毕业设计英文翻译
翻译题目::机床夹具的分类与构成翻译题目
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Machine classification and pose fixture
1fixture in the role of machining
Workpiece clamping fixture is a kind of process equipment,it is widely used in mechanical machining of the manufacturing process,heat treatment,assembly, welding and testing processes.In the use of metal-cutting machine tools collectively referred to as the jig fixture.n a modern production machine is an indispensable fixture of the process equipment,machining of the workpiece,the processing requirements in order to ensure.First of all to the workpiece and the machine tool relative to a correct position,and this location during processing does not change the impact of external forces.To this end,during the pre-machining,workpiece clamping must be good.There are two ways to clamp workpiece:one is directly clamping the workpiece in the machine table or on the chuck;The other is the workpiece in the fixture on the fixture.The first method used when the workpiece clamping,the general design requirements have to press lines in the surface to draw the size and location,clamping,or when the needle is zoned dial indicator to find is after the clamping.This method need special equipment,but low efficiency,are generally used for one-piece and small batch https://www.doczj.com/doc/9810518504.html,rge quantities,mostly with the workpiece clamping fixture.With the merits of the workpiece clamping fixtures are as follows: (l)Guarantee the stability of the machining accuracy of workpiece.Workpieces with clamping fixture,the workpiece relative to the location of tool and machine tool to ensure the accuracy of the fixture from the technical level of workers,so that a number of workpiece machining accuracy of the line.
(2)To improve labor productivity.Workpiece clamping fixture can facilitate the user easily、rapidly,and the workpiece does not need to find is crossed,can significantly reduce the supplementary working hours,to improve labor productivity; workpiece in the fixture after the fixture to improve the rigidity of the workpiece,thus cutting the amount of increase,to improve labor productivity;can use more pieces of multi-workpiece clamping fixture,and the use of efficient clamping bodies,to further improve labor productivity.
(3)To expand the use of machine tools.Machine tools in general use a dedicated machine tool fixture can expand the scope of the process and give full play to the potential of machine tools to achieve a multi-machine use.For example,the use of a dedicated fixture can be easily Lathe processing small box to the workpiece.Even in the lathe out of oil,a reduction of expensive dedicated machines,reducing the cost,
夹具分类
《机械制造工艺学》报告报告题目：机床夹具分类及其组成 院系名称：机械工程学院 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 班级：机械15-5班 姓名：高利飞 学号：2015023648 任课教师：于凤云 撰写时间：2018 年 5 月 4 日
