维多利亚时期的英国文学(考研资料)

Chapter 5: The Victorian Period （维多利亚时代）part 1 Historical Background➢Time Span (para.1, p156)1837-1901 to coincide with the reign of Queen Victoria（维多利亚女王的统治时期）➢Victorian Period can be divided into 3 parts/stages:The early Victorian period（早）The mid-Victorian period（中）The late Victorian period（晚）Victorian Period is an extremely diverse and contradictory age. (para.1, p156)维多利亚时代是一个极其多样化和矛盾的时代。

imperial expansion, political reform, scientific progress帝国扩张，政治改革，科学进步Cruel exploitation, social injustice, desperate poverty残酷的剥削，社会不公，极度的贫困It was an age of “paradise for the well-to-do, a purgatory for the able, and a hell for the poor. 那是一个富人的天堂，能人的炼狱，穷人的地狱的时代。

-John Morley 早期的维多利亚时代(para.2, p156)1.Industrial Revolution （工业革命）→introduction of coal & steam engine(煤和蒸汽机)→transportation --> world trade market(运输—世界贸易市场)→profound economic & social changes（深刻的经济社会变革）2.Industrial Revolution (工业革命)→make up a new kind of working class(组成了一种新的工人阶级)→horrifying slums & cramped row housing(可怕的贫民窟和拥挤的排屋)→A huge gap between the rich and the poor(贫富之间的巨大差距)3. THE REFORM BALL of 1832 (议会通过选举改革法案)①It extended the voting rights to the men of the middle class.它扩大了中产阶级男性的投票权。

英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期：莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》等，以及弥尔顿的《失乐园》。

2、17世纪：约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌，以及约翰·班扬的《天路历程》。

3、18世纪：启蒙时期，亨利·菲尔丁和理查逊的小说，以及亚历山大·蒲柏的讽刺诗歌。

4、19世纪：浪漫主义时期，包括拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的诗歌，以及简·奥斯汀、爱米莉·勃朗特等的小说。

5、维多利亚时期：查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特、托马斯·哈代等作家的小说，以及马修·阿诺德、约翰·罗斯金等人的诗歌。

二、美国文学1、浪漫主义时期：包括华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传说》、爱伦·坡的短篇小说、以及纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》。

2、现实主义时期：包括马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》、亨利·詹姆斯的小说、以及艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌。

3、20世纪：包括F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等文学作品。

三、文学术语和概念1、象征主义：通过象征性的符号或形象来表达某种思想或情感。

2、叙事视角：从特定的角度来描述故事，常见的有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称等。

3、意象主义：通过形象和比喻来表达情感和思想。

4、文艺复兴：欧洲历史上的一次文化运动，强调人文主义和古希腊罗马文化。

5、玄学派：17世纪英国的一种文学流派，强调诗歌中的哲学思考和神秘主义。

6、悲剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现英雄人物的悲惨命运。

7、喜剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现幽默、讽刺等轻松愉快的主题。

8、自然主义：一种文学流派，强调对自然和社会现实的客观描写。

9、超验主义：一种哲学思想，强调个人经验和直觉，反对传统权威。

英国文学简介英国文学是指在英国境内或由英国作家创作的文学作品。

英国文学源远流长，有着悠久的历史和丰富的内涵。

它的发展可以追溯到中世纪，受到了古希腊罗马文化和基督教传统的影响。

英国文学的黄金时期可以追溯到16世纪的文艺复兴时期。

在这个时期，伟大的作家如莎士比亚、培根和斯宾塞等纷纷涌现。

莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家之一，他的作品《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等至今仍被广泛演出和研究。

培根是一位重要的哲学家和文学评论家，他的作品深刻地揭示了人性的复杂性和社会的问题。

斯宾塞以其叙事诗《仙后》而闻名，被誉为英国文学史上最伟大的叙事诗之一。

17世纪是英国文学史上的重要时期，这一时期被称为“启蒙时代”。

英国文学在这个时期经历了繁荣和变革。

约翰·米尔顿是这个时期最杰出的作家之一，他的史诗《失乐园》被誉为英国文学史上最伟大的作品之一。

另外，乔纳森·斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》和丹尼尔·笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》也是这一时期的重要作品。

18世纪是英国文学的黄金时代之一，这个时期被称为“浪漫主义时代”。

浪漫主义文学强调个人情感和想象力的表达，代表作家有威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治、约翰·济慈等。

