2019考研英语二阅读真题答案(text3)

2019年英语二阅读text3In 2019, the English Language Proficiency Test featured an intriguing reading passage known as Text 3. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the passage, highlighting key points and discussing its implications.The passage begins by discussing the concept of "networked individualism" and its impact on society. It describes how advancements in technology have enabled individuals to develop diverse networks, facilitated by social media platforms and online communities. These networks provide an unprecedented level of connectivity, offering individuals a wealth of resources and opportunities at their fingertips.One significant advantage of networked individualism is the ability to access information instantaneously. In the past, individuals would rely on traditional sources such as newspapers or libraries to gather information. However, with the advent of the internet, people now have the ability to quickly and easily obtain information on any desired topic. This has revolutionized the way we acquire knowledge and made education more accessible to all.Furthermore, networked individualism has extended the reach of social connections beyond geographical boundaries. Through online platforms, individuals can now connect with others from different cultures, backgrounds, and interests. This has fostered a greater sense of global community and understanding, as people have the opportunity to engage with diverse perspectives and experiences.However, the passage also highlights several drawbacks of networked individualism. One significant concern is the potential for information overload and the difficulty of discerning reliable sources from unreliable ones. With an abundance of online content available, it becomes crucial for individuals to develop critical thinking skills to evaluate information and avoid falling victim to misinformation or fake news.Another issue raised in the passage is the impact of networked individualism on privacy and personal relationships. The constant connectivity and sharing of personal information online can lead to a blurring of boundaries between public and private life. It becomes essential for individuals to establish and maintain appropriate boundaries to protect their privacy in the digital age.In addition to these concerns, networked individualism has also given rise to new challenges in terms of social interaction and empathy. The ease of communication through online platforms can sometimes lead to a lack of face-to-face interactions, hindering the development of essential social skills and reducing empathy towards others. It is crucial for individuals to find a balance between online and offline interactions to ensure the maintenance of healthy relationships and social well-being.In conclusion, Text 3 of the 2019 English Language Proficiency Test explores the concept of networked individualism and its impact on society. It highlights the advantages of instant information access and global connectivity, while also addressing concerns such as information overload, privacy issues, and challenges in social interaction. As we navigate the digital age, it is imperative for individuals to harness the benefits ofnetworked individualism while being mindful of its potential pitfalls. By striking a balance between online and offline interactions, we can truly maximize the potential of networked individualism in a responsible and meaningful way.。

Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 , when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 .As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight7 altering your training program. The most8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal,it is less important for me to 11 my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly 15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 I’m trai ning according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look,feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1. A. Besides B. Therefore C. Otherwise D. However2. A. helps B. cares C. warns D. reduces3. A. initially B. solely C. occasionally D. formally4. A. recording B. lowering C. explaining D. accepting5. A. modify B. set C. review D. reach6. A. definition B. depiction C. distribution D. prediction7. A.due to B. regardless of C. aside from D. along with8. A. orderly B. rigid C. precise D. immediate9. A. claims B. judgments C. reasons D. methods10. A. instead B. though C. again D. indeed11. A. report B. track C. overlook D. conceal12. A. depend on B. approve of C. hold onto D. account for13. A. prepare B. share C. adjust D. confirm14. A. results B. features C. rules D. tests15. A. bored B. anxious C. hungry D. sick16. A. principle B. secret C. belief D. sign17. A. request B. necessity C. decision D. wish18. A. disappointing B. surprising C. restricting D. consuming19. A. if B. because C. unless D. until20. A. obsessing B. dominating C. puzzling D. triumphingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends –and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable –it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guil t can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary –feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more symp athetic to the otherchild’s deprivation.“That’s good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help ______.A. foster a child’s moral developmentB. regulate a child’s basic emotionsC. improve a child’s intellectual abilityD. intensify a child’s positive feelings22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be ______.A. inexcusableB. deceptiveC. addictiveD. burdensome23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that ______.A. emotions are context-independentB. an emotion can play opposing rolesC. emotions are socially constructiveD. emotional stability can benefit health24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing ______.A. may be the outcome of impulsive actsB. may help correct emotional deficienciesC. can bring about emotional satisfactionD. can result from either sympathy or guilt25. The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to ______.A. teachingsB. wrongdoingsC. discussionsD. restrictionsText 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap –but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The state’s proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest’s capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 –financed from the proceeds of the state’s emissions-permit auctions. That’s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they’ve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. C alifornia’s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.26. By saying “one of the harder challenges,” the author implies that______.A. global climate change may get out of controlB. forests may become a potential threatC. people may misunderstand global warmingD. extreme weather conditions may arise27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,” we may need to ______.A. preserve the diversity of species in themB. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacityC. accelerate the growth of young treesD. strike a balance among different plants28. California’s Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to ______.A. restore its forests quickly after wildfiresB. cultivate more drought-resistant treesC. find more effective ways to kill insectsD. reduce the density of some of its forests29. What is essential to California’s plan according to Paragraph 5?A. To obtain enough financial support.B. To carry it out before the year of 2020.C. To handle the areas in serious danger first.D. To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.30. The author’s attitude to California’s plan can best be described as ______.A. supportiveB. ambiguousC. tolerantD. cautiousText 3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single. They’re also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. And picking crops is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it’s been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.Mechanization isn’t the answer, either –not yet, at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they’re automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers complain they aren’t given all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998 to2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.31. What problem should be addressed according to the first twoparagraphs?A. Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.B. Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.C. Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.D. Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is ______.A. the aging of immigrant farm workersB. the rising number of illegal immigrantsC. the high mobility of crop workersD. the lack of experienced laborers33. What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?A. To strengthen financial support for farmers.B. To attract younger laborers to farm work.C. To get native U.S. workers back to farming.D. To use more robots to grow high-value crops.34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its ______.A. control of annual admissionsB. slow granting proceduresC. limit on duration of stayD. tightened requirements35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A. Manpower vs. Automation?B. U.S. Agriculture in Decline?C. Import Food or Labor?D. America Saved by Mexico?Text 4Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day –encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be harmful, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions –a kind of “moral licensing” that eases our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority –or even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the countr y by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action, alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.36. Some celebrities star in a new video to ______.A. disclose the causes of the plastics crisisB. demand new laws on the use of plasticsC. urge consumers to cut the use of plasticsD. invite public opinion on the plastics crisis37. The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may ______.A. suppress our desire for successB. mislead us into doing worthless thingsC. prevent us from making further effortsD. weaken our sense of accomplishment38. By pointing out our identity as “citizens,” the author indicates that ______.A. we should press our governments to lead the combatB. we have been actively exercising our civil rightsC. our relationship with local industries is improvingD. our focus should be shifted to community welfare39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be ______.A. a top-down processB. a win-win arrangementC. a self-driven mechanismD. a cost-effective approach40. The author concludes that individual efforts ______.A. can be too aggressiveB. can be too inconsistentC. are far from rationalD. are far from sufficientPart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How seriously should parents take kids’ opinions when searching for ahome?In choosing a new home, Camille McClain’s kids ha ve a single demand:a backyard.McClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an opinion whenit comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kidsin the dark about real estate decisions, realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’ opinions may have.The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea becauseit can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago.“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,” he said.Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate broker with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he’s not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home – but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home –without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey,a real estate attorney based in New York.Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.Many of the aspects of homebuying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decision solely on their opini ons,” Hampson said.The other issue is that many children –especially older ones –may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside, Calif.“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,” he said. “HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate. It’s not shelter, it’s a lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with .“Their opinions can change tomorrow,” Gurner said. “Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best – and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say, “I could write a book. I just haven’t the time.” Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, “having a go at the writing game”. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practising, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic. Write him an email to1) suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and2) tell him about your arrangements.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)某高校2013年和2018年本科毕业生去向统计绝密★启用前2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试○英语（二）试题参考答案○Ⅰ．英语知识运用1. D2. A3. B4. B5. D6. B7. A8. D9. C 10. A 11. B 12. D 13. C 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. A Ⅱ．阅读理解A节21. A 22. D 23. B 24. D 25. B26. B 27. B 28. D 29. C 30. A31. D 32. A 33. C 34. B 35. C36. C 37. C 38. A 39. A 40. DB节41. A 42. D 43. C 44. G 45. FⅢ．翻译46.英国作家詹姆斯·海里厄特容易被人低估。