机床夹具分类及其组成 一、阅读目的 夹具是一种装夹工件的工艺装备, 它广泛地应用于机械制造过程中的切削加工、热处理、装配、焊接和检测等工艺过程中。在金属切削机床上使用的夹具统称为机床夹具。在现代生产中, 机床夹具是一种不可缺少的工艺装备, 它直接影响着工件的加工精度、劳动生产率和产品的制造成本等。查阅夹具相关的知识，目的是为了帮助我们更好的认识夹具，为以后机床专用夹具的设计打下坚实的基础。 二、阅读内容 机床夹具是机床上装处下件的一种装置，其作用是使工件相对于机床布刀具有一个正确的位置，并在加工过种中保持这个位置不变。 1．机床夹具在机械加工中的作用 对工件进行机械加工时, 为了保证加工要求, 首先要使工件相对于刀具及机床有正确的位置, 并使这个位置在加工过程中不因外力的影响而变动。为此,在进行机械加工前,先要将工件装夹好。工件的装夹方法有两种: 一种是工件直接装夹在机床的工作台或卡盘上; 另一种是工件装夹在夹具上。采用第一种方法装夹工件时, 一般要先按图样要求在工件表面划线,划出加工表面的尺寸和位置,装夹时用划针或百分表找正后再夹紧。这种方法无需专用装备,但效率低,一般用于单件和小批量生产。批量较大时, 大都用夹具装夹工件。用夹具装夹工件的优点如下
( 1) 稳定地保证工件的加工精度。用夹具装夹工件时,工件相对于刀具及机床的位置精度由夹具保证,不受工人技术水平的影响,使一批工件的加工精度趋于一致。 ( 2) 提高劳动生产率。使用夹具装夹工件方便、快速,工件不需要划线找正, 可显著地减少辅助工时,提高劳动生产率; 工件在夹具中装夹后提高了工件的刚性,因此可加大切削用量, 提高劳动生产率;可使用多件、多工位装夹工件的夹具,并可采用高效夹紧机构,进一步提高劳动生产率。 ( 3) 扩大机床的使用范围。在通用机床上采用专用夹具可以扩大机床的工艺范围, 充分发挥机床的潜力, 达到一机多用的目的。如使用专用夹具可以在普通车床上很方便地加工小型箱体类工件。甚至在车床上拉出油槽, 减少了昂贵的专用机床, 降低了成本,这对中小型工厂尤其重要。 ( 4) 改善操作者的劳动条件。由于气动、液压、电磁等动力源在夹具中的应用, 一方面减轻了工人的劳动强度; 另一方面也保证了夹紧工件的可靠性,并能实现机床的互锁, 避免事故,保证了操作者和机床设备的安全。 ( 5) 降低成本。在批量生产使用夹具后,由于劳动生产率的提高, 使技术等级较低的工人废品率下降等原因,明显地降低了生产成本。夹具制造成本分摊在一批工件上,每个工件增加的成本是极少的,远远小于由于提高劳动生产率而降低的成本。工件批量愈大,使用夹具所取得的经济效益就愈显著。 2．夹具的分类 ( 1) 通用夹具。通用夹具是指结构、尺寸已规格化,而且具有一定通用性的夹具,如三爪自动定心卡盘、四爪单动卡盘、台虎钳、万能分度头、顶尖、中心架和电子吸盘等。这类夹具适应性强, 可用来装夹一定形状和尺寸范围内的
外文原文： The new advanced manufacturing technology development Abstract : This paper has presented the problems facing today's manufacturing technology, advanced manufacturing discussed in the forefront of science, and a vision for the future development of advanced manufacturing technology. Keyword：Advanced manufacturing technologies; Frontier science; Applications prospects Modern manufacturing is an important pillar of the national economy and overall national strength and its GDP accounted for a general national GDP 20%~55%. In the composition of a country's business productivity, manufacturing technology around 60% of the general role. Experts believe that the various countries in the world economic competition, mainly manufacturing technology competition. Their competitiveness in the production of the final product market share. With the rapid economic and technological development and customer needs and the changing market environment, this competition is becoming increasingly fierce, and that Governments attach great importance to the advanced manufacturing technology research. 1 .Current manufacturing science to solve problems Manufacturing science to solve the current problems focused on the following aspects : (1) Manufacturing systems is a complex systems, and manufacturing systems to meet both agility, rapid response and rapid reorganization of the capacity to learn from the information science, life science and social science interdisciplinary research, and explore new manufacturing system architecture, manufacturing models and manufacturing systems effective operational mechanism. Manufacturing systems optimized organizational structure and good performance is manufacturing system modelling, simulation and optimization of the main objectives. Manufacturing system architecture not only to create new enterprises both agility and responsiveness to the
