考研英语长难句分类突破与语法构成
第一章名词性从句
一、主语从句
1. It is a strange thought, but I believe a correct one, that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and information would be capable of turning the present-day world upside down, or even destroying it.
2. While it’s true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions.
3. It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and diseases we shall eventually die of old age, and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favor of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty.
4. It is recounted of Carlyle that when he heard of the illness of his friend, Henry, he went off immediately to visit him, carrying with him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs Carlyle’s.
1. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
2. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest.
3. The young couple was worried because neither of them was aware of where they had lost the necklace.
4. More generally, the escape clauses could undermine the reforms by encouraging the suspicion that the new package will not deliver the changes that its supporters claim, but close analysis of what is inevitably a very complicated package might confirm the skeptics’ fears.
5. A leader should show that he or she values the input of subordinates --- for example, by involving them in decisions about matters in which they have a direct stake.
1. The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
2. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.
3. Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.
4. One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
四、同位语
1. Levi Coffin, a teacher raised in North Carolina, explained, “The Bile, in bidding us to feed the hungry and clothe the naked, said nothing about color.”
2. In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspaper,
magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.
3. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
4. Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed.
5. Henson is but one name on a long list of courageous men and women who together forged the Underground Railroad, a secret web of escape routes and safe houses that they used to liberate slaves from the American South.
6. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.
第二章定语从句
1.The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some
connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.
2.Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers
around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
3.But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine
integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
4.New ways of organizing the workplace --- all that re-engineering and
downsizing --- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
5.If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in
reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
6.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of
the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations.
7.Silicon Valley is a magnet to which numerous talented engineers,
scientists and entrepreneurs from overseas flock in search of fame, fast money and to participate in a technological revolution whose impact on mankind will surely surpass the epoch-making European Renaissance and Industrial Revolution of the bygone age.
8.The principle of making the best use of all we have requires that we
stop the waste of human life in industry and prevent the waste of human welfare which flows from the unfair use of concentrated power and wealth in the hands of men whose eagerness for profit blinds them to the cost of what they do.
第三章状语从句
1. The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied language of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
2. The greater interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions deserve the opportunity to full develop their capabilities.
3. Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of plants, that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.
Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
5. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children---the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her
capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.
第四章并列结构
1. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of student’s career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.
2. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging
a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
3. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
4. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “Comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and
occasionally attending a shareholder’s meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
5. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.
6. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
7. You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.
第五章非谓语结构
1.In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces
not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
2.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discusses at the 17 May
meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create
a human child by adult nuclear cloning.”
3.Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons
for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.
4.His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have
applied reengineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.
5.The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels,
etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as
an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.
6.Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population
explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements---themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
第六章强调结构
1. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demands of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
2. The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.
3. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization, for the study of the whole human civilization.
4. It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains are most likely to be preserved, for one of the necessary conditions of preservation is quick burial, and it is only in the seas and rivers, and sometimes lakes, where mud and silt have been continuously deposited, that bodies and the like can be rapidly covered over and preserved.
5. It was after reading Adam Smith’s The wealth of Nations that Jim Green became fascinated by the economic theory.
第七章比较结构
1. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.
2. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed --- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.
3. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
4.Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
5. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
考研英语语法练习题【附答案详解】 1. —How did you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin? —Oh, that’s easy. I surfed the Internet and then called one ________ the telephone number is provided. A. which B. in which C. of which D. whose 2. October 15th is my birthday, ________ I will never forget. A. when B. that C. what D. which 3. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point ________ he can walk correctly and safely. A. when B. where C. which D. whose 4. There are several research centers in China ________ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied. A. which B. where C. when D. what 5. I hope that the little ________ I have been able to do does good to them all. A. which B. what C. that D. when 6. The time is not far away ________ modern communications will become widespread in China’s vast countryside. A. as B. when C. until D. before 7. ________ is known to everybody, Taiwan is a part of China. We must unify it.