2019 年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语二）Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 , when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 .As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.I also found weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progressI was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice significant changes in weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to 11 my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my trainingprogram.I also use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If mytrainingintensityremainsthesame,butI’mconstantly15anddroppingweight,thisisa16 that I need to increase my daily caloricintake.The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I am experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 I’m training according to those goals, instead of numbers on a scale.Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothesfit and your overall energylevel.1. A. Therefore B. Otherwise C. However D. Besides2. A. Cares B. warns C. reduces D. helps3. A. Solely B. occasionally C. formally D. initially4. A. Lowering B. explaining C. accepting D. recording5. A. Set B. review C. reach D. modify6. A. Depiction B. distribution C. prediction D. definition7. A. Regardless of B. aside from C. along with D. due to8. A. Rigid B. precise C. immediate D. orderly9. A. judgments B. reasons C. methods D. claims10. A. Though B. again C. indeed D. instead11. A. Track B. overlook C. conceal D. report12. A. Approval of B. hold onto C. account for D. depend on13. A. Share B. adjust C. confirm D. prepare14. Features B. rules C. tests D. results15. A. Anxious B. hungry C. sick D. bored16. A. Secret B. belief C. sign D. principle17. A. Necessity B. decision C. wish D. requestC. consumingD. disappointing18. A. Surprising B.restricting19. A. Because B. unless C. until D. if20. A. Dominating B. puzzling C. triumphing D. obsessingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say ―I’m sorry‖; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt,in the right amount, to be a good thing: A child who claims responsibility for knocking over atower andtri estorebuilditisengaginginbehaviorthat’snotonlyreparativebutalsoprosocial.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It evokes Freud’s ideas and religious hang-ups. More important, guilt is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional eq uivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Who would inflict it upon a child? Yet this understanding is outdated. ―There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,‖ Vaish says, adding that this re vival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness (think mania) can bedestructive.And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humansto atone for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy (and its close cousin empathy) may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for lowguilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children, ages 4, 8, and 12. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, they rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions (like guilt and sadness) after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-pro ne ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.―That’s good news,‖ Malti says. ―We can be prosocial because of our empathetic proclivity, or because we caused harm and we feelregret.‖21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help .A. regulate a child’s basic emotionsB. improve a child’s intellectual abilityC. intensify a child’s positive feelingsD. foster a child’s moral development22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still guilt to be .A. deceptiveB. addictiveC. burdensomeD. inexcusable23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that .A. an emotion can play opposing rolesB. emotions are socially constructiveC. emotional stability can benefit healthD. emotions are context -independent24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing .A. may help correct emotional deficienciesB. can bring about emotional satisfactionC. can result from either sympathy or guiltD. may be the outcome of impulsive acts25. The word ―transgressions‖ (line4 para5) is closest in meaning to .A. wrongdoingsB. discussionsC. restrictionsD. teachingsText 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap—but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future may require reducing their capacity to sequester carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest, including by controlled burning. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off bark beetles. The landscape is rendered less combustible. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees areconsumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and beetles have killed more than 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have scorched hundreds of thousands of acres.California's plan envisions treating 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 —financed from the proceeds of the state's emissions-permit auctions. That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, an estimated half a million acres in all, so it will be important to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire ordrought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber, burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels, or used in compost or animal feed. New research on transportation biofuels is under way, and the state plans to encourage lumber production close to forest lands. In future the state proposes to take an inventory of its forests' carbon-storing capacity every five years.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, including those owned by the U.S. Forest Service, but traditionally they've focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor early next year, should serve as a model.21.―One of the harder challenges‖impliesA.global climate change may get out of controlB.forests may become a potentialthreatC.people may misunderstand globalwarmingD.extreme weather conditions mayarise22.To maintain forests as valuable "carbon sinks", we may need to _A.preserve diversity ofspeciesB.lower their present carbon-absorbingcapacityC.accelerate the growth of youngtreesD.strike a balance among differentplants23.California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavorstoA.restore its forests quickly afterwildfires.B.cultivate more drought resistanttrees.C.find more effective ways to killinsectsD.reduce the density of some of its forests24.What is essential to California's plan according to para.5?A.To obtain enough financialsupportB.To carry it out before2020C.To handle the areas in the serious dangerfirstD.To perfect the emission-permitauctions25.the author's attitude toward California's plan can be best describedasA.supportiveB.ambiguousC.tolerantD.cautiousText 3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now. Given a multi-year decline in illegal immigration, and a similarly sustained pickup in the U.S. job market, the complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enable foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so far failed in Congress. If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather than migrating, and more likely to be married than single. They are also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now, more than half are. And crop picking is hard on olderbodies.One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.In a study published in 2013, economist Michael Clemens analyzed 15 years of data on North Carolina’s farm-labor market and concluded, ―There is virtually no supply of native manual farmlabore rs‖ in the state. This was true even in the depths of a severe recession.Mechanization is not the answer either—not yet at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots currently do only a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they are automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more thandoubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 annually. Even so, employers frequently complain that they aren’t allotted all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late. And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.Petitioning each year for laborers—and hoping the government provides enough, and that they arrive on time—is no way to run a business. In a 2012 survey by the California Farm Bureau, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western growers have responded by movingoperations to Mexico. Without reliable access to a reliable workforce, more growers will be tempted to movesouth.According to a report by the Partnership for a New American Economy, Americans are consuming more fresh produce, which is good. But a rising share of it is grown elsewhere. In 1998-2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imported fruit had increased to 25.8 percent. Rural U.S. communities that might have benefited didn’t.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it. The U.S. needs a simpler, streamlined, multi-year visa for agricultural workers, accompanied by measures to guard against exploitation and a viable path to U.S. residency for workers who meet the requirements. Otherwise growers will continue to struggle with shortages and uncertainty, and the country as a whole will lose out.31.What problem should be addressed according to the first twoparagraphs?A.discrimination against foreign workers in theU.S.B.biased laws in favor of some Americanbusinesses.C.flaws in US immigration rules for farmworkers.D.decline of job opportunities in USagriculture.32.One trouble with US. Agriculture workforceisA.the rising number of illegalimmigrants.B.the high mobility of cropworkers.C.the lack of experiencedlabors.D.the aging of immigrant farmworkers.33.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in USfarming?A.To attract younger laborers to farmwork.B.To get native US workers back tofarming.C.To use more robots to grow high-valuecrops.D.To strengthen financial support forfamers.34.Agriculture employers complain about the H-2A visaforits ?A.slow granting procedures.B.limit on duration of stay.C.tightened requirements.D.control of annualadmissions.35.Which of the following could be the best title for thistext? Agriculture inDecline.B.Import Food orLabor?C.America Saved by Mexico?D.Manpower vs.Automation?Text 4Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities staring in a new video for World Environment Day-encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use Plastic staples to combat the plastic crisis.If only I’d realized that we can buy our way out of the problem except we can’t.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-us plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals: Lead with your wallets.The problem of perpetuating this individualistic narrative is that it's not going to get us very far and the plastics crisis we face is immense. Our oceans are blighted by the stuff. It's in our drinking water (including bottled water), and we could even be breathing it in.I'm not dismissing individual actions like ordering straw-free drinks at bars, or opting for a reusable water bottle over a cup that's going in the trash as soon as you've used it. I can't imagine not at least trying to minimize my own plastics footprint, whether it's lugging home my newly-refilled gallon bottle of washing-up liquid every few months, or buying packaging-free food, clothing andtoiletries wherepossible.On their own, however, none of these things is enough.Part of my worry about leaving it up to the individual is that we're all just guessing at what's going on out there-and that's if we haven't been scared off from doing anything to start with in the face of such a huge challenge. As consumers, we have little idea about how much plastic has been used and discarded along the supply chain, for example. It's also hard to compare, say, going to a bulk store that sells plastic-free products but requires you to drive some distance versus a more Iccal shop where you may end up taking home some packaged items.There’s also a time and cost issue. Realistically, I'm not going to start making my own laundry detergents so I can avoid the plastic bottles they come in, and there can be extra costs associated with environmentally friendlyproducts.My biggest concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have "done our bit" without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions---a kind of "moral licensing" that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as "consumers" we must shop sustainably, rather than as "citizens" hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change. Nowhere in World Environment Day 2018's key messages is there anything about voting for environmentally progressive politicians, for example. Why not?It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority-or even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be .In her latest book, Why Could People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. De Sombre argue that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India ha s just announced it will‖ eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.‖ There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trashdisposal.De Sombre isn’t saying p eople should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individualactionsaretooslow,shesays,forthatto beonly,orevenprimary,approachtochanging widespreadbehavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into p erspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting business), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change. That’s not something we can buy.31.Some celebrities star in a new videotoA.demand new laws on the use ofplasticsB.urge consumers to cut the use ofplasticsC.invite public opinion on the plasticscrisisD.disclose the causes of the plasticscrisis32.The author is concerned that ―moral licensing‖mayA.mislead us into doing worthlessthingsB.prevent us from making furthereffortsC.weaken our sense ofaccomplishmentD.suppress our desire forsuccess33.By pointing out our identity as ―citizens,‖ the author indicatesthatA.our focus should be shifted to communitywelfareB.our relationship with local industries isimprovingC.we have been actively exercising our civilrightsD.We should press our governments to lead thecombat34.De Sombre argues that the best way for a collective change shouldbeA.a win-win arrangementB.a self-drivenmechanismC.a cost- effective approachD.a top downprocess35.The author concludes that individualeffortsA.can be tooaggressiveB.are far fromsufficientC.can be tooinconsistentD.are far fromrationalPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A–G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41–45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Five ways to make conversation with anyone in choosing a new home, Camille McClain’s kids have a single demand: a backyard.McClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an option when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2000 US adults.While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, reality agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’ opinions may have.The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, and Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago.― Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,‖ he said.Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate brokers with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he’s not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home- but their options should be considered to regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home- without actually getting a choice in the matter, said ADAM Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process,Bailey said.Many of the aspects of home buying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.―Spea king with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise,but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.‖ Hampson said.The other issue is that many children - especially older ones - may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside , Calif .―They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,‖ he said.―HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate. It’s not shelter , it’s a lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.‖Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst .―Their opinions can change tomorrow,‖ Gurner said. ―Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best - and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it theirown.‖This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parentsSectionIII Translation36.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)It is easy to underestimate English writer James Herriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that are might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say, ―I could write a book, I just haven’t the time‖ Easily said. Not so easily done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, ―having a go at the writing game‖. While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final polished work that he has to the world was the result of years of practicing, re-writing and reading. Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literacy field was no exception.Section IV W ritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic. Write him an email to1) suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and2) tell him your arrangement.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)参考答案SectionⅠ Use of English【完型填空答案】1. [D] However2. [A] helps3. [B] solely4. [B] lowering5. [D] reach6. [B] depiction7. [A] due to8. [D] immediate9. [C] reasons10. [A] instead11. [A] track12. [D] account for13. [B] adjust14. [A] results15. [C] hungry16. [D] sign17. [C] decision18. [A] disappointing19. [A] because20. [A] obsessingSectionⅡ Reading Comprehension(50 points)Part A【阅读答案】Text 121. [C] foster a child’s moral development22. [B] burdensome23. [D] an emotion can play opposing roles24. [B] can result from either sympahty or guilt25. [D] wrongdoingsText 226. [D] forests may become a potential threat27. [D] lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28. [B] reduce the density of some of its forests29. [A] To handle the areas in serious danger first30. [C] supportiveText 331. [C] Flaws in U. S. immigratinon rules for farm workers.32. [D] the aging of immigrant farm workers33. [B] To get native U.S. workers back to farming.34. [A] slow graning procedures.35. [B] Import Food or Labor?Text 436. [B] urge consumers to cut the use of plastics37. [B] prevent us from making further efforts38. [D] We should press our government to lead the combat39. [D] a top down process40. [C] are far from sufficientPart B【新题型答案】41. [A] remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children42. [D] thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decision43. [C] advises that home purchases should not be based only on children’s opinions44. [G] assumes that many children’s views on real estate are influenced by the media45. [F] believes that hom ebuying decisions should be based on children’s needs。

