __48__ increased and he knew that he would soon have __49__ for the bicycle he longed for.The day __50__ came when James counted his money and found $94.32. He __51__ no time and went down to the shop to pick up the bicycle he wanted. He rode __52__ home, looking forward to showing his new bicycle to his friends. It had been hard __53__ for the money, but James knew that he valued his bicycle far more __54__ he had bought it with his own money. He had __55__what he thought was impossible, and that was worth even more than the bicycle.36. A. cleaned B. covered C. counted D. checked37. A. How B. Why C. Who D. What38. A. amount B. part C. sum D. rest39. A. brave B. hard C. smart D. unfair40. A. point B. reason C. result D. right41. A. split B. spend C. spare D. save42. A. borrow B. earn C. raise D. collect43. A. Or B. So C. For D. But44. A. decisions B. experience C. opinions D. knowledge45. A. beginning B. introduction C. requirement D. opening46. A. similarity B. quality C. suitability D. variety47. A. brand B. number C. size D. type48. A. effort B. pressure C. money D. trouble49. A. all B. enough C. much D. some50. A. finally B. instantly C. normally D. regularly51. A. gave B. left C. took D. wasted52. A. patiently B. proudly C. silently D. tiredly53. A. applying B. asking C. looking D. working54. A. since B. if C. than D. though55. A. deserved B. benefited C. achieved D. learned2009 北京卷完型答案和解析:36.【解析】C为了买自行车,作者在数自己的钱。
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语【总卷评析】从测试反馈和卷面总体分析的情况来看,体现了语言能力的考查和高考试题体现的选拔性,突出了考试大纲对语言基本功的测试。
第一卷(选择题)第一部分英语知识运用(共三节,满分50分)第一节语音知识(共5小题;每小题1分,满分5分)【总体评析】观察试题单词,可看出均侧重基础和高频词汇的考查。
所以,总体而言,语音知识这道大题,难易度的设置较为适中,有选拔的梯度设计。
这套试卷选取了字母两个辅音字母“c, x”、一个元音字母及一个元音字母组合“i, ei”和一个半元音字母“y”来进行基本语音考查。
基本上能涵盖完整的元辅音及组合元音字母发音的考查。
从辨音难易度来看,第1、2和4小题读音区别度比较明显,考生不易失分。
第3小题的迷惑度较大,再次就是第5小题具有一定得迷惑度,但相对第3小题来看,要容易得分。
从A、B、C、D四个选项中,找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
例:haveA. gaveB. saveC. hatD. made答案是C1. JulyA. diaryB. energyC. replyD. daily【答案】C【解析】该选项y读音/ai/,而,其余发/i/。
区别度较大,考生一般不易失分。
2. medicineA. twiceB. medicalC. perfectD. clinic【答案】A。
【解析】字母“c”发/s/,而其余排除项发音/k/,比较明显,不含糊,考生基本能判别。
3. seizeA. neighbourB. weighC. eightD. receive【答案】D。
【解析】seize中的“ei”读音/i:/。
而其余项读音/ei/。
4. determineA. remindB. ministerC. smileD. tidy【答案】B。
【解析】该字母读音/i/,其余排除项读音/ai/。
尽管读音的区别度大,容易判断,但是对于minister“大臣, 牧师”一词,依然会有相当的学生不熟悉。
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试语英 语本试卷分第一卷(选择题)和第二卷(非选择题)两部分。
第一卷1至14页。
第二卷15页。
考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
至16页。
考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一卷注意事项:注意事项:1.答题前,考生在答题卡上务必用直径0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚,并贴好条形码。
请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。
号填写清楚,并贴好条形码。
请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。
2.每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑,如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选图其他答案标号,在试题卷上作答无效。
橡皮擦干净后,再选图其他答案标号,在试题卷上作答无效。