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
附录A Lathe fixture design and analysis Ma Feiyue (School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei, Anhui Hefei 230022, China) Abstract: From the start the main types of lathe fixture, fixture on the flower disc and angle iron clamp lathe was introduced, and on the basis of analysis of a lathe fixture design points. Keywords: lathe fixture; design; points Lathe for machining parts on the rotating surface, such as the outer cylinder, inner cylinder and so on. Parts in the processing, the fixture can be installed in the lathe with rotary machine with main primary uranium movement. However, in order to expand the use of lathe, the work piece can also be installed in the lathe of the pallet, tool mounted on the spindle. THE MAIN TYPES OF LATHE FIXTURE Installed on the lathe spindle on the lathe fixture
机床夹具的作用及分类 “工欲善其事，必先利其器。” 工具是人类文明进步的标志。自20世纪末期以来，现代制造技术与机械制造工艺自动化都有了长足的发展。但工具（含夹具、刀具、量具与辅具等）在不断的革新中，其功能仍然十分显著。机床夹具对零件加工的质量、生产率和产品成本都有着直接的影响。因此，无论在传统制造还是现代制造系统中，夹具都是重要的工艺装备。 1.机床夹具的作用 （1）保证加工精度用机床夹具装夹工件，能准确确定工件与刀具、机床之间的相对位置关系，可以保证加工精度。 （2）提高生产效率机床夹具能快速地将工件定位和夹紧，可以减少辅助时间，提高生 产效率。 （3）减轻劳动强度机床夹具采用机械、气动、液动夹紧装置，可以减轻工人的劳动强度。 （4）扩大机床的工艺范围利用机床夹具，能扩大机床的加工范围，例如，在车床或钻床上使用镗模可以代替镗床镗孔，使车床、钻床具有镗床的功能。 2 机床夹具的分类 2.1．按夹具的应用范围分类 （1）通用夹具通用夹具是指结构已经标准化，且有较大适用范围的夹具，例如，车床用的三爪卡盘和四爪卡盘，铣床用的平口钳及分度头等。 （2）专用机床夹具专用机床夹具是针对某一工件的某道工序专门设计制造的夹具。专用机床夹具适于在产品相对稳定、产量较大的场合应用。 （3）组合夹具组合夹具是用一套预先制造好的标准元件和合件组装而成的夹具。组合夹具结构灵活多变，设计和组装周期短，夹具零部件能长期重复使用，适于在多品种单件小批生产或新产品试制等场合应用。 （4）成组夹具成组夹具是在采用成组加工时，为每个零件组设计制造的夹具，
当改换加工同组内另一种零件时，只需调整或更换夹具上的个别元件，即可进行加工。成组夹具适于在多品种、中小批生产中应用。 （5）随行夹具它是一种在自动线上使用的移动式夹具，在工件进入自动线加工之前，先将工件装在夹具中，然后夹具连同被加工工件一起沿着自动线依次从一个工位移到下一个工位，直到工件在退出自动线加工时，才将工件从夹具中卸下。随行夹具是一种始终随工件一起沿着自动线移动的夹具。 2.2按使用机床类型分类 机床类型不同，夹具结构各异，由此可将夹具分为车床夹具、钻床夹具、铣床夹具、镗床夹具、磨床夹具和组合机床夹具等类型。 2.3按夹具动力源分类 按夹具所用夹紧动力源，可将夹具分为手动夹紧夹具、气动夹紧夹具、液压夹紧夹具、气液联动夹紧夹具、电磁夹具、真空夹具等。 3.专用机床夹具的组成 夹具一般由下列元件或装置组成: （1）定位元件定位元件是用来确定工件正确位置的元件。被加工工件的定位基面与夹具定位元件直接接触或相配合。 （2）夹紧装置夹紧装置是使工件在外力作用下仍能保持其正确定位位置的装置。 （3）对刀元件、导向元件对刀元件、导向元件是指夹具中用于确定（或引导）刀具相对于夹具定位元件具有正确位置关系的元件，例如钻套、镗套、对刀块等。（4）连接元件夹具连接元件是指用于确定夹具在机床上具有正确位置并与之连接的元件，例如安装在铣床夹具底面上的定位键等。
High-speed milling High-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs. 1 One of the advantages of high-speed machining High-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved. 1.1 Increase productivity High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market. 1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface quality High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.