2019年英语二text3Title: The Evolution of E-commerce and Its Impact on Consumer Behavior.The year 2019 marked a significant milestone in the history of e-commerce, as it witnessed unprecedented growth and transformation in the way consumers interact with brands and vice versa. The rise of digital technologies, particularly the internet and mobile phones, has revolutionized the retail landscape, enabling seamless shopping experiences that are both convenient and personalized.Firstly, the expansion of e-commerce platforms has provided consumers with a vast array of choices. Gone are the days when people had to rely solely on brick-and-mortar stores for their shopping needs. Nowadays, with just a few taps on a smartphone or a few clicks on a laptop, consumers can access a global marketplace where they can compare prices, read reviews, and make informed decisions abouttheir purchases. This access to information has empowered consumers, making them more discerning and demanding than ever before.Secondly, e-commerce has transformed the way consumers engage with brands. Social media and other digital channels have created new avenues for brands to connect with their target audience. Through targeted advertising, personalized marketing campaigns, and interactive content, brands can now engage with consumers in real-time, understand their preferences, and deliver tailored experiences. This two-way communication has not only strengthened brand loyalty but has also fostered a sense of community among consumers who share similar interests and tastes.Moreover, the rise of mobile commerce has further accelerated the growth of e-commerce. With the widespread adoption of smartphones and the increasing availability of high-speed internet, mobile shopping has become the normfor many consumers. Mobile-friendly websites and apps provide a seamless shopping experience, allowing consumers to make purchases on the go, whether they are commuting,waiting in line, or simply relaxing at home.However, the evolution of e-commerce has not been without its challenges. Security concerns, privacy issues, and the rise of fraudulent activities have been some of the key concerns that have plagued the industry. To address these issues, e-commerce platforms have had to invest heavily in security measures and technology solutions that protect consumer data and transactions. Additionally, the need for transparency and ethical practices has become paramount as consumers demand accountability from brands and retailers.In conclusion, the evolution of e-commerce has had a profound impact on consumer behavior. It has not only provided consumers with unprecedented access to information and choices but has also transformed the way they engage with brands and make purchasing decisions. The rise of mobile commerce and the need for secure and ethical practices have further shaped the landscape of e-commerce, making it more accessible, convenient, and reliable for consumers. As we move forward into the future, it is likelythat e-commerce will continue to evolve and transform, bringing new opportunities and challenges for both brands and consumers alike.。