他们的作品追求真实的自然描写和人类内心的探索，对后世文学产生了深远的影响。

19世纪是英国文学的高峰时期，也被称为“维多利亚时代”。

维多利亚时代的文学作品丰富多样，代表作家有查尔斯·狄更斯、夏洛蒂·勃朗特、奥斯卡·王尔德等。

狄更斯的作品描写了维多利亚时代社会的贫困与不公，他的小说《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》至今仍然广受欢迎。

勃朗特姐妹的作品《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》也成为经典之作。

王尔德则以其幽默和机智的作品闻名，他的戏剧作品《温莎的风格》和《道林·格雷的画像》都具有独特的魅力。

20世纪是英国文学的现代时期，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、乔治·奥威尔、J·R·R·托尔金等。

英国文学的发展及其代表作品引言英国文学是世界文学中一个极其重要的组成部分，具有悠久而辉煌的历史。

本文将探讨英国文学的发展历程，并介绍一些代表性的英国文学作品。

古代英国文学1.安格鲁-撒克逊时期（5世纪至11世纪）•凯尔特传统和民间故事•赫鲁晓斯史诗《贝奥武夫》2.中世纪文学（11世纪至15世纪）•亚瑟王传说（如马拉里《亚瑟王与圆桌骑士》）•杰弗里·乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》文艺复兴时期1.伊丽莎白时代（16世纪末至17世纪初）•威廉·莎士比亚的戏剧作品（如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）•约翰·密尔顿的史诗作品《失乐园》2.马洛里时代（17世纪中期至18世纪初）•约翰·邓恩的诗集《鸟》•亚历山大·蒲柏的散文作品浪漫主义和维多利亚时代1.浪漫主义（18世纪末至19世纪初）•威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治的诗歌作品•简·奥斯汀的小说《傲慢与偏见》2.维多利亚时代（19世纪中期至20世纪初）•查尔斯·狄更斯的小说作品（如《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》）•奥斯卡·王尔德的戏剧作品（如《道林·格雷的画像》）现代英国文学1.20世纪早期•维吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说《到灯塔去》•T.S.艾略特的诗歌集《荒原》2.当代文学•伊恩·麦克尤恩的小说作品（如《失落之城》、《英国病人》）•玛格丽特·阿特伍德的小说作品（如《使女的故事》）结论英国文学在各个时期都有着令人惊叹的成就，塑造了世界文学的重要角色。

从古代传统到现代创新，英国文学将继续为我们带来无尽的享受和启发。

注：以上只是一些代表性的英国文学作品，因篇幅限制未能详尽涵盖全部作品。

维多利亚时代的英国小说以现实主义为特征。

作为整个欧洲现实主义文艺思潮的一部分维多利亚时代的现实主义小说表现的是普世意义上的生活经验。

道德和常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题，又回到了文学主流中来。

此时期文学，真实地反映了时代的现实与精神，其中体现出的高度的活力，脚踏实地的精神，善意的幽默与无羁无绊的丰富联想都是空前的。

特别的是艾米莉’勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》，是那个时代的变徵之音。

《呼啸山庄》是一部有丰富象征意义的小说，在艺术手法上，结合了现实主义，浪漫主义，象征主义的边县手法。

一方面通过曲折生动的故事情节，典型的任务形象塑造，表象了英国乡村庄园的日常生活，爱情婚姻，反映19世纪特殊的历背景下，远离都市的庄园生活所受到的外来影响。

同时，小说通过一系列的象征手法，曲折地表达了一种隐蔽的“反家庭”倾向，如画眉山庄的排外与封闭，呼啸山庄的混乱无序。

另一方面，小说采用了大量的象征手法，梦境的运用，超自然力的表现等等。

在小说中，对大自然的描绘占有重要地位，作者通过人物的性格特征，人内心的风暴与大自然的风暴对应描写，表现了人与自然的密切联系。

小说中对于自然充满浪漫主义的激情描写，传达了鲜明的地方色彩。

寂寞的沼泽峡谷，荒凉的山顶上，被风雨摧残的荒野，寒冷的空气，坚硬的土地，形象地传达了苍凉荒凉所特有的那种惊心动魄的狂野。

在小说中，大自然作为男女主人公逃避家庭带来的痛苦的避难所，与家庭封闭，压抑的空间形成了鲜明的对照。

读完了艾米莉·勃朗特的呼啸山庄，有一种难以言表的复杂感受，或许出自于对艾米莉的深佩、或许也就是如同小说本身的主题，思想和艺术结构一般多元而耐人寻味，由此的一些感慨。