Lesson 1 力学的基本概念 1、词汇： statics [st?tiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [m?ɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇t?:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇m?ɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [k?u＇insid?nt]不重合；parallel [＇p?r?lel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [pr?＇p?:??n?l]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestj?l]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇l?stik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇l?siti]速度；scalar[＇skeil?]标量；vector[＇vekt?]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [m?u＇ment?m]动量； 2、词组 make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然； Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果 1、词汇： machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇m?skjul?]]力臂；gravity[ɡr?vti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇z?:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹； 2、词组 a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散； 3、译文： 任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。这些零件从规定的运动转变到期望的运动。另一方面，这些机器完成工作。当由施力引起的运动时，机器就开始工作了。所以，力和机器的研究涉及在一个物体上的力和力的作用效果。 力是推力或者拉力。力的作用效果要么是改变物体的形状或者运动，要么阻止其他的力发生改变。每一种
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining Serope kalpakjian；Steven R.Schmid 机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版 20.9 MACHINABILITY The machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors: 1、Surface finish and integrity of the machined part; 2、Tool life obtained; 3、Force and power requirements; 4、Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone. Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below. 20.9.1 Machinability Of Steels Because steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels. Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in
2604130359 CNC Cutting Technology Review Numerical control high speed cutting technology (High Speed Machining, HSM, or High Speed Cutting, HSC), is one of the advanced manufacturing technology to improve the machining efficiency and quality, the study of related technology has become an important research direction of advanced manufacturing technology at home and abroad. China is a big manufacturing country, in the world of industry transfer to accept the front instead of back-end of the transfer, to master the core technology of advanced manufacturing, or in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, our country manufacturing industry will further behind. Imminent research on the theory and application of advanced technology. 1, high-speed CNC machining meaning High speed cutting theory put forward by the German physicist Carl.J.Salomon in the last century and early thirty's. He concluded by a lot of experiments: in the normal range of cutting speed, cutting speed if the increase, will cause the cutting temperature rise, exacerbating the wear of cutting tool; however, when the cutting speed is increased to a certain value, as long as more than the inflection point, with the increase of the cutting speed, cutting temperature can not rise, but will decline, so as long as the cutting speed is high enough, it can be solved very well in high cutting temperature caused by tool wear is not conducive to the cutting problem, obtained good processing efficiency. With