2019考研英语(二)真题参考答案完整版2019考研英语(二)真题参考答案完整版SectionⅠ Use of English完型填空答案1. [D] However2. [A] helps3. [B] solely4. [B] lowering5. [D] reach6. [B] depiction7. [A] due to8. [D] immediate9. [C] reasons10. [A] instead11. [A] track12. [D] account for13. [B] adjust14. [A] results15. [C] hungry16. [D] sign17. [C] decision18. [A] disappointing19. [A] because20. [A] obsessingSectionⅡ Reading Comprehension(50 points)Part A阅读答案Text 121. [C] foster a child’s moral development22. [B] burdensome23. [D] an emotion can play opposing roles24. [B] can result from either sympahty or guilt25. [D] wrongdoingsText 226. [D] forests may become a potential threat27. [D] lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28. [B] reduce the density of some of its forests29. [A] To handle the areas in serious danger first30. [C] supportiveText 331. [C] Flaws in U. S. immigratinon rules for farm workers.32. [D] the aging of immigrant farm workers33. [B] To get native workers back to farming.34. [A] slow graning procedures.35. [B] Import Food or Labor?Text 436. [B] urge consumers to cut the use of plastics37. [B] prevent us from making further efforts38. [D] We should press our government to lead the combat39. [D] a top down process40. [C] are far from sufficientPart B新题型答案41. [A] remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children42. [D] thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decision43. [C] advises that home purchases should not be based only on children’s opinions44. [G] assumes that many children’s views on real estate are influenced by the media45. [F] believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children’s needs rather than their opinions.Section Ⅲ Translation翻译答案我们很容易低估英国作家吉米·哈利。

2019考研英语真题及答案解析（二）（完整版）参考答案在最后Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations ・ 1 ,when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurl more than it 2 .As for me, weighing myself every clay caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale・ That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conficted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym .It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight 7 altering your training program・ The most 8 changes will be observed in skill leveLstrength and inches lostFor these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for meto_ 11 _ my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but Fm constantly 15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake・The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I'm experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morming weigh-in. Fve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific ftness goals, 19 Im training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1.[A] Besides [B] Therefore [C]Otherwise [D] However2.[AJ helps [BJcares [CJwarns [D] reduces3.[A] initially [B] solely [C] occasionally [D] formally4・[A] recording [B] lowering [C] explaining fD] accepting5.[A] modify [BJ set [CJreview |D] reach6.[A] definition [B] depiction [C] distribution [D] prediction7.[A] due to [Bjregardless of [C] aside from [D] along with8.[A] orderly [B] rigid [C] precise [D] immediate9.[A] claims [Bjudgments [C] reasons [D] methods10.[A] instead [B|though [CJagain [DJindeed11.[A] report [B] share [C] share [D] share12.[A] depend on fB]approve of [C]hold onto [D]account for13.[A] prepare [BJshare [C]share [D] share14.[A] results [BJfeatures [C]rules [D]tests15.[Aj bored [BJanxious [CJhungry [D] sick16.[A] principle |B]secret [C]belief [D]sign17.fA] request [Blnecessity [C]decision [D]wish18.[A] disappointing [BJsurprising [C]restricting [D]consuming19.[A] if because [B]unless [CJuntil [D]consuming20.[A] obsessing [BJdominating ICJpuzzling [DJtriumphingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a chilcfs growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren't bom knowing how to say "I，m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends - and theirown consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing・In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable- ifs the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. "There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve/' says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary 一feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities・ Too much happiness can be destructive.And quilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opporlunity. Work by Tina Malti , a psychology professor at the University of Toronto .suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some Kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa : High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children's self-observations, she rated each child's overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones share more, even though they hadn't magically become more sympathetic to the other child's deprivation.“That's good news,' Malti says, "Wc can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret/721.Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help _________ ・A.regulate a child's basic emotionsB.improve a child's intellectual abilityC.foster a child's moral developmentD.intensify a child's positive feelings22.According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be _________ ・A.deceptiveB.burdensomeC.addictiveD.inexcusable23.Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that__________ .A.emotions are context-independentB.emotions are socially constructiveC・ emotio nal stability can ben efit healthD. an emotion can play opposing roles24.Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing ________ ・A.may help correct emotional deficienciesB.can result from either sympathy or guiltC・ can bring about emotional satisfactionD. may be the outcome of impulsive acts25.The word "transgressions^ (Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to _________ ・A.teachingsB.discussionsC・ restrictionsD. wrongdoingsText 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder callenges in the fight against climate change ・Even as we huma ns count on forests to soak up a good share of the carb on dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so.The climate change we are hastening could one clay leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap - but it involves striking a subtle balance・ Helping forests flourish as valuable n carbon sink s” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now・ Califormia is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details・The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clearbrush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity・ But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forests capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 201(),drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 - financed from the proceeds of the state* s emissions- permit auctions• That r s only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally they've focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon・ Califormi^s plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.26.By saying “one of the harder challenges /5the author implies that ___________ ・A.global climate change may get out of controlB.people may misunderstand global warmingC・ extreme weather conditions may ariseD. forests may become a potential threat27.To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks/ we may need to_____________ ・A.preserve the diversity of species in themB.accelerate the growth of young treesC.strike a balanee among different plantsD.1 ower their present carbon-absorbing capacity2& California^ Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to ________ ・A.cultivate more drought-resistant treesB.reduce the density of some of its forestsC・ find more effective ways to kill insectsD. restore its forests quickly after wildfires29.What is essential to California's plan according to Paragraph 5?A.To handle the areas in serious danger first.B.To cairy it out before the year of 2020.C.To perfect the emissions-permit auctions・D.To obtain enough financial support・30.The author's attitude to California^ plan can best be described as __________.A.ambiguousB.tolerantC.supportiveD.cautiousText 3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now. Given a multi-year decline in illegal immigration, and a similarly sustained pickup in the U.S. job market, the complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enable foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so far failed in Congress・ If this doesn^t change, American businesses, communities and consumers will be the losers・Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today's farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather than migrating, and more likely to be married than single. They are also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35・ Now, more than half are. And crop picking is hard on older bodies.One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won't be returning to the farm.Mechanization is not the answer either 一not yet at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized, but many high-value，labor-intensive crops, such asstrawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots currently do only a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they are automated・As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporaiy guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled・The H-2A visa has no numerical cap、unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 armually. Even so, employers frequently complain that they aren5t allotted all the workers they need・The process is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable・One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late. And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground・In a 2012 survey，71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western growers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998-2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imported fruit had increased to 25.8 percent.