下载毙考题APP 免费领取考试干货资料，还有资料商城等你入驻 邀请码：8806 可获得更多福利 2018考研英语长难句解析：每日一句(129) 2013年真题Section ⅡReading Comprehension Part A Text 4 第2段第2句 The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. 译文：宪法规定，唯有华盛顿(联邦政府)有权制定统一的外国人入籍准则，且联邦法律高于州法律。这些宪法原则是无可争议的。 分析：该句的主干为The Constitutional principles…are noncontroversial，该句的主语后跟了两个由that引导的同位语从句，解释说明了The Constitutional principles的内容。同位语从句1中的主干是Washington … has the power…，宾语power后的动词不定式结构是其后置定语，解释说明是什么样的power。 词汇指南 uniform [ ju:nif?:m](adj.)相同的,一致的;始终如一的(n.)制服;军服(高考词汇)(2008年-阅读3、2013年-阅读4)(uni=one-一，form-形状,形式 只有一种形状(或形式的、形状统一的——即相同的,一致的,引申为始终如一的。而该词之所以还有表示制服、军服，是因为制服、军服的样式都是相同的、一模一样的，如图) 制服、军服(样式相同、一模一样) 考点搭配：military uniform 军服(2008年-阅读3) 2个派生词： ●uniformly [ ju:nif?:mli](adv.)相同地,一致地;一贯地,一律地(CET-6、考研词汇)(2013年-阅读2)(ly-副词后缀) ●uniformity [,ju:ni f?:miti](n.)同样;一致(性)(超纲词汇)(2006年-阅读1)(ity-名词后缀) noncontroversial [n?n,k?ntr??v?:???l](adj.)毫无争议的(超纲词汇)(2013年-阅读4)(non-否定，controversial-争论的,有争议的→毫无争议的) 考试使用毙考题，不用再报培训班
考研英语长难句解析 长难句 The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Stre et Bank ruling. (2010 Text2) 难句分析 主句 The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order 主语谓语宾语 宾语从句1 that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges 从属连词主语谓语宾语 宾语从句2 that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its 从属连词主语定语从句系动词表语从句
本句为多重复合句，句子主干为The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order，stating that...and that...现在分词短语作宾语order的后置定语，说明order的内容。其中stating后面由and并列两个that引导的宾语从句，从句1中由并列连词rather than并列两个名词短语all 12 of th e court’s judges和a typical panel of three，作by的宾语。从句2中主语one issue后面是省略引导词that的定语从句，表语是whether引导的表语从句。
考研英语十二大基础语法体系 对于任何英语句子，要分析其结构，这样才能找到英语语言的规律。每种语言都有它的难点，汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。 一、英语动词的时态 （一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异： 英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了，book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。 动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。 （二）英语动词的形式： 英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式： (1)动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后， 或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。 (2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。 (3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。 (4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 (5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表：
即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如：weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept 以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态：一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。 态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）。 比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中，动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在进行时； 在“They have done their exercises.”这句中，动词由原形do 变成have done的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现在完成时； 在“They always do their exercises.”中，动词用原形do 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。 在这三句话中，动词do 虽然用了不同的形态，其意义没有变化，而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。 （三）时态详解 16个时态中，常用的有12个：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。 下面把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。