第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分)做题时,先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟 的时间将试卷上的答案做题时,先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟转涂到答题卡上。
转涂到答题卡上。
第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例:How much is the shirt? A. £19.15 B.£9.15 C. £9.18 答案是B。
1. What do the speakers need to buy? A. A fridge B. A dinner table C. A few chairs 2. Where are the speakers? A. In a restaurant. B. In a hotel C. In a school. 3. What does the woman mean? A. Cathy will be at the party. B. Cathy is too busy to come. C. Cathy is going to be invited 4. Why does the woman plan to go to town? A. To pay her bills in the bank. B. To buy books in a bookstore. C. To get some money from the bank 5. What is the woman trying to do ? A. Finish some writing. B. Print an article. C. Find a newspaper. 第二节(共15小题,每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语本试卷分第一卷(选择题)和第二卷(非选择题)两部分。
第一卷1至14页。
第二卷15至16页。
考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一卷注意事项:答题前,考生在答题卡上务必用直径黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚,并贴好条形码。
请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。
每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑,如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选图其他答案标号,在试题卷上作答无效。
第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例:How much is the shirt?A. £19.15B.£9.15 C答案是B。
1. What do the speakers need to buy?A. A fridgeB. A dinner tableC. A few chairs2. Where are the speakers?A. In a restaurant.B. In a hotelC. In a school.3. What does the woman mean?A. Cathy will be at the party.B. Cathy is too busy to come.C. Cathy is going to be invited4. Why does the woman plan to go to town?A. To pay her bills in the bank.B. To buy books in a bookstore.C. To get some money from the bank5. What is the woman trying to do?A. Finish some writing.B. Print an article.C. Find a newspaper.第二节(共15小题,每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
2009年北京英语高考试卷完形填空解析刘金路老师翻译解析QQ872969615James’s New Bicycle詹姆斯的新自行车James shook his money box again. Nothing! He carefully __36__ the coins that lay on the bed. $24.52 was all that he had. The bicycle he wanted was at least $90! __37__ on earth was he going to get the __38__ of the money?詹姆斯再次晃了一下自己的储钱罐。
里边什么也没有!他很仔细的数了一下散落在床上的硬币!一共还有24.52美金。
他想要的自行车至少也得90美金。
到底应该怎样得到剩余的钱呢?He knew that his friends all had bicycles. It was __39__ to hang around with people when you were the only one without wheels. He thought about what he could do. There was no __40__ asking his parents, for he knew they had no money to __41__.他知道,朋友们都有自行车。
如果就自己没有的话,那跟他们一起出去的话就会觉得很难的。
他思考了一下他可以做的事情。
自己没有跟父母要钱的理由,因为詹姆斯知道他们也没有钱给他!There was only one way to get money, and that was to __42__ it. He would have to find a job. __43__ who would hire him and what could he do? He decided to ask Mr Clay for advice, who usually had __44__ on most things.现在只有一种可以得到这笔钱的方式,那就是去挣!因此,他必须要找到一份工作。
但是,谁能雇佣他呢?他又能干什么呢?他决定去向Clay先生寻求建议,Clay先生通常都会有很多想法的!"Well,you can start right here ,"said Mr.Clay."My windows need cleaning and my car needs washing."Clay先生说:“你可以现在就开始,我的窗子需要清洗,我的车子要需要冲刷。
”That was the __45__ of Jam es’s odd-job(零工)business.For three months he worked every day after finishing his homework. He was amazed by the __46__ of jobs that people found for him to do. He took dogs and babies for walks, cleared out cupboards, and mended books. He lost count of the __47__ of cars he washed and windows he cleaned, but the __48__ increased and he knew that he would soon have __49__ for the bicycle he longed for.那就是詹姆斯零工的开始。
三个多月中,他每天完成家庭作业后就去工作。
他很吃惊,人们帮他找到那么多的工作。
他帮人家遛狗,带小孩子散步,清洗橱柜,修书。
他自己也没有算过自己到底洗了多少辆车,清洗过多少窗子,但是自己挣的钱在增加,他知道他不久就会买得起向往已久的自行车了!The day __50__ came when James counted his money and found $94.32. He __51__ no timeand went down to the shop to pick up the bicycle he wanted. He rode __52__home, looking forward to showing his new bicycle to his friends. It had been hard __53__ for the money, but James knew that he valued his bicycle far more __54__ he had bought it with his own money. He had __55__what he thought was impossible, and that was worth even more than the bicycle.当詹姆斯数完自己挣的钱后,他发现一共有94.32美金,买自行车的日子终于到来了。
他没有浪费一分一秒,直接去了商店,去买他想要的那辆自行车。
他非常自豪地骑着自行车回家,盼望着给朋友们显示一下。
为挣钱而工作是很辛苦的,但是詹姆斯知道,自行车使用自己辛苦挣来的钱买的,所以一定会倍加珍惜。
他通过自己的努力实现了自己的梦想,那是比自行车本身更有价值的!36.A.cleaned B.covered C.counted D. checked【答案】C【解析】为了买自行车,作者在数自己的钱。
count数符合题意。
37. A. How B. Why C.Who D. What【答案】A【解析】表示方式,他到底怎么样才能得到购买自行车的其余的钱呢?38. A. amount B.part C. Sum D. rest【答案】D【解析】作者已经有了24.52美元,在这里用rest指购买自行车的其余的钱。
39.A.brave B.hard C.smart D. unfair【答案】B【解析】作者的朋友都有自行车,这样的话他和他们一起出去的话就会觉得很难。
40.A.point B.reason C.result D. right【答案】A【解析】句型:there be no point in doing sth,做什么是没有意义的。
41. A. Split B. Spend C. Spare D. save【答案】C【解析】作者知道自己的父母抽不出任何钱让他去买自行车spare sb. sth,给某人抽出某种东西,该物多为时间或金钱。
42.A.borrow B.earn C.raise D.collect【答案】B【解析】作者认识到实现自己梦想的唯一方式是自己挣钱。
earn挣钱;collect收集,筹集;raise筹集。
43. A. Or B. So C. For D. But【答案】D【解析】上下文是转折关系,虽然他知道要自己挣钱,但是谁会雇佣他呢?44. A. decisions B. experienceC. opinionsD. knowledge【答案】C【解析】Mr. Clay对大多数事情都有自己的见解。
opinions见解。
45. A. beginning B. introductionC. requirementD. opening【答案】A【解析】那是James零工的开始,beginning开始。
46. A. similarity B. qualityC. suitabilityD. variety【答案】D【解析】为了凑够买自行车的钱,他做了买自行车的钱,他做了各种各样的零工。
variety种类,符合题意。
47. A. brand B. number C. size D. type【答案】B【解析】为了购买自行车,他为别人刷了很多车,他自己都已经记不清刷过的车的数量了。
48. A. effort B. pressure C. money D. trouble【答案】C【解析】随着自己做零工的增加,钱也越来越多,C项符合题意。
49. A. all B. enough C. much D. some【答案】B【解析】他知道自己不久就会有足够多的钱去买自己梦想中的自行车了。
50. A. finally B. instantlyC.normallyD. regularly【答案】A【解析】能够买起自行车的那一天终于到来了,finally终于符合句意。
51. A. gave B. left C. took D. wasted【答案】D【解析】当他数过自己的钱后,他立刻去买自行车了,没有浪费一分钟的时间。
52. A. patiently B. proudly C. SilentlyD. Tiredly【答案】B【解析】经过自己的努力,他终于实现了自己的愿望,所以当然是自豪地proudly。
53. A. applying B. asking C. looking D. working【答案】D【解析】为挣钱而工作当然是辛苦的。
54. A. since B. if C. than D. though【答案】A【解析】该句话的意思是:James知道他的自行车意义重大,因为他是用自己的钱购买的。
55. A. deserved B.benefited C. achieved D.learned【答案】C【解析】他通过自己的努力实现了自己的梦想。
achieve实现,符合句意。