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it・31 ・What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?A.Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.B.Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.C.Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers・D.Decline of job opportunities in U・S・ agriculture ・32.One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is ________ ・A.the rising number of illegal immigrantsB.the high mobility of crop workersC.the lack of experienced laborersD.the aging of immigrant farm workers33.What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?A. To attract younger laborers to farm work・B・ To get native U.S. workers back to farming.C.To use more robots to grow high-value crops・D.To strengthen financial support for farmers.34.Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its ____ .A.slow granting proceduresB.limit on duration of stayC.tightened requirementsD.control of annual admissions35.Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A.U.S. Agriculture in Decline?B.Import Food or Labor?C.America Saved by Mexico?D.Manpower vs. Automation?Text 4Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: Ifs easy to beat plastic・ TheyYe part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day 一encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals.My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have "done our bit M without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actio ns — a kind of H moral licensi ng” tha t allays our con cer ns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge ・While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, vveYe ignoring the balance of power that implies that as"consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as "citizens" hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change・It's important to acknowledge that the environment isn't everyone's priority 一or even most people's. We shouldn f t expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R・ DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will "eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.H There are also incentive-based ways of making better envi 「onmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.DeSombre isn f t saying people should slop caring about the environment. Ifs just that in dividual actio ns are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. If s just about putting things into perspective. We don't have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change・36.Some celebrities star in a new video toA.demand new laws on the use of plasticsB.urge consumers to cut the use of plasticsC.invite public opinion on the plastics crisisD.disclose the causes of the plastics crisis37.The author is concerned that "moral licensing" mayA.mislead us into doing worthless thingsB.prevent us from making further effortsC.weaken our sense of accomplishmentD.suppress our desire for success38.By pointing out our identity as u citizens/\the author indicates thatA: our focus should be shifted to community welfareB: our relationship with local industries is improvingC: We have been actively exercising our civil rightsD: We should press our government to lead the combat39.DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should beA: a win-win arrangementB: a self-driven mechanismC: a cost-effective approachD: a top down process40.The author concludes that individual effortsA: can be too aggressiveB: can be too inconsistentC: are far from sufficientD: are far from rationalPart BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET・(10 points)Five ways to make conversation with anyoneIn choosing a new home, Camille McClain's kids have a single demand: a backyard・McClain's little ones aren^t the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters" views weigh heavily on parents' real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids，opinions may have・The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago."Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system/' he said.Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate brokers with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he's not convincedthat kids should be involved in selecting a home ― but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible・Younger children should feel like they're choosing their home ― without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them foel like they^re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.Many of the aspects of homebuying aren't a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase."Speaking with your childre n before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I would n't base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.n Hampson said.The other issue is that many children - especially older ones - may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron NoiTis of The Norris Group in Riverside ,Calif ・“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,” he said. "HGT V has seriously changed how people view real estate. It，s not shelter , it's a lifestyle・ With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.MKids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Noiris said.Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gumer, a real estate analyst with ."Their opinions can change tomorrow/9 Gumer said. "Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child's opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best - and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own."This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.A. remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children.A.remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to childreru41.Ryan HooperB.says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions・42.Adam BaileyC- advises that home purchases should not be based only on children's opinions.43.Tracey HampsonD.thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions・44.Aaron NorrisE.notes that aspects like children's friends and social activities should be considered upon homebuyin g.45・ Julie GurnerF.believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children's needs rather than their opinions.G.assumes that many children's views on real estate are influenced by the media.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese・ Write your translation neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)It is easy to underestimate English writer James Heriot. He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. How many times have I heard people say T could write a book・ I just haven't the time.11 Easily said. Not so easily done・ James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it/'having a go at the writing game"・ While he obviously had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he gave to the world was the result of years of practisin g・ re-writi ng and read in g・ Like the majority of authors, he had to suffer many disappointments and rejections along the way, but these made him all the more determined to succeed・ Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way and his success in the literary field was no exception・Section IV WritingPart A47、Directions： Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith, write him an email toSuppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic. Write him an email to1)suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and2)tell him about your arrangements・You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHETE.Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming H instead (lOpoints)Part B48 > Directions： Write an essay based on the chart below .In your writing , you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET・(15 points)【完型填空答案】 1. [D] However 2. [A] helps 3. [B] solely4. [B] lowering5. [D] reach6. [B] depiction7. [A] due to8. [D] immediate 9. [C] reasons 10. [A] instead 11. [A] track 12. [D] account for13. [B] adjust14. [A] results15. [C] hungry16. [D] sign17. [C] decision18. [A] disappointing19. [Al because20. [A] obsessing 参考答案某高校2013年和2018年本科毕业生去向统计Section I Use of English70 0% J j 60.0% J ISUg -J I40.0% j30.0% 420,0% -j10.0% ]I0.0% 4—68.1%就业 升学创业■ 2013 □ 2018Section II Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A【阅读答案】Text 121. [C] foster a child's moral development22. ⑻burdensome23. [D] an emotion can play opposing roles24. IB] can result from either sympahty or guilt25. |D1 wrongdoingsText 226. [D] forests may become a potential threat27. ID] lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity28. IB] reduce the density of some of its forests29. [A] To handle the areas in serious danger first30. [C] supportiveText 331. [C] Flaws in U. S. immigratinon rules for farm workers.32. [D] the aging of immigrant farm workers33. [B] To get native U.S. workers back to farming.34. [A] slow graning procedures.35. IB] Import Food or Labor?Text 436. [B] urge consumers to cut the use of plastics37. [B] prevent us from making further efforts3& [D] We should press our government to lead the combat39. |D1 a top down process40. [C] are far from sufficientPart B【新题型答案】41 ・[A] remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children42.[D] thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decision43.[C] advises that home purchases should not be based only on children^ opinions44.[G] assumes that many children's views on real estate are influenced by the media45.[F] believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children's needs rather than their opinions.Section IH Translation【翻译答案】我们很容易低估英国作家吉米•哈利。