应该是在大约1847年左右，至今家喻户晓，世界文坛著名的勃朗特三姐妹中，年长的夏洛蒂·勃朗特和二姐艾米莉·勃朗特同时推出了各自不同寻常的小说。

当时谁也没有想到，亲姐妹的杰作问世之后，命运却大相径庭。

《简·爱》立刻受到热情地欢呼，是作者在一夜间留名于发展迅速的英国文坛，而《呼啸山庄》一开始就遭到评论界猛烈谴责。

I．Multiple Choice(40 points in all, 1 for each)Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or pletes the statement. Write the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the answer sheet.chapter18.The Victorian Age was largely an age of ____, eminently represented by Dickens andThackeray.A.poetryB.dramaC.proseD.epic prose (024)18. A typical feature of the English Victorian literature is that writers became social and moral ______, exposing all kinds of social evils.A. revolutionariesB. idealistsC. criticsD. defenders(044)16. The Victorian Age is most famous for its ________.A. playsB. novelsC. poemsD. essays (047)14.Which of the following statements about Victorian literature is NOT true?〔〕4A. Novels became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.B. Victorian novelists were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality, the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.C. Influenced by a particularly strict set of moral standards, Victorian writers like Oscar Wilde, advocated the old moderate, respectable life-style. (057)D. Victorian prose writers joined forces with the critical realist novelists in exposing and criticizing the social reality.18. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques，writers in the Victorian Period shared one thing in mon，that is，they were all concerned about ______．A. the fate of the upper classB. the reformation of the governmentC. the fate of the mon peopleD. the future of their family clans(087)1. The first mass movement of the English working class and the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people is_____.3A. The Enclosure MovementB. The Protestant ReformationC. The Enlightenment MovementD. The Chartist Movement 〔097〕13. In the Victorian Period _____ became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.2A. poetryB. novelC. proseD. drama〔097〕14. All of the following statements about the Victorian period is true EXCEPT ______.1A. England was the “workshop of the world〞.B. The early years was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious socialproblems.C. Towards the mid -century, England had reached its highest point of development as a world power.D. Capitalism came into its monopoly stage, the gap between the rich and the poor was further deepened. (104)18. Which of the following can't be included in the critical realists of the Victorian Period?a. Charlotte and Emily Bronteb. Charles Dickens and William M. Thackerayc. Thomas Hardy and George Eliotd. D. H. Laurence and James Joyce〔浙0210〕19. English critical realism found its expression chiefly in the form of _____.a. novelb. dramac. poetryd. sonnet〔浙0210〕19.The first mass movement of the English working class was ______, which signified the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.Charles Dickens1.“For a week after the mission of the impious and profane offence of asking formore, Oliver remained a close prisoner in the dark and solitary room...〞(Dickens, Oliver Twist) What did Oliver ask for? 4[A]More time to play.[B]More food to eat.[C]More book to read.[D]More money to spend.(034)17. Mr. Micawber in David Copperfield and Sam Well in Pickwick Papers are perhaps the best ______ characters created by Charles Dickens.3A. ic(044)?13. The most distinguishing feature of Charles Dicken’s works lies in his ________.A. social criticismB. optimismC. character－portrayal?D. social setting (047)22．Dickens’ works are characterized by a mingling of ______________ and pathos. A．humor B．satireC．passionD．metaphor〔074〕7．Among the works by Charles Dickens _______ presents his criticism of the Utilitarian principle that rules over the English education system and destroys young hearts and minds.2A．Bleak House B．Pickwick PaperC．Great Expectations D．Hard Times〔084〕?8．The most distinguishing feature of Charles Dickens’ works is his _______. A．simple vocabulary B．bitter and sharp criticism ?C．character-portrayalD．pictures of happiness〔084〕20. Among the following figures ______ is Dickens’ first child hero.A．Little Nell B．David CopperfieldC．Oliver Twist D．Little Dorrit(087)13.Charles Dickens' novel ______ is famous for its vivid descriptions of theworkhouse and life of the underworld in the nineteenth- century London.A. The Pickwick PaperB. Oliver TwistC. David CopperfieldD. Nicholas Nickleby(094)14. In Charles Dickens’early novels, he attacks one or more specific social evils, _____is a good example of describing the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworld life.A. David CopperfieldB. Oliver TwistC. Great ExpectationsD. Dombey and Son〔097〕16. Dickens’ s first child hero is ______.A. Little NellB. David CopperfieldC. Oliver TwistD. Little Dorrit(104)19. Dickens attacks the Utilitarian principle that rules over the English education system and destroys young hearts and minds in ______.A. Hand TimesB. Great ExpectationsC. Our Mutual FriendD. Bleak House(104)3. Charles Dickens’ novel, ______, is famous for its vivid descriptions of the work-house and life of the underworld in the nineteenth-century London.A. The Pickwick PaperB. Oliver TwistC. David CopperfieldD. Nicholas Nickleby〔107〕6. Dickens’best- depicted characters are the following. EXCEPT ______. 1A. innocent, virtuous, persecuted and helpless child charactersB. horrible and grotesque charactersC. broadly humorous or ical charactersD. simple, innocent and faithful women characters〔107〕2 Charlotte Bronte19.