the development of manufacturing industry, this theory is gradually paid more attention to, and attracted a lot of attention, on the basis of this theory has gradually formed the field of high-speed cutting technology of NC, relatively early research on NC High-speed Machining Technology in developed countries, through the theoretical basis of the research, basic research and applied research and development application, at present applications have entered the substantive stage in some areas. The high-speed cutting processing category, generally have the following several kinds of classification methods, one is to see that cutting speed, cutting speed over conventional cutting speed is 5-10 times of high speed cutting. Also has the scholar to spindle speed as the definition of high-speed processing standards, that the spindle speed is higher than that of 8000r\/min for high speed machining. And from the machine tool spindle design point of view, with the product of DN diameter of spindle and spindle speed, if the value of DN to (5~2000) * 105mm.r\/min, is considered to be of high speed machining. In practice, different processing methods, different materials, high speed cutting speed corresponding to different. Is generally believed that the turning speed of (700~7000) m\/min, milling speed reaches m\/min (300~6000), that is in the high-speed cutting. In addition, from the practical considerations, high-speed machining concept not only contains the high speed cutting process, integration and optimization also contains the process of cutting, is a
模块1机床夹具概述 【知识目标】 机床夹具的基本概念； 机床夹具的基本结构及其分类方法； 机床夹具的发展方向。 【技能目标】 掌握生产一线工件在机床夹具中的装夹方法； 能够辨别生产一线常见的机床夹具类型； 初步具备辨识常见机床夹具的能力。 用来固定加工对象，使其处于正确位置，以接受加工或检测的装置，统称为夹具。它广泛地应用于机械制造过程中，如焊接过程中用于拼焊的焊接夹具，零件检验过程中用的检验夹具，装配过程中用的装配夹具，机械加工过程中用的机床夹具等，都属于这一范畴。在金属切削机床上使用的夹具统称为机床夹具。机床夹具就是在机床上用以装夹工件（和引导刀具）的一种装置，其作用是将工件定位，以使工件获得相对于机床和刀具的正确位置，并把工件可靠地夹紧。在现代生产中，机床夹具是一种不可缺少的工艺装备，它直接影响着零件加工的精度、劳动生产率和产品的制造成本等。本模块所讲述的仅限于机床夹具，以后简称为夹具。 【任务描述】 如图1-1所示为生产一线常见的钻床夹具示意图，试分析如何正确去使用该夹具。 图1-1生产一线常见的钻床夹具示意图 1—钻模板；2—压紧螺母；3—压板；4—工件；5—长方形基础板； 6—方形支撑；7—V型块 【任务分析】 图1-1是生产一线常见的钻床夹具示意图，要正确使用该夹具，必须明确该夹具的基本组成、工作原理、工作特性以及装夹方式。要想进一步了解并认识此夹具的设计过程及其在 生产中的作用，就要学习本模块的内容。 【任务引导】 （1）该钻床夹具在生产中有什么作用？ （2）该钻床夹具作为机床夹具的典型代表，其基本组成是什么？
（3）便于认识和更好的使用机床夹具，如何对机床的夹具进行分类？ （4）生产一线对机床夹具还有什么新的要求？ （5）在生产实习时，应对常见机床夹具的基本结构及其分析有所认识。 【知识准备】 学习情境 1.1机床夹具 1.1.1机床夹具的基本概念 工件在机床上进行加工时，为了保证其精度要求，工件的加工表面与刀具之间必须保持 一定的位置关系。机床夹具就是机床上用以装夹工件和引导刀具的一种装置。其作用是将工件定位，以使工件获得相对于机床和刀具的正确位置，并把工件可靠地夹紧。 因此，工件必须借助于夹具占有正确位置。夹具是指夹持工件的工具，如卡盘、顶尖、 平口钳等。刀具也必须借助于辅具使其保持一定位置。辅具是指夹持刀具的工具，如钻夹头、丝锥夹头及刀夹等，如图1-2所示为丝锥夹头。 图1-2丝锥夹头 1.1.2机床夹具在机械加工中的作用 在机械加工中，工件通过定位元件在夹具中占有正确的位置，工件和夹具通过连接元件 在机床上占有正确位置，工件和夹具通过对刀元件相对于刀具占有正确位置，从而保证了工件相对于机床位置正确、工件相对于刀具位置正确，最终保证工件的加工要求。因此，机床夹具在机械加工中应具有以下作用： 1.能稳定地保证工件的加工精度 使用机床夹具来对工件定位，可以准确地确定工件与机床、刀具之间的相互位置。工件的位置精度完全由夹具保证，不受工人技术水平的影响，使一批工件的加工精度趋于一致， 保证工件加工精度高且稳定。 2.能减少辅助工时，提高劳动生产率 由于机床夹具的存在，无需找正便能使工件迅速地定位和夹紧，显著地减少了辅助工时；用夹具装夹工件提高了工件的刚性，因此，可增大切削用量；可以使用多件、多工位夹具装 夹工件，并采用高效夹紧机构，这些因素均有利于提高劳动生产率。另外，采用夹具后，产 品质量稳定，废品率下降，可以安排技术等级较低的工人，明显降低了生产成本。 3.能扩大机床的使用范围，实现“一机多能” 根据加工机床的成形运动，附以不同类型的夹具，即可扩大机床原有的工艺范围。例如，在车床的溜板上或摇臂钻床工作台上装上镗模，就可以进行箱体零件的镗孔加工了。 4.能减轻工人的劳动强度 用夹具装夹工件方便、快速，当采用液压、气动等夹紧装置时，可减轻工人的劳动强度。
Automobile Brake System汽车制动系统 The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the c ar. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.