2019考研英语真题参考答案完整版Section I: Reading ComprehensionPart A1. D2. C3. B4. A5. B6. D7. C8. A9. D 10. CPart B11. B 12. C 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. C 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. DSection II: Use of EnglishPart A21. B 22. A 23. C 24. D 25. B 26. A 27. C 28. D 29. B 30. D31. C 32. A 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. A 37. C 38. D 39. A 40. BPart B41. interprets 42. considered 43. enhance 44. authorities 45. complex 46. hypothetical 47. obtained 48. influence 49. abstract 50. breakthrough Section III: Listening ComprehensionPart A51. B 52. C 53. B 54. C 55. A56. B 57. A 58. C 59. A 60. CPart B61. D 62. B 63. A 64. C 65. D66. A 67. C 68. B 69. D 70. ASection IV: TranslationPart A71. The key to a successful career is continuous learning and self-improvement.Part B72. I will stay up late to finish this project, only if it is absolutely necessary.Section V: WritingPrompt: Discuss the impact of global warming on the environment and propose possible solutions.Global Warming: Impacts and SolutionsIntroduction:In recent years, the issue of global warming has become a major concern for both scientists and the general public. This essay explores the impacts of global warming on the environment and offers possible solutions to tackle this complex problem.Impacts of Global Warming:1. Rising temperatures: Global warming has resulted in a significant increase in average temperatures worldwide. This has led to the melting of glaciers and polar ice caps, threatening the habitat of many species and leading to rising sea levels.2. Extreme weather events: The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves, have been observed to increase due to global warming. These events have devastating consequences for both human beings and ecosystems.3. Disruption of ecosystems: Global warming has disrupted ecosystems by altering temperature and rainfall patterns, causing shifts in habitats and loss of biodiversity. This can lead to the extinction of vulnerable species and affect the overall balance of ecosystems.Possible Solutions:1. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions: Implementing stricter regulations and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is crucial. This can be achieved through promoting renewable energy sources, encouraging energy efficiency, and adopting cleaner transportation methods.2. Afforestation and reforestation: Planting trees and restoring forests is an effective way to mitigate global warming. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, acting as natural carbon sinks. Additionally, forests help regulate local temperatures and support diverse ecosystems.3. Public awareness and education: Educating the public about the impacts of global warming and the importance of sustainable living is essential. This can be done through educational programs, campaigns, and media platforms to raise awareness and promote responsible environmental practices.4. International cooperation: Addressing global warming requires international collaboration. Countries must come together to shareknowledge, resources, and technologies in order to develop innovative solutions and implement effective measures on a global scale.Conclusion:In conclusion, global warming poses significant threats to the environment, including rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and ecosystem disruption. However, by implementing solutions such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, afforestation, raising public awareness, and fostering international cooperation, we can mitigate the impacts of global warming and move towards a more sustainable future for our planet.总结 (Conclusion):在这篇文章中，我们讨论了全球变暖对环境的影响，并提出了可能的解决方案。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to___1___ uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will ___2_ _ to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will ___3___.In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students' willingness to ___4___ themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one ___5___, each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would ___6___ an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were rigged; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. ___7___ left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more jolts than the students who knew what would ___8___. Subsequent experiments replicated this effect with other stimuli, ___9___ the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to ___10___ is deeply ingrained in humans, much the same as the basic drives ___11___ or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago, a co-author of the paper. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can ____12 ___ new scientific advances, for instance—but sometimes such __ 13____ can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do ____14____ things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to ___15___, however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to ___16___ how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to ___17____ to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the ___18_ _ of following through on one's curiosity ahead of time can help determine___ 19____ it is worth the endeavor. “Thinking aboutlong-term ___20___ is key to mitigating the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In other words, don't read online comments.1. A. ignore B. protect C. discuss D. resolve2. A. refuse B. seek C. wait D. regret3. A. rise B. last C. hurt D. mislead4. A. alert B. expose C. tie D. treat5. A. trial B. message C. review D. concept6. A. remove B. deliver C. weaken D. interrupt7. A. Unless B. If C. When D. Though8. A. change B. continue C. disappear D. happen9. A. such as B. rather than C.regardless of D. owing to10. A. disagree B. forgive C. discover D. forget11.A. pay B. food C. marriage D. schooling12.A. begin with B. rest on C. lead to D. learn from13.A. inquiry B. withdrawal C. persistence D. diligence14.A. self-deceptive B. self-reliant C. self-evident D. self-destructive15.A. trace B. define C. replace D. resist16.A. conceal B. overlook C. design D. predict17.A. choose B. remember C. promise D. pretend18.A. relief B. outcome C. plan D. duty19.A. how B. why C. where D. whether20.A.limitations B. investments C. consequences D. strategiesSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or[ D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and rote memorization, but practical, reports staff writer Stacy Teicher Khadaroo in this week’s cover story. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly bamboozled by a busted bike chain?As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. Schools in the family of vocational education“have that stereotype ... that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new mantra. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all – and the subtle devaluing of anything less – misses an important point: That’s not the only thing the American economy needs. Yes, abachelor's degree opens moredoors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country aremiddle-skill job, such as construction and high-skill manufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them Koziatek's Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek's school is wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation's diversity of gifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show student's lack of.A. academic trainingB. practical abilityC. pioneering spiritD. mechanical memorizetion22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A. have a stereotyped mindB. have no career motivationC. are financially disadvantagedD. are not academically successful23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A. used to have more job opportunitiesB. used to have big financial concernsC. are entitled to more educational privilegesD. are reluctant to work in manufacturing24. The headlong push into bachelors degrees for all.A. helps create a lot of middle-class jobsB. may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC. indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD. is expected to yield a better-trained wirkforce25. The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as.A. tolerantB. cautiousC. supportiveD. disappointedText 2While fossil fuels -coal, oil, gas – still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it’s clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewable is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stem from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels – especially coal – as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation – and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question “what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t s shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on battery-powered vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up – perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in showing climate change. What Washington does – or doesn’t do – to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26. The word “plummeting” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to______.A. stabilizingB. changingC. fallingD. rising27. According to Paragraph 3, the use of renewable energy in America_____.A. is progressing notablyB. is as extensive as in EuropeC. faces many challengesD. has proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa, ____.A. wind is a widely used energy source.B. wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC. tech giants are investing in clean energyD. there is a shortage of clean energy supply29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5 & 6?A. Its application has boosted battery storage.B. It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy____.A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC. is not really encouraged by the US governmentD. is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing –Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for $13.5bn, but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn’t have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’ friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of changewithin the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them – and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product they’re selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn’t feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.31. According to Paragraph1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for itsA.digital productser informationC.physical assetsD.quality service32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may ______.A.worsen political disputesB.mess up customer recordsC.pose a risk to Facebook usersD.mislead the European commission33. According to the author, competition law ______.A.should serve the new market powersB.may worsen the economic imbalanceC.should not provide just one legal solutionD.cannot keep pace with the changing market34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because ______.A. they are not defined as customersB. they are not financially reliableC. the services are generally digitalD. the services are paid for by advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate ______.A. a win- win business model between digital giantsB. a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC.the benefits provided for digital giants’ customersD.the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Gal Newport, anther of Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Districted world, recommends building a habit of “deep work”,—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the mastering the art of deep work- be it lengthy retreats, dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizin g moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “ deep scheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more down in less time. At any given point, Ishold has deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar I protect this time like, I would a doctor's appointment or important meeting ,he writes.Another approach to getting more down in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day -in particular how we craft our to - do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy. The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s, that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and golds in much time detail day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well- structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Hartford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to- do list ineffective, while living room for improvisation in such a list canreap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “ be lazy.”“ Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body…[ idleness] is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done, ”he argues.Sriri Pillay an assistant of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counter - intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.“What people don't realise is that, in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”, says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to____.A.keep to your focus timeB.list your immediate tasksC.make specific daily plansD.seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harvard shows that____.A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB. daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC. students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD. detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is ____.A. a desirable mental state for busy peopleB. a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work.39. Pillay believes that our brains’ shift between being focused and unfocused______.A. can result in .Psychological will-beingB. can bring about greater efficiencyC. is aimed at a better balance in workD. is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about______.A. ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the key to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.Just say itB.Be presentC.Pay a unique compliment, places, thingsE.Find the “me too”sF.Skip the small talkG.Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.__________Suppose you are in a room with someone you don't know and something within you says “I want to talk with this person”- this is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something- the first word- but it just won't come out. It feels like it is stuck somewhere, I know the feelings and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They won't talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello”—— do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.42.____________________It’s a problem all of us face: you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk, memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck, in the rut, of “hi”, “hello”, “how are you” “and what's going on?” you will fail to give the initial Jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable.So don't be afraid, to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43.____________________When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person, have in common so that you can build the conversation, from that point. When you start a conversation from there and then move outward, you will find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44.____________________Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask, for their attention, you get the response “I can Multitask”.So when someone tries, to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45.____________________You all came into a conversation, where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again, and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you might, or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to, the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing they hate - whatever you talk aboutWhen you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So they feel a responsibility to you to keep bad relationship going That's it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!A. be present41. B. just say it42. C. ask for an opinion43. D. name, places, things44. E. find the "me too"s45. F. pay a unique complimentG.skip the small talkSection Ⅱ TranslationDirections: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads——everything from encyclopaedias to science fiction novels. He reads so fervently that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet——not even after becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowadays, his readingmaterial has changed from science fiction and reference books: recently, he revealed that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world woks.“Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge to explore,”——Gates say.Section IV WritingPart ADirections:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith. Write him an email to1) apologize and explain the situation;2) suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Don’t use your own name, use “Li Ming” instead.Don’t write your address. (10 points)Part BDirections:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)答案解析1、【答案】[B] resolve【解析】此处考察词义辨析。