第五讲特殊句式及长难句解析 1．简单句、并列句、复合句 从句: 名词性：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 形容词性：定语从句 副词性：状语从句--- 时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式 2．省略句、比较结构、倒装句、分割结构 英语中还有一些特殊句式，出现在阅读理解中，势必会成为我们理解文章的障碍。但是，特殊句式还是有语法规律的，因此，如果我们能熟练应用特殊句式的语法规律，在阅读中一眼就能识别并领会这些特殊语法现象，障碍就基本克服了。 1.省略句 资料47 To err is human; to forgive, divine. Brevity is the soul of wit. 文体畅晓，其智乃见。（省略是将句子中的赘述部分删去，避免重复，使句子更简洁，加强表达内容的连贯性和逻辑性。被省略的部分大多是主语、谓语或谓语中的助动词等。文章中的省略现象会使句子成分短缺，造成句子不完整，如果看不出句子中省略了什么成分，就容易造成对文章的理解困难。 省略句一般只有当各组成部分有共同的成分才可能出现省略。对于这类句式，其难点在于发现省略成分，一旦找出并补充完整，句意理解就会大大简化。 省略句如果出现在翻译中，在翻译的时候，一定要把省略的部分翻译出来，否则会扣分。A：and 连接的并列句的省略 材料48页：Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（2002） 分析：很明显，and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem，是一个省略句，with 做状语一般表示伴随，这一个分句只有一个状语加一个名词结构，构不成一个完整的句子。实际上，与前句相同的成分才会被省略，前一句的谓语部分是：will continue to be rejected. 所以，后一分句补充完整就是：with the rejection of the technology of behavior, possibly the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected. 练习：1. The reasons for poverty are many, but for the most part center on illiteracy, the lack of opportunities and in some cases pure laziness. (主语the reasons) 2.He majors in English, and I, in French. (谓语major ) 3.Self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismay. (省略主谓) B：状语从句中的省略 规则：当主句的主语与从句主语一致时候，且从句的谓语动词是Be动词时候，从句可省略主谓。See 材料48页1. 让步状语从句2 时间状语从句 3．If handled properly and not misused, the clone technology will only bring more benefit than disaster to mankind. (条件状语从句) 4．Some people look as if afraid of nothing. (方式状语从句) 5．The computer is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary. （比较）真题例句1 Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets like our own revolving round a sun. 这是复合句。in which引导定语从句，修饰astronomical body. 介词except引起的短语作
考研英语长难句经典例子解析 来源：文都图书 考研英语的长难句在广大考生心中一直是一个超级大难点，数不清的生词，看不明白的句型和混乱的时态都让考生脑袋大了不止一圈儿，所以今天这篇文章就和大家分享一下攻克长难句的技巧。以《考研英语长难句解密》中的一句超长的长难句为例。 【经典长难句】 The increase in numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of house work and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire. 【词汇突破】 have to do with…与…有关 Economic necessity 经济需求 pool of single women workers 单身女工的资源 high marriage rates 高结婚率 【参考译文】20世纪，在家庭外被雇佣的女性人数增加了，这与其说是由于家务活的机器化和闲暇时间的增加，还不如说是由于女性自身的经济需求和由于高结婚率。正是高结婚率减少了单身女工劳动力资源的数量，而在这之前很多情况下，她们是雇主们会雇佣的唯一女性。 像书中的解句顺序一样，攻克长难句首先应该拿下句中的生词和短语，这是基础，是盖房所需的砖瓦，然后再攻克句法，拿下房屋结构，这样再对照参考译文，以前觉得很难的长难句就“柳暗花明又一村”了。希望大家首先消除内心对长难句的恐惧心理，静下心来好好分析，好好学习，争取早日拿下长难句，拿下考研英语！加油！
英语语法总结全集 名词和主谓一致 一、名词的分类 英语中名词主要可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。 1．可数名词 可数名词一般都有单复数。单数时，名词前可加不定冠词a/an；复数时，前面可加数词，名词本身要改成复数形式。 可数名词的复数有规则和不规则两种变化。规则的名词，只要在单数名词之后加“s”，“es”或去“y”加“ies”就行，如：an umbrella, twelve umbrellas；a factory, three factories。不规则的名词变化则要靠积累记忆，如：a mouse, ten mice；a policeman, six policemen。 有少数可数名词，如sheep，works（工厂），Chinese等，它们的单复数同形：a sheep, four sheep；a chemical works, five chemical works。 此外，还有一些可数名词只有复数形式，如clothes，trousers，cattle，police，people(人，人民)等。 英语名词中还有一些合成词，它们的复数形式有三种可能：1）后面的部分变成复数形式：grown-ups，boy students，grandchildren。2）前面的部分变成复数形式：passers-by，lookers-on，sons-in-law。3）前、后都变成复数形式：men doctors，women drivers。 2．不可数名词 不可数名词没有单复数的变化，前面也不能加a/an，或数词。但是我们可以用量词来表示不可数名词的数量，单复数表现在量词上，如：a piece of paper；two pieces of paper。 在有些情况下，不可数名词也可用a/an，表“一种”、“某种”的意思，如have a wonderful time，receive a good education，be made into a fine paper。 有时为了表示量大，不可数名词的后面也可加“s”，如sands，ashes，waters等。 但是我们在学习不可数名词的时候，特别要记住英语中有一些名词，它们无论在什么情况下，前面都不能用a/an，后面也不可加“s”，如weather，information，等。 3．有的名词既可是可数名词，也可是不可数名词 英语中有相当一部分的名词，既可以是可数，也可以是不可数，它们的意义有时略有不同，有时则完全不同。如：difficulty, success, time, work，paper，glass，等。 4．用于表示可数与不可数名词的数量“多”“少”的常用词和词组 跟可数名词连用的如：few, a few, many。 跟不可数名词连用的如：little, a little, much。 可数与不可数都能用的是：a lot of , plenty of。 二、主谓一致 1．通常被看作单数的主语部分 1）不定式、动名词和主语从句。 eg.. To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. What he said was different from what he did. 2）表示“时间”“距离”“金钱数量”的名词。 eg. Twenty years is quite a long time. 10 kilometers doesn’t seem to be a long distance to Mira. 300 dollars is too much for this old coin. 3）数学式子。 eg. Two plus five is seven. 4）书报杂志、国家、单位的名字。 eg. The Times is published daily. The United States is a big country. 5）前面用a kind of, a sort of或this kind of, this sort of等词组的名词。 eg. This kind of tree(s) often grows well in warm weather. 6）代词either, neither作主语。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/984285813.html,/menu/201209/198057.shtml 2012 1. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that weaken the court's reputation for being independent and impartial. 【分析】复合句。主句主干为justices acted。in several instances 和in ways作状语，that 引导定语从句修饰ways。 【译文】然而，在一些情况下，法官的行为方式削弱了法院保持中立且公正的名声。 【临摹】不同于硅谷的那些企业，印度这些公司在思路上可能更有创意。 2. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be accepted as impartial judgements. 【分析】复合句，主句为That kind of activity makes it less likely, it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是that 引导的名词性从句。 【译文】这类行为使得法院的裁定被认为是公正判决的可能性有所下降。 【词法拓展】
it 作形式宾语放在动词与宾语补足语之间，指代不定式、动名词、从句等，此时，it 无实际意义。这种情况只能用于能以名词或形容词作宾语补足语的动词后面，如feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, suppose, think, deem, regard, count 等。3. At the very least, the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary. 【分析】复合句。At the very least在句首作状语，that 引导定语从句修饰the code of conduct。 【译文】至少，法院应当服从适用于联邦司法系统其余部门的行为准则。 4. They gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to cultivate political support. 【分析】复合句。主句为They gave justices permanent positions, so 引导目的状语从句，从句主干为they would be free...and have no need...。 【译文】他们给予法官们终身任期，以便法官们能自由地推翻当权者，且无需拉拢政治支持。 5. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social concepts like liberty and property. 【分析】复合句。主句为Constitutional law is political。because 引导原因状语从句；其中分词短语rooted in... 作定语修饰choices, 介词短语like liberty and property 修饰concepts。
1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. 结构分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly true…。since引导原因状语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰the high-energy American fashion。在定语从句中，that做主语，makes做谓语，it做形式宾语，不定式短语to combine few farmers with high yields则是真正的宾语（不定式短语内部to combine是主干，few farmers是宾语，with high yields 是状语），possible做宾语补足语。this指代前句中提到的这种困境。energy pinch译为“能源的匮乏”;in…fashion译为“用…方法、方式”。 译文：这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏，高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。 2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter，we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison. 结构分析:句子的主干是we must be sure…。since引导原因状语从句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有that引导的宾语从句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此宾语从句中又套嵌一个由介词with+which引导的定语从句with which we are comparing our subjects 修饰先行词the scale。scale在此处意为“尺度、衡量标准”。 译文：既然对智力的评估相比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能够提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。 精品文档
英语语法总结 下文总结了十二个要点： 1、主谓一致 2、时态 3、语态 4、非谓语动词 5、情态动词 6、虚拟语气 7、句子种类 8、名词性从句 9、状语从句 10、定语从句 11、强调句 12、倒装句 当然以上并不是全部要点，还有一些比较基础的，比如：祈使句、省略句、名词等知识点比较简单，在平时做题中自然而然就积累下来了，不需要刻意背诵。 一、主谓一致 主谓一致的关键在于，分条记清楚，不要混淆。 1、以动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式； To study English well is not easy.（动词不定式短语作主语） Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. （动名词短语作主语） What he said is very important for us all. （从句作主语） 2、由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是 指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。 The writer and artist has come. 由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。 Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it. No boy and no girl likes it. Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today? Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter 若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。 None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America. 3、在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。（画 线为先行词） Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.
2016考研英语长难句突破：表语从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。今天我们就来重点讲一下其中的表语从句。 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语，说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词、形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。引导词引导一个句子作表语，放于系动词之后。其结构是：主语+系动词+引导词+从句。 【例1】that Thetroubleis ( that ) she has lost his money.麻烦的事是她丢了钱。 【例2】whether The question is whether the film is worth seeing.问题是这部电影是否值得看（if 不能引导表语从句）。 【例3】what That’s what he is worrying about.那就是他在担心的事。 【例4】who The question is who should go.问题是谁应该去。 【例5】why That’s why I object to the plan.这就是我反对这个计划的原因。 【例6】when That was when I was fifteen.这是我15岁时发生的事。 【例7】where That’s where I first met her.那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。 【例8】how The problem is how we can find him.问题是我们如何找到他。 写作中的句式升级：我们可以将所要写的简单句用如下方法升级成表语从句，从而提高所写句式的技术含量，博得阅卷老师青睐，冲击更高的分数。 【注意事项】 1.表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 误：The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.（×） 正：The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.（√） 2.引导名词性从句时if/whether（是否）用法辨析： a. if不能引导表语从句，只能用whether来引导。 b.引导宾语从句时if/whether可以互换，但介词后面的宾语从句只能用whether来引导。 c.位于句首的主语从句只能用whether来引导，同位语从句也只能用whether来引导。 误：The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.（×）
考研英语基础语法体系 对于任何英语句子，要分析其结构，这样才能找到英语语言的规律。 每种语言都有它的难点，汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。 一、 英语动词的时态 （一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异： 英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了， 从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。 或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。 （二）英语动词的形式： 规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式： (1) 的其他情况。 (2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）称单数的一般现在时。 (3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。 (4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 (5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表： 动词过去式和过去分词，大多数是动词原形+ ed 构成，这是规则动词。
来”。英语动词所表示的动作在以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态：一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中，动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在进行时； ”这句中，动词由原形do 变成have 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现 They always do their exercises.”中，动词用原形do 的形态，说明 并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。 do 虽然用了不同的形态，其意义没有变化，而是事
句子一： For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 句子分析： 第一、句子可以拆分为三段：For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 第二、句子的结构： 1)主干结构是并列句they do not compensate for..., and thus do not tell... 2) how able是表语前置，正常语序是：an underprivileged youngster might have been how able 3)最后一个句子是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等于If he had grown up under more favorable circumstances 第三、词的处理： hey 指示代词，测试 compensate for 弥补 gross social inequality 明显的社会不公 and thus 因此 ell 说明 underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件差的
语法与词汇总结 1、谓语单复数 Each book and paper is found in its place No teache and student was here. Each of us has a tape-recorder. We each have our meris. 2、不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year. 3、谓语与最邻近的主语保持一致： Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 4、It is futile to discuss the matter further, because____ going to agree upon anything today. A.neither you nor I are B. neither you nor me is C.neither you nor I am D.neither me nor you are 析：两个并列主语，用I，不用me，neither nor的谓语动词采取就近原则。 5、不正确的是： A．New machinery were introduced in the factory B．Poultry are very expensive in the city. 析：machinery 通常用单数，Poulry指家禽，通常用复数，正确。 6、下列哪个句子包含主谓关系： A．Mr Smith’s passport B.the visitor’s arrival C. John’s travel details D.Children’s stories 析:ACD均为从属关系，B为主谓关系 7、His strong sense of humour was ___ make everyone in the room burst out laughing. A.So as to B.such as to C.so that D.such that 析：such as to 表示如此。。。以至于。。。。 So as to 表示以便，such that 表示如此…以至于，后面接完整的句子 因此应该选B 8、凡是要重复one 或one’s 的地方，可以用he或者his来代替： One has to do one’s best. One who does not take care of his health is likely to be ill at any time. 9、It was as a physician that he presented himself, and ___he was warmly received. A.As such B.such as C.as that D. so that 析：他是以医生的身份介绍自己的，而且以此身份受到了热情的接待。As such 表示作
考研英语备战：长难句例句分析（15） 考研英语长难句历来是最让人头疼的题型，考生们在积累了一定量的英语词汇和语法后遇到长难句还是犯了难，凯程考研英语辅导专家认为对于这部分题型应该多加练习，从而找到解题的出发点，下面是老师整理的考研英语长难句冲刺练习，希望能够帮助同学们顺利度过复习难关。 Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal. 【分析】并列句。and连接两个并列的分句，第二个分句中的现在分词短语 seeking knowledge of the results 作 researchers的后置定语。 【译文】论文的归杂志社所有，要想査阅此研究成果的研究者必须订阅该杂志。 【点拨】rest通常情况下作名词，意为“休息”或“剩余部分”。在本句不及物动词，意为“归于;在于”，此时常与with连用。 【临摹】最后的决策要由总经理来决定。 The Internet-and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishes are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it - is making access to scientific results a reality. 【分析】多重复合句。主句主干为The Internet...is making access...a reality。谓语部分用了“make+宾语 + 宾补”的结构。破折号之间的部分相当于插入语，不影响谓语的单复数。类似的用法是当“名词1 + as well as/along with/together with等+名词2”作定语时'谓语动词的单复数由名词1决定。who引导的定语从句修饰agencies，其中包含why引导的从句作question的宾语。 【译文】商业刊物的出版商们通过限制人们查看政府资助的研究的成果来获利，科学研究的出资机构对此表示质疑，这种压力和网络的发展使便捷地获取科研成果变成现实。 【点拨】access to意为“(接近或进人某地的)方法，通路”或“(使用某物或接近某人的)机会或权利”。在本句中，两个access to均意为后者。 【临摹】幸运的是，农村的孩子如今也可以接触到最新的课本了。 I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. 【分析】多重复合句。第一个that引导宾语从句，其中包含that引导的定语从句，定语从句修饰things。 【译文】我认为女性所必须面临的压力一般都具有长期性和反复性特征。 【点拨】nature在本句中意为“特征，特点”。in a…nature意为“具有···的特征” I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better. 【分析】复合句。本句是so... that...句型。第一个that引导结果状语从句;第二个that是该从句的形式主语，其真正主语是不定式结构to go to...do better。 【译文】我的生活极其不如意，上学、追求进步并想做得更好成为我摆脱现实困境的途径。