___is the first important governess novel in the English literary history.A.Jane EyreB.EmmaC.Wuthering HeightsD.Middlemarch (024)5.“e to me－e to me entirely now,〞said he ; and added, in his deepest tone, speaking in my ear as his cheek was laid on mine, “Make my happiness－I will make yours.〞The above passage presents a scene in. (034)[A]Emily Bronte’s Withering Heights[B]Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre[C]John Galsworthy′s The Forsyte Saga[D]Thomas Hardy′s Tess of the D′Urbervilles17. Which of the following women does not belong to the famous Bronte Sisters? 4A. Mary BronteB. Charlotte BronteC. Emily BronteD. Anne Bronte (047)3. “Do you think, because I am poor，obscure，plain，and little，I am soulless andheartless?... And if God had gifted me with some beauty，and much wealth，I should have made it as hard for you to leave me. as it is now for me to leave you. 〞The quoted part is taken from ______. 3A. Great ExpectationsB. Wuthering HeightsC. Jane EyreD. Pride and Prejudice(087)14. Charlotte Bronte's works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousnesstowards ______, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.2A. self - relianceB. self - realizationC. self - esteemD. self - consciousness(094)21. Charlotte Bront e ’s work _____is famous for the depiction of the life of the middle - class working women, particularly governesses.A. Jane EyreB. Wuthering HeightsC. The ProffessorD. Shirley〔097〕3.Charlotte’ s works are famous for the depiction of the life of ______ working women, particularly governesses.A. the middle - classB. the lower - classC. the upper - middle - classD. the upper - class(104)9. Charlotte Bronte’s autobiograghical work ______ largely based on her experience in Brussels. 1A. The ProfessorB. ShirleyC. VilletteD. Jane Eyre〔107〕16. The success of ______ is also due to its introduction to the English novel the firstgoverness heroine.A. The ProfessorB. Jane EyreC. Wuthering HeightsD. Far from the Madding Crowd〔107〕8. “Do you think, because I am poor, obs cure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? —You think wrong! ---- I have as much soul as you --- and full as much heart!...〞This part of quotation es from _______.A. G.B. Shaw’ s Mrs. Warren’ s ProfessionB. John Galsworthy’s The Man of PropertyC. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane EyreD. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice3 Thomas Hardy13.Which of the following best describes the nature of Thomas Hardy’s later works?5[A]Sentimentalism.[B]Tragic sense.[C]Surrealism.[D]ic sense. (034)4.In Hardy’s We ssex novels, there is an apparent〔〕touch in his description of the simplethough primitive rural life.4A. nostalgicB. humorous(054)C. romanticD. ironic17.In Hardy’s Wessex novels, there is an apparent〔〕touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life.A. realisticB. nostalgicC. romanticD. sentimental(057)6．All of the following works are known as Hardy’s “novels of character and environment〞EXCETP_______.3A．The Return of the Native B．Tess of the D’UrbervillesC．Jude the Obscure D．Far from the Madding Crowd〔084〕22.In Thomas Hardy’s Wessex novels, there is an apparent ______ touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life.A. nostalgicB. humorous(087)16. Thomas Hardy's pessimistic view of life predominated most of his later works andearns him a reputation as a ______ writer.2A. realisticB. naturalisticC. romanticD. stylistic(094)15. Thomas Hardy’s most cheerful and idyllic work is_____.A. The Return of the NativeB. Far from the Maddin CrowdC. Under the Greenwood TreeD. The Woodlanders〔097〕4.All of the following works are known as Hardy’ s “novels of character and environment〞EXCEPT ______.A. The Return of the NativeB. Tess of the D’ UrbervillesC. Jude the ObscureD. Far from the Madding Crowd(104)13. Hardy’s ______ is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeoissociety and the capitalist invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the century. 1A. Tess of the D’UrbervillesB. The Mayor of Caste BridgeC. The Return of the NativeD. Jude the Obscure〔107〕20. Hardy's last two novels _____ received a lot of hostile criticisms which led to his turning topoetry.a. The Dynasts and Jude the Obscureb. Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscurec. The Return of the Native and Tess of the D'Urbervillesd. The Return of the Native and Jude the Obscure〔浙0210〕21. Thomas Hardy's heroines and heroes , those unfortunate young men and women are alldepicted in_____.a. their persistent pursuit for personal fulfillment and happinessb. their desperate struggle for personal fulfillment and happinessc. their desperate struggle for individual equality and freedomd. their persistent pursuit for better life and ideals〔浙0210〕7. In Thomas Hardy’s works, the conflict between the old and the modern is very pervasive. His attitude toward those traditional characters is ______.A. contemptB. sympatheticC. indifferentD. interestedII. Reading prehension (16 points in all, 4 for each)Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.2 Charlotte Bronte42．“Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soull ess and heartless? —You think wrong!… And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you…—it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed th rough the grave, and we stood at God’s feet, equal—as we are!〞Questions:A．Identify the author and the novel from which the quoted part is taken.B．To whom is the speaker speaking?C．What does the quoted part imply about the speaker?〔084〕42. A. Charlotte Bronte; Jane EyreB. Jane Eyre is speaking to Rochester.C. Jane Eyre loves Rochester but she values her basic rights and equality as a human being.III. Questions and Answers (24 points in all, 6 for each)Give a brief answer to each of the following questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.Charles Dickens46.“Let it not be supposed by the enemies of‘the system,’that during the period of his solitary incarceration, Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society, or the advantages of religious consolation.〞What do you think Charles Dickens intends to say in the above ironic statement taken from Oliver Twist? (054)46. A. The sentence is a typical example of irony. What Dickens intends to say is justthe opposite of the sentence’s literal meaning.B. For the “benefit〞of exercise, Oliver was whipped every morning in a stoneyard; for the “pleasure〞of society, he was carried every other day into the dining hall and flogged as a public warning and example to the boys; and as for the “advantages〞of religious consolation, he was kicked into the same apartment every evening at prayer time and listened to the boys’ prayer to be guarded against his sins andvices.C. The ironic statement is, in fact, a bitter denunciation and fierceattack at thebrutal, inhuman treatment of the poor orphan by the workhouse authority. 45．“ ‘My boy!’ said the old gentleman, leaning over the desk. Oliver sta rted at the sound. He might be excused for doing so, for the words were kindly said, and strange sounds frighten one. He trembled violently, and burst into tears.〞〔from Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist〕Explain why Oliver Twist started first, then trembled violently and burst into tears when the words were “kindly〞said.〔084〕45. The boy started at the words because kind words were not expected; it is (was, must be) the first time in all his life that Oliver Twist had ever been “kindly〞greeted; strange sounds may predict another suffering/misfortune/torture.2 Charlotte Bronte46. Jane Eyre is one of the most popular and important novels of the Victorian Age.Why is Jane Eyre such a successful novel? (094)46. A. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society.B. It is an intense moral fable.C. The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel thefirst governess heroine.46. Thomas Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer. Some critics believe thathe is emotionally traditional and intellectually advanced. How do you understand this idea? 〔107〕46. A. In Hardy’s novel, there is an apparent nostalgic touch in his description of thesimple and beautiful though primitive rural life, which was gracually declining and disappearing in England at the time. He is always sympathetic with those traditional characters and mourns over their failure and misfortune.B. On the other hand, he was greatly influenced by Darwin’s theory of “survivalof the fittest〞, and other modern philosophical thoughts, which led to the pessimistic determinism or naturalism in fiction.IV. Topic Discussion(20 points in all, 10 for each)Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.Charles Dickens49.Discu ss Charles Dickens’s art of fiction: the setting, the character-portrayal, the language, etc, based on his novel Oliver Twist. (057)49. Discuss Charles Dickens’ art of fiction：the setting，the character — portrayal，the language，etc．，based on his novel Oliver Twist．(087)49. A. He sets out a full map and a large-scale criticism of the nineteenth century England,particularly London. Most of his works are deeply rooted in his knowledge of that petty-bourgeois urban world. In his later works the physical settings are sometimes a mixture of the contemporary and the recollected past.B. The characters in his works are marked out by some peculiarity in physical traits, speech ormanner. His best-depicted characters include child characters, horrible and grotesque characters and humorous or ical characters. Oliver Twist is one of the good examples of his child characters……C. His language is often pared with Shakespeare for his adeptness with the vernacular andlarge vocabulary……2 Charlotte Bronte49．Analyze the character of Jane Eyre based on the selection taken from Chapter X X Ⅲ of Jane Eyre.49．Analyze the character of Jane Eyre based on the selection taken from Chapter X X Ⅲ of Jane Eyre.〔074〕49. A. Jane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved,a poor, plain,little governess who dares to love her master.B. In Chapter X X Ⅲ, Jane finds herself hopelessly in love with Mr. Rochester butshe is aware that her love is out of the question. When forced to confront Mr.Rochester, she desperately and open¬ly declares her equality with him and her love for him.Hardy49. Why is Hardy regarded as a naturalistic writer in English literature? Discuss in relation to his novels you know. (104)49. A. He read Darwin’s The Origin of Species and accepted the idea of survival of thefittest.B. He was also influenced by Spencer’s The First Principle, which led him to thebelief that man’s fate is prediterminedly tragic, driven by a bined force of “nature〞.C. The outside nature is shown as some mysterious supernatural force…D. Man proves impotent before Fate…E. Discuss in relation to his novels. In his works, man is shown inevitably boundby his own inherent nature and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment…(Tess, Jude the Obscure, etc.)。

第9章维多利亚时期(1832～1901)一、填空题1. Author _____; Title _____.（南京大学2009研；南京大学2008研）I would not have gone back to Joe now, I would not have gone back to Biddy now, for any consideration: simply, I suppose, because my sense of my own worthless conduct to them was greater than every consideration.【答案】Charles Dickens; Great Expectations【解析】题目节选自狄更斯的Great Expectations（《远大前程》）。

2. Like Ibsen, _____ was much concerned about the social problems of his time. His career as a dramatist began in 1892, when his first play _____ was put on and turned out a success.（天津外国语大学2010研）【答案】George Bernard Shaw; Widowers’ Houses【解析】萧伯纳是英国现代杰出的现实主义戏剧作家，是世界著名的擅长幽默与讽刺的语言大师。

他的第一部剧作《鳏夫的房产》创作于1892年。

3. Heathcliff and Catherine are characters in _____ written by _____.（大连外国语大学2007研）【答案】Wuthering Heights, Emily Brontë【解析】Heathcliff和Catherine是英国小说家Emily Brontë小说《呼啸山庄》中的人物。

英国文学知识简介(English Literature)一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066）1）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁•撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。

2）Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父二、中古英语时期的英国文学1）allegory体非常盛行2）Romance开始上升到一定的高度3）高文爵士和绿衣骑士4）Willian Langlaud 威廉·郎兰Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》5）乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体）Heroic Couplet6）Thomas Malory托马斯.马洛礼Le Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》1、Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利•乔叟1340-1400长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）1、Thomas More托马斯.莫尔1478~15352、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞The Faerie Queene《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节；5、莎士比亚：长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白四大戏剧：仲夏夜之梦、威尼斯商人、皆大欢喜、第十二夜6、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》7、John Donne 约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人8、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣9、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑《学术的推进》和《新工具》英国文学知识832、Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599The Shepherds Calen dar牧人日历Amoretti爱情小唱Epithalamion婚后曲Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林•克劳特回来了Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌The Faerie Queene仙后3、Christopher Marlowe柯里斯托弗•马洛1564~1595Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧4、William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616The Tempest暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of V eronaz维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors错中错;Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of V enice威尼斯商人;As Y ou Like It如愿;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;All’s Well That Ends Well皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry theFifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus泰特斯•安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Julet罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯•凯撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear李尔王;Othello奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline辛白林;Pericles波里克利斯;V enus and Adonis维诺斯•阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets十四行诗英国文学知识845、Francis Bacon培根1561-1626Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays随笔（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）四、启蒙时期（18世纪）1、约翰·弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》2、约翰·班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory3、约翰·德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人；《论戏剧诗》4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作5、托马斯·格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》6、威廉·布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌；7、罗伯特·彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人；8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满；10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》；11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史；12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。