题目：2019年英语二阅读text3解读内容：1. 文章简介：介绍text3的背景和主题2. 阅读理解：对文章内容进行解读和分析3. 关键词解析：对关键词进行详细解释和说明4. 写作手法分析：分析作者在文章中运用的写作手法5. 思想内涵：探讨文章所表达的思想和意义6. 文章结构分析：分析文章的结构和排比7. 文化背景分析：探讨文章所涉及的文化背景和语境8. 后续思考：对文章内容进行深入思考和总结文章正文：1. 文章简介2019年英语二阅读text3是一篇考试中的阅读材料，涉及到文学、历史等多个方面。

在这篇文章中，作者通过对一个历史事件的描述和分析，引出了人们对于命运、自由和责任的思考。

这篇文章具有深刻的思想内涵，也运用了多种写作手法，体现了作者高超的写作技巧。

2. 阅读理解文章主要围绕着一个历史事件展开，通过对事件的描述和分析，引起读者的思考。

在文章中，作者通过描绘细致的场景和细腻的情感，给人一种身临其境的感觉。

在事件的展开过程中，作者巧妙地运用了悬念、对比等手法，引起了读者的强烈的阅读兴趣。

整篇文章结构紧凑，内容丰富，读完之后留下了深刻的印象。

3. 关键词解析在文章中，有一些关键词需要我们进行详细的解释和说明。

自由、责任、命运等词汇，在文章中都扮演着重要的角色。

通过对这些关键词的解析，有助于我们更好地理解文章内容，并深入思考其中的哲学意蕴。

4. 写作手法分析在文章中，作者运用了多种写作手法，使整篇文章更加生动和有趣。

对比手法的运用，使文章中的情节更加生动；排比的运用，让语言更加优美。

作者还通过对细节的刻画，增强了文章的可读性和吸引力。

5. 思想内涵整篇文章所表达的思想内涵十分丰富，牵扯到了人生的命运、自由和责任等重要议题。

通过对历史事件的描述和分析，文章引出了深刻的哲学思考，使人思考自己的人生和价值观。

这种思想性的内容，使文章超越了一般的阅读材料，使其成为一篇有思想深度的文章。

6. 文章结构分析文章采用了起承转合的结构，通过对历史事件的描述和分析构建起整个故事情节。

2019全国研究生考试英语二真题及参考答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 , when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 . As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.I also found weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice significant changes in weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to 11 my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program.I also use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensit y remains the same, but I’m constantly 15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I am experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 I’m training according to those goals, instead of numbers on a scale.Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1. A. Therefore B. Otherwise C. However D. Besides2. A. Cares B. warns C. reduces D. helps3. A. Solely B. occasionally C. formally D. initially4. A. Lowering B. explaining C. accepting D. recording5. A. Set B. review C. reach D. modify6. A. Depiction B. distribution C. prediction D. definition7. A. Regardless of B. aside from C. along with D. due to8. A. Rigid B. precise C. immediate D. orderly9. A. judgments B. reasons C. methods D. claims10. A. Though B. again C. indeed D. instead11. A. Track B. overlook C.conceal D. report12. A. Approval of B. hold onto C. account for D. depend on13. A. Share B. adjust C. confirm D. prepare14. Features B. rules C. tests D. results15. A. Anxious B. hungry C. sick D. bored16. A. Secret B. belief C. sign D. principle17. A. Necessity B. decision C. wish D. request18. A. Surprising B. restricting C. consuming D. disappointing19. A. Because B. unless C. until D. if20. A. Dominating B. puzzling C. triumphing D. obsessingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A few years ago, researchers in Germany set out to plumb the moral consciences of small children. They invited a series of 2- and 3-year-olds to play with a marble track in a lab. Close to the track—inauspiciously close—was a block tower that one of the adult experimenters claimed to have painstakingly constructed. Just before turning her back, she asked them not to damage it. Needless to say, the game was rigged. After a few runs, a marble would knock over part of the tower, at which point the experimenter responded with what the resulting journal article described as a “mildly sad” tone. “Oh no,” she would say, then ask what had happened. In some versions of the experiment, the child seemed to be to blame; in others, an adult who was helping with the experiment toppled the tower. The kids’ reactions revealed a lot about how social-emotional development progresses during these key years. While many of the 2-year-olds seemed sympathetic to the researcher’s plight, the 3-year-olds went beyond sympathy. When they believed that they’d caused the accident, they were more likely than the 2-year-olds to express regret and try to fix the tower. In other words, the 3-year-olds’ behavior varied depending on whether they felt responsible.Their actions, according to Amrisha Vaish, the University of Virginia psychology researcher who led the study, de monstrate “the beginnings of real guilt and real conscience.” Vaish is one of a number of scholars studying how, when, and why guilt emerges in children. Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in con junction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing: A child who claims responsibility for knocking over a tower and tries to rebuild it is engaging in behavior that’s not only reparative but also prosocial.In the popular imagination, o f course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It evokes Freud’s ideas and religious hang-ups. More important, guilt is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Who would inflict it upon a child? Yet this understa nding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt isand what role guilt can serve,” Vaish says, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness (think mania) can be destructive.And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to atone for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy (and its close cousin empathy) may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children, ages 4, 8, and 12. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, they rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions (like guilt and sadness) after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though t hey hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.“That’s good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because of our empathetic proclivity, or because we caused harm and we feel regret.”Malti describes guilt as a self-directed emotion, elicited when you act in a way that’s out of keeping with your conscience. Sympathy and empathy are other-directed. A child who isn’t inclined to feel bad for a classmate whose toy car she stole might nevertheless feel uncomfortable with the idea of herself as a thief—and return the toy. Guilt can include sympathy, Malti says, but it doesn’t have to. She’s agnostic about which of the two paths children take, so long as they treat one another well.This is a provocative idea at a moment when parents and educators have come to almost fetishize empathy—when a child’s ability to put herself in another’s shoes seems like the apex of goodness. Parents encourage children to consider how their peers feel when they don’t share their toys. Presc hool teachers instruct students to consider one another “friends,” implying that good behavior is predicated on affection. Elementary schools base anti-bullying curricula around altruistic concepts like love and kindness.When it comes to helping kids mana ge relationships and tamp down aggression, “schools and programs have almost exclusively focused on empathy promotion,” Malti says. “I think it’s incredibly important to nurture empathy, but I think it’s equally important to promote guilt.”If you still fi nd the idea of guilting your child unpalatable, keep in mind that we’re talking about a very specific kind of guilt. This is not telling your child that her disobedience proves she’s unworthy, or describing how painful it was to give birth to her. This is not pressuring your grown son or daughter to hurry up and have babies before you die. In short, this is not your grandmother’s guilt-trip.You don’t want a child to feel bad about who she is (that’s called shaming) or responsible forthings outside her control (which can give rise to maladaptive or neurotic guilt; see the child who feels guilty for her parents’ divorce). Malti points out that a child’s age and disposition are also important considerations; some may be temperamentally guilt-prone and require a lighter touch. The point is to encourage both goodness and resilience. We all make mistakes, and ideally we use them to propel ourselves toward better behavior.Proper guilting connects the dots between your child’s actions and an outcome—without suggesting anything is wrong or bad about her—and focuses on how best to repair the harm she’s caused. In one fell swoop it inspires both guilt and empathy, or what Martin Hoffman, an emeritus professor at NYU known for his extensive work on empathy, has termed “empathy-based guilt.” Indeed, you may already be guilting your child (in a healthy way!) without realizing it. As in: “Look, your brother is crying because you just threw his Beanie Boo in the toilet.” Hopefully, the kid is moved to atone for her behavior, and a parent might help her think through how to do that.Work by Renee Patrick, a psychology professor at the University of Tampa, shows that it’s important for parents to express themselves in a warm and loving way: A parent who seems chastising or rejecting can induce anxiety in a child, and do nothing to encourage healthy behavior. Patrick’s work also shows that kids whose parents used a strategy intended to elicit “empathy-based guilt” during their adolescence tended to see moral concepts like fairne ss and honesty as more central to their sense of themselves. (A related technique that’s been found effective in adolescents involves what Patrick calls “parental expression of disappointed expectations”—which is as harrowing as it sounds.)Joan Grusec, a psychologist and researcher in parenting and children’s development, and a colleague of Malti’s at the University of Toronto, says it’s important to make the what-you-can-do-about-it part a discussion between parent and child, instead of a sermon. Forcing a child to behave morally may prevent her from internalizing the lesson you’re trying to impart. And, she says, such a conversation may work better “once everybody has simmered down,” rather than in the heat of a dispute. She points to research on what aca demics call reminiscence, which suggests that discussing a transgression after the fact may better help children understand what they did wrong.Of course, knowing when to feel bad and what to do about it are things we could all benefit from. Malti’s resea rch may focus on kids, but guilt is a core human emotion—an inevitability for people of every age. And she believes that it has the potential to be especially helpful now, in a world that is growing more divided and atomized.She argues that guilt may have the ability to bring us together, not despite but because of its focus on the self. The proposition is radical. What if the secret to treating one another better is thinking about ourselves not less, but more?21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help__________.A. regulate a child’s basic emotionsB. improve a child’s intellectual abilityC. intensify a child’s positive feelingsD. foster a child’s moral development22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still guilt to be _________.A. deceptiveB. addictiveC. burdensomeD. inexcusable23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that________.A. an emotion can play opposing rolesB. emotions are socially constructiveC. emotional stability can benefit healthD. emotions are context -independent24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing_______.A. may help correct emotional deficienciesB. can bring about emotional satisfactionC. can result from either sympathy or guiltD. may be the outcome of impulsive acts25. The word “transgressions” (line4 para5) is closest in meaning to________.A. wrongdoingsB. discussionsC. restrictionsD. teachingsText 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap—but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future may require reducing their capacity to sequester carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest, including by controlled burning. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off bark beetles. The landscape is rendered less combustible. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and beetles have killed more than 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have scorched hundreds of thousands of acres.California's plan envisions treating 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 —financed from the proceeds of the state's emissions-permit auctions. That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, an estimated half a million acres in all, so it will be important to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber, burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise runon fossil fuels, or used in compost or animal feed. New research on transportation biofuels is under way, and the state plans to encourage lumber production close to forest lands. In future the state proposes to take an inventory of its forests' carbon-storing capacity every five years. State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, including those owned by the U.S. Forest Service, but traditionally they've focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor early next year, should serve as a model.26. “One of the harder challenges” implies ___A. global climate change may get out of controlB. forests may become a potential threatC. people may misunderstand global warmingD. extreme weather conditions may arise27. To maintain forests as valuable "carbon sinks", we may need to _A.preserve diversity of speciesB. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacityC. accelerate the growth of young treesD. strike a balance among different plants28.California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to ___A. restore its forests quickly after wildfires.B. cultivate more drought resistant trees.C. find more effective ways to kill insectsD. reduce the density of some of its forests29. What is essential to California's plan according to para. 5?A. To obtain enough financial supportB. To carry it out before 2020C. To handle the areas in the serious danger firstD. To perfect the emission-permit auctions30.the author's attitude toward California's plan can be best described as ____A. supportiveB. ambiguousC. tolerantD. cautiousText3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now. The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enable foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so far failed in Congress. If thisdoesn't change, American businesses, communities and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today's farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather than migrating, and more likely to be married than single. They are also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now, more than half are. And crop picking is hard on older bodies.One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won't be returning to the farm.Mechanization is not the answer either----not yet at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots currently do only a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they are automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 annually. Even so, employers frequently complain that they aren't allotted all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late. And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it. The U.S. needs a simpler, streamlined, multi-year visa for agricultural workers, accompanied by measures to guard against exploitation and a viable path to U.S. residency for workers who meet the requirements. Otherwise growers will continue to struggle with shortages and uncertainty, and the country as a whole will lose out.31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?A. Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.B. Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.C. Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workersD. Decline of job opportunities in U. S. agriculture32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is ?A. the rising number of illegal immigrantsB. the high mobility of crop workersC. the lack of experienced laborersD. the aging of immigrant farm workers33. What is the much-argued solution the labor shortage in U.S. farming?A. To attract younger laborers to farm work.B. To get native U.S. workers back farmingC. To use more robots to grow high-value cropsD. To strengthen financial support for farmers.34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for itsA .slow granting proceduresB. limit on duration of stayC. tightened requirementsD. control of annual admissions35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A. U.S. Agriculture in Decline?B. Import Food or Labor?C. America Saved by Mexico?D. Manpower VS. Automation?Text 4Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities staring in a new video for World Environment Day-encouraging you, the consumer, to s your single-use Plastic staples to combat the plastic crisis.If only I’d realized that we can buy our way out of the problem except we can’t.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-us plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals: Lead with your wallets.The problem of perpetuating this individualistic narrative is that it's not going to get us very far and the plastics crisis we face is immense. Our oceans are blighted by the stuff. It's in our drinking water (including bottled water), and we could even be breathing it in.I'm not dismissing individual actions like ordering straw-free drinks at bars, or opting for a reusable water bottle over a cup that's going in the trash as soon as you've used it. I can't imagine not at least trying to minimize my own plastics footprint, whether it's lugging home my newly-refilled gallon bottle of washing-up liquid every few months, or buying packaging-free food, clothing and toiletries where possible.On their own, however, none of these things is enough.Part of my worry about leaving it up to the individual is that we're all just guessing at what's going on out there-and that's if we haven't been scared off from doing anything to start with in the face of such a huge challenge. As consumers, we have little idea about how much plastic has been used and discarded along the supply chain, for example. It's also hard to compare, say, going to a bulk store that sells plastic-free products but requires you to drive some distance versus a more Iccal shop where you may end up taking home some packaged items.There’s also a time and cost issue. Realistically, I'm not going to start making my own laundry detergents so I can avoid the plastic bottles they come in, and there can be extra costs associated with environmentally friendly products.My biggest concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plasticstraws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have "done our bit" without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions---a kind of "moral licensing" that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as "consumers" we must shop sustainably, rather than as "citizens" hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change. Nowhere in World Environment Day 2018's key messages is there anything about voting for environmentally progressive politicians, for example. Why not?It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority-or even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be .In her latest book, Why Could People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. De Sombre argue that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will” eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022.” Ther e are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.De Sombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies t hat shape collective action (and rein in polluting business), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change. That’s not something we can buy.36. Some celebrities star in a new video toA. demand new laws on the use of plasticsB. urge consumers to cut the use of plasticsC. invite public opinion on the plastics crisisD. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis37. The author is concerned that “moral licensing” mayA. mislead us into doing worthless thingsB. prevent us from making further effortsC. weaken our sense of accomplishmentD. suppress our desire for success38. By pointing out our identity as “citizens,” the author indicates thatA. our focus should be shifted to community welfareB. our relationship with local industries is improvingC. we have been actively exercising our civil rightsD. We should press our governments to lead the combat39. De Sombre argues that the best way for a collective change should beA. a win-win arrangementB. a self-driven mechanismC. a cost- effective approachD. a top down process40. The author concludes that individual effortsA. can be too aggressiveB. are far from sufficientC. can be too inconsistentD. are far from rationalPart BDirections: you are going to read a list of headings and a text, choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）How seriously should parent take kid’s opinions when searching for a home?In choosing a new home, Camille Mc Clain’s kids have a single demand a backyard.That seemingly reasonable request turned the Chicago family’s home hunt upside down, as th ere weren’t many three-bedroom apartments on the North Side — where the family was looking —that came with yard space. Still, McClain and her husband chose to honor their 4- and 6-year-old’s request.“We worked with a few apartment brokers, and it was st range that many of them didn’t even know if there was outdoor space, so they’d bring us to an apartment, we’d see that it didn’t have a yard, and we’d move on,” said McClain, who runs Merry Music Makers in Lakeview, a business focused on music education for children.McClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.Renters paid attention to their kids’ preferences even more: 83 percent said their children’s opinions will be a factor when they buy a home.The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, clinical psychologist in Chicago.“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes。